1NH16CV129

VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY
“Jnana Sangama”, Belgaum-590018
2018-2019
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING BY
PRADHUMNA ADHIKARI(1NH16CV129)
GOPAL PRASAD YADAV (1NH16CV128)
RAJU PRASAD SAH (1NH16CV132)
ROSAN KUMAR CHAUDHARY
(1NH15CV102)
Under the guidance of Dr. JAGADEESH C.B.

(Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, NHCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU & Approved by AICTE)
Accredited by NAAC ‘A’, Accredited by NBA
(i)
NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU & Approved by AICTE)
Accredited by NAAC ‘A’, Accredited by NBA
Outer Ring Road, Panathur Post, Kadubeesanahalli,
Bangalore-560103
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
It is hereby certified that the project work entitled “ STABILIZATION OF BLACK
COTTON SOIL USING WASTE HDPE FIBRES ” is a bonafide work carried out by
PRADHUMNA ADHIKARI(1NH16CV129), GOPAL YADAV(1NH16CV128), RAJU
PRASAD SAH(1NH16CV132), AND ROSHAN KUMAR CHAUDHARY(1NH15CV102)
in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL
ENGINEERING of the New Horizon College of Engineering during the year 2018-
2019.It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal
Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental
library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the said degree.
Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the

Principle
Dr. JAGADEESH C.B. Dr. NIRANJAN P.S. Dr. MANJUNATHA
Signature of Examiners 1.
2.
(ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be impossible without the mention of the people who made it possible,
whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success.
We have great pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. MOHAN
MANGHANI, Chairman of New Horizon Educational Institutions for providing
necessary infrastructure and creating good environment.
We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude to Dr. MANJUNATHA,

Principal, for his constant support and encouragement.
We are grateful to Dr. PRASANTHA C.S.R, Dean Academics, for his unfailing
encouragement & suggestions, given to us in the course of our project work.
We would also like to thanks Dr. NIRANJAN P.S, Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, for his constant support.
We have express our gratitude to Dr. JAGADEESH C.B. Professor, our project
guide, for constantly monitoring the development of the project and setting up
precise deadlines. His valuable suggestions were the motivating factors in
completing the work.
Finally, a note of thanks to the teaching and non-teaching staff of Dept. of Civil
Engineering, for their co-operation extended to us, and our friends who helped
us indirectly in the course of the project work.
Name USN
PRADHUMNA ADHIKARI 1NH16CV129
GOPAL YADAV 1NH16CV128
RAJU PRASAD SAH 1NH16CV132
ROSHAN KUMAR 1NH15CV102
CHAUDHARY
(iii)
“STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
USING WASTE HDPE FIBRES”
(iv)
ABSTRACT
Urbanization and development in the economy of urban communities of India have

prompted the precarious increment in the structure development exercises and has
required the execution of foundation activities, for example, roadways, railroads,
runways, water tanks, recovery and so forth. For establishment to be solid the dirt
around it assumes significant job. Far reaching soils like dark cotton soil has
consistently made the issue in establishment. The issues are expanding, shrinkage
and inconsistent settlement. Dark Cotton soil with high potential for growing and
contracting because of progress in dampness content are one of the significant soil
stores of India. Soil adjustment is a procedure which improves the physical
properties of the dirt, for example, expanding in shear quality, bearing limit and so
on which should be possible by the utilization of controlled compaction or
expansion of appropriate blends like concrete, lime, and waste materials like fly
debris, phosphogypsum and so on. The expense of presenting these added
substances has additionally expanded as of late which opened the entryway broadly
for different sorts of soil added substances, for example, plastic. Plastics on other
hand being non decomposable issue the contamination is expanding because of
abuse the plastic sacks and other plastic items. Utilization of plastic sacks, bottles
and other plastic items is exponentially expanding step by step. Because of which
we are confronting diverse ecological issues. Additionally plastic being effectively
accessible in nature and utilization of such items in soil adjustment will help in
tackling ecological issues caused because of plastic wastes.The soil being utilized is
extensive dark cotton soil with High thickness poly ethylene(Hdpe). As the dirt
adjustment of far reaching dark cotton soil is finished with effectively accessible and
efficient material in as plastic which is additionally an issue of condition because of
its decomposable nature. The material that was viewed as revile in condition may
end up being shelter for structural designers if the ideal properties of settled soils
are accomplished like quality and bearing limit of balanced out soil. Various
substance of plastic strips (% by weight changing from 0% to 8%) are added to the
Black Cotton Soil and the ideal level of plastic strips required in soil for genuine
quality is to be discovered by leading California Bearing Ratio Test.
(v)
CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE

NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 General 1
1.2 Defination of Soil Stabilization. 1
1.3 Need of Soil Stabilization. 1
1.4 Principle of Soil Stabilization. 2
1.5 Types of Soil Stabilization. 2
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-7
2.1 General 4
2.2 Key word 5
2.3 Related work 5
2.4 Present investigation and result 6
2.5 Objective of project 7
3.MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 8-53
3.1 Materials 8-12
3.2 Tests conducted on Black Cotton soil 13-46
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 47-50
4.1 Results 47
5. CONCULISION AND REFERENCE 51-52
5.1 Conclusion 51
5.2 Discussion 51
5.3 References 52
New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 6

CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1General.
The quality and life of any auxiliary material relies upon its establishment.
Consequently soil is the basic component deciding achievement of any
development building project.As the plenitude of soil stores in nature exists in
incredibly unpredictable way in this manner a boundless assortment of blend
affecting quality alongside different characteristics .Therefore understanding the
designing properties of soil is significant for quality and economy. Soil adjustment
is the way toward expanding steadiness of soil alongside expanded quality for
constructional purposes.
Soil is the essential development material as it underpins the foundation of any

structure and it is subgrade of asphalts. Once in a while the dirt present at
proposed development area may have poor bearing limit and higher
compressibility or now and then unreasonable growing if there should arise an
occurrence of sweeping soil like dark cotton soil.
The adjustment of soil at site is expanding as the expense of land and expanding
request of elevated structures. So there is have to concentrate on improving
properties of soils economically.Soil adjustment is the improvement in
characteristics of soil because of progress of dependability or bearing intensity of
soil by utilization of controlled compaction or expansion of reasonable stabilizers.
Flimsy soil makes assortment of issues, for example, soil disintegration and a few
hazardous and ugly sloppy condition.
1.2 Defination Of Soil Stabilization
When all is said in done soil adjustment comprises of expanding the firmness of soil
and keeping up solidness by keeping up right dampness content. This training
assists with bringing down the compressibility of soil and in this manner
diminishing the settlement when structures is based on it. The term soil
adjustment implies expanding shear quality of soil alongside progress of security or
bearing limit of soil by controlled compaction or by expansion of reasonable
admixtures and stabilizers. Soil adjustment implies shift of soils to upgrade their
physical properties.
1.3 Need of soil stabilization.
1
STABILISATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING WASTE HDPE FIBRES
There are many advantages of soil stabilization some of them are discussed below:
1. Adjustment helps in waterproofing the soil.

