African Natural Plant Products - New Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry and Quality

Subject Index
A chemical composition of
seed kernels, 60, 61t
Abdominal pains Essyl-Joola medicine, 117t
Essyl-Joola medicine, ethnomedical uses, 77t,
118t, 120t, 121t, 122t, 78t, 79t, 80t
124t, 125t, 130t, 131t, fatty acid content of fruit,
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132t 57
herbal medicine, 35, 36, 37 fatty acid profile of leaves,
Abortion, threatened, herbal 68, 69t
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medicine, 38–39 fatty acid profile of seeds,

Acalypha wilkesiana, 63, 64t
biological activities, 141t food uses, 52–53
Acanthaceae family, anti- fruit, 74–75
diabetic activity, 193t fruit pulp, 54–58
Adansonia digitata L. fruits, 52, 53
amino acid composition of leaves, 52–53, 66–69, 72,
fruit pulp, 56, 57t 75
amino acid profile of mineral composition of
leaves, 67–68 leaves, 69, 70t, 71t
amino acid profile of seed, mineral composition of
62–63 seeds, 65
anti-inflammatory and mineral content of fruit
anti-pyretic activity, 74 pulp, 58
anti-microbial activity, 74 multipurpose tree, 81
anti-nutritional factors, 65– photo of baobab seeds, 60f
66 photo of fruit, 53f
anti-oxidant activity, 73 phytochemistry, 53–72
anti-trypanosoma activity, seeds, 52, 59–60, 61t, 75
74 uses in traditional
anti-viral activity, 73–74 medicine, 74–76
baobab milk, 59 vitamin C healing effect,
bark, 72, 75–76 73
biological activity, 73–74 vitamins, 59
chemical composition of vitamins of leaves, 72
fruit pulp, 54, 55t Adulteration, safety and
chemical composition of quality, 353–354
leaves, 66–67 Africa
553
Juliani et al.; African Natural Plant Products: New Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry and Quality
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.
554
access and benefit-sharing Agricultural practices,
agreement measures, phytochemical yield, 349–
541t, 542t 350
bioprospecting models, Agriculture, potential use of
542–543 Moringa oleifera, 460–461
culinary contributions, 3 AIDS, extracts of Voacanga
ethnobotanical use of africana, 376
Amaryllidaceae species, Aliaceae family, anti-diabetic
154–156 activity, 193t, 199t
ethnomedical uses of Alistamaceae family, anti-
baobab, 77t, 78t, 80t diabetic activity, 199t
ethnomedical uses of Alkaloids
tamarind, 105t, 107t Amaryllidaceae family,
harvested quantity, 19, 20t 152, 153, 154
medicinal plants for biological activity of
malaria, 220–225 Tabernanthe, 339–340,
natural products, 16t 341t
natural products discovery Chromolaena odorata, 244
partnerships, 545t Clausena anisata, 250–251
publications documenting Cryptolepis sanguinolenta,
ethnobotany, 4 232, 233f
African aloe, natural galanthamine, 153, 156,
products, 15 165
African Herbal isolated, in Voacanga spp.
Pharmacopoeia project, and distribution, 371t,
formation, 5 372t
African herbal teas. See Monodora myristica, 249
Herbal teas pyrrolizidine, 355
African prune, prostate selective serotonin
remedy pygeum, 4 reuptake inhibitors
African views, illness and (SSRI), 158–159
treatment, 329–332 V. africana, 368t, 369
Africa's population, reliance See also Amaryllidaceae
on herbal remedies, 347 family
Agavaceae family, malaria, Aloe species
221t A. ferox and A. speciosa
Agribusiness in Sustainable from S. Africa, 174f
African Natural Plant aloe juice, 172
Products (ASNAPP), Aloe vera gel, 173
international effort, 5 anti-cancer activity, 178
555
anti-diabetic activity, 177– anti-parasitic activity, 163–
178 164
anti-inflammatory activity, antitumor activity, 160–
177 161, 162
antioxidant activity, 176– antiviral activity, 163
177 asthma, 165
biological activity, 176– central nervous system
179 diseases, 156–159
botany, 171–173 depression, 158–159
chemical structures of future directions, 165–166
some isolated phytochemistry, 152–154
components, 174f plant part substitution, 351
chemistry, 173, 175–176 psychoactive plants, 325
commercial importance of Amazon Indians Waiãpi,
A. vera and A. ferox, 175 malaria treatment, 223
diversity, 172, 179 Amino acid profile
ecology, 171–173 baobab fruit pulp, 56, 57t
flavonoids, 175 baobab leaves, 67–68
methods for secondary baobab seeds, 62–63
metabolite Moringa oleifera leaves,
identification, 175 429, 431t
wound healing activity, tamarind fruit pulp, 89, 90t
178–179 tamarind leaves, 100
Aloe vera gel, chemistry, 173 tamarind seeds, 94, 95t
Alpha-amylase, inhibition Anacardiacae family
mechanism, 191 anti-diabetic activity, 193t,
Alzheimer's disease 194t, 199t
African Amaryllidaceae seasonal variation, 350
species, 156–157, 158 Ancestral spirits, Swazis, 32
galanthamine, 325 Angina, clinical trials with
Amaryllidaceae family Umckaloabo, 307t
agrochemical use, 350 Animal feed, Moringa
alkaloids, 152, 153, 154 oleifera, 456–457
Alzheimer's disease, 156– Animal performance,
157, 158 Moringa oleifera, 457
antibacterial activity, 162, Annonaceae family
163 anti-diabetic activity, 194t
antifungal activity, 163 antimalarial remedy
anti-inflammatory activity, preparation, 222t
164–165
556
common names and uses, glycosidase (glucosidase)
256t inhibitor mechanism,
Anogeissus leiocarpus, 189–190
biological activities, 141t, inhibition of glycosylation
142t of haemoglobin
Anopheles gambiae, malaria mechanism, 192
vector, 210 inhibition of hepatic
Antiamoebic activity, bark of glucose metabolizing
Voacanga africana, 376 enzymes mechanism,
Antibacterial activity 190
Amaryllidaceae species, mechanisms, 188–191
162, 163 methodology for
constituents of determining, 187–188
Pelargonium sidoides, modulation of glucose
302–303 absorption from gut, 192
essential oil containing necines, 189
plants, 507 Nigerian medicinal plants,
Anti-bacterial properties, 193–198
Moringa oleifera, 442–444 tamarind, 102
Anticancer activity types I and II diabetes, 186
Aloe species, 178 Anti-flammatory activity,
Moringa oleifera, 445–448 Chromolaena odorata,
pancratistatin, 156, 165 244–245
Voacanga alkaloids, 375 Anti-free radical activity,
Anticonvulsant activity, essential oil plants, 508
psychoactive plants, 332– Anti-fungal activity
334 Amaryllidaceae species,
Anti-diabetic activity 163
Aloe species, 177–178 essential oil containing
alpha-amylase inhibitor plants, 507
mechanism, 191 Moringa oleifera, 442–444
antioxidant mechanism, tamarind, 102
191 Antihepatotoxic activities,
bioactive plant products Moringa oleifera, 444–445
and antidiabetes activity, Anti-inflammatory activities
199–202 Anti-inflammatory activity
calystegines, 190 Aloe species, 177
crotanecine, 189 Amaryllidaceae species,
drug interactions, 203 164–165
baobab, 74
557
Chromolaena odorata, Amaryllidaceae species,
244–245 163–164
crytolepine, 235 essential oils against
Moringa oleifera, 444–445 Plasmodium falciparum,
tamarind, 101 212, 213t
Anti-malarial activity, Antiplasmodial activity
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Voacanga africana, 376
5, 234 See also Plasmodium sp.
