E Pharmacy Documentation 6-2-2022 Checked

College of Information and Communications Technology
CARD-MRI DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, INC.

Brgy. Tranca Bay. Laguna
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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION SYSTEM
PharmEz: A Web based E-Pharmacy
CAP 1 321 – Capstone Project 1
Presented to
Ms. Pilar M. Fandiño
Proponents
Almonte, Renmarc Angelo M.
Alvarez, Sharmaine Jane E.
Ama, Alexandra Apple C.
Lanip, Liezl R.
Replan, Anthony G.
Valencia, Ace C.
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
The web-based pharmacy system is one of the essential and timely needs
of every consumer. The development team decided to do this to consider one of
the needs of the people in this time of the pandemic. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), Covid-19 had become a global pandemic. Online
pharmacies have emerged as an extremely popular way to purchase medication
due to the quarantine measures introduced by numerous countries to prevent the
virus's spread. Covid-19 pandemic, online pharmacies (OPs) have become a
serious public health concern as they have expanded and become more
controversial. In brief, OPs are websites that offer to sell medication directly to
customers via the internet. Surveys of other populations have shown that 71% of
European internet users and 72% of US internet users have run searches for
information about health matters at least once in the past year. The spread of
mobile devices has helped to fuel this boom. Increasingly, consumers are using
the internet to not only find out information about their health but also to carry out
self-diagnosis and purchase health-related products and services, where the
reliability of information is not trusted due to changes in people’s behaviors and
responses due to disease outbreaks especially that the COVID-19 pandemic has
been causing a global panic being a health shock.
In this time of pandemic web-based pharmacies that the Bay Community

can use will help them to easily buy their medicine without having contact with
other people. Instead of going to some pharmacies, falling in line, and waiting for
so long, online pharmacies and its on-time delivery will serve as a substitute for
the usual way of buying medicine. Through this, everyone can maintain social
distance and safe health. Whether the pandemic disappears or not, this type of
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transaction can remain and be more useful in the future. Digital transformation is
now everywhere, because of the modern technologies we use today, our access
to everything becomes easier and faster.
This method of purchasing medicine is for everyone in the Bay

community. With the continued development of the system, this rapid
implementation is also expected to be smooth and extremely helpful to them.
Everyone who will use this system is required to have an understanding of and
adherence to whatever policy is stated herein. Despite pandemics, as a
development team, we are here to help your community, reduce some problems
and solve them.
Background of the Study
This study describes the development of a web-based pharmacy that can

order medicine online. Web-based pharmacy is like how other delivery services
are done. The system will help everyone in need during this time of pandemic
because most of us are aware of our health and good condition, that's why we
preferred not to go outside.
There are also a lot of rules and regulations nowadays that need to be
followed, one of these is having vaccination cards and valid IDs. Not everyone
wants to be vaccinated, especially the elderly because they're afraid of having
physical complications or side effects due to vaccination. Most establishments
and markets are required to have a vaccination card, especially in malls, so this
system will greatly help the citizens to avoid these types of situations that are
often encountered by others.
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Software description
The E – pharmacy is a web based system where anyone can have access
to pharmacies and to their medicines. This is to make sure that everyone is safe
in this time of pandemic. The E – pharmacy provides different medicines based
on the needs of the customer. All information of the client will be saved to the
database of the system. Their website will use Agile Methodology in which the
project needs to be done within 1 year.
General objectives
This study aims to develop a website that will help the citizens of Bay
Laguna to purchase medicines online easily without going outside. The selected
pharmacy will use the system to provide the medication needed by every
resident of the municipality.
Specific Objectives
● To promote the service and product online;

● To provide product support and customer service;
● To be more convenient;
● To help remote areas to access medicine they needed; and
● To reduce the time of buying medicines.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT
Hardware:
 Computer
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Laptop
 Windows 8 version
above
 Intel Dual Core PROCESS
 Internet access
Requirement
gathering and
Software requirements: analysis OUTPUT
 Computer Literate System Design
 System oriented Implementation E - Pharmacy
thinking Testing
 System oriented Development
management Maintenance
 Username
 Password
Knowledge
Requirements:
 Intelligent
techniques
 Knowledgeable
 In-depth
understanding in
system
Figure 1: shows the input required and the process it undergone in order to
successfully operate the E – Pharmacy
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Significance of the Study
The use of the system and relevant information will help the following:
Customers - The system will help customers to buy medicines without going
outside.
Clinical professional - They can produce and supply more medicine in the
pharmacies.
Pharmacist - It would help them to do less of their work.
Pharmacy owner - It will help owners to monitor the daily sales and inventory of
their pharmacy.
Researchers - The system would help the future researchers to give more focus
and idea on this research.
Scope and Delimitation
Scope
This study is mainly focused on the residents of the Bay Laguna especially
the citizens who are not able to go outside of their residence.
Limitation
The study has its delimitations that could potentially hinder developers
such as;
 The system will work only when there's an internet connection.

 The system cannot provide the receipt of the purchased medicine.
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 System camera scanning for RX legitimation.

 Unavailability of messaging
Definition of Terms
Agile. Relating to or denoting a method of project management, used especially

for software development that is characterized by the division of tasks into short
phases of work and frequent reassessment and adaptation of plans.
Application. Is a software program that runs on your computer Web browsers,

e-mail programs, word processors, games, and utilities are all applications
Data. Collected information for processing.
Information system. Set of components for collecting, storing, and processing

of data and providing information.
Project development. Process of planning and allocating resources to fully

develop a project or product from concept to go-live.
Project implementation. The time during which a project is constructed or

implemented.
Project maintenance. The process of tracking and enabling project activities in

accordance with the project plan—is an essential, but often overlooked, factor in
overall project success.
Web-based system. Provides access to a software system using a computer

and internet connection.
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Software. It is the programs and other operating information used by a

computer.
System. It is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a

common purpose or a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or
an interconnecting network.
System design. The process of defining the components, modules, interfaces,

and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
LOCAL LITERATURE
Encyclopedia in Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy (Editor: Prof. Dr.

