TUTORIAL PHY351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

TUTORIAL 6: CERAMICS AND GLASSES

JULY 2021
a) State two (2) types of forming methods for glass.

b) Briefly explain the extrusion of ceramics with an example of a ceramic produced.

c) Calculate the critical angle for light passing through a glass (n=1.50) to air (n=1.00).
(Ans: 41.81°)

FEBRUARY 2021
a) Define ceramic materials.

b) Briefly explain the extrusion of ceramics with an example of a ceramic produced.

c) Calculate the critical angle for light passing through a glass (n=1.54) to water (n=1.33).

(Ans: 59.72°)
JUNE 2020
a) State two (2) types of forming methods for glass.

b) Briefly explain the extrusion of ceramics with an example of a ceramic produced.

c) A soda-lime glass is formed at a temperature of 650 ᴼC with a viscosity of 107 P. The activation
energy of viscous deformation for the glass is 430 kJ mol-1. Compute the annealing temperature
range for viscosity from 1010 P to 1014 P.
(Given R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1)
(Ans: 444°C - 549°C)

DECEMBER 2019
a) List two (2) types of ceramic.

b) Distinguish the thermal treatment between sintering and drying.

c) Given the index refraction of air is 1.0 and Lucite is 1.2 respectively, determine the angle θ as
shown in Figure 2.

PHY 351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

Mazlini Binti Mazlan (mazlini4290@perak.uitm.edu.my)
 TUTORIAL PHY351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

JUNE 2019
a) Define ceramic materials.

b) Distinguish between traditional and engineering ceramic with an example for each of them.

c) A silica glass is formed at a temperature of 700 ᴼC with a viscosity of 106 P. The activation
energy of viscous deformation for the glass is 490 kJ mol-1. Compute the annealing temperature
range for viscosity from 1010 P to 1012 P.
(Given R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1)
(Ans: 520 °C - 572°C)

DECEMBER 2018

a) Differentiate between the ordinary glass and tempered glass in term of the processing and the
characteristics of these glasses.

b) A rectangular block of material has a refractive index 1.28. A light ray incident from air at the
end of the block refracts through the end and reaches the side of the block, where it refracts
again and passes back out of the block. Figure 2 shows that the incident ray makes an angle of
22° with the side of the block. Determine the angle θ as shown in the Figure 2.

JUNE 2018
a) Compare the stages in making glass and ceramic.

b) A 90% silica glass has a viscosity of 1020 P at its annealing point of 840 °C and a viscosity of 10 10 P
at its softening point of 1570 °C. Compute the activation energy in kilojoules per mole for the
viscous flow of this glass in this temperature range.
(Given R=8.314 J/mol.K) =
(Ans: 538kJ/mol)

PHY 351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

Mazlini Binti Mazlan (mazlini4290@perak.uitm.edu.my)
 TUTORIAL PHY351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

JANUARY 2018
a) Justify two special properties of glasses that is not found in engineering ceramics with its
applications.

b) A 96% silica glass has a viscosity of 1014 P at its annealing point of 445 °C and a viscosity of 10 10 P
at its softening point of 550 °C. Compute the activation energy in kilojoules per mole for the
viscous flow of this glass in this temperature range. (Given R=8.314 J/mol.K)
(Ans: 430 kJ/mol)

MARCH 2017
a) Distinguish between traditional and engineering ceramics.

b) A silica glass is formed at a temperature of 700 ᴼC with a viscosity of 106 P. The activation energy
of viscous deformation for the glass is 490 kJ mol-1. Compute the annealing temperature range
for viscosity from 1010 P to 1012 P.
(Given R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1)
(Ans: 520 °C - 572°C)

OCTOBER 2016
a) Compare the stages in making glass and making ceramic.

b) In Figure 2, a diver shines light up to the surface of a flat glass-bottomed boat at an angle of 30˚
relative to normal. Calculate the angle relative to normal at which the light leaves the glass. The
index of refraction of air, water and glass are 1.00, 1.33, and 1.50 respectively.

MARCH 2016
a) A 90% silica glass has a viscosity of 1020 P at its annealing point of 840˚C and a viscosity of 1010 P
at its softening point of 1570˚C. Calculate the activation energy in kilojoules per mole for the
viscous floe of this glass in this temperature range.
(Given R=8.314 J/mol.K) (Ans: 538 kJ/mol)

b) An essential step in producing a ceramic product known as thermal treatment process. Briefly
explain in detail the entire step in thermal treatment process.

PHY 351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

Mazlini Binti Mazlan (mazlini4290@perak.uitm.edu.my)
 TUTORIAL PHY351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

SEPTEMBER 2015
1. a) State two types of ceramic materials with one example for each.
b) List three characteristics of ceramic materials.
c) Define allotropy with an example.

2. a) State the law of refraction.

b) Describe the tempering process in glass manufacturing.
c) Give three types of glass materials.

MARCH 2015
a) Describe ceramic materials and name the two groups of ceramics for engineering
applications.
b) Briefly explain a typical way to process ceramics.

PHY 351 – MATERIALS SCIENCE

Mazlini Binti Mazlan (mazlini4290@perak.uitm.edu.my)