Antimicotoxicogenic activity, Anti-pyretic activity, baobab,
essential oil plants, 508 74
Anti-microbial activity Anti-trypanosoma activity,
baobab, 74 baobab, 74
Chromolaena odorata, 244 Antitumor activity
Hyptis suaveolens, 247– Amaryllidaceae species,
248 160–161, 162
rooibos and honeybush, Moringa oleifera, 445–448
288 Anti-ulcer activity, Moringa
tamarind, 102 oleifera, 452
Antimutagenic properties, Antiulcerogenic activity,
rooibos and honeybush, Voacanga africana, 375
285–286 Antiurolithiatic properties,
Anti-nutritional factors Moringa oleifera, 445
Moringa oleifera, 437–438 Anti-viral activity
tamarind seeds, 98–99 Amaryllidaceae species,
Anti-oxidant activity 163
African herbal teas, 412 baobab, 73–74
Aloe species, 176–177 Moringa oleifera, 444
baobab, 73 root extract of
Chromolaena odorata, 244 Pelargonium sidoides,
Hoslundia opposita, 253 303
Moringa oleifera in food, Anxiolytic activity,
440 psychoactive plants, 332–
rooibos and honeybush, 334
282–284 Aphrodisiac herb, yohimbe, 4
tamarind, 100–101 Apiaceae (Umbelliferace)
Antioxidant mechanism, family
diabetes, 191 chemical constituents of
Antioxidants, Moringa plants, 511t
oleifera, 438–440 essential oil plants, 497–
Anti-parasitic activity 498
558
traditional uses, 516t ASNAPP (Agribusiness in
Apocynaceae family Sustainable African
anti-diabetic activity, 194t, Natural Plant Products),
199t, 200t international effort, 5
antimalarial remedy Asperagaceae family,
preparation, 222t storage, 352
psychoactivity, 339–342 Assay, Cryptolepis
voacanga alkaloids, 373t sanguinolenta alkaloids,
Aquaculture feed, Moringa 237
oleifera, 457–458 Asteraceae family
Aristolochiaceae family, anti- anti-diabetic activity, 196t
diabetic activity, 194t, chemical constituents of
195t, 200t plants, 511t, 512t
Aromatic aldehydes, common names and uses,
Nicosan, 272–273 256t
Aromatic plants. See essential oil plants, 498–
Malagasy aromatic plants 499
Artemisia annua, derivatives traditional uses, 516t, 517t
for malaria, 219 Asthma
Artemisinin derivatives, Crinum glaucum, 165
fevers and malaria, 219 Essyl-Joola medicine,
Arthritis 117t, 118t, 122t, 131t
Essyl-Joola medicine, herbal medicine, 41
117t, 118t, 120t, 122t, rooibos, 288
127t, 130t, 132t Atropine, psychoactivity, 339
herbal medicine, 41 Australia, harvested quantity,
Voacanga zenkeri, 375 19, 20t
Asclepidiaceae family, anti-
diabetic activity, 195t, 200t
Ashes, total and insoluble, B
Voacanga africana, 367t,
368–369 Backaches, herbal medicine,
Asia 41
ethnomedical uses of Bacteria, Saro essential oil
tamarind, 105t, 106t, against, 491t, 492
107t Baobab
harvested quantity, 19, 20t classification of natural
natural products, 17t products, 22t
non-wood forest products current and potential trade,
(NWFP), 18 12t
559
See also Adansonia anti-nutritional factors, 65–
digitata L. 66
Baobab bark chemical composition, 60,
ethnomedical uses, 79t, 80t 61t
medicinal uses, 72 ethnomedical uses, 78t
medicine, 81 fatty acid profile, 63, 64t
traditional medicine use, food use, 52, 81
75–76 mineral composition, 65
Baobab fruit pulp photograph, 60f
amino acid profile, 56, 57t phytochemistry, 59–66
baobab milk, 59 processing techniques, 65–
chemical composition, 54, 66
55t traditional medicine use,
ethnomedical uses, 77t, 75
78t, 79t Behenic acid products,
fatty acid profile, 57t Moringa oleifera oil, 441
food use, 52, 81 Benefit-sharing policy
mineral content, 58 African countries with
phytochemistry, 54–59 agreement measures,
traditional medicine use, 541t, 542t
74–75 bioprospecting models in
vitamins, 59 Africa, 542–543
Baobab fruits, issues and challenges,
phytochemistry, 53 544–546
Baobab leaves natural products discovery
amino acid profile, 67–68 partnerships, 545t
chemical composition, 66– opportunities, 546
67 Benzodiazepines,
ethnomedical uses, 77t anticonvulsant, anxiolytic
fatty acid profile, 68, 69t and sedative agents, 333,
food use, 52–53, 81 334
mineral composition, 69, Beverages
70t, 71t rooibos, 4
phytochemistry, 66–69, 72 See also Herbal teas;
traditional medicine use, Honeybush; Rooibos
75 Biodiversity, countries with,
vitamins, 72 plant species, 24
Baobab milk, vitamins, 59 Biological activity
Baobab seeds Saro essential oils, 490–
amino acid profile, 62–63 492
560
tamarind, 100–102 Bulb decoctions, Zulu people
Biological assays, validating using, 154–156
traditional medicines, 348 Burceraceae family
Bioprospecting models, chemical constituents of
Africa, 542–543 essential oil, 512t
Blood glucose, lowering essential oil plant, 499–501
activity of plants, 192 traditional uses, 518t
Boils, herbal medicine, 41, Burns
44 Aloe species, 178
Bone fractures Essyl-Joola medicine, 130t
Essyl-Joola medicine, Burseraceae family, common
118t, 122t, 125t names and uses, 256t
herbal medicine, 40–41 Bush teas
Boophone disticha indigenous herbal teas, 404
African tribes, 155 See also Herbal teas
anti-inflammatory activity,
165
Botany C
Aloe species, 171–173
components of Nicosan, Caffeine
266–268 HPLC chromatogram of
Bottle trees, Moringa species, caffeine, coffee, and
423 Honeybush, 412, 413f
Brassicacaeae family, anti- psychoactive substance,
diabetic activity, 195t 335–336
Brazil Calystegines, glycosidase
ethnomedical uses of (glucosidase) inhibitor,
tamarind, 106t 190
malaria treatment, 223 Cambodia, ethnomedical uses
Bronchitis of tamarind, 106t, 107t
clinical trials with Cameroon
Umckaloabo, 306–312 access and benefit-sharing
Umckaloabo, 298 agreement measures,
Bronchodilatory effect, 541t
rooibos and honeybush, malaria treatment, 220,
287 223
Brunsvigia species, African Voacanga africana, 375
tribes, 155 Canarium, biological
Buchu, natural products, 15 activities, 142t
Canarium schweinfurthii
561
common names and uses, Central Market and Price
256t Agency (ZMP), Germany,
description, 245 14
essential oil and resin, Central nervous system
245–246 (CNS)
Cancer, herbal medicine, 45 Catha edulis, 336–337
Cancer modulating Cola spp., 335–336
properties, rooibos and forebrain, 327
honeybush, 285–286, 287f hindbrain, 326
Canellaceae family ibogaine, 375