2. It improves quality of soil.
3. It assists with lessening volume change of soil because of dampness or
temperature.
4. It dries wet soil.
5. It lessens cost
6. It monitors vitality
7. It lessens dust in condition
1.4 Principle of Soil stabilization
The basics principle for soil stabilization are as follows.
1. Assessing the properties of given soil.

2. Structuring the balanced out soil blend for proposed soundness and sturdiness
esteems.
3. Considering the development methodology by sufficiently compacting the
settled layers.
1.5 Types of Stabilization
- Chemical Stabilization
- Mechanical Stabilization
1.5.1 Chemical Stabilization.
One of the strategies for adjustment of soil incorporates substance adjustment by

adding synthetic substances to improve the designing properties of soil.It is
commonly financially savvy method as it will be less expensive to treat the set up
soil with compound adjustment got by option of legitimate level of cement,lime,fly
debris, bitumen , polymers and so forth instead of shipping a similar thickness base
course.
For the most part limited quantity of added substances is required for
straightforward alteration of soil properties like usefulness and versatility however
for huge improvement enormous sum is required to improve the quality and
strength fundamentally. Added substances can be mechanical, just as compound
.The setting of added substances should be attractive or right kind or it might
prompt pulverizing results. So designer ought to be cautious on clear plan to
execute this technique.Machine is commonly required for consolidating added
substances with soil.

1.5.2 Mechanical Stabilization.
Mechanical adjustment either alludes to compaction or presentation of stringy and

other non-biodegradable fortification to the dirt. In mechanical adjustment
compaction is done approach ideal dampness content. Air void is diminished

absent a lot of progress in water content because of compaction. This is reasonable
for cohesionless soils as compaction vitality will cause molecule revision and
molecule interlocking. The productivity of compaction decreases on better particles
as attachment and interparticle bondings interfers in molecule revision during
compaction. The mechanical solidness of soil relies upon level of compaction,
degree, versatility qualities and compaction. In addition this method isn't powerful
in soils where there is high changes in dampness substance.

CHAPTER-2
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Stabilization of Soil by Using Waste Plastic

Material: A Review
Sharan Veer Singh1, Mahabir Dixit2
Scientist –B, Department of Soil, Central Soil and Material Research Station,
New Delhi, India1 Scientist-D, Department of Soil, Central Soil and Material
Research Station, New Delhi, India2
Framework is a significant area that drives generally speaking improvement of

Indian economy. The establishment is significant for any structure and it must
be sufficiently able to help the whole structure. For establishment to be solid
the dirt around it assumes a significant job. Soil adjustment is the way toward
improving the physical and synthetic properties of soil. Adjustment assists
with expanding the shear quality and controls the psychologist swell
properties of soil. It likewise improves the heap bearing limit of the dirt to
help asphalts and establishments. In the development field, soil adjustment
assumes a crucial job particularly during the plan and development of
establishments. There are many existing procedures or materials accessible to
accomplish soil adjustment. The utilization of plastic waste as a stabilizer
make the dirt adjustment process progressively modest and eco-
accommodating. Sweeping soils like dark cotton soil consistently make issues
in establishment. The issues are growing, shrinkage and inconsistent
settlement. Plastic squanders have gotten one of the serious issues of the
world. Utilization of plastic sacks, bottles and other plastic items is
exponentially expanding step by step. Because of which we are confronting
different ecological issues.
A survey paper is introduced here to concentrate on soil adjustment by

utilizing waste plastic items. The tests, for example, fluid cutoff, plastic
breaking point, standard delegate compaction test, California bearing
proportion (CBR) test and unconfined compressive quality (UCS) have been
led to check the improvement in the properties of dark cotton soil.
Adjustment of a fine-grained soil utilizing plastic waste is tentatively
examination in this investigation.
Tests are set up by blending in with four diverse plastic waste substance (0,

0.5, 1, and 1.5% of weight of dry soil). Varieties in compaction attributes and
Unconfined compressive quality are researched according to Indian standard
exploratory systems. Rate decline/increment in the expressed parameters is
processed regarding their untreated worth. Study shows that plastic waste
added substance expands greatest dry thickness, ideal dampness content, and
unconfined compressive solidarity to a few degree. The plastic waste cut into
strips type of size 5 mm × 3 mm.
2.2 KEYWORDS: Soil stabilization, California bearing ratio, unconfined

compressive strength, Black cotton soil.
2.3 Related works
IJIRSET(2017) created a report on venture directed by division of soil and the

task is centered around the exhibition of Plastic fiber as soil adjustment
material. Their investigation proposed that in the event that the plastic
filaments are appropriately blended and applied, at that point it tends to be
utilized as an incredible soil adjustment procedure based on the outcomes
acquired. 0.5% of supplanted plastic fiber to the far reaching mud soil
decreased the OMC and increment the MDD. The UCS of the dirt was seen as
expanded for 0.5%. With 1% substitution it was seen that the MDD and UCS
was not as much as that of 0.5% substitution yet was more noteworthy than
that of untreated soil. Further increment in the plastic substitution
demonstrated decrease in the MDD and the UCS of the dirt. Ideal level of
plastic is suggested at 0.5% which will improve the building qualities of dark
cotton soil. Increment in the MDD of the dirt is because of the decline in the
quantity of voids with the expansion of plastic which prompts the successful
compaction and furthermore increment in the union.
Meera S.(2015 article) M.tech researcher from Saintgits College of designing

directed various quality tests and building properties tests on Black Cotton
Soil gathered from Chittor locale of Palakkad region, Kerala. She finished up
as: Maximum dry thickness of the dirt example expanded with expanding
rates of HDPE strips, ideal worth being that at 10% HDPE. The Optimum
dampness content diminished with expanding rates of HDPE. The ideal worth
was gotten at 10% HDPE. At 10% HDPE, the Optimum dampness content
acquired was around three-fifth as that of unreinforced soil. Point of interior
contact indicated an expansion with expanding rates of HDPE. The ideal worth
was seen at 12% HDPE. At 12% HDPE, the interior grinding edge got was
around multiple times as that of unreinforced soil. The Cohesion esteem

indicated an expansion with expanding rates of HDPE. The ideal worth was
seen at 12% HDPE. At 12% HDPE, the shrinkage proportion got was just about
five of that of unreinforced soil. Coefficient of penetrability diminished with

