On the bases of operations database is divided into two parts.

i) Analytic database
ii) Operational database

 Analytic Databases
Analytic databases (a.k.a. OLAP- On Line Analytical Processing) are primarily static, read-only
databases which store archived, historical data used for analysis. For example, a company might
store sales records over the last ten years in an analytic database and use that database to analyze
marketing strategies in relationship to demographics.

 Operational Databases
Operational databases (a.k.a. OLTP On Line Transaction Processing), on the other hand, are used to
manage more dynamic bits of data. These types of databases allow you to do more than simply
view archived data. Operational databases allow you to modify that data (add, change or delete
data). These types of databases are usually used to track real-time information. As customers order
products from an online web store, an operational database can be used to keep track of how many
items have been sold and when the company will need to reorder stock.
On the basis of Distribution database is divided into two types.

i) Centralized Database Systems

ii) Distributed System

1. Centralized Database Systems

With centralized database systems, the system is stored at a single site. A centralized database is a
collection of information at a single location accessible from numerous points.

Advantages
 One advantage of the centralized database is the ability to access all the information in one
location.
 Searches of the database can be fast because the search engine does not need to check
multiple locations to return results.
 Information may also be easier to organize in a single location.
 In a database upgrade to handle more information, servers can be added to the database site
easily.
 A central repository of data sounds like a good idea (backups, single location with data, one
location to update standards, etc.).

Disadvantages
 A Database like Oracle or MS-SQL requires a dedicated server, usually quite an expensive one.
 Licenses for Oracle or MS-SQL are often quite expensive.
  A central database should have a trained individual (DBA) to handle it, back it up and manage it.
 The network becomes critical for manufacturing.
 The server becomes critical for manufacturing.
 The database becomes critical for manufacturing.
 The main problem is the single point of failure issue. The server, network and database must be
available 24/7. Problems in any of these key pieces will prevent any station from being able to
perform measurements, and will effectively stop production.

2. Distributed database system

Actual database and DBMS software are distributed in various sites connected by a computer
network.

The Distributed Database Management System is a set of programs which is used to manage the
databases that are stored in multiple computers via a network.
The DDBMS can be generally classified into 2 different types which are:

i) Homogeneous DDBMS:
 Use the same DBMS software at multiple sites. Data is exchanged between various sites and can
be handled easily.
 The homogeneous DDBMS helps in processing the user’s requests in an efficient way.
 It appears to the users as single system.
 It is very easy to manage and design. But the condition involved in this is that, the OS, database
applications and the data structures used at every location should be either compatible or
same.

ii) Heterogeneous DDBMS:

 The heterogeneous DDBMS uses different plan and software which becomes a major issue in
transaction as well as query processing.
 The sites might not be aware and hence it will provide limited facilities. The nodes can comprise
of different software as well as hardware. Even the data structures need not be same and
compatible.
 There can be various OS, data models, data applications and computers used in different
locations. For instance, one location can have the advanced database technology whereas the
other location have can store the data using certain conventional files.
 Similarly a location can have Windows NT OS while the other location can possess UNIX. These
kinds of systems are generally used when the individual sites make use of their own software
and hardware.
 Different sites might use different DBMS software. There is additional software to support data
exchange between sites.

A DDBMS has various characteristics like:

 All the sites will be interconnected
 It involves replication of fragments
 It helps in collecting the logically related data
 Each and every data is controlled with the help of DBMS
 The DDBMS helps in keeping the data secured and keeps track on all the data and hence it is
very useful to use a database management system.
Types of DBMS: (on the basis of structure)

There are four structural types of database management systems:

1. Hierarchical database
2. Network database
3. Relational database
4. Object-oriented database

1. Hierarchical database
 The hierarchical data model organizes data in a tree structure.
 There is a hierarchy of parent and child data segments.
 Data in a series of records, which have a set of field values attached to it.
 To create links between these record types, the hierarchical model uses Parent Child
Relationships.
 Hierarchical Databases (DBMS), commonly used on mainframe computers, have been around
for a long time. It is one of the oldest methods of organizing and storing data.
 A hierarchical database is organized like the branches of a tree extending downwards.
 Related fields or records are grouped together so that there are higher-level records and lower-
level records, just like the parents in a family tree sit above the subordinated children.
 Based on this analogy, the parent record at the top of the pyramid is called the root record.
 A child record always has only one parent record to which it is linked, just like in a normal family
tree. In contrast, a parent record may have more than one child record linked to it.
 Hierarchical databases work by moving from the top down. A record search is conducted by
starting at the top of the pyramid and working down through the tree from parent to child until
the appropriate child record is found.
 Hierarchical database consists of a collection of records which are connected to one another
records through links - record : collection of fields (attributes) link : parent-child relationship
  The advantage of hierarchical databases is that they can be accessed and updated rapidly
because the tree-like structure and the relationships between records are defined in advance.
 The disadvantage of this type of database structure is that each child in the tree may have only
one parent, and relationships or linkages between children are not permitted, even if they make
sense from a logical standpoint.
 Hierarchical databases are so rigid in their design that adding a new field or record requires that
the entire database be redefined.

2. Network Databases
 Network databases are similar to hierarchical databases by also having a hierarchical structure.
 There are a few key differences, Instead of looking like an upside-down tree, a network
database looks more like an interconnected network of records.
 In network databases, children are called members and parents are called owners.
 The most important difference is that each child or member can have more than one parent (or
owner).
Visually, a Network Database looks like a hierarchical Database in that you can see it as a type of tree.
However, in the case of a Network Database, the look is more like several trees which share branches.
Thus, children can have multiple parents and parents can have multiple children.
3. Relational Databases
 In relational databases, the relationship between data files is relational, not hierarchical.
 Hierarchical and network databases require the user to pass down through a hierarchy in order
to access needed data. Relational databases connect data in different files by using common
data elements or a key field.
 Data in relational databases is stored in different tables, each having a key field that uniquely
identifies each row.
 Relational databases are more flexible than either the hierarchical or network database
structures.
 In relational databases, tables or files filled with data are called relations called relations, tuples
designates a row or record, and columns are referred to as attributes or fields.
 The relational database has become quite popular for two major reasons. First, relational
databases can be used with little or no training. Second, database entries can be modified
without redefining the entire structure.
 The standard user and application program interface to a relational database is the structured
query language.
 SQL statements are used both for interactive queries for information from a relational database
and for gathering data for reports.
 A relational database is a set of tables containing data fitted into predefined categories.
  Each table (which is sometimes called a relation) contains one or more data categories in
columns.
 Each row contains a unique instance of data for the categories defined by the columns. For
example, a typical business order entry database would include a table that described a
customer with columns for name, address, phone number, and so forth. Another table would
describe an order: product, customer, date, sales price, and so forth. A user of the database
could obtain a view of the database that fitted the user's needs. For example, a branch office
manager might like a view or report on all customers that had bought products after a certain
date. A financial services manager in the same company could, from the same tables, obtain a
report on accounts that needed to be paid.

4. Object-oriented Databases (OODBMS)

 OODB is able to handle many new data types, including graphics, photographs, audio, and
video.
 Object-oriented databases represent a significant advance over their other database.
 Hierarchical and network databases are all designed to handle structured data; that is, data that
fits nicely into fields, rows, and columns. They are useful for handling small snippets of
information such as names, addresses, zip codes, product numbers, and any kind of statistic or
number.
 On the other hand, an object-oriented database can be used to store data from a variety of
media sources, such as photographs and text, and produce work, as output, in a multimedia
format.
 Object-oriented databases have two disadvantages. First, they are more costly to develop.
Second, most organizations are reluctant to abandon or convert from those databases that they
have already invested money in developing and implementing.
 However, the benefits to object-oriented databases are compelling. The ability to mix and
match reusable objects provides incredible multimedia capability. Healthcare organizations, for
example, can store, track, and recall CAT scans, X-rays, electrocardiograms and many other
forms of crucial data.