Zaheer Baber) Pharmacy Practice in the Philippines
According to Faller, E., Tolentino, E., & Nagaria, R., (2019), encyclopedia
of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy covers definitions, concepts,
methods, theories and applications of clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice.
It highlights why and how this field has a significant impact on healthcare. The
work brings baseline knowledge, along with the latest, most cutting-edge
research. In addition, new treatments, algorithms, standard treatment guidelines,
and pharmacotherapies regarding diseases and disorders are also covered. The
book's main focus lies on the pharmacy practice side, covering pharmacy
practice research, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, social and
administrative pharmacy, public health pharmacy, pharmaceutical systems
research, the future of pharmacy, and new interventional models of
pharmaceutical care. By providing concise expositions on a broad range of
topics, this book is an excellent resource for those seeking information beyond
their specific areas of expertise. This outstanding reference is essential for
anyone involved in the study of pharmacy practice. Key Features Provides a
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‘one-stop’ resource for access to information written by world-leading scholars in

the field Meticulously organized, with articles split into three clear sections, it is
the ideal resource for students, researchers and professionals to find relevant
information Contains concise and accessible chapters that are ideal as an
authoritative introduction for non-specialists and readers from the undergraduate
level upwards Includes multimedia options, such as hyperlinked references and
further readings, cross-references and videos Readership Pharmacy students,
biomedical students and researchers, clinical pharmacists, hospital pharmacists,
clinical trials specialists, pharmaceutical industry, biomedical researchers,
specialists and doctors, post graduate and undergraduate students.
Pharmaceutical Policy makers, hospital administrators, international agencies,
scientific and biomedical organisations, research and advocacy organisations will
also benefit.
Comparative analysis of clinical reasoning and decision-making of

community pharmacists during dispensing in Malta and the Philippines
According to Aninon, A.D.A. (2020), the Philippine pharmaceutical market is

forecast to grow at 3.3B Euros by 202514. There are 32,443 community
pharmacies in the country as reported by FDA in 201615, which serves about
109M Filipinos all over the country. The latest documented pharmacist to
population ratio was found at 6:10,000.Pharmacy customers’ buying power
extremely varies, and many patients buy their medications by piece instead of
the whole regimen. “Tingi retail modality”, which refers to the piecemeal
purchases due to budget constraints or convenience (Romo & Digal, 2009),
became a consumer habit among Filipinos stemming from the period of World
War II as a survival strategy. In fact, Spanish chroniclers from the 16th century
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already observed the “sachet marketing” among retailers selling to Philippine

natives (Sy-Changco et al, 2011). This is important to note since it can potentially
affect the quality of pharmaceutical care given due to long queues and favoring
less those with low value purchases. Few over-the-counter medications such as
anti-inflammatory, vitamins and antacids, may be obtained free of charge from
the “Pharmacy of the Nation” (Botika ng Barangay) program of the Department of
Health in partnership with local government units17, otherwise, patients have to
pay from their pockets.
Pharmacist’s clinical reasoning and decision-making are critical

competency areas that should be investigated due to the increasing clinical
involvement of the profession. Clinical reasoning in pharmacy is a complex
process that hinges on the pharmacist’s capacity to integrate and apply
accumulated knowledge, use and weigh evidence, evaluate all available
arguments, and reflect upon the process to arrive to a clinical therapeutic
decision. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical reasoning process
adopted by community pharmacists in Malta and Philippines when dealing with
patients presenting with acute minor ailment concerns. The main outcome of this
research was to provide recommendations based on implications in pharmacy
education, practice, and research to effectively develop clinical reasoning and
decision making competencies among pharmacists and future pharmacists. A
comparative qualitative ethnomethodology study was conducted, particularly
using a retrospective think aloud technique to examine the patterns of clinical
reasoning and decision making processes of community pharmacists.
Community pharmacists in the Philippines (10) and in Malta (5) with at least 3-
year work experience were observed in the workplace for an entire shift, and
were subsequently interviewed. Interactions with adult patients concerning minor
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ailments, namely, headache, cold and flu, muscle pain, and cough, were
documented. All verbal reports were audio/video recorded, transcribed and
analyzed using protocol analysis. This study was approved by Faculty of
Research Ethics Committee of University of Malta and University of the
Philippines Research and Ethics Board. During the observation, 30 and 16 cases
of pharmacists responding to minor ailments were observed in The Philippines
and in Malta, respectively. Patient requests were classified into two: seeking
specific medicine (n=33) or advice (n=13). Pharmacists performed clinical
reasoning by collecting contextual patient information and analyze these using
objective pharmaceutical knowledge and clinical experience leading to clinical
actions to improve patient outcomes or maintain quality of life. Five predominant
cognitive strategies when conducting clinical reasoning were identified: collect,
assume, infer, act, and explain. When patients seek specific medicines, the
pharmacists conducted reasoning only in 29% (Philippines) and 63% (Malta) of
the cases, mostly through if/then and hypothetico-deductive approach,
respectively. Majority of the specific active ingredients and brands requested by
patients were dispensed as is, and about less than 33% were given a
pharmaceutical equivalent, alternative or were reassessed. When patients
sought for advice, pharmacists reasoned 100% of the time in which Filipino
pharmacist utilized if/then approach (83%), whereas Maltese pharmacists tend to
assess and decide medications by forward-chaining (50%). Pharmacist’s clinical
reasoning approach mostly followed the analytical decision making, which
critically varied according to patient’s request at the onset of the interaction.
Sustaining a Community Extension in the Most Vulnerable Community

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According to Frisnedi, A. F. D., Frisnedi, A. D., Espinas, A., & Digo, L.

(2022), the HEIs in the Philippines are mandated to create meaningful research
papers that lead to a pathway to relevant community extension programs thru
CMO 52, s.2016. Engaging with the community by conducting a needs
assessment would be the best form of research. Assessing the type of
community programs is the first step in providing a relevant community project
until it is considered sustainable. The study used a mixed approach of conducting
survey questionnaires, interviews, and a focus group discussion. A modified
survey questionnaire was applied to address to socioeconomic concerns of the
community. The participating community is considered one of the most
vulnerable communities within the city. The participants of the study are
homemakers comprised of males and females. Most participants were also
affected by the preventive measures during the COVID-19 outbreak. Health,
Livelihood, and Education were the main factors that the participants were
concerned with; skills training is also an area they want to strengthen.
Analysis of the Impact of a Safeguard Clause Inserted in the Philippines