expanding rates of HDPE. The ideal worth was gotten at 12% HDPE. Expanding
of the dirt example diminished with expanding rates of HDPE. The ideal worth
was acquired at 10% HDPE. The swell acquired for unreinforced soil was
around fifty two times as that got at 10% HDPE. A dike model with 12% HDPE
support was made utilizing PLAXIS 2D programming and the most extreme
estimations of twisting, compelling chief pressure and comparable isotropic
pressure were resolved. Support utilizing HDPE strips ends up being a
productive strategy for improving the designing properties of Black cotton
soil.
Harshita et al (2014), the current examination endeavors to comprehend the

viability of Jute strands in controlling expanding conduct of dark cotton soil
estimated in the research facility with and without utilization of irregular
fortified jute filaments operating at a profit cotton soil. The impact of one
parameters of irregular strengthened jute filaments, through, its sum, on the
deliberate decrease of expanding conduct is efficiently contemplated, under
controlled conditions. The goal of this investigation is to propose an elective
strategy to control the expanding conduct of the far reaching soil. In the
current investigation soil tests containing 0%, 1%, 2% to 5% of jute fiber were
readied and as far as possible, ideal dampness content, greatest dry thickness,
California Bearing Ratio and unconfined compressive quality were directed
according to pertinent IS code of training. The test outcomes demonstrated
hugeness decline in the far reaching conduct of the dark cotton soil. As far as
possible increment from 8.66% to 14.68%. There is an exceptional increment
in California Bearing Ratio and unconfined compressive quality test outcomes.
The C.B.R. esteem expanded from 1.8% to 4.1% and unconfined compressive
quality qualities expanded from 1.09 kg/cm2 to 1.35 kg/cm2. From the test
outcomes it very well may be inferred that the expansion of jute strands to
dark cotton soil diminishes its expanding conduct and increment the C.B.R.
what's more, unconfined compressive quality properties.
2.4 PRESENT INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS
1 The test works were completed bit by bit.
2 In the underlying stage tests were performed to discover the building

properties of dark cotton soil.
Second stage comprised of deciding concoction properties of dark cotton soil.
3 Third stage was conduction of California bearing proportion of soil and
standard delegate trial of soil.
4 After leading the tests ideal incentive for expansion of Hdpe strands was
determined which invigorates the most noteworthy acquired during soil
adjustment.

2.5 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
1. To improve the attributes of soil at the site and make soil fit for carring load and
to build the shear quality by diminishing compressibility of soil.
2. To improve certain unfortunate properties of soils, for example, over the top
growing or shrinkage, high versatility, trouble in compacting and so on.
3. To give an elective answer for removal of plastic waste and furthermore to give
efficient answer for soil adjustment utilizing the high thickness plastic waste.

CHAPTER 3
3. MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
3.1 MATERIALS
3.1.1 BLACK COTTON SOIL.
FIG: BLACK COTTON SOIL
Dark Soil is called Black Cotton Soil in light of the fact that the Cotton crop was
developed in this as the yield of Cotton was better in this dirt contrasted with other
kind of soil. They are mostly found in Deccan magma Tract including
Karnataka,Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The Black
Cotton soil utilized in our task was from Gadag District of Karnataka. The dark soils
found in the magma secured territories are the most prominent. Those dirts are
frequently alluded to as regur yet are prevalently known as "dark cotton soils,"
since cotton has been the most well-known customary yield in regions where they
are found. Dark soils are subsidiaries of trap magma and are spread. These are for
the most part earth soils and structure profound breaks during dry season. An
aggregation of lime is commonly seen of shifting profundities. They are prevalently
known as "Dark cotton soils" on account of their dull earthy colored shading and
reasonableness for developing cotton. These are otherwise called Indian
regurs.These soils are lacking in nitrogen, phosphoric corrosive and natural issue
however wealthy in calcium, potassium and magnesium.
Dark cotton soil has been dangerous to building structures in view of their
propensity to expand during wet conditions or stormy seasons and srink during dry
season. Various harms in type of breaks or differential settlement are seen by
structures. They retain water intensely ,swell , become delicate and free
strength.These soils are effectively compressible when dried and outrageous

hardness and splits when dry. These properties makes soil unfortunate for
constructional purposes.
3.1.1.2 Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil
Rich extent of montmorillonite is found in Black cotton soil from mineralogical

investigation. Montmorillonite is the key compound of dark cotton soil which can
retain huge measure of water particles. The adsorbed water happens their
situation between gem sheets of montmorillonite which yields huge volume
change because of nonattendance and nearness of water. High level of
montomonillonite renders high level of breadth. These property results breaks in
soils with no notice. These breaks may some of the time degree as far as possible
can imagine ½" wide and 12" profound. So working to be established on this dirt
may endure extreme harm with the difference in air conditions. It is commonly
dark in shading as it is shaped due to enduring of lava. Black cotton soils are
irorganic muds of medium to high compressibility and they structure ajor soil
bunch in India. In light of its high expanding and shrinkage attributes dark cotton
soil has been a test to geotechnical and roadway engineers. The wetting and drying
process causes vertical development in soil mas which prompts disappointment of
streets, in type of settlement.
3.1.1.3 Following are the properties of black soil
- Contains potash
- It is clayey, deep and imperontains potash
- It is clayey, deep and impermeable.
- It is rich in aluminia and iron.
- Generally nitrogen and phosphorous and organic matter is absent.
- They are formed where they are found
- It is dark in colour.
3.1.2 SOIL STABILIZERS
Soils are commonly blended in with stabilizers to build the heap bearing limit of soil
and protection from physical and compound elements. Asphalts ought to have
adequate firmness and quality and distinctive adjustment strategies can likewise be
utilized to accomplish this. On the off chance that stabilizers are utilized to balance
out the asphalt sub-grade layer it will end up being advantageous.
3.1.2.1 Uses of Soil Stabilizers
 To decrease cost and to lessen ice vulnerability.

 It decreases the necessary auxiliary thickness.
 In wet conditions adjustment gives working stages to development activities.

