Comparison of The Efficiency of Sensory Systems Involved in Postural Control of The Congenitally Deaf and Blind

Comparison of the Efficiency of Sensory ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‬
Systems Involved in Postural Control of

‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
the Congenitally Deaf and Blind
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬
Javad Shavikloo, M.A.1, ،‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺧﺪﻳﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺩﻭﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﻳﻜﻠﻮ‬
Khadijeh Irandoust, Ph.D.2
Aliasghar Norasteh, Ph.D.3 ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﻱ‬،‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﻮﺭﺳﺘﻪ‬
Hassan Daneshmandi, Ph.D.4,
Received: 07.03.2018 Revised: 11.22.2018 1397/9/1 :‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ‬ 1397/4/12 :.‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬

Accepted: 01.27.2019 1398/1/7 :‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ‬
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬:‫ﻫﺪﻑ‬
the efficiency of sensory systems involved in ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
postural control of the congenitally deaf and blind.
،‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ‬:‫ ﺭﻭﺵ‬.‫ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ‬
Method: The statistical population of the present
cross-sectional study included all the congenitally ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‬
deaf and blind people in Qazvin, Iran, from among ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
whom, 21 congenital deaf students (11 boys and 10 ‫ ﭘﺴﺮ ﻭ‬11) ‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬21 ‫ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬،‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
girls) and 19 congenitally blind students (10 boys
and 9 girls) were selected through purposive (‫ ﺩﺧﺘﺮ‬9 ‫ ﭘﺴﺮ ﻭ‬10) ‫ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬19 ‫ ﺩﺧﺘﺮ( ﻭ‬10
sampling according to the inclusion criteria. ‫ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬.‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‬
Nashner’s postural control test was used to measure ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
the performance of each sensory system involved in
‫ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‬
postural control. Data were analyzed by an
independent t-test using SPSS (pã 0.05). Results: In ‫ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‬SPSS ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
the situation without sensory interference (p=0.003) ‫ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬،‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬:‫ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬.(Pã 0/05)
and in the predominance of the visual system ‫( ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬p=0/003) ‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ‬
(p=0.004), the deaf group had a better balance
function. However, in the predominance of the ‫( ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬p=0/004)
somatosensory system (p=0.001) and the vestibular ‫( ﻭ‬p=0/001) ‫ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‬،‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‬
system (p=0.001), the blind showed better ‫ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬،(p=0/001) ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬
performance. Conclusion: It seems that, in the
absence of the visual system, blind people have the ‫ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‬:‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‬
most dependence on the somatosensory system, and ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ‬
deaf people rely on the data from visual ‫ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬،‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
information to maintain greater balance, with the
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
somatosensory system playing a secondary role in
these individuals. .‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‬:‫ﻭﺍژﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬

Keywords: Somatosensory, Visual system,
Vestibular system, Congenitally deaf and blind ‫ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬،‫ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬
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1
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
. Corresponding Author: M.A. in Sport Injuries and
Corrective Exercises, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Email: ‫ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﺳﻴﺐﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬:‫ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬.1
javad.shavikloo@yahoo.com ‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﻼﻥ‬،‫ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ‬
2. Associate Professor, Department of Sport Sciences, Imam
Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran ‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ )ﺭﻩ( ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻴﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ‬.2
3. Professor, Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective ‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﻼﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ‬.3
Exercises, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
4. Professor, Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective ‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ‬،‫ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ‬.4
Exercises, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran ‫ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﺭﺷﺖ‬،‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﻼﻥ‬،‫ﺑﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻩ ‪48 -39 ،1398 ،1‬‬
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‫)ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪ ,‬ﻣﻼﻳﺮﻱ‪ ,‬ﺭﺿﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﻲ ﺣﻴﺪﺭﻱ‪.(1390 ,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ 4‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪﻱ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺤﺚﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ – ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﻟﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ‪ ،5‬ﻭﺳﺘﻴﺒﻮﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،1‬ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‪ 2‬ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺁﻣﻮﺯﻧﺪ )ﻧﺎﻛﺎﺗﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺏ‪ .(2001 ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻤﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ )‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻭچ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻨﺴﻦ‪ .(2011 ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ )‪ (2008‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺷﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﮕﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‬
‫)‪ (2007‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﺎﮔﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮﺻﺮﻭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﻟﻮﺳﻜﻲ‪.(2007 ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺿﻌﻴﻒﺗﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺗﻜﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺲ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻲﺳﻨﺠﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪﺍﻧﺪ )ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﻭﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﭼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻒ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬
‫‪ .2008‬ﺍﺷﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺭﺩﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻧﻮﺯﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻔﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪.(2007 ،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻟﻴﮕﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮﺍﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ )ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﻭﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﭼﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﻫﻮﻣﻔﺮﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻚ ﻟﻮﺩ‪.(2011 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻒ‪.(2008 ،‬‬
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‫ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﻳﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎﺯﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺟﻲ ﺣﻴﺪﺭﻱ‪(1390) ,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﻮﺭﻳﻨﻴﻨﻜﺰ – ﺍﺳﺮﺗﺴﻜﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒﺗﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺘﻴﺒﻮﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
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‫ﺟﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﻳﻜﻠﻮ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳ ﺴﺔ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﺳﻴ ﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣ ﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
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‫ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺻﺎﻑ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ(‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ 6‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫– ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ )ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪-‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺣﺲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺲ ﺑﺎﻗﻴﻤﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ ‪ 2007‬ﻭ ‪ .(1990‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻂ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺣﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻗﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ‪ .(2007 ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺟﻬﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ )ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ‪ .(2007 ،‬ﻋﻠﻲﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺗﻜﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ) ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺼﻴﺮﻱ‪.(2000 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍً ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ‪(2007 ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﻗﻊﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ »ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ « ﺍﺳﺖ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺖﺳﺎﻟﮕﻲ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ) ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ‪ .(2007 ،‬ﺷﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ) ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ‪.(2007،‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ) ﭘﺮﻭﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻭچ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻨﺴﻦ‪.(2011 ،‬‬
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‫ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ ) ﮔﺎﻭﻟﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﻭﺳﺘﻮﺳﻜﺎ‪.2006 ،‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺯﺑﻴﺴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻣﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺟﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺍﺳﻜﺎ‪.(2005 ،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﻢﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻢﺷﻨﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﭘﺪﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﺩﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺩﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎ )ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪ (1390 ،‬ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺿﻌﻴﻒﺗﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻡ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1976‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﺸﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺮ‪ 7‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪1986‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ 0/82‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ )‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ‪ .(2007،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 37‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪ 19‬ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ )‪ 10‬ﭘﺴﺮ ﻭ ‪ 9‬ﺩﺧﺘﺮ( ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪43‬‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ) .‬ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ ‪ .2007‬ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‪ 21 ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻱ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ )‪11‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ .1396 ،‬ﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ .(2015‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺴﺮ ﻭ ‪ 10‬ﺩﺧﺘﺮ( ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺶ ﻣﺎﻩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :1‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚﭘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪ 65‬ﺩﺳﻲﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺕ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﻲ؛ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :2‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻜﻮﻟﻴﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻳﻔﻮﺯﻳﺲ( ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﭙﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﺘﻨﺸﻦ ﺳﺮ؛ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :3‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚﭘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺸﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
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‫‪ 30‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻟﮕﻦ )ﺭﺍﻥ(؛ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ 5‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻳﭙﺮ ﺍﻛﺴﺘﻨﺸﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥﺫﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ؛ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ :4‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ؛‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﻤﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪20‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺮﺓ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﭘﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ‪ 10‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ )ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻲﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ .2008‬ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ .1396‬ﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﺎ؛ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻨﺠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﺷﻨﻪ ﭘﺎ؛‬
