DISEASES FROM DIGESTIVESYSTEM

1. Jaundice: Liver is affected, skin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposit of bile
pigments.

2. Vomiting: It is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth and this reflex action
is controlled by the vomit centre in the medulla.

3. Diarrhoea: The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the
faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea. It reduces the absorption of food.

4. Constipation: The faeces are retained within the rectum as the bowel movements
occur irregularly.

5. Indigestion: Food is not properly digested leading to a feeling of fullness. Causes are
inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food poisoning, over eating, and spicy food. (2012)
 DISEASESFROM BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

6. Asthma : Difficulty in breathing, which causes wheezing due to inflammation of

bronchi and bronchioles. Attributed to allergic reaction of mast cell in the lungs.
(2016, 2018)

7.Emphysema: Chronic disorder of lungs in which alveolar walls are damaged due to which
respiratory surface is decreased. Major cause is cigarette smoking (2016, 2018).

8.Occupational Respiratory Disorders E.g Silicosis (2018: Respiratory problem due to too
much dust produced in industries , specially grinding or stone breaking.

9. Fibrosis of lungs: Long exposure to industrial dust can give rise to inflammation leading
to fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissues) and thus causing serious lung damage.
 DISEASESFROM BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
10.High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Blood pressure > (120/80). If repeated checks of
blood pressure of an individual is 140/90 (140 over 90) or higher, it shows hypertension.
Leads to heart diseases and also affects vital organs like brain and kidney. (2011)

11.Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or atherosclerosis: It is caused by deposits of calcium,

fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues, which makes the lumen of arteries narrower thus
disturbing the blood flow.

12.Angina or Angina pectoris : Acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen is
reaching the heart muscle. Common among the middle-aged and elderly. Occurs due to
conditions that affect the blood flow.

13.Heart Failure OR congestive heart failure : State of heart when it is not pumping blood
effectively enough to meet the needs of the body. Congestion of the lungs is one of the
main symptoms of this disease.

14. Cardiac arrest- Heart stops beating

15. Heart attack: Heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply.
 DISEASES FROMEXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR
ELIMINATION

16. Hemodialysis: Malfunctioning of kidneys leadS to accumulation of urea in blood

(uremia), which may lead kidney failure. In such patients, urea can be removed by a
process called hemodialysis. (2019)

i) Blood --à drained from a convenient artery à pumped into a dialysing unit (added
anticoagulant like heparin).

ii) The dialysing unit contains a coiled cellophane tube surrounded by a fluid (dialysing
fluid) having the same composition as that of plasma except the nitrogenous wastes.

iii)The passage of molecules from dialysing unit based on concentration gradient

(nitrogenous waste come in outer fluid).

(iv) The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a vein after adding anti-heparin
to it.
Kidney transplantation ultimately used for acute renal failures (kidney failure).
A functioning kidney is used from a donor, preferably a close relative, to
minimise graft rejection.

17. Renal calculi: Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts (oxalates, etc.)
formed within the kidney.

18. Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney. (2018)

Uremia: presence of urea in blood

Heamaturia: presence of blood cells in urine
Ketonuria: presence of high ketone bodies in urine
Glycosuria: presence of glucose in urine
Proteinuria: presence of high protein level in urine
 DISEASES FROMLOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENTS

19.Myasthenia gravis: Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading to

fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.

20.Muscular dystrophy: Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic

disorder. (2019)

21. Tetany: Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca++ in body fluid.

22. Arthritis: This is characterised by Inflammation of joints.

23.Osteoporosis: This is an age-related disorder characterised by decreased bone mass

and increased chances of fractures.
Decreased levels of estrogen is a common causeof osteoporosis. (2016,2012)

24. Gout: Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals. (2012)
 DISEASES FROM CHEMICALCOORDINATION AND
INTEGRATION
25. Dwarfism: Hyposecretion of Growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland
during childhood

26: Gigantism: Hypersecretion of Growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland before
adolescence

27. Acromegaly: Hyperactivity of Growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland due to
tumour.

28.Diabetes incipidus: Hyposecretion of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) from posterior

pituitary

29.Cretinism: Deficiency of thyroid hormone during infancy. Slow body growth and mental
development, low heart rate etc.

30. Myxoedema: Deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults. Puffy appearance, lack of

alertness, low body temperature, heart rate
31. Goitre: Deficiency of iodine in diet. Enlargement of thyroid gland.

32. Hashimoto’s disease: Autoimmune disease . Thyroid gland is destroyed.

33.Grave’s disease: caused due to hyperthyroidism. Protrusion of eye balls, loss of weight,
rise in body temperature, rapid heart beat etc.

34.Parathyroid tetany: Due to hypoparathyroidism. Lowering of blood calcium level.

Sustained contraction of muscles of larynx, face, hands and feet.

35. Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica and Osteoporosis: Hyperparathyroidism.