 The quality and solidness of a dirt layer can be improved using added
substances to allow a decrease in structure thickness of balanced out
material.
3.1.2.2 PLASTIC AS SOIL STABILIZER
Plastic are commonly used material in household works and are easily
available.Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular weight, along with
addition of other substances to improve performance and/or reduce costs.
3.1.2.3 Problems Created By Plastics In Environment
Plastics that go about as poisons are arranged into small scale, meso, or large scale
flotsam and jetsam, in light of size. Plastics are cheap and solid, and accordingly
levels of plastic creation by people are high. In any case, the compound structure of
most plastics renders them impervious to numerous regular procedures of
debasement and therefore they are delayed to corrupt. Together, these two
elements have prompted a high conspicuousness of plastic contamination in the
earth. During its creation procedure and desposal process it is making genuine
harm condition .
Plastic contamination can distress land, conduits and seas. It is evaluated that 1.1 to
8.8 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste enters the sea from beach front
networks every year. Living beings, especially marine creatures can be hurt either
by mechanical impacts, for example, entrapment in plastic articles, issues identified
with ingestion of plastic waste, or through presentation to synthetics inside plastics
that meddle with their physiology. Impacts on people incorporate disturbance of
different hormonal instruments. As including Recyclying of plastic only puts the
plastic to commercial center and in the long run to condition making not decrease
in its utilization. So also when plastic is singed it has its own disservices. At the point
when consumed, plastic discharges a large group of toxic synthetic substances
remembering dioxin for air. Likewise reusing of plastic is identified with skin and
lungs issues coming about because of inward breath and introduction of harmful
exhaust.
3.1.2.4 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC AS STABILIZER
HDPE is a sort of polyethylene that is produced using the petroleum gas ethane.
When ethane is warmed to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit, the atoms break separated.
One of the new atoms framed is ethylene. Ethylene is a gas that turns into a sap
during the procedure of polymerization. A polymer is a chain of atoms that

structures as a result of concoction responses including impetuses and weight. At

the point when ethylene particles are polymerized, they produce polyethylene.
Polyethylene – and different kinds of plastic – can be adjusted to improve certain
ideal attributes, for example, adaptability, quality or impenetrability to a specific
substance. Polyethylene can be made into various kinds of plastics: Low-thickness
polyethylene, or LDPE, and polyethylene terephthalate, otherwise called PET or
PETE.
3.2 Properties of Black Cotton Soil
SL.NO. PROPERTIES VALUES
1. COLOR DARK
BROWN
2. Specific gravity of Black cotton 2.35
soil
3. Consistency limits Liquid limit, 71 %
Plastic limit 23 %
4. On BC soil OMC, 18.5

%
MDD 1.825
g/cc
With HDPE OMC,% 16.46

4%
MDD 1.839
g/cc

Standard proctor
With HDPE 6% OMC, 12.465
Compaction
%
MDD 1.842
g/cc
With fibre 8 % OMC,% 11.39
MDD 1.855
g/cc
With fibre 10 % OMC, 10.51

%
MDD 1.860
g/cc
With fibre 12 %
OMC,% 12.8
MDD 1.639
g/cc
With fibre 14%
OMC,% 17.13
MDD 1.557
g/cc
BC soil At 4.18
5. 2.5mm
At 5 mm 5.57
With HDPE At 4.464

4% 2.5mm

At 5 mm 5.952
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

TESTS With HDPE 6% At 6.84
2.5mm
At 5 mm 10.04
With fibre 8 % At 9.5

2.5mm
At 5 mm 13.94

2.5mm
At 5 mm 21.83
With fibre 12 %
At 17.86
2.5mm
At 5 mm 23.81
With fibre 14%

At 14.88
2.5mm
At 5 mm 22.32
Table: Properties of BC soil with addition of Hdpe fibres

3.3 TEST CONDUCTED ON BLACK COTTON SOIL
3.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL
a) DENSITY BOTTLE METHOD
Aim: To determine the specific gravity of soil particles using a density bottle, as per
IS: 2720 (Part III) – 1964.
Apparatus: Density bottle of 50 or 100 ml capacity with perforated stopper, Balance
accurate 0.001 g, Drying oven, Vacuum desiccators, Thermometer etc.
Empty Bottle + Dry soil Bottle +soil Water Bottle + Dry soil
Weight 1 Weight 2 Weight 3 Weight 4
3.2.1 Fig (a); Specific Gravity determination
Procedure:
1.Weigh the perfect, dry and cool thickness bottle with its plug (W1).
2.Place about 10g (in 50 ml), 20g (in 100 ml), of broiler dried and pummeled test of
soil and gauge (W2). In the event that air-dried soil is utilized dry the substance of
the jug toward the finish of the test to get weight of dried soil.
3.Cover the dirt with refined water and leave for an appropriate drenching period,
(which ought to be for at any rate 12 hours for muds)
4.Add more refined water until the container is about half full. Evacuate the
ensnared air by exposing the substance to a fractional vacuum (not surpassing 10
cm of mercury). This might be finished by the utilization of a vacuum desiccators or

a chime container or by direct association with a suction apparatus or vacuum
siphon.
5.Fill the jug totally with refined water, wipe dry and gauge (W3). Measure the
temperature (Tt) of the substance.
6.Empty the jug, wash it completely, top off with refined water at a similar test
– temperature (Tt) wipe dry outwardly and gauge (W4)
7.Repeat the test twice more.
Tabular column:
Sl.No. Test No. 1 2 3
1 Wt. Of density bottle empty (W1) g. 31.1 31.1 31.1
2 Wt. Of density bottle + dry soil (W2) g. 51.5 52 52.1
3 Wt. Of density bottle + soil + water 93.1 92.7 93.2

(W3) g.
4 Wt. Of density bottle. + water (W4) g. 81.5 81.5 81.5
5. Specific gravity of soil 2.29 2.28 2.42
Calculation:
The specific gravity G of soil based on water at test temperature Tt is given
by: (W2- W1)
G (at Tt) =
(W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4)
RESULTS:
Specific gravity of soil = 2.3

b) PYCNOMETER METHOD
Aim: To determine the specific gravity of soil particles using a Pycnometer.
Apparatus: Pycnometer, Balance accurate to 1 g. Drying oven, Glass rod etc.
Empty Pycno + Dry soil Pycno+soil Water Pycno + Dry soil
Weight 1 Weight 2 Weight 3 Weight 4
3.2.1 Fig (b) ; Specific Gravity determination
Procedure:
a. Weigh a clean and dry Pycnometer with its cap (W1).

b. Place a sample of dry soil (1/3) into the Pycnometer and weigh (W2)
c. Expel the screw – top and add water to the dirt. Blend altogether with glass
pole to expel entangled air. Keep mixing and include more water. At long last
supplant the screw – top and fill the Pycnometer flush with the gap in the
cone shaped top. Expel any outstanding air by shaking or rolling the
Pycnometer on the work table holding one finger over the opening at the
top. In the event that foam gathers under the top, evacuate it cautiously and
load up with water flush to the top. Dry the outside and gauge (W3).
d. Empty the Pycnometer, clean it and refill with clean water flush with the top
hole and dry the outside and weigh (W4).
Specific gravity by Pycnometer :
Sl.No. Test No. 1 2 3
1 Wt. Of Pyc. Empty (W1) g. 606.1 606.1 606.1
2 Wt. Of Pyc. + dry soil (W2) g. 805 809 806.7