Patent Act on the Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry
According to Mitsumori, Y. (2019), a patentable invention is any technical

solution to a problem in any field of human activity which is new, inventive, and
useful. An invention may relate to a product (e.g., machine, device, article of
manufacture, composition of matter, or microorganism), process or method (e.g.,
method of use, method of manufacturing, non-biological process, or
microbiological process), computer-related invention, or to an improvement of
any of the foregoing (IPO website, about patents).
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The office received 3,098 patent applications and granted 1,998 patents in
2016. However, most of the applications were submitted by foreign residents
(2,844 non-residents versus 254 residents), and most of the granted patents
were applied for by foreign residents (1,967 non-residents versus 31 residents)
(IPO website, statistics).Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the trends in patent
applications and grants in the Philippines between 2003 and 2017.
The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights （ TRIPS)

requires all member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including
advanced countries and developing countries, to introduce a TRIPS-compatible
patent law into their domestic laws. The Philippines, a member of the WTO,
revised its patent law in 2008 and introduced product patents. The new Philippine
patent law was intended to be TRIPS compatible and therefore an international
standard law. However, the revised patent law included a specific safeguard
clause, Section 22. This study analyzes the impact of this safeguard clause,
Section 22, on the pharmaceutical industry in the Philippines in comparison to
Section 3 (d) of the Indian Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005
Drug price sensitivity among physicians in a developing healthcare

system: Evidence from the Philippine market for statins and beta blockers
According to Magno, C., & Guzman, R. R. S. (2019), in healthcare

systems with limited drug regulation and weakly enforced generic substitution
policies, do physicians prescribe drugs on the basis of prices? This paper tests
this result by examining prescription behavior in the Philippines market for lipid-
lowering and cardio selective beta blocking agents. Using individual level data on
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physician prescriptions from the 2013 IMS Health Physician Medical Data Index,
we estimate a nested multinomial logit model to examine responses of
physicians to price variations across and within an expanded choice set of
generic, branded originator, and branded non-originator (‘me-too’) drugs. We
demonstrate that price variation across molecules has a substantial effect on the
choice of molecule and this effect varies with physician and patient
characteristics. This suggests price sensitivity on the part of the physicians who
may adjust their prescriptions accordingly.
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LOCAL STUDIES
Development of an Online Telepharmacy Service in the Philippines and

Analysis of Its Usage During the COVID-19 Pandemic
To augment traditional sources of health information at a time of reduced
accessibility, a free online telepharmacy service was developed during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
This study details the process of developing and operating an online

telepharmacy service, analyzes its usage, and assesses users’ health
information-seeking patterns.
The service utilized various platforms for receiving and processing

queries, communication, and promotion. Submissions received from March 20 to
May 31, 2020 were processed for analysis. Parameters analyzed were time
patterns of query submission, response time, service feedback, user and patient
demographics, and subjects of inquiry.
A total of 271 queries were analyzed. Query frequency decreased over

time, consistent with relaxation of quarantine restrictions and increasing
availability of information. Peak hours of query influx were outside typical
business hours. The majority of users were from the general public (93.8%) and
preferred to receive responses through text (61.2%). The majority of users from
the general public belonged to the 15- to 25-year-old age group (41.1%) and
sought information for oneself. Most submissions mentioned COVID-related
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topics. From the general public, there was greatest interest in drug indications
and vitamins, supplements, and herbal products, and from healthcare
professionals, in drug procurement. Users who provided feedback (n = 12) all
expressed satisfaction with the service and the information they received.
Transition to the “new normal” entails adopting alternative platforms to

augment traditional sources of health information. An online telepharmacy
service may be utilized to provide and clarify medication information as part of
primary care.
Learning styles of millennial students at a pharmacy school in the

Philippines
The millennial generation already composes the majority of populations

across different pharmacy schools in the Philippines. The need to explore
millennial students’ learning styles and its governing factors thereby become
more valuable in changing and innovating instructional approaches, designs, and
strategies used in their learning environment.
This study aimed to generally describe the learning styles of the millennial
pharmacy students from a college institution in the Philippines using the
Vermunt’s Inventory of Learning Styles (ILS). Specifically, it aimed to determine
the appropriate approaches in response to the students’ learning styles, and the
relationship between and among the variables of the study.
A quasi- experimental research design was employed in this study using

online survey as the method of data collection. Descriptive statistical analysis
was employed to analyse the data using Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and IBM
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Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics. Pearson’s correlation

coefficient investigated the relationship between and among the independent and
dependent variables, while t-test and one-way ANOVA tested for significant
difference among groups.
There were 124 out of 168 students who participated in the study making
the overall response rate at ~74%. The most prevalent learning style among the
millennial pharmacy students enrolled in De La Salle Medical and Health
Sciences Institute, College of Pharmacy is application- directed (3.85±0.46),
followed by reproduction-directed (3.81±0.45), undirected (3.73±0.49) and lastly
meaning-directed (3.52±0.54). The students’ perceived grades were significantly
reflected by their learning styles.
Results of this study may be used in increased capitalising and

development of the learning style profile of millennial pharmacy students to
application-directed approaches. Instructional approaches, designs and
strategies must cater to how students learn effectively and strategically, and
consider all possible governing factors that affect learning styles of students.
Evaluation of pharmaceutical pictogram comprehension among adults in

the Philippines
The use of pharmaceutical pictograms to enhance patients’ understanding

of drug regimens has been proven effective in many countries. There are two
reference systems for pictograms generally used in pharmacy: the United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) and International Pharmacy Federation (FIP). This study
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aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of USP and FIP pictograms among adults in
the Philippines by identifying how many pictograms would pass the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) criterion of 85% comprehension, and to
describe the factors affecting pictograms’ comprehension.
A descriptive cross-sectional research using a face-to-face interview was

performed to evaluate 108 pictograms in 52 Filipino adults enrolled through quota
sampling. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U test (Wilcoxon rank-sum test),
univariate linear regression, and multiple linear regression were used to
statistically analyze the data collected.
Only 17 (16 USP and 1 FIP) out of the 108 pictograms (15.74%) passed
the ANSI criterion. The median score of Filipinos was 71 out of 108 pictograms
(Interquartile range: 10–96). The multivariate model ( R ² = 0.5645, F (4,47) =
15.23) suggested that the score was lower by 5.85 points if the user was female,
21.58 points lower if the participant was below Grade 12 education level, and
1.20 points lower if the patient was greater than 46 years old. Education level
was identified as the significant predictor ( p -value < 0.0000*, power = 99.98%).
The participant with greater than Grade 12 has a higher comprehension score of
rank-sum 952.5 (Expected = 689) compared to only 425.5 (Expected = 689).
Since only 17 pictograms passed as stand-alone tool for patient

information material, the researchers recommend the use of verbal and written
instructions to complement pictograms to enhance comprehension. Furthermore,
the government should consider the inclusion of health pictograms in basic
health education.
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Financial Management of Pharmacies in the City of Cabanatuan,