malaria, 221t midbrain, 326–327
plant part substitution, 351 Moringa oleifera, 455
Capparis brassei, biological neurons and synapses,
activities, 142t 327–329
Carbohydrates and energy, neurotransmitters, 328
Moringa oleifera, 428 Pausinystalia yohimbe,
Cardiac problems, herbal 337–338
medicine, 34–35 plants and compounds
Cardiovascular diseases stimulating, 335–338
Essyl-Joola medicine, Sceletium tortuosum, 338
117t, 118t, 119t, 123t, spinal cord, 326
124t thalamus, 327
herbal medicine, 34–35 Chemical composition
Nauclea latifolia, 137, baobab fruit pulp, 54, 55t
138t baobab leaves, 66–67
Cardiovascular effects, baobab seeds, 60, 61t
Moringa oleifera, 451–452 Canarium schweinfurthii,
Caricaceae family, anti- 245–246
diabetic activity, 195t, 200t Chromolaena odorata,
Carica papaya, biological 243–244
activities, 139t Clausena anisata, 250–251
Cataracts, herbal medicine, Hoslundia opposita, 252
43 Hyptis suaveolens, 246–
Catha edulis, central nervous 247
system, 336–337 Monodora myristica, 249
Cedarwood oil, Kenya, 496 tamarind fruit pulp, 89
Celastraceae family, central tamarind leaves, 99
nervous system, 336–337 tamarind seeds, 94
Tetrapleura tetraptera,
254
562
Voacanga species, 370, organoleptic evaluation of
371t ginger essential oils and
Chemical constituents oleoresin, 530
essential oils, 495–496 See also Ginger
Nicosan, 271–273 Chromolaena odorata
Pelargonium sidoides root, anti-inflammatory and
herb and EPs®, 300t, wound healing, 244–245
301t common names and uses,
rooibos and honeybush, 256t
279–280 description, 242–243
Chemopreventive properties, essential oils, 243
rooibos and honeybush, flavonoids, 244
285–286 photograph of, flower,
Chest pain 243f
Essyl-Joola medicine, pyrrolizidine alkaloids,
124t, 127t, 129t, 132t 244
herbal medicine, 41–42 Chrysobalanaceae family,
Childbirth, Essyl-Joola anti-diabetic activity, 195t
medicine, 122t, 124t Cinnamomum camphora
China chemical composition of
essential oil and oleoresin essential oils, 396t
yields of ginger description, 392
rhizomes, 528, 529t Factorial Discriminating
essential oil composition Analysis (FDA), 396,
of ginger rhizomes, 531t 397f
essential oil GC material and methods,
chromatograms of 392–393
ginger rhizomes, 531f morphological differences
gingerols and shogoals from Ravenara
content of ginger, 534t aromatica, 393, 394t
global exports, 19t organoleptic and
non-wood forest products physicochemical
(NWFP), 18 properties of essential
oleoresins GC oils, 394, 395t
chromatograms of Principal Components
ginger rhizomes, 532f Analysis (PCA), 396,
oleoresins HPLC 397f
chromatograms of Cinnamosma fragrans (Saro)
ginger rhizomes, 533f antimicrobial activity, 488
563
applications against human Clusiaceae family, anti-
diseases, 491t diabetic activity, 201t
biological properties of Cnestis ferruginea, biological
essential oil, 490–492 activities, 142t
cytotoxicity tests, 488 Coagulant for palm oil mill
description, 486 effluent (POME), potential
essential oil analysis, 487 use of Moringa oleifera,
essential oil composition 459
of Saro oil, 489t Coca-Cola®, extract from
leaves, 487 kola tree, 4
Madagascar, 486–487 Coffee
materials and methods, East Africa, 4
487–488 See also Caffeine
microbial activity against Cola spp., central nervous
bacteria, 491t system, 335–336
mutagenic activity, 488 Cold, common
physicochemical properties clinical trials with
of essential oil, 489 Umckaloabo, 312t
primary eye tolerance tests, Umckaloabo, 298
487–488 Collaborative contracts,
suggested applications, bioprospecting, 542–543,
492 545t
toxicity tests, 487 Commercialization
Clausena anisata ginger, 528
alkaloids, 250–251 Umckaloabo, 297–299
chemical constituents, Compositae family
250–251 chemical constituents of
common names and uses, plants, 511t, 512t
257t essential oil plants, 498–
coumarins, 251 499
essential oil, 250 traditional uses, 516t, 517t
molluscicidal activity, 251 Conjunctivitis, Essyl-Joola
photograph of fruit, 250f medicine, 117t, 120t, 125t,
Cleome rutidesperma, 127t, 131t, 132t
biological activities, 139t Conservation approach, plant
Clinical trials part substitution, 351
traditional medicinal plants Constipation
for malaria, 225–226 Essyl-Joola medicine,
Umckaloabo, 306–312 118t, 119t, 125t, 130t
herbal medicine, 35, 36, 37
564
Consumer demand, natural Cosmetic, shea butter, 4
products, 13–14 Coughs
Consumer study Essyl-Joola medicine,
ballot, 407 118t, 122t, 125t, 128t,
demographic and tea 130t, 131t, 132t
habits, 413 herbal medicine, 41–42
herbal teas, 406–408 Coumarins
intensity and liking, 414– Clausena anisata, 250–251
415 Pelargonium sidoides root,
overall liking and herb and EPs®, 300t
likelihood of buying, Crassulaceae family,
416–417 epilepsy, 334
panel procedures, 407 Crinum species
reactions to African herbal antibacterial activity, 162,
teas, 413–417 163
See also Herbal teas antifungal activity, 163
Contraindications, anti-parasitic activity, 163–
Pelargonium sidoides, 304 164
Convallariaceae family, anti- antitumor activity, 160–
diabetic activity, 195t 161
Convention on Biological asthma, 165
Diversity (CBD) isolated alkaloids, 157, 158
access and benefit-sharing, use throughout Africa, 155
538–540 Crop production, potential
implementation at national use of Moringa oleifera,
level in Africa, 540, 460
541t, 542t Crude oil, Moringa oleifera,
intellectual property rights 429, 431–434
and traditional Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
knowledge, 539–540 anti-malarial benefit, 5
Convolvulaceae family, anti- assay, 237
diabetic activity, 196t chemistry, 232
Convulsions cryptolepine, 233f, 234–
Essyl-Joola medicine, 235
117t, 127t, 131t description, 232
psychoactive agents, 334 ethnomedical use, 232
Corte pharmacological
Essyl-Joola medicine, 115, properties, 233–235
117t, 124t structures of alkaloids
feet, 115 from, 233f
565
toxicity, 236 bioactive plant products of
unwanted adverse effects, Nigeria, 199–202
237 herbal medicine, 34, 186–
Cucurbitaceae family, anti- 187, 203–204
diabetic activity, 196t, 200t Nigerian medicinal plants,