3 Wt. Of Pyc. + soil + water (W3) g. 1612.6 1616.3 1613.8
4 Wt. Of Pyc. + water (W4) g. 1500.1 1500.1 1500.1
5. Specific gravity of soil 2.28 2.37 2.41
Calculation:
(W2 – W1)
Specific gravity of soil = ------------------------------
(W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4)
RESULTS: Specific gravity of soil = 2.35

3.3.2 CONSISTENCY LIMITS DETERMINATION

a) LIQUID LIMIT TEST
Aim: To determine the liquid limit of a soil using the Casagrande Liquid Limit
Apparatus, as per IS: 2720 (Part V) – 1970
Apparatus: Liquid limit apparatus, grooving tools with 1cm gauge handle:ASTM
and Casagrande (BS) types., porcelain evaporating dish, 425-micron sieve,
Spatula, Balance accurate to 0.01g. Container, Oven, 105 to 110 C.
3.3.2 Fig (a): Liquid Limit Apparatus
Procedure:
1. By means of the grooving tool gauge and the adjustment plate, adjust the
cup of the liquid limit apparatus to give a drop of exactly 1cm at the point of
constant on the base.
2. Take about 150 g. of an air-dried soil sample passing 425-micron sieve and mix
thoroughly with distilled water to give a stiff and uniform paste. Leave the
soil for a suitable maturing time, which may extent up to 24 hours for heavy
clays. (The amount of water added should be such that the number of blows
required to close the groove is in the range of 15 to 20)

3. Place a portion of the pate in the cup, level off with a spatula the top surface
symmetrically to give a maximum depth of 1cm, cut a uniform straight
groove by
4. Drawing firmly a grooving tool through the soil paste along the dia through
the center of the hinge.
5. Turn the handle at a rate of 2 revolutions per second and count the number
of blows until the two parts of the soil come in contact at the bottom of the
groove along a distance of about1.2 cm. The groove should be closed by flow
of the soil and not by slippage between the soil and the cup. If no flow but
slippage occurs the test is rejected.
6. Record the number of blows at which the groove closes. Remove about 15g.
of the soil forming the edges of the groove that flowed together and
determine the water content by oven drying.
7. Transfer the remaining soil in the cup to the main soil sample on the glass
plate (or the evaporating dish) and mix thoroughly after adding a small
amount of water (2% by weight of soil taken)
8. The test should always proceed from the drier to the wetter condition of the
soil. In the first test, the water content is so adjusted that the groove closes
in 35 to 40 blows. The test is repeated at least three times more adding
increments of distilled water at the beginning of each stage, thus giving at
least four sets of readings in the range of 15 to 40 blows. Each additional
increment of water added to the soil is mixed in for at least 5 minutes.
Calculations:
A flow curve is plotted on a semi-logarithm graph representing the number of

blows as abscissa on the logarithmic scale and the corresponding water content
(percent) as ordinate on the arithmetic scale. The flow curve is drawn as a straight
line as nearly as possible through a maximum number of plotted points. The water
content corresponding to 25 blows is read off as the liquid limit w1 of the soil.
The flow index if or the slope of the curve can be determined from the
relation: W1 - W2
If =
n2
Log 10 ---------
n1
Where W1 = water content corresponding to n1 blows.
W2 = water content corresponding to n2 blows.

If the flow curve is extended at either end so as to intersect the ordinates

corresponding to 10 and 100 blows, the numerical difference in water content
at 10 and 100 blows gives directly the flow index.
Observation:
Liquid limit test:
Sl. Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

No.
1 Container T2ll8 T2ll5 3D T3ll6 G-s T39

No.
2 No. of blows 64 51 45 29 23 13
3 Wt. of 20.3 22.3 23.8 21 15.9 15

container
W1 (g)
4 Wt.of 26.8 28.1 32.3 31.4 28.9 25.6

container +
wet soil W2
(g)
5 Wt. of 24.9 26 30.1 27.9 25.2 21.3
container +
dry soil W3
(g)
6 Water 42.1 43.4 45 49.27 52.27 54.3

content (%)
7 Liquid limit 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5

(from graph)
(%)

STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING WASTE HDPE FIBRES
3.3.2 Fig (b): Flow Curve
RESULT : Liquid Limit (%) = 61.5

b) PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
Aim: To determine the plastic limit of soil and also to calculated the plasticity index,
as per IS: 2720 (Part V) – 1960.
Apparatus: Porcelain evaporating dish, Spatula, ground glass plate, Balance accurate
to 0.01 g., containers, 425-micron sieve.
Procedure:
1. Mix completely around 30 g soil passing a 425-micron strainer with refined water in
the dissipating dish or on the glass plate until it is sufficiently plastic to be molded into
a little ball.
Note: - It is regularly advantageous to permit the dirt utilized in as far as possible test to dry in air to
arrive at this consistency. It might be important to reasonably full grown the dirt.
2. Take around 10 g of the plastic soil mass. From a bundle of it and afterward fold into a
string with the fingers on the ground glass plate. At the point when a width of 3mm is
reached, remolded the dirt again into a ball.
3. Repeat this rolling and remolding process until the string begins simply disintegrating
at a breadth of 3mm. Save the disintegrated strings for water content assurance.
4. Repeat the test twice more with new examples and figure as far as possible wp as the
normal of the three water substance.
Plasticity Index:
After determining the liquid limit wl and the plastic limit wp, the plasticity
index Ip is calculated from the equation:
Ip = wl - wp
When either the plastic limit or the liquid limit cannot be determined the
plasticity, index is reported as non – plastic (Np)
When the plastic limit is equal to or greater than the liquid limit, the plasticity
index, is reported as ‘zero’. The ‘toughness index’ It , if also required, can be
calculated from the equation:
Ip
It = --------
If

Where: If = flow index as determined in liquid limit test. The other indices,
consistency index and liquidity index, can also be calculated for a soil whose
natural water content is known.
Observation:
Plastic limit test

1. 2. 3.
Sl. Test no.

No.
1 Container No. Gt-5 Gt-5 Gt-5
2 Wt. of container W1 (g) 8.8 8.5 8.2
3 Wt. of container + wet soil W2 (g) 15.3 14.4 15.5
4 Wt. of dry soil + dry soil W3 (g) 4.7 4.2 4.9
5 Water content w (%) 28.2 23.61 32
RESULT: Plastic Limit (%) = 28%
IP = 30
IT= 1.96

3.3.3 STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST
Aim: To determine the relationship between water content and dry density of a
black cotton soil and to determine the optimum water content to give maximum
dry density by the standard proctor test, as per IS: 2720 (Part VII) –1965.
Apparatus: Cylindrical metal mould and rammer 2.5kg in weight which falls through
a height of 30.5cm.
Fig (a): Light Compaction test Apparatus
Procedure:
1. Weigh the empty mould attached to the base plate but without collar.
2. Take about 3kg. Of air-dried soil passing 20mm sieve. Mix it thoroughly with a small
quantity of water. (For coarse grained soils add 4 percent of water and for fine
grained soils 10 percent).