Philippines
According to Kanya of hashmicro.com, “Nowadays, accounting software has

become a vital need for any business. Business owners have started to realize
that managing finances manually would not help them achieve the expected
results. In many cases, financial management, which is supposed to be able to
help companies manage their budgets more efficiently, has become one of the
reasons for financial loss.” Though this statement is current, the researcher
presumed that accounting software was not their priority because it is too
expensive and they were thinking that it is not necessary for their business.
Though the researcher agrees that accounting software is too much for the
respondents, it is still recommended to try free accounting software that can be
downloaded on the internet like the following Wave, , Zipbooks, Akaunting,
SlickPie, GnuCash, . CloudBooks, Zoho Invoice NCH Express Accounts
https://www.fundera.com/
Some suppliers gave consignment medicines and merchandise to the small-

scale pharmacies. Based on the survey conducted, the researcher presumed
that most of the respondents pay their suppliers on a timely basis which is
very important to have a better connection between them. But there were times
that they cannot pay on-time that is why they will get past due accounts and
interest payable was automatically added to their expenses. The researcher also
concludes that most of the respondents have a Minimal Idea about Accounts
Payable Management. The researcher highly recommends to study or use the
aging of accounts payable to know the length of time the invoice must be paid,
and to avoid interest expense, and to get the cash ready for payment. It is also
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recommended to have a seminar about accounts payable management or it can

be included as another part of the financial literacy seminar for small-scale
pharmacy owners.Based on the problems encountered by the business, the
researcher concludes that it is not the poor quality of medicines was the main
problem of the business but the suppliers that cannot deliver on time, this is
because most of the suppliers are from Metro Manila and some part of the
regions. However, their top problem with their clients was not the shoplifters but
the clients who do not bring their prescriptions. The researcher concludes that
prescription is very important to give the right medicines, dosage, and brands
that were given by the physician.As reiterated by the researcher, Financial
Management Literacy Seminars and Training are highly recommended for the
small-scale pharmacy owner of the City of Cabanatuan, Philippine.
This research was made to determine the effectiveness of selected small-

scale pharmacy store owners in Cabanatuan City, Philippines in terms of their
financial management that will focus on cash and accounts payable
management. It involved 16 small-scale pharmacy businesses operating near the
government hospitals in Cabanatuan City such as Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Memorial
Research Center, Manuel V. Gallego, Cabanatuan City Hospital, and Eduardo L.
Joson Provincial Hospital. These Small-Scale Pharmacy Business includes sole
proprietorships and partnership type of business, other pharmacy stores located
in the same area were not included because they belong to the corporate type of
business. The outcome of this research will be useful and valuable to the Small-
Scale Pharmacy Store owners and it will provide necessary pieces of information
about management styles which could be of significant help to the small-scale
pharmacy store owners. It can also help them to be more efficient in handling
their cash and accounts payable through the help of the recommendation by the
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researcher. To the Product Suppliers, the outcome of this study will be helpful to
the suppliers of different small-scale pharmacy stores in the matter of mode of
payment and incentives given to the owners which are most important to
motivate them to sell more. To the Investors, the results of this study can help
investors who want to have a small-scale pharmacy store in terms of cash and
payable handling and dealing with problems that their business might encounter.
To the Philippine Economy, the results of this study will strengthen and back up
the economy of the Country. Since the study aims to evaluate the business
profile of the small-scale pharmacy store owners including managing their
working capital, it also includes the evaluation of the competitiveness of their
business. This only means that the study wishes to find out more about the
nature of the existence of the said enterprises as well as their relationship to their
suppliers and customers. Lastly, this will also be beneficial to future researchers
to draw pertinent results to their studies. The researcher also wishes to evaluate
the literacy of selected small-scale pharmacy businesses within the City of
Cabanatuan, Philippines along with the areas of cash management and accounts
payable management using the descriptive method of research.
Examining community-managed drug outlets' failure in geographically

isolated and disadvantaged areas: insights from the consumers' end
The article aimed to examine the impact of poor purchasing power,

perceptions on the physical structure, and medicine demand to community-
managed drug outlets or Botika ng Barangay (BnB) in the Philippines. The study
investigated what contributes to program resiliency or failure in so far as the
consumers in geographically isolated and disadvantaged area (GIDA) are
concerned.
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Findings were drawn from five sets of focus-group discussion (FGD)

among residents, four in-depth interviews (IDIs) with former operators of BnB and
three IDI with former members of the village council specifically assigned in
health sector.
The study found out that all our study variables namely; poor purchasing
power, perceptions on BnBs' physical image, and limited medicines that do not
match the consumers' medicine demand did not contribute to the failure of the
program in their communities. However, the study found out that informal
arrangements in the community which allowed people to just loan medicines
without actually paying in return was intimately connected to BnBs' closure in the
communities.
The study suggests that, in the context of GIDAs, the failure of community-
managed drug outlets rests as well on financially unsustainable practices in the
community. This, we believe, can be negated through provisions for medicine
subsidy.
FOREIGN STUDIES
Consumers Turning to the Internet Pharmacy Market: Cross-Sectional

Study on the Frequency and Attitudes of Hungarian Patients Purchasing
Medications Online
During the past two decades, the internet has become an accepted way to
purchase products and services. Buying medications online are no exception.
Besides its benefits, several patient safety risks are linked to the purchase of
medicines outside the traditional supply chain. Although thousands of internet
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pharmacies are accessible on the web, the actual size of the market is unknown.
Currently, there is limited data available on the use of internet pharmacies, the
number, and attitude of people obtaining medications and other health products
from the internet.
This study aims to gather information on the frequency and attitudes of

patients purchasing medications online in a nationally representative sample of
outpatients. Attitudes towards main supply chain channels, perceived benefits,
and disadvantages of influencing online medication purchase are evaluated.
A cross-sectional explorative study using a personally administered survey

was conducted in a representative sample of Hungarian outpatients in 2018.
A total of 1055 outpatients completed the survey (response rate 77.23%).

