Biology Investigatory Project

2022-2023
Name- Sneha Vaibhav Bagul
Class-XII B
Roll No-32
Project Title- Effect of antibiotics on
microorganisms
 St joseph’s High School-CBSE
Khanda Colony , New Panvel

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ms. Sneha Vaibhav Bagul of class
XII-B has prepared this project which is the result of her
efforts and endeavours .The project titled “Effect of
antibiotics o microorgaisms” Found worthy of
acceptance as final project for the subject under the
guidance of Ms. Priya Menon and as per the norms
provided by the CBSE.
_______________
External Examiner Internal examiner

Name: Sneha Vaibhav Bagul

Signature:

___________________________
Principal Signature with stamp
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to Ms. Leena
Verma , principal , St. Joseph’s High School
for giving me an opportunity to elaborate my
knowledge by completing this project.
I am grateful to my school and the
management system for providing the
required apparatus to perform my project
work.
I pay my deep sense of gratitude to
Ms. Shradha Rasal , computer science teacher
, to encourage me to prepare this project. I am
immensely obliged to my parents and friends
for their endless support and help throughout
the completion of this project.
I am indebted to the God Almighty for
providing me with everything I needed
Sneha Vaibhav Bagul , XII-B
 EFFECT OF
ANTIBIOTICS ON
MICROORGANISMS
 INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Objective
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. What are antibiotics ?
7. What are antibiotics made of ?
8. How do antibiotics work ?
9. What is antibiotic resistance?
10. Experimetal work
• Aim
• Materials required
• Procedure
• Observation
• Precaution
• Result
11. Conclusion
12. Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to study the
strength and effectiveness of different
antibodies on microbial cultures and to also
understand why and how they work
 INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics have been widely used for several
decades for human therapy and farming
production. Since a high percentage of
antibiotics are discharged from the human or
animal body without degradation, this means
that different habitats, from the human body
to river water or soils, are polluted with
antibiotics.

In this situation , it is expected that the

variable concentration of this type of
microbial inhibitor present in different
ecosystems may affect the structure and
productivity of the microbiota colonizing such
habitats. This effect can occur at different
levels, including changes in the overall
structures of the population, selection of
resistant organisms, or alterations in bacterial
physiology . In this review, I discuss the
available information on how the presence of
antibiotics may alter the microbiota and the
consequences of such alterations for human
health and the activity of microbiota from
different habitats.

THEORY
Antibiotics are among the most successful
drugs used in human therapy. In addition, they
have been used for several decades in animal
growth promotion, prophylaxis, metaphylaxis
, treatment, and general farming production.
The wide antibiotic use has led to different
habitats becoming polluted by a large range of
concentration of antibiotics.Since antibiotics
are inhibitors of bacterial growth, this
situation has an impact on the structure and
the activity of bacterial populations. The effect
of antibiotics on bacterial populations has
mainly focused on the aspects related to
human health, in particular the selection of
antibiotic-resistant mutants and the
acquisition, selection, and spread of antibiotic
resistance genes. While this has obvious
relevance to the treatment of infectious
diseases, other aspects of the roles that
antibiotics may play in bacterial populations
are much less studied in comparison.

One aspect to be taken into consideration is

that , when antibiotic treatment is needed, the
effects of the antimicrobial on the microbiome
should be considered unavoidable side effects.

What are antibiotics ?

Antibiotics are medications used to fight
infections caused by bacteria. They are also
called antibacterials. They treat infections by
killing or decreasing the growth of bacteria.
The first modern-day antibiotic was used in
1936. Before antibiotics, 30% of all deaths in
the united states were caused by bacterial
infections. Thanks to antibiotics, previously
fatal infections are curable.
Today, antibiotics are still powerful,
lifesaving medications for people with certain
serious infections. They can also prevent less
serious infections from becoming serious.
There are many classes of antibiotics. Certain
types of antibiotics work best for specific types
of bacterial infections.
Antibiotics come in many forms, including:
• Tablets
• Capsules
• Liquids
• Creams
• Ointments
 What are antibiotics
made of ?
The first beta-lactam antibiotic, penicillin,
was discovered by accident. It was growing
from a blob of mould a petri dish. Scientists
found that a certain type of fungus naturally
produced penicillin. Eventually, penicillin was
produced in large amounts in a laboratory
through
fermentation using the fungus.