3. Attach the collar at top to the mould fixed on the base plate. Thoroughly remix the
matured soil and compact it into the mould in three equal layers by giving to each
layer 25 uniformly distributed blows of the rammer falling more than about 6mm
into the collar.
4. Remove the collar and trim off the soil level with the top of the mould. Weigh the
mould full of compacted soil with base plate attached.
5. Remove the soil and keep a representative sample from the center of the
compacted specimen for water content determination.
6. Break up with hand the soil removed from the mould, remix with the remaining of
the original sample. Add water to increase its water content by 1 to 2 percent, mix
thoroughly and after allowing some maturing time repeat steps 3 to 5. Continue
this series of tests until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet
compacted weight of the soil in the mould.
Calculations
The bulk density ‘γ b’ and the corresponding dry density ‘γ d’ for the compacted
soil are given by
W γb
= ------, γ d = -----------
V 1+ w
Where W= weight of compacted wet soil (gm) V= volume of the mould
W= water content.
1. ON BLACK COTTON SOIL
Observation:
Determination No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6300 6541.1 6665.3 6725.9 6614.8 6534.1
Wt. Of mould 4545 4545 4545 4545 4545 4545

(g)
Wt. Of compacted soil 1755 1996.1 2120.3 2180.9 2069.85 1989.1

(g)
Bulk density g/cm3 1.738 1.977 2.1 2.16 2.05 1.97

Dry density g/cm3 1.58 1.75 1.80 1.82 1.66 1.57
Water content 10 13 17 19 24 26
%
Water content determination:
Sl.No. Determination No. 1 2 3 4 5
1 Container No. G39 T1LL T3LL T3L3 G34
2 Weight of the 22 21 23 18 21
container
(W1) gm
3 Weight of the 86 96 109 87 138

container + wet soil
(W2) gm
4 Weight of the 75 85 94 78 118

container + dry soil
(W3) gm
5 Moisture content (w) 15 17 19 20 21
w = (W2) – W3) / W3
– W1)
2. BY USING 4% HDPE PLASTIC
Observation:
Determination No 1 2 3 4 5
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6443 6511.3 6682.2 6611.9 6642
Wt. Of mould (g) 4541 4541 4541 4541 4541
Wt. Of compacted soil 1902 1970.3 2141.2 2070.9 2101

(g)

Bulk density g/cm3 1.892 1.96 2.13 2.06 2.09
Dry density g/cm3 1.72 1.75 1.84 1.75 1.72
Water content % 10 12 16 18 22
Sl.No Determinati 1 2 3 4 5
. o n No.
1 Container T3G1 T3LL T3LL I T3LL T2LL1

No.
2 Weight of the 18 21 21 15 20
container
(W1) gm
3 Weight of the 62.8 67.74 58.03 60.74 61.53

container +
wet soil
(W2) gm
4 Weight of 58 62 53.2 54.1 55.2

the container
+ dry soil
(W3) gm
5 Moisture 12 14 15 17 18
content
(w)
w = (W2) –
W3) / W3 –
W1)

3. BY USING 6% HDPE PLASTIC
Observation:
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6441 6511.3 6611.9 6652.1 6662.1
Wt. Of mould (g) 4541 4541 4541 4541 4541
Wt. Of compacted soil 1900 1970.3 2070.9 2111.1 2121.1

(g)
Bulk density g/cm3 1.89 1.96 2.06 2.1 2.11
Dry density g/cm3 1.77 1.8 1.84 1.8 1.76
Water content % 7 9 12 17 20
Sl.No Determinati 1 2 3 4 5
. o n No.
1 Container T3G1 T3LL T3LL I T3LL T2LL1

No.
2 Weight of the 19 20 20 18 21
container
(W1) gm
3 Weight of the 61.4 66.33 66.62 49.84 68.15

container +
wet soil
(W2) gm
4 Weight of 57.2 61 60.9 61.7 61.3

the container
+ dry soil
(W3) gm

5 Moisture 11 13 14 15 17
content
(w)
w = (W2) –
W3) / W3 –
W1)
1. BY USING 8% HDPE PLASTIC:
Observation:
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6465.1 6555.6 6625.9 6615.9 6636
Wt. Of mould 4545 4545 4545 4545 4545

(g)
Wt. Of compacted soil 1920.1 2010.6 2080.97 2070.9 2091

(g)
Bulk density g/cm3 1.91 2 2.07 2.06 2.08
Dry density g/cm3 1.77 1.82 1.85 1.81 1.77
Water content 8 10 12 14 18
%
2 Weight of the 15 15 20 21 18
container
(W1) gm

3 Weight of the 98.2 104.6 105.1 106.8 117.1

(W2) gm
4 Weight of the 90 95 96 97 105

(W3) gm
w = (W2) – W3) / W3
– W1)
Observation:
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6475.1 6565.6 6595.8 6615.9 6625.9
Wt. Of mould 4545 4545 4545 4545 4545

(g)
Wt. Of compacted soil 1930.1 2020.6 2050.8 2070.9 2080.9

(g)
Bulk density g/cm3 1.92 2.01 2.04 2.06 2.07
Dry density g/cm3 1.78 1.85 1.86 1.84 1.8
%

2 Weight of the 23 20 20 15 18
container
(W1) gm
3 Weight of the 88.1 84.4 84.7 79.3 82.9

(W2) gm
4 Weight of the 83.3 79.1 78.9 73 76.4

(W3) gm
w = (W2) – W3) / W3
– W1)
Observation:
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6304.2 6334.4 6404.8 6445 6465.1
Wt. Of mould 4545 4545 4545 4545 4545

(g)
Wt. Of compacted soil 1759.2 1789.4 1859.8 1900 1920.1

(g)
Bulk density g/cm3 1.75 1.78 1.85 1.89 1.91
Dry density g/cm3 1.61 1.62 1.64 1.63 1.61
%

2 Weight of the 21 23 18 15 20
container
(W1) gm
3 Weight of the 80.6 84.1 78.3 74.6 81.4

(W2) gm
4 Weight of the 75.2 78.1 71.9 68.3 73.9

(W3) gm
w = (W2) – W3) / W3
– W1)
Observation:
Wt. Of mould+ soil (g) 6223.8 6274.1 6314.3 6374.6 6374.6
Wt. Of mould 4545 4545 4545 4545 4545