Culinary contributions, 193–198
Africa, 3 phytopharmaceuticals, 186
Cultivation treatment with Aloe
ginger, 528 species, 177–178
Moringa oleifera, 427 types I and II, 186
wild harvesting vs., 349 Diarrhea
Cultural beliefs, herbal Essyl-Joola medicine,
medicine, 33 117t, 118t, 120t, 121t,
Cymbopogon citratus 122t, 128t, 129t, 130t,
essential oils against 131t
Plasmodium falciparum, herbal medicine, 35, 36,
212, 213t 37, 45
lemongrass tea, 405 Dietary suppressant, hoodia,
See also Lemongrass 4
Cyrtanthus species Digestive diseases, herbal
antibacterial activity, 162 medicine, 35–37
anti-inflammatory activity, Diversity, Aloe species, 172,
164–165 179
biological activity, 350 Dizziness, herbal medicine,
southern Africa, 155 43, 44
Cytotoxic activity, tamarind, Drought resistant tree,
102 Moringa oleifera, 427
Drug discovery, plants in
Nigeria, 144–145
D Drug interactions
herbal antidiabetic, 203
Datura sp., psychoactivity, Pelargonium sidoides, 304
339 safety and quality, 353–
Demand, natural products, 354
13–14 Drying, safety and quality,
Depression, Amaryllidaceae 351–352
species, 158–159 Dysentery, herbal medicine,
Devils claw, natural products, 35, 37
15 Dysmenorrhoea, Essyl-Joola
Diabetes medicine, 121t
566
E applications, 509–510
Asteraceae (Compositae),
Ear diseases, herbal 498–499, 511t, 512t,
medicine, 38 516t, 517t
Ecology, Aloe species, 171– Burceraceae, 499–501,
173 512t, 518t
Economic benefits, natural Euphorbiaceae, 501, 513t,
products, 9, 10f 519t
Efficacy, Pelargonium Lamiaceae (Labiatae),
sidoides, 304–305 501–503, 513t, 514t,
Elemental composition, 519t, 520t
herbal teas, 409, 410t, 411t maize weevil repellent
Elephantiasis, Essyl-Joola activity, 509
medicine, 127t mosquito larvicidal activity
Emetic, herbal medicine, 35, and repellence, 508
36 Myrtaceae, 503, 514t, 521t
Emilia coccinea, biological Papilionaceae, 504, 514t
activities, 139t Poaceae (Gramineae), 504,
Enuresis, Essyl-Joola 514t
medicine, 124t Rutaceae, 505, 514t, 521t
Epilepsy Santalanaceae, 505, 514t,
Essyl-Joola medicine, 521t
117t, 127t, 131t therapeutic potential, 507–
herbal medicine, 43 508
psychoactive agents, 334 traditional uses, 516t, 517t,
Essential amino acids 518t, 519t, 520t, 521t
baobab fruit pulp, 56, 57t Verbenaceae, 505–506,
baobab leaves, 68t 515t, 521t
baobab seeds, 62, 63t Zingiberaceae, 507, 515t,
tamarind fruit pulp, 89, 90t 521t
tamarind seeds, 94, 95t Essential oils
Essential oil plants from antiplasmoidal activity
Kenya against Plasmodium
antibacterial and antifungal falciparum, 212, 213t
activity, 507 biological activities of
anti-free radical and Saro, 490–492
antimicotoxicogenic Canarium schweinfurthii,
activity, 508 245–246
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Chromolaena odorata, 243
497–498, 511t, 516t Clausena anisata, 250
567
Hoslundia opposita, 252 medicinal plants for
Hyptis suaveolens, 246– malaria, 218
247 tamarind, 105t, 106t, 107t,
indigenous, from 108t
Madagascar, 392 See also Medicinal uses
Monodora myristica, 249 Ethnopharmacology
Moringa oleifera leaves, biological assays for
437 traditional medicine,
repelling mosquitoes, 224, 348
225t, 227 See also Herbal medicine
Saro oil analysis, 487. 489 Etymology, Umckaloabo,
Tetrapleura tetraptera, 296–297
254 Eucalyptus species, mosquito
therapeutic potential, 507– repellents, 224, 225t
508 Eugenia caryophyllum,
See also Cinnamomum component of Nicosan,
camphora; Ginger; 267
Ravensara aromatica Euphorbiaceae family
Essyl-Joola medicine. See anti-diabetic activity, 201t
Joola of Essyl chemical constituents of
Estrogenic activity, rooibos essential oil, 513t
and honeybush, 287 essential oil plant, 501
Ethiopia misidentification, 352
access and benefit-sharing traditional uses, 519t
agreement measures, Euphorbia heterophylla,
541t biological activities, 139t
malaria treatment, 220 Europe
Ethnobotany harvested quantity, 19, 20t
Amaryllidaceae family, natural products, 18t
154–156 Exports, natural products, 10,
Pelargonium species, 296 11t
publications of, in Africa, Eye diseases, herbal
4 medicine, 43
Ethnographic survey. See
Joola of Essyl
Ethnomedical uses F
baobab, 77t, 78t, 79t, 80t
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Fabaceae family
232 adulteration, 353
568
anti-diabetic activity, 197t, rooibos, 282
201t, 202t Tetrapleura tetraptera,
antimalarial remedy 254
preparation, 222t Florathaceae family, anti-
malaria, 221t diabetic activity, 201t
Rooibos herbal tea, 405 Food use, Moringa oleifera,
Factorial Discriminating 427–428
Analysis (FDA), essential Fumigation of pests,
oil profile, 396, 397f traditional medicine shops,
Fainting spells, herbal 354
medicine, 44 Functional foods, natural
Fatty acid profile products, 13
baobab fruit pulp, 57 Funtumia elastica, biological
baobab leaves, 68, 69t activities, 143t
baobab seeds, 63, 64t
Moringa oleifera, 432,
435t G
tamarind fruit pulp, 91
tamarind seeds, 96, 97f Galanthamine
Female genital diseases, acetylcholinesterase
herbal medicine, 38–39 inhibitory activity, 156,
Female sterility, Essyl-Joola 165
medicine, 126t, 131t Alzheimer's disease, 325
Fermentation, Voacanga mechanism of binding to
africana seeds, 366 acetylcholinesterase,
Fever, Essyl-Joola medicine, 157
118t, 120t, 121t, 125t structure, 153
Fevers, artemisinin, 219 Gambian bush tea, Lippia
Fire retardant, potential use multiflora, 404
of Moringa oleifera, 459– Garcinia kola, Nigerian
460 medicinal plant and uses,
Flavonoids 137, 138t
activity with Gastritis, Essyl-Joola
benzodiazepine receptor, medicine, 119t
334 Gastrointestinal use
Aloe species, 175 Gethyllis species, 155–156
Chromolaena odorata, 244 Saro essential oil, 491t
Hoslundia opposita, 252 Genito-urinary diseases,
Pelargonium sidoides root, herbal medicine, 39–40
herb and EPs®, 301t
569
Gentianaceae family, protein analysis of M.
antimalarial remedy oleifera, 472, 476, 477t
preparation, 222t quality control analysis of
Geranium oil, Kenya, 496 M. oleifera, 471, 473–
Germany 475
Central Market and Price recommended dietary
Agency (ZMP), 14 allowances in M.
