Contents

Contributors ix

1. Building survey and characterization techniques at different scales 1

Rafael Ramírez Eudave, Hugo Rodrigues and Tiago Miguel Ferreira
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Working at the scale of the building 3
1.3 Working at the urban scale 12
1.4 Off-site and remote surveying approaches 18
1.5 Digital modeling 23
1.6 Final remarks 24
References 27

2. Seismic vulnerability assessment of RC structures: research and

practice at building level 31
R. Couto, I. Sousa, R. Bento and J.M. Castro
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Main structural characteristics and vulnerabilities of existing RC buildings
in Europe 32
2.3 Numerical modeling 38
2.4 Case studies 62
2.5 Results 69
Acknowledgments 76
References 76

3. Numerical modeling for the seismic assessment of masonry

structures 85
Bartolomeo Pantò and Ivo Caliò
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 On the seismic response of URM buildings 88
3.3 Structural macro-element models based on the in-plane response
of masonry walls 93
3.4 Structural macro-models for the out-of-plane behavior of masonry walls 100
3.5 Seismic vulnerability assessment of URM buildings 103
3.6 Summary and conclusions 117
References 118

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4. Vulnerability assessment of earthen structures 127

Nicola Tarque, César Chácara and Giovanni Sumerente
4.1 Introduction 127
4.2 Empirical and mechanical approaches 128
4.3 Displacement-based approach 132
4.4 Force-based approach 140
4.5 Conclusions 147
References 148

5. New houses’ architecture influenced by traditional timber frames’ 151

Andreea Dutu and Daniel Mocanescu
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 The reference traditional house 151
5.3 Experimental analysis 154
5.4 Real house application 170
5.5 Execution details 174
5.6 Compatible technologies 177
5.7 Conclusions 182
References 183

6. Seismic fragility analysis of steel building portfolios based on

mathematical models 185
Junwon Seo and Euiseok Jeong
6.1 Introduction 185
6.2 Mathematical model development 186
6.3 Statistical hypothesis test 193
6.4 Conclusions 199
References 200

7. Vulnerability assessment of precast industrial facilities 205

Bruno Dal Lago
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Precast industrial buildings through earthquakes 207
7.3 Peculiarities governing the seismic behavior of precast industrial buildings 209
7.4 Retrofit strategies 218
Acknowledgments 223
References 223
Contents vii

8. Methods, techniques, and tools for assessing the seismic

vulnerability of building stocks 229
Tiago Miguel Ferreira and Gabriele Bernardini
8.1 Introduction 229
8.2 Large scale vulnerability assessment strategies 230
8.3 Direct methods 232
8.4 Indirect methods 234
8.5 Conventional methods 237
8.6 Hybrid methods 238
8.7 Final remarks 243
References 244

9. Risk mitigation at large scale 247

Carina Fonseca Ferreira and Fernando Ramirez Cortes
9.1 Understanding the risk mitigation intervention needs of large
infrastructure assets 247
9.2 Risk-informed selection and prioritization of large school portfolios for
seismic mitigation investments 253
9.3 Towards affordable engineering solutions 267
9.4 Conclusions 272
References 273

10. Emergency and evacuation management strategies in earthquakes:

towards holistic and user-centered methodologies for their
design and evaluation 275
Gabriele Bernardini and Tiago Miguel Ferreira
10.1 Introduction 275
10.2 Consolidated approaches to earthquake emergency planning in
urban built environment 277
10.3 Human factor in earthquakes: from response behavior to emergency
and evacuation management strategies 284
10.4 How to design and evaluate the emergency and evacuation plan 294
10.5 An overview of application to two case studies 306
10.6 Conclusions 314
References 315

11. Seismic risk assessment of transportation networks 321

You Dong, Jing Qian and Changhai Zhai
11.1 Introduction 321
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11.2 Computational framework for seismic performance of

transportation networks 325
11.3 Regional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis 327
11.4 Structural vulnerability analysis 330
11.5 Post hazard traffic analysis 335
11.6 Quantitative performance measures of transportation network 339
11.7 Conclusions 346
References 346

12. Disaster recovery in the education sector 351

Carina Fonseca Ferreira and Fernando Ramirez Cortes
12.1 Disaster response in the education sector 351
12.2 A tool to plan school infrastructure reconstruction 356
12.3 Evidence-based data to inform the reconstruction process 366
12.4 Conclusions 377
References 377
Index 379