(g)
Wt. Of compacted soil 1678.8 1729.1 1769.3 1829.6 1829.7

(g)
Bulk density g/cm3 1.67 1.72 1.76 1.82 1.82
Dry density g/cm3 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.56 1.52

%
2 Weight of the 20 15 18 21 15
container
(W1) gm
3 Weight of the 81.1 76.9 80.4 85 77.8

(W2) gm
4 Weight of the 75.1 70.3 73.3 77.2 70.1

(W3) gm
w = (W2) – W3) / W3
– W1)

1.85
1.8
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Water Content(%)
Fig a) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil
1.86
1.84
1.82
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.8
1.78
1.76
1.74
1.72
1.7
0 5 10 15 20 25
Water Content%
Fig b) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil with 4% Hdpe Fibers

.
1.85
1.84
1.83
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
0 5 10 15 20 25
Water Content(%)
Fig c) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil with 6% Hdpe Fibers
1.86
1.85
1.84
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
0 5 10 15 20
Water Content%
Fig d) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil with 8% Hdpe Fibers

1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Water content%
Fig e) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil with 10% Hdpe Fibers
1.645
1.64
1.635
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.63
1.625
1.62
1.615
1.61
1.605
0 5 10 15 20
Water Content%
Fig f) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil with 12% Hdpe Fibers

1.57
1.56
1.55
Dry Density(g/cm3)
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.47
0 5 10 15 20 25
Water Content%
Fig g) Water Content vs Dry density Curve for Black Cotton Soil with 14% Hdpe Fibers

3.3.4 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)
Aim: To determine the California Bearing Ratio of a compacted soil sample in the
laboratory as per IS: 2720 (Part XVI) –1965.
Apparatus: Mould, Circular metal spacer disc, Metal rammer, Annular weight,
loading machine, Metal penetration piston, Dial gauge etc.
Procedure:
Dynamic compaction:
Take about 4.5 to 5.5 kg of soil and blend it altogether with the (ideal dampness
content, decided from standard compaction test) water. Fix the expansion neckline
to the highest point of the form and the base plate to its base. Supplement the
spacer circle over the base. (With the focal gap of the circle at the lower side). Put
a channel paper on the highest point of the spacer plate. Minimal the blended soil
in the shape utilizing either the light compaction or overwhelming compaction. For
light compaction, conservative the dirt in three equivalent layers, each layer being
given 56 blows, consistently disseminated, by the 2.6 kg rammer. For
overwhelming compaction, smaller the dirt in 5 layers, by giving 56 hits to each
layer by the 4.89 kg rammer. Evacuate the neckline and trim off abundance soil.
Flip around the form and evacuate the base plate and the displacer circle. Gauge
the form with the compacted soil, so its mass thickness and dry thickness might be
resolved. Put channel paper on the compacted soil (neckline side) and clip the
punctured base plate on to it.
Penetration Test:
1. Place the additional charge loads back on the highest point of the dirt example,
and spot the moulde gathering on the entrance test machine.
2. Seat the entrance cylinder at the focal point of the example with the littlest
conceivable burden yet for no situation abundance of 4kg. With the goal that
full contact is set up between the outside of the example and the cylinder.
3. Set the anxiety dial measure to zero. Apply the heap on the entrance cylinder,
so that, the infiltration is around 1.25mm/min. Record the heap readings at
entrances of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 12.5mm.
4. Plot the heap infiltration bend. In the event that the underlying bit of the bend
is inward upward apply the remedy by attracting digression to the bend at the
purpose of most noteworthy incline. The adjusted beginning will be where the
digression meets the abscissa. Find and record the revised burden perusing
relating to every infiltration.
Calculation:
Corresponding to the penetration value at which the CBR is desired corrected load
values are found from the curve and CBR is calculated as follows:
Test load
CBR = x 100
Standard load
5. For Unreinforced Black Cotton Soil
Tabulation:
Dial Proving Load

gauge ring in kg
reading readings in
in (div) (div)
0 0 0
0.5 17 9
1 34 17
1.50 53 28
2.00 71 37
2.50 101 53
3.00 151 79
4.00 177 93
5.00 222 117
7.50 250 131
10.00 283 149
12.50 313 165
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm =4.18
CBR AT 5 mm =5.57

6. For Black Cotton Soil with 4% HDPE fibres.
Tabulation:
Dial Proving Load

gauge ring in kg
reading readings in
in (div) (div)
0 0 0
0.5 22 12
1 37 21
1.50 58 32
2.00 77 43
2.50 99 55
3.00 149 83
4.00 181 101
5.00 243 132
7.50 264 141
10.00 289 154
12.50 313 169
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm =4.46
CBR AT 5 mm =5.95

Tabulation:
Dial Proving ring Load

gauge readings in in kg
reading (div)
in (div)
0 16 9
0.5 41 23
1 82 46
1.50 109 61
2.00 142 79
2.50 149 83
3.00 181 101
4.00 232 129
5.00 275 153
7.50 327 182
10.00 414 230
12.50 555 331
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm =6.84
CBR AT 5 mm =10.04

Tabulation:
Dial Proving Load

gauge ring in kg
reading readings in
in (div) (div)
0 21 12
0.5 48 27
1 86 48
1.50 115 64
2.00 135 75
2.50 160 89
3.00 189 105
4.00 237 132
5.00 279 155
7.50 336 187
10.00 426 237
12.50 603 335
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm =9.5
CBR AT 5 mm =13.94

Tabulation:
Dial Proving Load

gauge ring in kg
reading readings in
in (div) (div)
0 22 13
0.5 54 29
1 90 51
1.50 120 67
2.00 142 79
2.50 160 93
3.00 195 109
4.00 281 136
5.00 285 158
7.50 343 194
10.00 429 245
12.50 620 340
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm =12.65
CBR AT 5 mm =21.83

Tabulation:
Dial Proving Load

gauge ring in kg
reading readings in
in (div) (div)
0 24 14
0.5 58 35
1 95 55
1.50 127 73
2.00 146 82
2.50 168 97
3.00 199 111
4.00 284 140
5.00 289 162
7.50 347 197
10.00 437 248
12.50 622 343
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm =17.86
CBR AT 5 mm =23.81

Tabulation:
Dial Proving Load

gauge ring in kg
reading readings in
in (div) (div)
0 27 14
0.5 59 29
1 95 53
1.50 128 68
2.00 145 79
2.50 168 95
3.00 199 109
4.00 285 138
5.00 289 158
7.50 345 197
10.00 433 245
12.50 620 343
RESULT
CBR AT 2.5 mm = 14.88
CBR AT 5 mm = 22.32