global exports, 19t oleifera leaf powder,
Gethyllis species, 481t
gastrointestinal use, 155– Tetrapleura tetraptera,
156 253–254
Ghana total phenols analysis of
antioxidant activity of M. oleifera, 472, 476,
Moringa oleifera, 472, 477t
476, 477t Voacanga africana
aromatic medicinal plants properties, 367t, 368t
and uses, 256t, 257t See also Moringa oleifera
biodiversity, 242 nutritional assessment;
Canarium schweinfurthii, Voacanga africana
245–246 Ginger
Chromolaena odorata, African and Asian,
242–245 oleoresins analyses,
Clausena arisata, 250–251 532–534
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, African and Asian
232 essential oil analyses,
elemental analysis of M. 530, 532
oleifera, 473, 478–479, aroma and appearance of
480t, 481 oil and oleoresin, 530t
Ghana Standards Board chemical analysis, 529
(GSB), 383 cultivation and
Griffonia supplier, 382 commercialization, 528
Hoslundia opposita, 251– essential oil and oleoresin
253 extraction, 528, 529t
Hyptis suaveolens, 246– essential oil composition
248 of, rhizomes from
malaria treatment, 220 China, India, Indonesia
medicinal and aromatic and Madagascar, 531t
plants, 242, 255 GC chromatograms of,
Monodora myristica, 248– rhizomes from China,
249
570
India, Indonesia and collector drying seeds,
Madagascar, 531f 385f
gingerols and shogoals dried and acceptable seeds,
content, 534t 385f
material and methods, Ghana as principle
528–529 supplier, 382
Glaucoma, herbal medicine, Ghana Standards Board
43 (GSB), 383
Gluconeogenesis, process, 5-HTP content, 386–388
190 material and methods,
Glucose absorption from gut, 383–384
diabetes and modulation, medicinal uses, 382
192 proposed quality standards
Glycosides, Moringa for, seeds, 388t
oleifera, 449f, 450f West African plant, 382,
Glycosylation of 389
haemoglobin, inhibition Guttiferae family, anti-
mechanism, 192 diabetic activity, 197t
Gongronema latifolium,
Nigerian medicinal plant,
136–137 H
Gonorrhoea, herbal medicine,
38, 39, 40 Haemoglobin glycosylation,
Good agricultural and inhibition mechanism, 192
collection practices Hallucinations, herbal
(GACP), World Health medicine, 44
Organization (WHO), 348, Hallucinogenic plants
349, 377 Datura sp., 339
Gramineae family Tabernanthe iboga, 339–
chemical constituents of 342
essential oil, 514t Hartogiella schinoides,
essential oil plants, 504 stimulant activity, 337
Griffonia simplicifolia Harvesting
ash and insoluble ash postharvest handling of
contents, 384, 386t Voacanga seeds, 369
challenges in sustainable Voacanga africana, 365
production, 382–383 wild collection projects,
chemical structure of 5- 19, 20t
hydroxy-L-tryptophan wild, vs. cultivation, 349
(5-HTP), 384f Headaches
571
Essyl-Joola medicine, musculo-skeletal diseases,
120t, 121t, 124t, 129t 40–41
herbal medicine, 43 nervous system and mental
Heart disease, rooibos, 289, disorders, 43–44
291 parasitic diseases, 44–45
Heavy metal contamination, patronage, 32–33
herbal remedies, 354 potential harm, 347–348
Heavy metal poisoning, reliance of Africa's
inhibition with Moringa population, 347–348
oleifera, 452–453 respiratory diseases, 41–42
Heavy metal removal, skin and subcutaneous
potential use of Moringa tissue, 42–43
oleifera, 459 snakebite, 45
Hemorroids, Essyl-Joola Swaziland, 32, 45
medicine, 119t, 123t, 127t, tamarind, 103
129t See also Joola of Essyl
Hepatic glucose metabolizing Herbal medicine men, Joola
enzymes, inhibition of Essyl, 114
mechanism, 190 Herbal teas
Herbal-drug interactions, ballot, 407
safety and quality, 353– bush teas, 404
354 color, moisture, fine
Herbal Medical Practitioners, particle and ash
operation, 33 contents, 409t
Herbal medicine color quality, 408, 409t
cardiovascular system, 34– consumer reactions to,
35 413–417
diabetes, 186–187 consumer study, 406–408
digestive system diseases, data analysis, 408
35–37 demographic and tea
ear diseases, 38 habits, 413
eye diseases, 43 demographic information,
female genital diseases, 407
38–39 elemental composition,
genitor-urinary diseases, 409, 410t, 411t
39–40 frequency responses, 408
headache, 43 Honeybush, 404–405
intellectual property rights, HPLC chromatogram of
46 caffeine, coffee, and
kidney diseases, 43 Honeybush, 412, 413f
572
intensity and liking, 414– essential micro- and macro
415 elements, 280–281
intensity attribute ratings, estrogenic activity, 287
414f, 415f herbal tea, 406, 407
Lemongrass, 405 HPLC chromatogram of
Lippia, 404, 405 caffeine, coffee and,
material and methods, 413f
406–408 inhibitory effect on skin
overall likelihood of tumor development,
buying, 417f 286f
overall liking and intensity and liking ratings,
likelihood of buying, 414–415
416–417 macro and micro elemental
overall liking ratings, 416f composition, 409, 410t
panel procedures, 407 micro elemental
panels selecting each composition, 410, 411t
attribute, 415f mineral content, 281t
phenolics and antioxidant natural products, 15
activity, 412 overliking and likelihood
popularity, 404 of buying, 416–417
quality, 408–414 phenolics and antioxidant
quality and chemistry activity, 412
procedures, 406 polyphenolic composition,
Rooibos, 405 279, 280t
See also Honeybush; traditional/fermented and
Rooibos green/unfermented, 279
Honeybush See also Rooibos
antimicrobial activity, 288 Hoodia, dietary supplement,
antioxidant properties, 4
282–284 Hoodia gordonii, central
bio-activity, 281–291 nervous system, 327
cancer modulating Horns, Essyl-Joola medicine,
properties, 286, 287f 117t, 118t
chemopreventive/antimuta Hoslundia opposita
genic properties, 285– antioxidant activity, 253
286 common names and uses,
color, moisture, fine 257t
particle and ash description, 251–252
contents, 409t essential oil, 252
Cyclopia spp., 404–405
573
Hospital records, poisonings Hysteria, herbal medicine, 45
in South Africa, 356, 357t
Human diseases, Saro I
essential oil and potential,
491t Ibogaine
Hyacinthaceae family Apocynaceae family, 373t
plant part substitution, 351 chemical structure, 374f
poisonings, 355 hallucinogen, 375
seasonal variation, 350 psychoactivity, 339–340,
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5– 341t
HTP) semisynthesis from
chemical structure, 384f Voacanga africana,
content in seeds of 375–376
Griffonia, 386–388 Illness, ultimate causes, 330–
Griffonia seeds as source 331
of, 382 Immunomodulary properties,
Hypericaceae family, constituents of
agricultural practice, 349 Pelargonium sidoides, 303
Hypertension, herbal India
medicine, 34, 35 essential oil composition
Hypocholesterolemic of ginger rhizomes, 531t
activity, Moringa oleifera, essential oil and oleoresin
454 yields of ginger
Hypoglycemic activity, rhizomes, 528, 529t
Moringa oleifera, 453–454 essential oil GC
Hypotensive and spasmolytic chromatograms of
activities, Moringa ginger rhizomes, 531f
oleifera, 448–451 ethnomedical uses of
Hypoxidaceae family, baobab, 77t, 78t, 79t, 80t
agricultural practice, 349 ethnomedical uses of
Hyptis suaveolens tamarind, 105t, 106t,
antimicrobial activity, 107t, 108t
247–248 gingerols and shogoals
chemical constituents, content of ginger, 534t
246–247 global exports, 19t
common names and uses, non-wood forest products
246, 256t (NWFP), 18
essential oils, 246–247 oleoresins GC
terpenoid compounds, chromatograms of
246–247 ginger rhizomes, 532f
574
oleoresins HPLC herbal medicine, 46
chromatograms of natural products, 25
ginger rhizomes, 533f
organoleptic evaluation of J
ginger essential oils and
oleoresin, 530 Jatropha curcas, poisoning,
See also Ginger 352, 357–358
Indonesia Joola of Essyl
essential oil composition approach to record
of ginger rhizomes, 531t traditional knowledge,
