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5 Writing Chapter II Methodology of The Study
5 Writing Chapter II Methodology of The Study
5 Writing Chapter II Methodology of The Study
QAC/R63/0216
WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF
THE STUDY
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CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
Department of Education-Division of
RESEARCH Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
•
The specific procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze information
about a topic.
•
The methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and
reliability.
•
The methodology section answers two main
questions: How was the data collected or
generated? How was it analyzed?
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TYPES OF RESEARCH Registration Number:
METHODOLOGY
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Registration Number:
METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
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MIXED
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QAC/R63/0216
METHOD
•
an emergent methodology of research that advances the
systematic integration, or “mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative
data within a single investigation or sustained program of inquiry.
The basic premise of this methodology is that such integration
permits a more complete and synergistic utilization of data than do
separate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
•
multiple kinds of data are collected with diferent strategies and
methods.
•
gives rise to the concept of triangulation in data gathering or
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collection.
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ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH Registration Number:
METHODOLOGY
QAC/R63/0216
•
Research Locale
•
Research Environment
•
Research Participant
•
Research Instrumentation
•
Data Gathering Procedure
•
Data Analysis
•
Ethical Considerations
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RESEARCH
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DESIGN
•
refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study
in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research
problem.
•
constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
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measurement, and analysis of data.
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Registration Number:
COMMON RESEARCH
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DESIGNS
Descriptive
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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1. Experimental Research
• called true experimentation and often thought of as a
laboratory study, but this is not always the case
• uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship
among a group of variables that make up a study
• effort is made to identify and impose control over all
other variables except one
• an independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects
on dependent variable
• subjects are randomely assigned to experimental treatments
rather than identified in naturally occuring groups.
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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2. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research
• attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the
variables
• very similar to true experiments but with some key differences
• independent variable is identified but not manipulated and the
effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable
are measured
• no random assignment of groups but uses ones that are
naturally formed or pre-existing groups
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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3. Descriptive Research
• seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable
• designed to provide systematic information about
a phenomenon
• does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but consequently
developed after collection of data
• analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of hypothesis
• systematic collection of information requires careful selection
of the units studied and careful measurement of each variable
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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4. Correlational Research
• attempts to determine the extent of relatonship between two
or more variables using statistical data
• relationships between and among facts are sought and
interpreted
• recognizes trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far
in its analysis to prove causes for these observed patterns
• the data, relationship, and distribution variables are studied only
• variables are not manipulated; they are only identified and are
studied as they occur in a natural setting
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
DESIGN QAC/R63/0216
5. Exploratory Research
• research design used to investigate a problem which is not
clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding
of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
• the foundation for understanding a problem, occurrence or
phenomenon by finding its basic properties. This ensures that a
business finds the right information (such as the variables)
which can be further studied in descriptive, correlational and
experimental research.
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• forms the basis of a research issue on which businesses can set
up objectives and requirements for continual studies.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
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EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
DESIGN
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Registration Number:
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Registration Number:
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DESIGN
4. Narrative Research Design - a literary form of qualitative research,
narrative research is all about collecting and telling a story or stories
(in detail). Researchers write narratives about experiences of
individuals, describe a life experience, and discuss the meaning of the
experience with the individual. Usually, a narrative research design is
focused on studying an individual person. The researcher becomes the
interpreter of the individual's stories, as opposed to a community.
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MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
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DESIGNS
1. Convergent Parallel
- collect quantitative and qualitative data at the same time
and analyze them separately. After both analyses are
complete, compare the results to draw overall conclusions.
2. Embedded
- collect and analyze both types of data at the same time, but
within a larger quantitative or qualitative design. One type of
data is secondary to the other. Embedded design is used to
strengthen or supplement the conclusions from the primary type
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of research design.
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MIXED METHOD RESEARCH Registration Number:
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DESIGNS
3. Explanatory Sequential
- quantitative data collection and analysis occurs first, followed
by qualitative data collection and analysis. This design is used if
the qualitative data will explain and contextualize the
quantitative findings.