CHAPTER – 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS
Physical Properties of Black Cotton Soil
SL.NO. PROPERTIES VALUES
1. COLOR DARK
BROWN
2. Specific gravity of Black cotton 2.35
soil
3. Consistency limits Liquid limit, 71 %
Plastic limit 23 %
4. On BC soil OMC, 18.5

%
MDD 1.825
g/cc
With HDPE OMC,% 16.46

4%
MDD 1.839
g/cc
Standard proctor
With HDPE 6% OMC, 12.465
Compaction
%
MDD 1.842
g/cc
With fibre 8 % 11.39

OMC,%

MDD 1.855
g/cc
With fibre 10 % OMC, 10.51

%
MDD 1.860
g/cc
With fibre 12 %
OMC,% 12.8
MDD 1.639
g/cc
With fibre 14%
OMC,% 17.13
MDD 1.557
g/cc
BC soil At 4.18
5. 2.5mm
At 5 mm 5.57
With HDPE At 4.464

4% 2.5mm
At 5 mm 5.952
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

TESTS With HDPE 6% At 6.84
2.5mm

At 5 mm 10.04

2.5mm
At 5 mm 13.94

2.5mm
At 5 mm 21.83
With fibre 12 %
At 17.86
2.5mm
At 5 mm 23.81
With fibre 14%

At 14.88
2.5mm
At 5 mm 22.32

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL .
SL.No TESTS Results
1. Zinc Oxide(mg/kg) 34.94
2. Manganese oxide(mg/kg) 770.14
3. Iron oxide (%) 2.2
4. Calcium oxide (%) 1.0
5. Aluminium oxide(%) 3.6
6. Magnesium oxide(%) 1.3
7. Silicon dioxide(mg/kg) 123.2

CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION
1. Most extreme dry thickness of the soil example expanded with expanding rates of
HDPE strips, ideal worth being that at 10% HDPE.
2. The Optimum dampness content diminished with expanding rates of HDPE. The
ideal worth was acquired at 10% HDPE. At 10% HDPE, the Optimum dampness
content got was around three-fifth as that of unreinforced soil.
3. CBR value increased with addition of HDPE strips and its value was seen maximum
at 12% and and adding more of HDPE fibres would cause fall down of CBR value
later on.
4. Fortification utilizing HDPE strips ends up being a proficient strategy for improving
the building properties of Black cotton soil.
5. Utilization of waste HDPE eliminates need for expensive borrow of material

,promotes cost saving and solving disposal problems.
6. Addition of HDPE fibres contributes to sustainable development by providing low cost

resource to the geo-technical engineering.
5.2 DISCUSSION
1. The MDD of the soil reductions when fiber is included and this might be because
of the lower thickness of fiber when contrast with that of the soil alone.
2. The expansion in CBR estimation of balanced out soil might be because of reason
that incorporations of arbitrarily arranged discrete filaments into soil mass,
improves the heap disfigurement conduct by cooperating with the dirt particles
precisely through surface contact and furthermore by interlocking.
3. The reduction in quality incentive after further increment in the level of fiber
might be because of the restriction of the strands in the dirt and hence making
poor holding between the dirt and balancing out fiber material.

REFERENCES
 *Journal Article on “Soil Stabilization Of Black Cotton Soil Using Low

Density Polyethylene” plastic produced by Department of Civil
Engineering ,MIT Mysore
 Standard Journal Report on “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON

STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING HDPE WASTAGE FIBRES,
STONE DUST & LIME” by ARUN PATIDAR & Dr. H.K. MAHIYAR
Student ME- SGSITS Indore
 Journal on “Soil Stabilization on plastic” by Dr. Babitharani.H, Ashwini D

G, Pavan siva kumar.Ch, Dimple Bahri, Koushik.B, Sindhu Shankar
Department of Civil Engineering, SET, Jain University, India.
 Journal on “Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil Using Fly Ash and HDPE”
Pavan N. Gawande, Yugal N. Paw Department of Civil Engineering,
GESRHSCOE, Nashik, Maharashtra, India,

STABILIZATION OF BLACK
COTTON SOIL USING HIGH
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
by Pradhumna Adhikari
Submission date: 06-Jun-2020 09:42AM (UTC+0530)

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STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING HIGH
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VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belgaum-590018

Under the guidance of Dr. JAGADEESH C.B.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Signature of the guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude to Dr. MANJUNATHA,

Urbanization and development in the economy of urban communities of India have

LIST OF CONTENTS PAGE

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 6

Soil is the essential development material as it underpins the foundation of any

1.2 Defination Of Soil Stabilization

1.3 Need of soil stabilization.

1. Adjustment helps in waterproofing the soil.

1.4 Principle of Soil stabilization

The basics principle for soil stabilization are as follows.

1. Assessing the properties of given soil.

1.5 Types of Stabilization

1.5.1 Chemical Stabilization.

One of the strategies for adjustment of soil incorporates substance adjustment by

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 2

1.5.2 Mechanical Stabilization.

Mechanical adjustment either alludes to compaction or presentation of stringy and

compaction is done approach ideal dampness content. Air void is diminished

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 3

2.1 Stabilization of Soil by Using Waste Plastic

Framework is a significant area that drives generally speaking improvement of

A survey paper is introduced here to concentrate on soil adjustment by

examination in this investigation.

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 4

2.2 KEYWORDS: Soil stabilization, California bearing ratio, unconfined

2.3 Related works

IJIRSET(2017) created a report on venture directed by division of soil and the

Meera S.(2015 article) M.tech researcher from Saintgits College of designing

around multiple times as that of unreinforced soil. The Cohesion esteem

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 5

Harshita et al (2014), the current examination endeavors to comprehend the

2.4 PRESENT INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS

1 The test works were completed bit by bit.

2 In the underlying stage tests were performed to discover the building

3 Third stage was conduction of California bearing proportion of soil and

standard delegate trial of soil.

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 6

2.5 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 7

3. MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

FIG: BLACK COTTON SOIL

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 8

3.1.1.2 Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil

Rich extent of montmorillonite is found in Black cotton soil from mineralogical

3.1.1.3 Following are the properties of black soil

3.1.2 SOIL STABILIZERS

3.1.2.1 Uses of Soil Stabilizers

 To decrease cost and to lessen ice vulnerability.

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 9

3.1.2.2 PLASTIC AS SOIL STABILIZER

3.1.2.3 Problems Created By Plastics In Environment

3.1.2.4 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC AS STABILIZER

New Horizon College Of Engineering 2019-2020 Page 10

structures as a result of concoction responses including impetuses and weight. At

3.2 Properties of Black Cotton Soil

SL.NO. PROPERTIES VALUES

3. Consistency limits Liquid limit, 71 %