essential oil and oleoresin 112–113
yields of ginger community, 112
rhizomes, 528, 529t herbal medicine men, 114
essential oil GC medical specialties, 113–
chromatograms of 114
ginger rhizomes, 531f medicinal plants, local
ethnomedical uses of names and medicinal
tamarind, 106t uses, 117–132
gingerols and shogoals obstetricians, 114
content of ginger, 534t orthopedists, 114
oleoresins GC physiotherapists, 114
chromatograms of plant root tissue, 116
ginger rhizomes, 532f plants and indications,
oleoresins HPLC 115–116
chromatograms of poison test, 115
ginger rhizomes, 533f protection against
organoleptic evaluation of witchcraft, 115
ginger essential oils and spiritual healers, 113–114
oleoresin, 530 successful fishing, 115
See also Ginger surgeons, 114
Industrial utilization, Juice, aloe, 172
Moringa oleifera, 458–460
Infertility in women, herbal K
medicine, 38–39
Insulin dependent diabetes Kalamari melon, current and
mellitus (IDDM), type I, potential trade, 12t
186 Kenya
Intellectual property rights access and benefit–sharing
access and benefit sharing, agreement measures,
539–540 541t
575
geranium oil, 496 chemical constituents of
global exports, 19t essential oil, 513t, 514t
plant resources, 496 essential oil plants, 501–
See also Essential oil 503
plants from Kenya Lamiaceae family
Kidney diseases, herbal anticonvulsant activity,
medicine, 43 334
Kidney function, rooibos, anti-diabetic activity, 197t,
290 201t
Kigelia chemical constituents of
classification of natural essential oil, 513t, 514t
products, 22t common names and uses,
current and potential trade, 256t, 257t
12t essential oil plants, 501–
Kinkeliba 503
color, moisture, fine traditional uses, 519t, 520t
particle and ash Landolfia owariensis,
contents, 409t biological activities, 143t
Combretum micranthum, Lantana camara, essential
405 oils against Plasmodium
herbal tea, 406, 407 falciparum, 212, 213t
intensity and liking ratings, Latin America, harvested
414–415 quantity, 19, 20t
macro and micro elemental Lauraceae family, plant part
composition, 409, 410t substitution, 351
micro elemental Leishmania species,
composition, 410, 411t antiplasmodial activities
overliking and likelihood against, 223
of buying, 416–417 Lemongrass
phenolics and antioxidant color, moisture, fine
activity, 412 particle and ash
quality, 408 contents, 409t
Kola tree, Coca-Cola®, 4 Cymbopogon citratus, 405
herbal tea, 406
macro and micro elemental
L composition, 409, 410t
micro elemental
Labels, natural products, 13 composition, 410, 411t
Labiatae family phenolics and antioxidant
activity, 412
576
Lippia essential oil GC
color, moisture, fine chromatograms of
particle and ash ginger rhizomes, 531f
contents, 409t gingerols and shogoals
herbal tea, 406, 407 content of ginger, 534t
intensity and liking ratings, indigenous essential oils,
414–415 392
Lippia multiflora, 404 island description, 486
macro and micro elemental oleoresins GC
composition, 409, 410t chromatograms of
micro elemental ginger rhizomes, 532f
composition, 410, 411t oleoresins HPLC
overliking and likelihood chromatograms of
of buying, 416–417 ginger rhizomes, 533f
phenolics and antioxidant organoleptic evaluation of
activity, 412 ginger essential oils and
Liver diseases, Essyl-Joola oleoresin, 530
medicine, 119t, 121t, 123t, rain forest plants and
124t, 131t malaria, 210
Liver function, rooibos, 290 Saro, 486–487
Lythraceae family, anti- traditional medicinal plants
diabetic activity, 197t for malaria, 221t
See also Cinnamomum
camphora; Cinnamosma
M fragrans (Saro); Ginger;
Malagasy aromatic
Macro elemental plants; Ravensara
composition, African aromatica
herbal teas, 409, 410t Maize weevil repellent
Madagascar activity, essential oil
access and benefit-sharing plants, 509
agreement measures, Malagasy aromatic plants
541t antimalarial properties of
essential oil and oleoresin essential oils, 210–211
yields of ginger antiplasmodial test, 211
rhizomes, 528, 529t antiplasmoidal activity of
essential oil composition essential oils against
of ginger rhizomes, 531t Plasmodium falciparum,
212, 213t
essential oil screening, 211
577
materials and methods, 211 Marketing channels, natural
uses, 210 products, 22–24
Malaria Marketing strategy,
artemisinin, 219 Umckaloabo, 298
bioactive compounds of Markets, traditional
medical plants and, 221– medicines, 354, 355f
223 Marula
clinical trials of traditional classification of natural
medicinal plants, 225– products, 21t
226 current and potential trade,
essential oils repelling 12t
mosquitoes, 224, 225t Marula tree, oil from kernels,
Essyl-Joola medicine, 4–5
118t, 120t, 121t, 125t Mass bioprospecting,
global burden, 218 collaborative agreement,
herbal medicine, 42, 44–45 543, 545t
mode of preparation for Medicinal plants
antimalarial remedies, African origin, 3–4
222t definition, 136
Nigerian medicinal plants, See also Joola of Essyl;
193t, 194t, 195t, 197t, Nigeria
198t Medicinal uses
parasitic disease, 210 Griffonia simplicifolia, 382
traditional medicinal plants tamarind, 105t, 106t, 107t,
and, 220–225 108t
traditional medicinal plants See also Ethnomedical
in Madagascar, 221t uses
traditional plants repelling Medicine
mosquitoes, 223–225 baobab bark, 75–76
Voacanga africana, 376 baobab fruit, 74–75
Malawi, access and benefit- baobab leaves, 75
sharing agreement baobab seeds, 75
measures, 542t tamarind, 103–104
Mali, malaria treatment, 220 Meliaceae family, anti-
Malpighiaceae family, diabetic activity, 197t, 202t
malaria, 221t Menispermaceae family,
Manketti, current and antimalarial remedy
potential trade, 12t preparation, 222t
Market drivers, natural Menorrhagia, herbal
products, 14 medicine, 39
578
Mental disorders, Essyl-Joola Monoterpene alcohols,
medicine, 129t honeybush, 280
Mesembryanthemaceae Moraceae family
family, central nervous anti-diabetic activity, 197t,
system, 338 198t, 202t
Microbial activity, Saro malaria, 221t
essential oils, 491t Moringa species
Microbial contamination, bottle trees, 423
agricultural produce, 353 Sarcorhizal trees, 423
Micro elemental slender trees, 424
composition, African tuberous shrubs, 424
herbal teas, 410t, 411t Moringaceae family
Mimosaceae family, common classification, 422–423
names and uses, 257t Moringa as sole genus,
Mineral composition 421–422
baobab fruit pulp, 58 See also Moringa oleifera
baobab leaves, 69, 70t, 71t Moringa oleifera
baobab seeds, 65 amino acids composition
rooibos and honeybush, of leaves, 431t
280–281 anti-bacteria and -fungal
tamarind fruit pulp, 92 properties, 442–444
tamarind leaves, 99 anti-inflammatory and
tamarind seeds, 97 antihepatotoxic
Misidentification, safety and activities, 444–445
quality, 352–353 antinutritional factors,
Mof Avvi kingdom. See 437–438
Joola of Essyl antioxidant properties, 440
Moluscicidal activity antioxidants and
Clausena anisata, 251 phytochemicals in, 438–
tamarind, 102 440
Monodora myristica anti-tumor and anti-cancer,
alkaloids, 249 445–448
chemical constituents, 249 anti-ulcer activity, 452
common names and uses, antiurolithiatic properties,
256t 445
description, 248 anti-viral properties, 444
essential oils, 249 aquaculture feed, 457–458
flower, 248f behenic acid products, 441
seeds, 248, 249f carbohydrates and energy,
428, 430t
579
cardiovascular effects, oil as olive oil substitute,
451–452 441
central nervous system, oxidative stability of oil as
455 frying oil, 440–441
composition of anatomical performance of animals
parts, 430t fed on, 457
crude oil, 429, 431–434 physical properties of oil,
cultivation, 427 431–432, 433t
drought resistant tree, 427 pod, 426f