The mean age was 45 years, and 456 (43.22%) reported having chronic health
conditions. The majority (872/1055, 82.65%) of the respondents were aware that
medications could be obtained online, but only 44 (4.17%) used the internet for
previous medication purchases. Attitudes towards the different pharmaceutical
supply chain retail channels showed significant differences (P<.001),
respondents accepted retail pharmacy units as the most appropriate source of
medications while rejected internet pharmacies. Respondents were asked to
evaluate 9 statements regarding the potential benefits and disadvantages about
the online medicine purchase, and based on the computed relative attitude rate
there is a weak still significant tendency toward rejection (P<.001).
Correspondence of demographic factors, internet usage behavior, and
prospective online drug purchase attitude was evaluated. Respondents who use
the internet more and purchase goods online will be more likely to buy
medications online. Furthermore, youth and education will determine the
medication purchase behavior.
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Many patients will purchase medications on the internet in the future.

Currently, there is an increased risk of patients buying products from illegal sites
because these dominate the global online pharmacy market. Consequently,
improved patient-provider communication and promotion campaigns are needed
to inform the public about the safe use of internet pharmacies, as these initiatives
can directly prevent patient safety threats.
Public Perception toward E-commerce of Medicines and Comparative

Pharmaceutical Quality Assessment Study of Two Different Products of
Furosemide Tablets from Community and Illicit Online Pharmacies
E-commerce of medicines has been extensively spread worldwide. Many

reasons influence consumers to purchase their medical needs through the
Internet, including low cost, availability, accessibility, and time saving. However,
most of these medicines are substandard and counterfeit.
To assess the perception of people in the UAE about purchasing

medicines from online sources and to evaluate the quality of furosemide tablets
from two different sources including illegal online source.
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 528 participants in the UAE.

The questionnaire included three parts to assess the public perception and
experience toward purchasing medicines from online sources. Furosemide
tablets, purchased from the UAE market and an illegal online source, were
physically and chemically studied to assess their quality according to the British
Pharmacopoeia (2018).
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The survey results revealed that less than 10% of participants have
purchased their medicines from online sources and mostly they were
nonprescription products (78%). Most common motives for online purchasing
were either unavailability in the local pharmacies (43%) or lower cost compared
to that in local market (43%). The opinion of participants toward purchasing of
online medicines was negative. On the other hand, the experimental analysis
showed that online furosemide had failed to pass the chemical assay test (91.0%
± 0.8), which makes it a substandard product.
This study showed that few consumers had considered purchasing

pharmaceutical products from online sources as a feasible way to save money
and time. However, most of them were in doubt about their quality, which
encourages health-care providers to guide patients to government-supported
websites if required. The study also showed that the quality of online medicines
is questionable, indicating that these products are not equally effective as the
medicines purchased from a local pharmacy.
Measuring the evolution of online pharmacy education in a national CPD

programme, in Scotland, pre-pandemic (2013–14 vs 2018–19)
Continuing professional development (CPD) is a regulatory requirement for

pharmacy professions in Great Britain. Formal CPD is available in various
formats including face-to-face, webinar, and e-learning. CPD may be clinical or
non-clinical and may be aligned to core services or not. Literature highlights
varied preferences for CPD formats and topics, and in Scotland there was a
move towards online CPD in the pharmacy profession. This study utilised
electronic attendance and completion records of CPD activities from a national
CPD provider in Scotland. The aim was to measure and describe the nature of
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CPD provision and uptake within Pharmacy in Scotland, comparing records from
2013–14 and 2018–19. Thus, benchmarking the nature of CPD before the
COVID-19 pandemic resulted in social distancing restrictions. This study
identified that the CPD workforce (NES staffing), and CPD opportunities
provided, had evolved towards e-learning delivery. Face-to-face courses were
fewer (63 reduced to 58) as were webinars (14 reduced to 6). There were fewer
attendances in both. e-Learning was accessed four times more frequently in
2018–19 than 2013–14 (4040 vs 922 completions). Service focussed education
was popular in both years. Asynchronous e-learning had become a popular
method of CPD for the pharmacy profession before the COVID-19 pandemic,
while face-to-face courses and webinars were less popular than 5 years
previous. Asynchronous and service focussed CPD should be prioritised over
synchronous and general CPD. Learner access and participation data should be
utilised to predict future learner needs and preference.
Quality of global e-pharmacies: can we safeguard consumers?
E-pharmacies are web sites selling prescription-only medicines and other

products including non-prescription and complementary medicines to consumers
via the internet. This study aims to evaluate the quality of global e-pharmacies,
discuss whether e-pharmacies support the safe and appropriate use of
medicines, and consider how we can protect consumers in the future.
A survey of public information published on global e-pharmacy web sites

was conducted between July and September 2001. We used a meta-search
engine, Copernic, and the search terms of 'online' or 'internet', and 'pharmacy',
'pharmacies' and 'medicines' to identify a sampling frame of global e-pharmacies.
We surveyed all web sites in the sampling frame except those under construction
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or only offering electronic refills, members-only and non-English web sites.

Survey data included country of origin, range of medicines sold, prescription
requirements, availability of online medical consultations and pharmacists'
advice, quality accreditation seals, policies and advertisements.
E-pharmacies operated in at least 13 countries; however, the country of

origin could not be identified for 22 web sites. Twenty web sites (19%) appeared
to supply prescription-only medicines with no prescription required. Only 12% of
e-pharmacies displayed quality accreditation seals. We observed information
published on e-pharmacy web sites that potentially undermines the safe and
appropriate use of medicines.
Safeguarding consumers and ensuring the quality of web sites that sell
medicines across state and national boundaries is both complex and difficult.
Strategies to improve the quality of e-pharmacies include independent third-party
regulation of providers, evaluation and enforcement of sanctions in cases of
dissemination of fraudulent or harmful information and practices, self-regulation
and consumer education. The development of internet regulatory technologies
themselves and the resolution of jurisdictional issues offer future solutions but
international co-operation is vital.
Pharmacy customers’ experiences with the national online service for

viewing electronic prescriptions in Finland
Finnish pharmacy customers’ familiarity with My Kanta, the national online

service for viewing electronic prescriptions (ePrescriptions), how commonly My
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Kanta is used, who the typical users are, and users’ experiences of the usability
of My Kanta.
A survey was conducted among pharmacy customers (aged ≥18)

purchasing medicines for themselves. Questionnaires (N = 2915) were
distributed from 18 community pharmacies across Finland in autumn 2015. The
data obtained was stored in SPSS for Windows and subjected to descriptive
analysis, chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis.
In total, 1288 respondents were included (response rate 44%). Most