36. Cushing’s syndrome: Hyperactivity of adrenal cortex resulting in hypersecretion of

cortisols. Hyperglycemia, high sodium ion in plasma.

37. Addison’s disease: Deficiency of mineralocorticoids secreted by adrenal cortex.

Hypoglycemia and weight loss.
38.Diabetes mellitus: Deficiency of insulin secreted by beta cells of pancreas.
Hyperglycemia. Increased blood sugar level, increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent
urination (polyuria), increased hunger (polyphagia)

it may be NIDDM(Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

IDDM- (Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

39.Chlorosis : It is the loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing in leaves.It is caused by the

deficiency of elements N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mo.

40. Necrosis: or death of tissue, particularly leaf tissue, is due to the deficiency of Ca, Mg,
Cu, K.

41.Etiolation: Process in flowering plants grown in partial or complete absence of light. It

is characterized by long, weak stems, smaller leaves due to longer internodes; and a pale
yellow color

42.Erythroblastosis foetalis: Foetus Rh+ and mother Rh – (negative) . During second

pregnancy anti-Rh antibody given to mother.
43. Sexually transmitted Infections or Veneral diseases or Reproductive tract infections-
a. gonorrhoea
b. Syphilis
c. Genital herpes
d. Chlamydiasis
e. Genital warts
f. trichomoniasis
g. hepatitis B
h. Acquired immuno deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Except for Hepatitis B, Genital herpes and HIV infections other disease are completely
curable if detected earlier and properly treated.

Symptoms: Early symptoms of most of these diseases are itching, fluid discharge, slight
pain, swellings etc.
 MENDELIAN DISORDERS

44.Haemophilia: Sex linked recessive disorder (X-linked). Problem in blood clotting. Gene
for factor VIII, IX AND XI. females mostly carriers. Seen in family pedigree of Queen
Victoria.

45.Colour Blindness: Sex linked recessive disorder (X-linked) failure to discriminate

between red and green colour.

46.Sickle cell anaemia: Autosomal recessive disorder. Transversion. Here the thymine of
template strand [CTC]gets converted into adenine [CAC]that is pyrimidine gets converted
into purine.
Sixth position glutamic acid is converted into valine in beta globin chain of haemoglobin.
Sickle shaped RBCs. Resistance to malaria

47.Phenylketonuria: Inborn error of metabolism. Autosomal recessive disorder. Individual

lacks enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase required for conversion of Phenylalanine to
tyrosine. High phenyl alanine which converts in phenylpyruvic acid and its derivatives.
Mental retardation and excretion through urine.
 MENDELIAN DISORDERS

48.Thalassemia: Autosomal recessive mendelian disorder. Quantitative as number of

globin chain synthesized decreases.

Alpha Thalassemia mutation in the genes HBA1 or HBA2 for alpha globin chain of
haemoglobin present on chromosome 16.

. Beta Thalassemia mutation in gene HBB for beta globin chain of haemoglobin present on
chromosome 11.

49.Cystic fibrosis: Autosomal recessive mendelian disorder. Failure in chloride ion

transport mechanism. Primarily affects the lungs and digestive digestive system.

50.Huntington’s chorea : Autosomal dominant disorder. Inhibitor of brain cell metabolism

produced.

51. Myotonic dystrophy: Autosomal dominant disorder

 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

52.Down’s syndrome: Trisomy of chromosome 21. Langdon Down 1866 first described.
Physical, psychomotor and mental development retarded

53. Turner’s syndrome: Absence of one of the sex chromosome. 45 with XO.
Such femalse are sterilehave rudimentary ovaries, lack of secondary sexual
characters.

54.. Klinefelter’s syndrome: Trisomy of sex chromnosome . Karyotype is 44 + XXY (47) .

Overall musculine development with gynaecomastia . Individuals sterile.
 BACTERIAL DISEASES

55. Typhoid: Salmonella typhi. Sustained high fever, stomach pain, constipation
Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)
Widal test done for detection

56. Pneumonia: Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Infects lungs of alveoli.

fever, chills, cough, headache.
spread from aerosols ofvinfected person.

57. Other bacterial diseases: Cholera, tetanus, Citrus canker of lemon etc.
 VIRAL DISEASE

58. Common cold: Rhinoviruses

Infect nose and respiratory passage but not lungs.
nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, cough, headache etc.
droplets from cough sneezes either inhaled directly or indirectly through
contaminated objects.

59. CoVID 19: caused bys SARS CoV 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2)
single stranded RNA genome.
Rapid testing kit uses – ELISA
Swab test uses : PCR technique
Infects nose, throat, siunuses
Symptoms: fever, respiratory trouble

Other human viral diseases: mumps, small pox, herpes, Influenza, AIDS.
 DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZOANS

60. Malaria : Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant malaria.

female Anopheles transfers Plasmodium as sporozoites in human
Fever and chills
Needs human and mosquito to complete life cycle

61. Amoebiasis: Entamoeba hystolytica

Constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, stools with excess mucous and
blood clots. Housefly mechanical carriers.
 OTHER HUMAN DISEASES

62. Ascariasis: Ascaris

internal bleeding, muscular pain, fever, anaemia. Transmitted by
contaminated water, food etc.