fatty acids profile of oil, potential industrial
432, 435t utilization, 458–460
flower, 426f potential use in crop
food use, 428 production, 460
future prospects, 461–462 proteins, 429, 430t
glycosides, 449f, 450f sterol composition of seed
history of food use, 427– oil, 439t
428 thyroidal hormone
history of pharmacological regulation, 452
use, 442 tocopherol composition,
hypocholesterolemic 436t
activity, 454 tree, 425f, 471f
hypoglycemic activity, triglycerides of oil, 434,
453–454 436t
hypotensive and vitamins, 436–437
spasmolytic activities, wound healing, 444
448–451 See also Moringa oleifera
importance, 424 nutritional assessment
inhibition of heavy metal Moringa oleifera nutritional
poisoning, 452–453 assessment
leaves, 426f antioxidant activity
melting behavior of seed analysis of Zambia,
oil, 434t Ghana, and Senegal
morphology and physical samples, 472, 476, 477t,
characteristics, 424–425 478t
natural habitat, 426–427 elemental analysis, 473,
nutrients for animal feed, 478–479, 481
456–457 elemental analysis of
nutritional composition, leaves from Zambia,
428, 470 Ghana and Senegal,
480t, 481t
580
elemental analysis of stems Mucociliary system,
from Zambia and Umckaloabo products, 303
Ghana, 480t, 481t Mucuna pruriens, biological
materials and methods, activities, 139t
471–473 Musaceae family, anti-
plant material, 471 diabetic activity, 202t
protein analysis of samples Musculo-skeletal diseases,
from Zambia, Ghana, herbal medicine, 40–41
and Senegal, 472, 476, Mustard oil glycosides,
477t, 478t Moringa oleifera, 448–451
quality control analysis, Mycobacterium species,
471, 473–475 cryptolepine hydrochloride
quality control parameters against, 235
for M. oleifera from Myrtaceae family
Ghana, 475t anti-diabetic activity, 198t
quality control parameters chemical constituents of
for M. oleifera from essential oil, 514t
Senegal, 475t essential oil plants, 503
quality control parameters traditional uses, 521t
for M. oleifera from
Zambia, 473t, 474t
recommended dietary N
allowances, 479, 481
recommended quality Narcotic plants
standards for dried activity, 338–339
leaves, 482t Datura sp., 339
total phenols analysis of Tabernanthe iboga, 339–
samples from Zambia, 342
Ghana, and Senegal, National Institute for
472, 476, 477t, 478t Pharmaceutical Research
Mosquitoes and Development
essential oils repelling, (NIPRD), Nigeria, 136,
224, 225t, 227 265
traditional plants repelling, Natural Foods Merchandiser
223–225 channels of distribution,
Mosquito lavicidal activity, 23–24
essential oil plants, 508 natural products industry,
Mouth ulcer, Essyl-Joola 14
medicine, 129t Natural product discovery
581
Convention on Biological rural livelihoods, 13
Diversity (CBD), 538 significance of, 9–13
partnerships in Africa, 545t supply, 14–15, 18–19
Natural products trichilia, 22t
African products, 16t uses, 9, 10f
Asian products, 17t world exports, 10, 11t
baobab, 22t ximenia, 21t
challenges by industry, 24– Nauclea latifolia, Nigerian
25 medicinal plant and uses,
classification of, 19–25 137, 138t
classification of Southern Nausea, Essyl-Joola
African, 21t, 22t medicine, 117t, 120t, 122t,
commercial markets, 9 132t
current and potential trade, Necines, glycosidase
11, 12t (glucosidase) inhibitor,
demand for, 13–14 189
economic growth, 8 Neurons, central nervous
European, 18t system, 327–329
financial and non-financial Neurotransmitters,
benefits from trade, 12– categories, 328
13 Nicosan
global exports of raw anti-sickling activity of
materials, extracts and batches of, 271f
oils, 19t aromatic aldehydes, 272f,
harvested quantity, 19, 20t 273
intellectual property rights, botanical components,
25 266–268
kigelia, 22t chemical constituents,
labels, 13 271–273
marketing channels, 22–24 Eugenia caryophyllum,
marula, 21t 267
meeting health-care and HPLC profiles of batches
medicinal needs, 8–9 of, 270f
non-timber forest products morphology comparison of
(NTFP), 8 homozygous HbS cells
North and South with, incubation, 269f
American, 18t Piper guineense, 266–267
NTFP categories, 20t preparation and quality
nutraceuticals or functional control testing, 268–270
foods, 13 Pterocarpus osun, 267
582
Sorghum bicolor, 267–268 Moringa oleifera, 428, 470
spiking with aromatic See also Moringa oleifera
aldehydes, 272f, 273f nutritional assessment
steps in preparation, 268f Nymphaeaceae family,
See also Sickle cell disease malaria, 221t
Nigeria
bioactive plant products
and antidiabetes activity, O
199–202
medicinal plants and Obesity, Essyl-Joola
biological activities, medicine, 119t, 123t, 127t,
138t, 139t, 140t, 141t, 132t
142t, 143t Obstetricians, Joola of Essyl,
medicinal plants for 114
diabetes treatment, 193– Oceania, harvested quantity,
198 19, 20t
Nicosan preparation, 268 Ocimum gratissimum,
phytopharmacology, 136– biological activities, 141t
137 Oedema
plant-drug discovery, 144– Essyl-Joola medicine,
145 119t, 120t, 125t, 129t
Voacanga zenkeri, 375 herbal medicine, 34, 35
See also Anti-diabetic Oil, Moringa oleifera, 429,
activity; Nicosan 431–434
Niprisan. See Nicosan Okra, Africa's contribution, 3
Non-insulin dependent Olive oil substitute, Moringa
diabetes mellitus oleifera oil, 441
(NIDDM), type II, 186 Orthopedists, Joola of Essyl,
Non-timber forest products 114
(NTFP) Otitis media, herbal
categories, 20t medicine, 38
definition, 8 Oxalidaceae family, anti-
marketing channel of diabetic activity, 198t
Indian, 23 Oxidative stability, Moringa
North America oleifera oil as frying oil,
harvested quantity, 19, 20t 440–441
natural products, 18t Oxidative stress, diabetic
Nutraceuticals, natural patients, 191
products, 13
Nutritional composition
583
P Periplocaceae family, anti-
diabetic activity, 202t
Palpitation, herbal medicine, Pharmacognosy, rooibos,
34 288–291
Pancratistatin, anticancer Pharmacology
activity, 156, 165 Moringa oleifera, 442
Papilionaceae family Pelargonium sidoides and
chemical constituents of EPs®, 301–303
essential oil, 514t Voacanga alkaloids, 374–
essential oil plants, 504 376
Parasitic diseases Phenolic acids
Amaryllidaceae alkyloids Pelargonium sidoides root,
against, 163–164 herb and EPs®, 300t
Essyl-Joola medicine, rooibos, 280
118t, 123t, 126t, 131t, Phenolics, African herbal
132t teas, 412
herbal medicine, 44–45 Philippines, ethnomedical
Parinari, current and potential uses of tamarind, 107t,
trade, 12t 108t
Patronage, herbal medicine, Phyllanthus discoideas,
32–33 biological activities, 141t
Pausinystalia yohimbe, Physiotherapists, Joola of
central nervous system, Essyl, 114
337–338 Phytochemicals, Moringa
Peanut, Africa's contribution, oleifera, 438–440
3 Phytochemical yield,
Pectin, tamarind seeds, 93 agricultural practices, 349–
Pelargonium sidoides 350
antibacterial properties, Phytochemistry
302–303 baobab bark, 72
constituents of root, herb baobab fruit, 53
and EPs®, 300t, 301t, baobab fruit pulp, 54–59
302f baobab leaves, 66–72
identity and habitat, 299 baobab seeds, 59–66
immunomodulary family Amaryllidaceae,
properties, 303 152–154
traditional medicine, 296 rooibos and honeybush,
See also Umckaloabo 278–281
Peptic ulcers, herbal tamarind bark, 100
medicine, 35, 36, 37 tamarind fruit pulp, 88–92
584
tamarind fruits, 88 misidentification, 352–353
tamarind leaves and South Africa, 356, 357t
flowers, 99–100 traditional African
tamarind seeds, 93–99 remedies, 355–357
PhytoTrade Africa, natural Zimbabwe, 357
products, 8, 23, 25 Poison test, Essyl-Joola
Piper guineense medicine, 115
component of Nicosan, Precautions, Pelargonium
266–267 sidoides, 304
Nigerian medicinal plant Predictions, Essyl-Joola