4. Exploratory sequential
- qualitative data collection and analysis occurs first, followed by
quantitative data collection and analysis. This design is used to
first explore initial questions and develop hypotheses. Then,
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the quantitative data are used to test or confirm your
qualitative findings.
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RESEARCH
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LOCALE
•
a term that refers to a specified area and/or subject that is being
studied in a research project.
•
discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the
place where the study is conducted. Only important features which
have the bearing on the present study are included.
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RESEARCH
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PARTICIPANT
•
also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study
participant or subject, is a person who voluntarily participates in
human subject research after giving informed consent to be the
subject of the research. A research participant is different from
individuals who are not able to give informed consent, such as
children, infants, and animals. Such individuals are preferentially
referred to as subjects.
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Registration Number:
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DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
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N =
Table 1 n = -----------------
Distribution of the population
1 + Ne2
Number of Students
Section Who Use e-Module 512
Android Apps (N)
G11 STEM Prometheus)
STEM (Hephaestus)
17
31
= ----------------------------
ABM (Apollo)
HUMSS (Achilles)
48
59
1 + 512
HUMSS (Poseidon)
HUMSS (Gaea)
50
34
(0.05)2
HUMSS (Artemis)
HUMSS (Hestia)
24
20
512
TVL (Hermes)
TVL (Athena)
47
19 = -----------------------------
G12 STEM (Zeus)
ABM (Andromeda)
34
35 1 + 512 (0.0025)
HUMSS (Adonis) 23
HUMSS (Aphrodite) 11 512
HUMSS (Hera) 31
TVL (Atlas) 14 = -------------------
TVL (Demeter) 15
Total 512 2.28
= 225 (sample size)
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Sample Computation Registration Number:
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CHI-SQUARE TABLE OF Registration Number:
VALUES
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Registration Number:
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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE SAMPLE Registration Number:
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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE Registration Number:
SAMPLE
QAC/R63/0216
1. Random/Probability Sampling
•
picking the desired sample size
and selecting observations
from a population in such a
way that each observation has
an equal chance of selection
until the desired sample size is
achieved.
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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING
THE Registration Number:
SAMPLE
QAC/R63/0216
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TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
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TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:
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TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:
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TYPES OF RANDOM Registration Number:
E. Multi-Stage Sampling
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TYPES OF NON-RANDOM
SAMPLING Registration Number:
2. Non-Random/Non-Probability Sampling
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TYPES OF NON-RANDOM
SAMPLING Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
A. Quota Sampling
- method of non-probability sampling when the samples are selected based
on the probability proportionate to the distribution of a variable in the
population
- a sampling method which is used so that the proportion of samples for each
category will have the same proportion assumed to exist in the population
B. Convenience Sampling
- non-random sampling technique which simply includes the individuals who
happen to be most accessible to the researcher
- an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to
tell if the sample is representative of the population, so it cannot produce
generalizable results
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TYPES OF NON-RANDOM Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
C. Judgemental/Purposive Sampling
- type of non-random sampling technique which involves the
researcher using their judgement/criteria to select a sample that is
most useful to the purposes of the research
D. Snowball Sampling
- if the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you
have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
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RESEARCH Registration Number:
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Registration Number:
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DATA GATHERING Registration Number:
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DATA GATHERING Registration Number:
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ETHICAL Registration Number:
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PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH Registration Number:
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•
obtain informed consent from potential
research participants;
•
minimise the risk of harm to participants;
•
protect their anonymity and confidentiality;
•
avoid using deceptive practices;
•
give participants the right to withdraw from your
research.
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN •
•
Statement of the problem
•
Design/Purpose of research
•
Data gathering instrument
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•
Nominal Level of Measurement
• The numbers in the variable are used only to classify the
data (code).
• Words, letters, and alpha-numeric symbols can be used.