63. Elephantiasis or filariasis: Waucheria bancrofti and W. malayi)

Chronic inflammation of usually lymphatic
vessels of lower limb. Transmitted by female mosquito vectors

64. Ringworms : by fungi of genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton

Appearance of dry, scaly leisonson various [parts of the body
such as skin, nails and scalp. Intense itching
65. Rheumatoid arthiritis: autoimmune disorder with intense inflammation and pain in joints

66. Chikunguniya and Dengue: Aedes mosquito, high fever, headache etc.
In dengue platelet level falls in blood.

67.AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Caused by Human ImmunoDeficiency

Virus (retrovirus).
Ø First reported in 1981.
Ø Transmission by i) Sexual contact with infected person
ii) transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
iii) Sharing of infected needles

Ø Virus enter helper T cells (TH) cells , replicate and produce progeny viruses.
Decrease in TH cells.
Ø Bouts of fever, diarrhoea, and weight loss.
Ø Diagnostic test: ELISA
68. Cancer: cells loose property of contact inhibition and form tumours (Benign
and Malignant).

Malignant tumours are mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumour cells. And
have property of metastasis(form new tumour wherever lodged in body).

Carcinogens : Ionising radiations(X-rays and gamma rays), non-ionising radiations like UV

radiations, Oncoviruses, proto-oncogene (when activated)

Detection: Radiography (X-rays)

Computed Tomography uses X rays
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses strong magnetic fields and non-
ionising radiations
Treatment: surgery, Radiation therapy and Immunotherapy.
Alpha interferons given to patients which activates immune system and helps in destroying
tumour.
Disease in plants caused by Fungi

69. Rust: Puccinia fungi of Basidiomycetes

70. Red rot of Sugarcane: Colletotrichum falcatum

71.Smut disease caused by Ustilago

72. Late Blight of Potato : Phytophthora infestans

Disease caused by Bacteria in Plants

72. Black rot of Crucifers: Xanthomonas campestris.

73. Citrus canker ; Xanthomonas citri

Disease caused by viruses in Plants

74. Tobacco mosaic disease : Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) single stranded RNA virus

75. Turnip Mosaic disease: Turnip Mosaic Virus(TuMV)_

76. Potato Spindle Tuber disease: Viroids

77. Root knot disease of tobacco: Meloidogyne incognita .

78. Night blindness: vitamin A deficiency . Golden rice , carrot rich in Vitamin A

79. Snow Blindness : High dose of UV-B causes inflammation of cornea.

80. Rickets: Deficiency of Vitamin D and scurvy due to deficiency of vitamin C

81. Kwashiorkar : malnutrition due to protein deficiency

82. Pernicious anaemia: Deficiency of RBC due to lack of vitamin B12.

 NUMERICAL POINTS

1. Cardiac output= heart rate (beats /min) x stroke volume

stroke volume= blood pumped from each ventricle in a cardiac cycle appx. 70 ml

2. On the basis of DNA base composition melting point will be higher of DNA with more
G C bonds (three hydrogen bonds).

.Calculation ofeach base percentage in DNA A % is equal to T%, G% equal C C%

A%+T%+G%+C%=100%

4. In semiconservative replication 20 min one replication round of N15 isotope DNA.

Results in two hybrid density (N14 N15) containing strands. So can be calculated for
40 min (two hybrid and two less density DNA)

5. A+G=T+C , A/T and G/C=1 Chargaff’s rule (not followed by RNA)

6. A+T/G+C is not one and specific for different species

7. Hardy Weinberg
Principle p+q=1
p and q are frequencies of allele A and a in a population
p2 +2pq+q2= 1
p2 = Frequency of AA individual in a population
q2 = Frequency of aa individual in a population
2pq= Frequency of Aa individual in a population

8. DNA sequence of coding strand is similar to mRNA sequence except U is present in

place of T.

9. Number of amino acids calculation in polypeptide if stop codon is present.

Number of bases before stop codon/3 = amino acids

10. 10. Length of B DNA if number of base pairs

given 10 bp= 3.4 nm (pitch)

11. Number of gametes produced = 2n

n= number of heterozygousgenes.
 IMPORTANT DAYS
1. World environment day- June 5
2. World Ozone day- September 16
3. World Wildlife Day- March 3
4. World Population Day- July 11
5. National Doctors Day- July 1
6. World Ocean Day- June 8
7. World cancer Day- February 4
8. World AIDS Day- December 1
9.The World No Tobacco Day- May 31
10.Earth Day- April 22
11. World Water Day- March 22
12. International Day for Biological Diversity- May 22
13. National Science Day Feb 28
14.World Malaria Day April 25
15.World TB Day March 24
16.World Health Day April 7