Some other early antibiotics were produced by

bacteria found in the ground soil.

Today, all antibiotic medications are produced

in a lab. Some are made through a series of
chemical reactions that produce the substance
used in the medication.

Other antibiotics are at least partly made

through a natural but controlled process. This
process is often enhanced with certain
chemical reactions that can alter the original
substance to a different medication.

How do antibiotics
work ?
Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in
bacteria, killing the bacteria or stopping them
from multiplying. This helps the body’s
natural immune system to fight bacterial
infection. Different antibiotics work against
different types of bacteria.

• Antibiotics that affect a wide range of

bacteria are called broad-spectrum antibiotics
(eg , amoxicillin and gentamicin).
• Antibiotics that affect only a few types of
bacteria are called narrow-spectrum
antibiotics(eg, penicillin)

Different types of antibiotics work in different

ways. For example, penicillin destroys
bacterial cell walls, while other antibiotics can
affect the way the bacterial cell works.

Doctors choose an antibiotic according to the

bacteria that usually cause a particular
infection. Sometimes your doctor will do a test
to identify the exact type of bacteria causing
your infection and its sensitivity to particular
antibiotics.

What is antibiotic
resistance ?
Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria
change to protect themselves from an
antibiotic. Bacteria become resistant when
their genes mutate after being in contact with
an antibiotic. These changes allow the
bacteria to survive or resist the antibiotic so
that the antibiotic longer works to kill the
bacteria or stop them from multiplying.
Unfortunately, bacteria can also develop
antibiotic resistance through contact with
other bacteria. Resistant bacteria can pass
their genes to other bacteria, forming a new
antibiotic resistant strain of the bacteria.
The more antibiotics are used, the more
chances bacteria have to become resistant to
them.

As more antibiotics stop working against

bacterial infections, doctors will have fewer
antibiotics to use. Many common infections
may eventually become untreatable with
medicines.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has

warned that antibiotic resistance is one of the
greatest threats to global public health today.
 Experiment 1

AIM: This project aims to study the effect of

antibiotics on microorganisms.

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotics are the

organic secretions produced by
microorganisms, which in low concentrations
are antagonistic to the growth of other
microorganisms (mostly pathogens).
Antibiotics have proved very useful in
combating several bacterial diseases in
man and animals. Antibiotics are commonly
obtained from actinomycetes and some
eubacteria. Some of the important antibiotics
are streptomycin, aureomycin, terramycin,
chloromycetin, neomycin etc.

Soil is a natural medium that harbours several

types of microorganisms.
These microorganisms can be grown on
culture media. The effect of different types of
antibiotics can be studied on the growth of
microorganisms growing in culture medium.
This is an important subject, therefore the
study of effect of antibiotics on
microorganisms has been taken for the present
project.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Potato agar,

dextrose, beef, peptone, NACL, sodium
bicarbonate, distilled water, five different
types of antibiotics (such as penicillin,
streptomycin ,aureomycin, terramycin and
chloromycetin),syringe, oven sterilized petri
pressure for 15 minutes. dishes, flask, beakers,
pipettes, garden soil, glass marker pen etc
Procedure:
A. Preparation of culture medium
1. Potato dextrose agar(PDA)
Medium
• Take 200g of peeled potato chips. Boil them
with 500ml of water in a beaker for 15
minutes.
• Squeeze the potato pulp thus obtained
through a muslin cloth and keep it in a flask.

• Take 20g of agar in a beaker and warm it

with 500 ml of water.

• Mix both the solution of potato and agar

and add 20g dextrose to it.