‫‪ .(2015‬ﺷﻜﻞ )‪:(1‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻜﺸﻦ )ﺧﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ( ﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻛﺸﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪) 1‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ(؛ ﺏ( ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪) 2‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ(؛ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪) 3‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ(؛ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪) 4‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻘﻲ(‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ـﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ –‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺟﺘﻠﻲ‪ .2001 ،‬ﺳﺎﻻﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﻱ ‪ .2013‬ﺷﺎﻡ ﻭﻱ ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﺎﺕ ‪.2007‬‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪ .1396‬ﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ‪.(2015‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺎﻳﭙﺮﺍﻛﺴﺘﻨﺸﻦ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ ،1‬ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ ،2‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﻮﮔﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺮﻧﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻲ ـ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪0/05‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ ،3‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ـﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ SPSS‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ‪ 23‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ ،4‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
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‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2‬ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻦ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ‪ 8‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ .2‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭﻱ*‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪t‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪±‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫‪0/139‬‬ ‫‪1/513‬‬ ‫‪16/45±1/76‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ )ﺳﺎﻝ(‬
‫‪15/56±1/93‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪0/220‬‬ ‫‪1/247‬‬ ‫‪1/66±10/72‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ )ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ(‬
‫‪1/62±7/97‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪0/433‬‬ ‫‪0/792‬‬ ‫‪50/62±16/69‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ(‬
‫‪47/12±6/86‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪0/821‬‬ ‫‪0/228‬‬ ‫‪17/91±3/02‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ )ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫‪17/73±1/82‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪P ã 0/05‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺰﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪3‬‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ .3‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪±‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫‪2/57±1/59‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ‬
‫‪4/47±2/14‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪5/80±1/07‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪7/05±1/50‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪7/71±1/45‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ‬
‫‪5/84±1/50‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫‪8/14±1/31‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬
‫‪6/26±1/28‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ )‪.(P ã 0/05‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 3‬ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ .4‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫*‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪ ±‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪ ±‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫*‬
‫‪0/003‬‬ ‫‪3/20‬‬ ‫‪4/47±2/14‬‬ ‫‪2/57±1/59‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫*‬
‫‪0/004‬‬ ‫‪3/02‬‬ ‫‪7/05±1/50‬‬ ‫‪5/80±1/07‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫*‬
‫‪0/001‬‬ ‫‪4/00‬‬ ‫‪5/84±1/50‬‬ ‫‪7/71±1/45‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫*‬
‫‪0/001‬‬ ‫‪4/56‬‬ ‫‪6/26±1/28‬‬ ‫‪8/14±1/31‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬
‫*ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ‪P ã 0/05‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
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‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻛﻠﻲ ﺣﺬﻑ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )‪ .(p=0/003‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )‪ .(p=0/004‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺲ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺍﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫)‪ .(p=0/001‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚﺳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )‪.(p=0/002‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ‪ 20‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 70‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ )ﺳﺎﻻﻣﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﺴﻮﺣﻴﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻑ‪ .( 2009 ،‬ﺣﻔﻆ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺳﮕﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻭﻭﺭﺙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺟﺮﺯ ﻭ ﻛﻨﻴﻮﻥ‪ .(2007 ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
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‫ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) ﺩﻟﻴﺎﮔﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮﺻﺮﻭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﻟﻮﺳﻜﻲ‪ .2007 ،‬ﮔﺎﺭﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺎﺍﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻻ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﻭﺭﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ .(2011‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻛﺮﺗﻜﺲ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ) ﻫﻮﻣﻔﺮﻳﺰ‪ .2011 ،‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪.(1390 ،‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺩﻟﻴﺎﮔﻴﻨﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺻﺮﻭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺯﻟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﻟﻮﺳﻜﻲ‪ .2008 ،‬ﺩﻟﻴﺎﮔﻴﻨﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫‪ ،(2007‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺶ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫)ﺭﻳﻨﺎﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﺳﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻻ‪.(2009 ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ)ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻱ‪ ,‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﺪﻭﺳﺖ‪ ,‬ﻧﻮﺭﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻮﻳﻜﻠﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪ .(1396‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﻢﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚﺗﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻛﺴﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺴﻲ – ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻳﭙﺮﺍﻛﺴﺘﻨﺸﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ) ﺩﻟﻴﺎﮔﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮﺻﺮﻭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﻟﻮﺳﻜﻲ‪ .(2007 ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬
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‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺁﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﻭﺭﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﻭﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﭼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻭﻟﻒ‪ .(2008 ،‬ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺮﻭﺭﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚﺷﺪﻩﺗﺮ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺧﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻫﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﺩﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻢﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺧﻤﻴﻨﻲ )ﺭﻩ( ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵﻭﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﺿﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﭘﻲﻧﻮﺷﺖﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮپﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻲ‬
‫‪1. Vestibular‬‬
‫‪2. Somatosensory‬‬ ‫ﺁﺭ ﺍﻳﻜﺲ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ‬
‫‪3. General system theory‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫‪4. Posture‬‬
‫‪5. Proprioception‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪6. Afferent‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﻲﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫‪7. Lewis Michael Nashner‬‬
‫‪8. BMI‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﺲ ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫‪47‬‬
48 -39 ،1398 ،1 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻩ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬،‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳ ﻲ‬
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Comparison of The Efficiency of Sensory Systems Involved in Postural Control of The Congenitally Deaf and Blind

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Comparison of The Efficiency of Sensory Systems Involved in Postural Control of The Congenitally Deaf and Blind

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Comparison of the Efficiency of Sensory ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‬

Systems Involved in Postural Control of

Received: 07.03.2018 Revised: 11.22.2018 1397/9/1 :‫ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ‬ 1397/4/12 :.‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻱ‬:‫ﻭﺍژﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬

‫)ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪ ,‬ﻣﻼﻳﺮﻱ‪ ,‬ﺭﺿﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺟﻲ ﺣﻴﺪﺭﻱ‪.(1390 ,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ 2‬ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺯﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ‬

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