(62%) of the customers were familiar with My Kanta. The majority of them (78%)
were using it to view their ePrescriptions. My Kanta was perceived as clear, easy
to use and to provide a good overall picture of the prescribed medications.
Familiarity with My Kanta was associated with a higher education than basic
school, regular use of prescription medicines, and sufficient information received
about ePrescriptions. Men used My Kanta more often than women. Respondents
aged 75 or older were less likely to be familiar with and to use the service
compared to 18–34 year olds.
Most of the Finnish pharmacy customers were familiar with the national
online service, My Kanta, for viewing ePrescriptions. Service users perceived it
as easy to use and beneficial in managing their overall medication. Customers
under 75, those educated beyond basic school, those using prescription
medicines regularly, and those who had obtained sufficient information about
ePrescriptions were most likely to be familiar with My Kanta. Men and customers
under 75 were the typical users of the service. Some customers, however, were
unaware of the service, or unable or reluctant to use it.
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FOREIGN LITERATURE
Customer usage intention of online pharmacies: A developing countries

perspective
According to Brinda Sampat (2020), the purpose of this research is to

examine the adoption of online pharmacies in a developing country, India. To
achieve this, a conceptual model was developed by extending Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) to include Trust and Perceived Risk. The conceptual
model was empirically tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using
AMOS software. Results revealed Trust and Perceived Usefulness as the key
factors that influence consumers' Attitude and Behavioral Intention towards
online pharmacy adoption in India. The results also indicated that perceived risk
was significantly associated with user's attitude in negative relation, which
indicates that risk concerns deter customers from purchasing healthcare
products and services from online pharmacies. Understanding the factors that
affect usage behavior, online pharmacists can develop marketing and supply
chain strategies to ensure that people use this new service.
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When technology precedes regulation: the challenges and opportunities of

e-pharmacy in low-income and middle-income countries
According to Miller R, Wafula F, Onoka CA, et al., (2021), the recent

growth of medicine sales online represents a major disruption to pharmacy
markets, with COVID-19 encouraging this trend further. While e-pharmacy
businesses were initially the preserve of high-income countries, in the past
decade they have been growing rapidly in low-income and middle-income
countries (LMICs). Public health concerns associated with e-pharmacy include
the sale of prescription-only medicines without a prescription and the sale of
substandard and falsified medicines. There are also non-health-related risks
such as consumer fraud and lack of data privacy. However, e-pharmacy may
also have the potential to improve access to medicines. Drawing on existing
literature and a set of key informant interviews in Kenya, Nigeria and India, we
examine the e-pharmacy regulatory systems in LMICs. None of the study
countries had yet enacted a regulatory framework specific to e-pharmacy. Key
regulatory challenges included the lack of consensus on regulatory models, lack
of regulatory capacity, regulating sales across borders and risks of over-
regulation. However, e-pharmacy also presents opportunities to enhance
medicine regulation—through consolidation in the sector, and the traceability and
transparency that online records offer. The regulatory process needs to be
adapted to keep pace with this dynamic landscape and exploit these possibilities.
This will require exploration of a range of innovative regulatory options,
collaboration with larger, more compliant businesses, and engagement with
global regulatory bodies. A key first step must be ensuring that national
regulators are equipped with the necessary awareness and technical expertise to
actively oversee this e-pharmacy activity.
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Social distancing and the use of PPE by community pharmacy personnel:

Does evidence support these measures?
According to Syed Shahzad Hasan et al. Res Social Adm Pharm (2021),
community pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare professionals
and are often served as the first point of contact when it comes to minor ailments
and health advice. As such, community pharmacists can play a vital role in a
country's response to various preventative and public health measures amid the
COVID-19 pandemic. Given the essential nature of community pharmacy as a
health service, community pharmacies are unlikely to shut down in any
foreseeable lockdown scenario. It is therefore important to assess the
preventative measure directives for community pharmacies that are in place to
safeguard community pharmacy personnel from SARS-CoV-2 in the various
parts of the world. Upon reviewing the recommendations of 15 selected countries
across five continents (Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America, and Africa) on
social distancing and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in
community pharmacies, we found inconsistencies in the recommended social
distance to be practiced within the community pharmacies. There were also
varying recommendations on the use of PPE by the pharmacy personnel.
Despite the differences in the recommendations, maintaining recommended
social distance and the wearing of appropriate PPE is of utmost importance for
healthcare workers, including community pharmacy personnel dealing with day-
to-day patient care activities, though full PPE should be worn when dealing with
suspected COVID-19 patients.
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A Review: E-Pharmacy Vs Conventional Pharmacy
According to Savant P., & Kareppa M., (2022), pharmaceutical industry in

India is the third largest and fastest developing industry in India. An E-Pharmacy
is a pharmacy that operates over the internet by selling drugs, medicines and
sending them to the customers. Internet making all the things easy and
convenient. Patients can now buy use of prescription of registered medical
practitioner order the medicines via use of internet and receive them at their own
doorsteps. Online pharmacy is one of the technology advancement in creating
huge demand in the upcoming days. Though it is convenient to buy drugs online
as it causes high risk of selfmedication and misuse of drugs especially coming
under the schedule H and X, so to overcome these risks local pharmacy may be
preferred. In this article we have discussed about difference between the E-
pharmacy and conventional pharmacy. According to D and C act 1940 state that
do not sell the drug like schedule X and schedule H drugs without prescription
and without consent to the physician if pharmacist have doubt about the
prescription. There are so many advantages of this facilities e-pharmacy on
online pharmacy like as the cost effectiveness, free home deliver, instance
serves, 24 X 7 availability. Similarly, when the technology is used for medical
purposes, it gives rise to medico legal and techno legal issues with it. As when
we deal with medicine there are number of drugs which are under schedule ‘H’
and schedule ‘X ‘. When this kind of medicines gets easily available then,
obviously it will results into the wrong practice of the medication. This review
article emphasize on e-pharmacy vs conventional pharmacy i.e. what is e-
pharmacy, how does work is it safe today, online pharmacy is a boon or bane,
what is conventional pharmacy Difference between online pharmacy and
conventional pharmacy. etc.
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E-pharmacy impacts on the society and Pharma sector in economical