• Example: There are data about people belonging to two
different sex categories. In this case, the person
belonging to the female gender could be classified as F
and the person belonging to the male gender could be
classified as M.
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MEASUREMENT
•
Ordinal Level of Measurement
• Depicts some ordered relationship among the variable’s
observations (example - ranking of grades of honor
student).
• Indicates an ordering of the scaled measurements with
no uniform distances between the lower and upper
limits of the class intervals (example - less than 10 scores
and 10 scores and more).
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FOUR DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
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MEASUREMENT
•
Interval Level of Measurement
• Not only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also
specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale
are equivalent along the scale from lower limit to higher limit of
the class interval.
• Example:
Continum Verbal Interpretation (VI)
3.26 - 4.00 Highly Sensitized (HS)
2.51 - 3.25 Moderately Sensitized (MS)
1.76 - 2.50 Least Sensitized (LS)
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1.00 - 1.75 Not Sensitized (NS)
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Registration Number:
4-1
I = -------
4
= 0.75
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Registration Number:
•
Ratio Level of Measurement
•
The most informative scale as it tends to tell about the
order and number of the object between the values of
the scale.
•
Has an absolute zero characteristic.
•
Has orders and equally distanced value between units.
•
Examples: height weight
5 feet compared to 6 feet. 5o kilos compared to 60 kilos
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SYNTHESIS QAC/R63/0216
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QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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A. Commonly Used Descriptive Statistical Tools
1. Simple Mean/Arithmetic Mean
- the average of the numbers; a calculated "central" value of a
set of numbers
- the most stable value among the measures of central tendency
- describes the characteristic or property of the variable (set)
in terms of its position from the center (on the average)
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QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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2. Weighted Arithmetic Mean (WAM)
- a statistical method which calculates the average by
multiplying the weights with its respective mean and taking its
sum
- a type of average in which weights are assigned to individual
values in order to determine the relative importance of each
observation
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QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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TOOLS
3. Simple Percentage
- a measure of a portion in relation to a whole
- often expressed in relation to how many of something
there are per 100
f
P = ---------------- X 100
N
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QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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4. Standard Deviation
- a statistic that measures the dispersion of a data set
relative to its mean
- if the data points are further from the mean, there is a
higher deviation within the data set; thus, the more spread
out the data, the higher the standard deviation.
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QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
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QUANTITATIVE
TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
Correlation)
- measures the strength and direction of association between
two ranked variables
- nonparametric version of the Pearson product-moment
correlation
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QUANTITATIVE
TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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TOOLS DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
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8. Linear Regression
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•
a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken
from an enterprise's financial statements.
•
created with the use of numerical values taken from financial
statements to gain meaningful information about a company.
The numbers found on a company’s financial statements –
balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement –
are used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a
company’s liquidity, leverage, growth, margins, profitability,
rates of return, valuation, and more.
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Registration Number:
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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
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TOOLS
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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
Registration Number:
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QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
3. Research Participants
• Identify and quantify the specific respondents of the study.
• The respondents of the market study should be the well
defined target market of the proposed business. Other
respondents are those who are sources of raw information
for other aspects of the study.
• Determine the sample size from the target population of the
market study.
• Discuss the sampling techniques to be used in the study.
Justify why it is used.
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4. Research Instrumentations
• Select the most suited data gatehering tools for the study.
• Refer to the purpose of the study and the types of data to be
gathered.
• Discuss the characteristics/features and parts of the research
instruments.
• Discuss as to what specific interdependent components of the
study the research instrument intends to elicit data or
information.
• Discuss the process/es of developing the research instruments.
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6. Data Analysis
• Discuss all the data analysis tools to be used in the study.
• Take cognizance of the objectives of the study, the type of
data gathering tools used and the types of data to be
analyzed.
• Provide the definition and formula of the quantitative analysis
tools. For qualitative data, just provide the definition.
• Discuss briefly about how they will be used and in what
particular interdependent components of the study they will
be employed.
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Registration Number:
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