• Thus one litre of PDA medium is prepared.

• Autoclave the medium at 15 pounds

2. Meat extract agar medium

• Weigh 3g beef extract, 10g peptones, 5g

NACL and mix these in 1 litre of distilled
water
• Heat the mixture to 65 degree Celsius stirring
until the material is completely dissolved.

• Filter the mixture through filter paper and

adjust the pH to 7.2 to 7.6 by adding a bit of
sodium bicarbonate.
• Add 20g agar to the broth and autoclave the
medium at 15 pounds pressure for 15 minutes.

B.Effects of antibiotics on soil

micro-organisms

• Take 2g of soil and dissolve it in 10 ml water

in a beaker. Let the soil particle settle down.
• Take 5 oven sterilized petri dishes and pour 1
ml of soil suspension into each of the plates.
Now pour 1 ml of the four antibiotics
separately into four petri dishes with the help
of a syringe, and mark them with a marker
pen. Leave the fifth petri dish without
antibiotics to serve as a control.

• Pour PDA into each of the petri dishes and

mix the suspension by rotating the petri
dishes.
Leave the petri dishes undisturbed in a warm
place.
 OBSERVATION: The effect of different
antibiotics on the microorganisms can be
assessed by
counting the number and size of the colonies
growing in the petri dishes.
SR NO. ANTIBIOTICS No of colonies in a petri dish

1. Penicillin Nil

2. Streptomycin 2-3

3. Tetramycin Nil

4. Chloromycetin 1-2

5. Control 30-40

PRECAUTIONS:
• Do not expose culture of the petri dish to
the atmosphere.
• Sterilise the petri dishes properly in the
oven before use.
• Use proper kind of stains for different types
of microorganisms.
RESULT:
Penicillin and terramycin were the most
effective antibiotic against microorganisms in
the soil with streptomycin and chloromycetin
not too far behind.

The surviving colonies of microorganisms in

the petri dish may have developed a resistance
to the stated antibiotics and there is a high
possibility that the antibiotic would be less
and less effective on future generations of the
surviving colonies.

PRECAUTIONS:
Several important steps can be taken to ensure
proper and effective antibiotic use:
• TAKE ANTIBIOTICS ONLY FOR
BACTERIAL IFECTIONS: Dot
use antibiotics for conditions caused
by viruses such as common cold, flu,
cough, or sore throat.
• TAKE ANTIBIOTICS AS DIRECTED
BY A HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL:
Using the wrong dose, skipping doses, or
taking it longer or shorter than directed
 might contribute to bacterial resistance.
Even if you feel better after a few days, talk
with your healthcare professional before
discontinuing an antibiotic.
• TAKE THE RIGHT ANTIBIOTIC:
Using the wrong antibiotic for an
infection might lead to resistance.
Don’t take antibiotics prescribed for
someone else. Also don’t take
antibiotics left over from a previous
treatment. Your healthcare
professional will be able to select the
most appropriate antibiotic for your
specific type of infection.

CONCLUSION:

Antibiotics are a very effective tool to fight

against bacterial infections and have overall
improved the life of humans as a race but it
does not come any side effects. Improper and
irregular use of antibiotics cause
microorganisms to develop
Resistance against them and hence require
newer generations of antibiotics to be
developed to help fight against them.
Antibiotic resistance is considered a great risk
to our future. Antibiotics in dome cases also
cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea and
vomiting in humans and may even disrupt
natural ecosystems when introduced to them
(the effect of these antibiotics on
microorganisms in the soil is to shown in the
experiment above). The only way to combat
these side effects is to spread awareness about
the precautions of using antibiotics and
consulting a licensed doctor before turning to
antibiotics as a magic solution to your ailment.
BIBLOGRAPHY:

1) WEBSITE
a)www.nps.org.au
b)www.healthline.com
c)genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com
d)www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
e)www.Wikipedia.org
f)www.reddit.com
THANK YOU