pandemic situation: A review
According to Singh H., Majumdar A., Malviya N., (2020), four month ago,
nobody knows about covid-19 but now this virus has spread to almost every
country, infecting at least 3,062515 people and death approximately 211,449
people with badly impact on economies of the most countries and also broken
their health-care systems. At this time covid-19 disease is almost spreading all
over the world and society. Majorly Pharmacy services act as a pillar at this
pandemic situation for the public health. China is the first country where covid-19
outbreak started and some current data of consumer behavior and their habits
are showed that society take some safe and preventive measures during
lockdown and social distancing time which increase growth of ecommerce
demand is inevitable. Now a day’s e-pharmacy is being adapted because
medications can be ordered in a one click and conveniently delivered to
customer door step with some risk like misuse of drugs and self-medication
especially for those drugs which comes under the schedule H and X. This review
paper focus on the basic issues and challenges related to online pharmacy and
how can it be beneficial to society and pharma sectors in the pandemic situation.
Keywords: Online Pharmacy, Internet, Corona virus, Pandemic situation,
Pharmaceutical sector.
Synthesis
The above collection of both foreign and local studies provides the
information to the proponents and their proposed capstone project has
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similarities with the other system that is used. As stated system brought new
option to improve more. Interaction is done through the system which collected
information will be manage and be kept.
The collection of studies and literature above are related to the area of the
capstone project for keeping all the records. This will assure that the pharmacist
and pharmacy that will use the system will be easier and more efficient for the
benefit of the community. It will also give assurance to every pharmacist to keep
and secure the medicine needed by the customer
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As per the requirement of the capstone project, our team selected a right
methodology to use in order to accomplish the E-Pharmacy project. The method
being used in developing the system is the System Development Life Cycle
(SDLC). The SDLC process includes identification and selection, project
introduction and planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance.
Purpose of methodology
The following are the purpose of the methodology:
 It provides us with a framework for planning the project

 The quality of a software development effort is improved by the user-
selected process techniques.
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 It helps in software development with fewer errors and therefore, provides

shorter delivery times and better value
Agile methodology
Software
development process
The software development life cycle is a framework that defines the tasks
that must be completed at each stage of the development process. The software
development life cycle is a methodology for improving software quality and the
overall development process.
A development team within a software corporation follows the SDLC

framework. Its goal is to provide high-quality software that matches or surpasses
client requirements, timeframes, and budgets.
Planning phase: Data gathering
The project is used by three (3) types of user.
 Administrator – an authorized user who’s responsible for checking the

inventory of the system and checking the availability of the medicine. They
are allow to monitor the operation of the e-pharmacy and manage orders.
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 Customer – a user that are able to search for the available medicine, see
the availability of the medicine, add to cart, add to wish, order and
purchased it directly to the pharmacy.
 Courier – a admin that delivers the order to residence and able to
manage the order when it is done and delivered.
The system is designed to computerize the following functions that are

performed:
 Log in
 Register
 Shop
 Add to cart
 Add to wish list
 Compute subtotal
 Display stocks
 Display variety of medicine
 Product quantity
 Update account details
 Update cart
 Product sorting
 Product search bar
 Remove product on cart
 Check out
 Log out
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Designing phase
 Customer module
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 Admin module
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 Courier module
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Use case diagram

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Data flow diagram
 Level 0
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 Level 1
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 Level 2
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Architectural design
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Coding phase
This stage is crucial to the development of a product. To determine the

system's capabilities, the functional and technical requirements will be met. The
various modules, components, and interfaces will be created to meet the needs.
The business's operating requirements will be translated into system-level
technical specifications, which will form the basis for system design and
development.
Testing phase
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After the complete system has been constructed, it must be tested against
the "System Specification" to ensure that it meets the requirements. It is still
developer-focused, however it is usually done by systems testers, who are
professional developers.
In essence, the system test examines the system as a whole, rather than
specific components of the design. It's basically one big component.
System testing might include a variety of specialized tests to ensure that

all functional and non-functional requirements are met. In addition to functional
requirements, non-functional requirements may involve the following forms of
testing:
 Is it possible to meet the performance criteria?

 Can vast amounts of data be processed?
 Can peak amounts of information be handled under stress?
 Is the documentation suitable for use with the system?
 Is the system stable in the face of adversity?
Implementation phase
The deployment of the system into its intended environment is the

implementation phase. End-user training and orientation, as well as the system's
handover to the maintenance and support group, are all related operations. The
business team must also be given with proper system documentation to
guarantee that the end-user understands the system's specs and functionalities.
Maintenance phase
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The system's availability and performance in executing and accomplishing

its intended purpose based on its design at this phase. The support team will
provide stage assistance until the system has fully normalized its operation —
frequency and respondent distribution percentage.
REFERENCE
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(LL)
Faller, E., Tolentino, E., & Nagaria, R., (2019). Encyclopedia in Pharmacy
Practice and Clinical Pharmacy (Editor: Prof. Dr. Zaheer Baber) Pharmacy
Practice in the Philippines.
Aninon, A.D.A. (2020). Comparative analysis of clinical reasoning and decision-

making of community pharmacists during dispensing in Malta and the Philippines
(Doctoral dissertation).
Frisnedi, A. F. D., Frisnedi, A. D., Espinas, A., & Digo, L. (2022) Sustaining a
Community Extension in the Most Vulnerable Community.
Mitsumori, Y. (2019). Analysis of the Impact of a Safeguard Clause Inserted in

the Philippines Patent Act on the Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry.
Magno, C., & Guzman, R. R. S. (2019). Drug price sensitivity among physicians
in a developing healthcare system: Evidence from the Philippine market for
statins and beta blockers. Economic Analysis and Policy, 62, 268-279.
(LS)
Plantado, A. N., de Guzman, H. J., Mariano, J. E.,(2021) Journal of Pharmacy
Practice: “Development of an Online Telepharmacy Service in the Philippines
and Analysis of Its Usage During the COVID-19 Pandemic”
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08971900211033120
Carrido, D. I., & Ramirez, R.-L. F. (2020). RESEARCH ARTICLE: Learning styles
of millennial students at a pharmacy school in the Philippines. Pharmacy
Education, 20(1), p 265 – 272. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2020.201.265272
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Gutierrez, M., Patikorn, C., & Anantachoti, P., (2022). Evaluation of

pharmaceutical pictogram comprehension among adults in the Philippines.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice. 15. 10.1186/s40545-022-00426-y.
Bautista, A., (2020). Financial Management of Pharmacies in the City of

Cabanatuan, Philippines. International Journal of Advanced Engineering,
Management and Science. 6. 405-413. 10.22161/ijaems.68.6.
Collado, Z. C., Rescober, A. S., Hipolito, I. G., Ulat, A. Tayfour, A., Examining
community-managed drug outlets' failure in geographically isolated and
disadvantaged areas: insights from the consumers' end, Journal of
Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2021,
Pages 275–282, https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmaa008
(FS)
Fittler A., Vida RG., Káplár M, Botz, L., (2018) Consumers Turning to the Internet
Pharmacy Market: “Cross-Sectional Study on the Frequency and Attitudes of
Hungarian Patients Purchasing Medications Online” J Med Internet Res
2018;20(8):e11115 doi: 10.2196/11115
Ashames, A., Bhandare, R., Zain AlAbdin, S., Alhalabi, T., & Jassem, F. (2019).
Public Perception toward E-commerce of Medicines and Comparative
Pharmaceutical Quality Assessment Study of Two Different Products of
Furosemide Tablets from Community and Illicit Online Pharmacies. Journal of
pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 11(3), 284–291.
https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_66_19
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Zlotos, L., Stewart, F., (2022) Measuring the evolution of online pharmacy

education in a national CPD programme, in Scotland, pre-pandemic (2013–14 vs
2018–19), Education for Primary Care, 33:1, 46
52, DOI: 10.1080/14739879.2021.1970026
Bessell, T.L., Silagy, C.A., Anderson, J.N. et al. Quality of global e-pharmacies:

can we safeguard consumers?. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 58, 567–572 (2002).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-002-0519-5
Lämsä, E., Timonen, J., Mäntyselkä, P., Ahonen R., (2017) Pharmacy
customers’ experiences with the national online service for viewing electronic
prescriptions in Finland, International Journal of Medical Informatics, Volume 97,
Pages 221-228, ISSN 1386-5056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.10.014.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386505616302295)
(FL)
Sampat, B., Sabat, K.C., (2020) Journal of Services Research . 2020, Vol. 20
Issue 2, p171-202. 32p.
Miller R, Wafula F, Onoka CA, et al., (2021) When technology precedes

regulation: the challenges and opportunities of e-pharmacy in low-income and
middle-income countries BMJ Global Health 2021;6:e005405.
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Syed, S. ., Chia S.K., Syed, T.R.Zi, Social distancing and the use of PPE by
community pharmacy personnel: Does evidence support these measures?
Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Volume 17, Issue 2, 2021,
Pages 456-459, ISSN 1551-7411,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.033.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741120304903)
Savant,P., Kareppa,M., (2022). A Review: E-Pharmacy Vs Conventional

Pharmacy. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 84-88. 10.52711/2231-
5713.2022.00014.
Singh, H., Majumdar, A., Malviya, N., (2020). E-PHARMACY IMPACTS ON

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A REVIEW. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 10. 335-340.
10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4122.

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College of Information and Communications Technology

CARD-MRI DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE, INC.

PharmEz: A Web based E-Pharmacy

CAP 1 321 – Capstone Project 1

Ms. Pilar M. Fandiño

Almonte, Renmarc Angelo M.

Alvarez, Sharmaine Jane E.

Ama, Alexandra Apple C.

In this time of pandemic web-based pharmacies that the Bay Community

This method of purchasing medicine is for everyone in the Bay

Background of the Study

This study describes the development of a web-based pharmacy that can

● To promote the service and product online;

Significance of the Study

Pharmacist - It would help them to do less of their work.

Scope and Delimitation

 The system will work only when there's an internet connection.

 System camera scanning for RX legitimation.

Agile. Relating to or denoting a method of project management, used especially

Application. Is a software program that runs on your computer Web browsers,

Data. Collected information for processing.

Information system. Set of components for collecting, storing, and processing

Project development. Process of planning and allocating resources to fully

Project implementation. The time during which a project is constructed or

Project maintenance. The process of tracking and enabling project activities in

Web-based system. Provides access to a software system using a computer

Software. It is the programs and other operating information used by a

System. It is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a

System design. The process of defining the components, modules, interfaces,

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Encyclopedia in Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy (Editor: Prof. Dr.

‘one-stop’ resource for access to information written by world-leading scholars in

Comparative analysis of clinical reasoning and decision-making of

According to Aninon, A.D.A. (2020), the Philippine pharmaceutical market is

already observed the “sachet marketing” among retailers selling to Philippine

Pharmacist’s clinical reasoning and decision-making are critical

Sustaining a Community Extension in the Most Vulnerable Community

According to Frisnedi, A. F. D., Frisnedi, A. D., Espinas, A., & Digo, L.

Analysis of the Impact of a Safeguard Clause Inserted in the Philippines

According to Mitsumori, Y. (2019), a patentable invention is any technical

The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights （ TRIPS)

Drug price sensitivity among physicians in a developing healthcare

According to Magno, C., & Guzman, R. R. S. (2019), in healthcare

Development of an Online Telepharmacy Service in the Philippines and

This study details the process of developing and operating an online

The service utilized various platforms for receiving and processing

A total of 271 queries were analyzed. Query frequency decreased over

Transition to the “new normal” entails adopting alternative platforms to

Learning styles of millennial students at a pharmacy school in the

The millennial generation already composes the majority of populations

A quasi- experimental research design was employed in this study using

Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics. Pearson’s correlation

Results of this study may be used in increased capitalising and

Evaluation of pharmaceutical pictogram comprehension among adults in

The use of pharmaceutical pictograms to enhance patients’ understanding

A descriptive cross-sectional research using a face-to-face interview was

Since only 17 pictograms passed as stand-alone tool for patient

Financial Management of Pharmacies in the City of Cabanatuan,

According to Kanya of hashmicro.com, “Nowadays, accounting software has

Some suppliers gave consignment medicines and merchandise to the small-

recommended to have a seminar about accounts payable management or it can

This research was made to determine the effectiveness of selected small-

Examining community-managed drug outlets' failure in geographically