and uses, 137, 138t medicine, 115, 120t, 130t
Plant-drug discovery, Pregnancy, Essyl-Joola
Nigeria, 144–145 medicine, 119t, 123t, 124t,
Plant part substitution, 126t, 127t
conservation approach, Price-setters, natural
351 products, 14
Plants Price-takers, natural products,
health and nutrition, 9 14
health-care and medicinal Principal Components
needs, 8–9 Analysis (PCA), essential
Plasmodium sp. oil profile, 396, 397f
antiplasmodial activities Private-public agreement,
against P. falciparum, bioprospecting, 543, 545t
221–223 Prostate remedy pygeum,
antiplasmoidal activity of African prune, 4
essential oils against P. Protection against witchcraft,
falciparum, 212, 213t Essyl-Joola medicine, 115,
Artemisia annua and 122t
artemisinin, 219 Proteins, Moringa oleifera,
malaria, 210 429
stem bark and seed extracts Psychoactive plants
of medicinal plants African view of illness and
against, 226 treatment, 329–332
Poaceae family anticonvulsant, anxiolytic
anti-diabetic activity, 201t and sedative activity,
chemical constituents of 332–334
essential oil, 514t benzodiazepines, 333
Poeaceae family, anti- biological activity of
diabetic activity, 197t Tabernanthe iboga, 324,
Poisonings 341t
585
Catha edulis, 336–337
central nervous system Q
(CNS), 326–329
Cola spp., 335–336 Quality
convulsions, 334 color and herbal teas, 408,
Datura sp., 339 409t
epilepsy, 334 herbal teas, 408–414
expression of DNA, 328 proposed standards for
flavonoids, 334 Voacanga africana
Hoodia gordonii, 327 seeds, 369t
narcotic and recommended standards
hallucinogenic, 338–342 for Moringa oleifera
neurons and synapses, leaves, 482t
327–329 standards for Griffonia
neurotransmitters, 328 simplicifolia seeds, 388t
Pausinystalia yohimbe, total ashes for African teas,
337–338 408, 409t
potential psychoactive total insoluble ashes for
activity, 332f herbal teas, 409
review, 325–326 See also Safety and quality
Sceletium tortuosum, 338
seizures, 334
simplified synapse, 328, R
329f
stimulating CNS, 335–338 Ravensara aromatica
Tabernanthe iboga, 324, chemical composition of
339–342 essential oils, 396t
uses, 324–325 description, 392
Zulu culture, 331 Factorial Discriminating
Pterocarpus osun, Analysis (FDA), 396,
component of Nicosan, 397f
267 material and methods,
Pubic lice, herbal medicine, 392–393
40, 44–45 morphological differences
Publications, ethnobotany of from Cinnamomum
Africa, 4 camphora, 393, 394t
Pygium, natural products, 15 organoleptic and
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, physicochemical
poisonings, 355 properties of essential
oils, 394, 395t
586
Principal Components chemopreventive/antimuta
Analysis (PCA), 396, genic properties, 285–
397f 286
Ravensara essential oils, color, moisture, fine
chemical composition, particle and ash
395, 396t contents, 409t
Ravintsara essential oils, demand, 13
chemical composition, essential micro- and macro
396t elements, 280–281
Recommended dietary estrogenic activity, 287
allowances, Moringa flavonoids, 282
oleifera leaf powder, 481t heart disease, 289, 291
Religious beliefs, herbal herbal tea, 406
medicine, 33 inhibitory effect on skin
Repellents tumor development,
essential oil plants, 508, 286f
509 liver and kidney function,
essential oils for 290, 290t
mosquitoes, 227 long-term consumption by
traditional plants for Japanese quails, 283
mosquitoes, 223–225 macro and micro elemental
Respiratory diseases, herbal composition, 409, 410t
medicine, 41–42 medicinal uses, 287–288
Respiratory infections micro elemental
clinical trials with composition, 410, 411t
Umckaloabo, 306t mineral content, 281t
South African natural products, 15
Pelargonium, 4 pharmacognosy, 288–291
Richardia bransilensis, phenolic constituents, 279,
biological activities, 140t 280t
Rooibos phenolics and antioxidant
antimicrobial activity, 288 activity, 412
antioxidant properties, popular beverage, 4
282–284 smooth muscle relaxing
aroma volatiles, 280 effect, 287
Aspalathus linearis, 405 traditional/fermented and
bioactivity, 281–291 green/unfermented,
cancer modulating 278–279
properties, 286, 287f See also Honeybush
Rubiaceae family
587
anti-diabetic activity, 198t, microbial contamination,
202t 353
central nervous system, misidentification, 352–353
337–338 plant part substitution, 351
Rural livelihoods, natural poisonings by traditional
products, 13 African remedies, 355–
Rutaceae family 357
antimalarial remedy post harvest aspects, 351–
preparation, 222t 354
chemical constituents of pre-harvest aspects
essential oil, 514t influencing, 348–351
essential oil plants, 505 seasonal variation, 350
malaria, 221t trading sites, 354
traditional uses, 521t wild harvesting vs.
cultivation, 349
St. John's Wort, nitrogen
S supply, 349
Santalanaceae family
Safety and quality chemical constituents of
adulteration, 353–354 essential oil, 514t
agricultural practices and essential oil plants, 505
phytochemical yield, traditional uses, 521t
349–350 Sapindaceae family, anti-
drying and storage, 351– diabetic activity, 202t
352 Sarcorhizal trees, Moringa
future prospects and species, 423
limitations, 357–358 Saro. See Cinnamosma
good agricultural and fragrans (Saro)
collection practices Scabies, herbal medicine, 42–
(GACP) by World 43
Health Organization Sceletium tortuosum, central
(WHO), 348 nervous system, 338
heavy metal Schizonticidal activity,
contamination, 354 Tetrapleura tetraptera,
herbal-drug interactions, 254
353–354 Scoparia dulcis, biological
hospital records of activities, 140t
poisonings, 356–357 Scopolamine, psychoactivity,
markets and medicine 339
shops, 354, 355f
588
Scorpion venom, Essyl-Joola Shea butter, cosmetic
medicine, 118t, 132t ingredient, 4
Seasonal variation, safety and Sickle cell disease
quality, 350 anti-sickling activity of
Sedative activity, Nicosan batches, 271f
psychoactive plants, 332– description, 263–264
334 global therapeutic options,
Seizures, psychoactive 265–266
agents, 334 hemoglobin A, 263–264
Selective serotonin reuptake magnitude of problem,
inhibitors (SSRI), 264–265
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, morphology of
158–159 homozygous HbS cells
Senegal with and without
antioxidant activity of Nicosan, 269f
Moringa oleifera, 472, Nicosan development,
476, 478t 265–266
elemental analysis of M. Nigerian medicinal plants,
oleifera, 473, 478–479, 136
481t See also Nicosan
Joola people from Essyl, Sickness behavior,
112 Umckaloabo products, 303
protein analysis of M. Sida acuta, biological
oleifera, 472, 476, 478t activities, 140t
quality control analysis of Simaroubaceae family,
M. oleifera, 471, 473– antimalarial remedy
475 preparation, 222t
recommended dietary Sinusitis, clinical trials with
allowances in M. Umckaloabo, 309t, 310t
oleifera leaf powder, Skin and subcutaneous tissue,
481t herbal medicine, 42–43
total phenols analysis of Skin infections, Saro
M. oleifera, 472, 476, essential oil, 491t
478t Skin tumor, rooibos and
See also Joola of Essyl; M. honeybush, 285, 286f
oleifera nutritional Slender trees, Moringa
assessment species, 424
Sexual asthenia, Essyl-Joola Snakebite
medicine, 118t, 119t, 121t, Crinum jagus, 155
127t, 128t, 130t herbal medicine, 45
589
Snake venom, Essyl-Joola Stomachache, herbal
medicine, 119t, 129t, 130t medicine, 35, 36, 37, 39
Solanaceae family Storage, safety and quality,
anti-diabetic activity, 198t 351–352
psychoactivity, 339 Street markets, traditional
Sorghum bicolor, component medicines, 354, 355f
of Nicosan, 267–268 Supply, natural products, 14–
South Africa 15, 18–19
access and benefit-sharing Surgeons, Joola of Essyl, 114
agreement measures, Swaziland
542t ethnopharmacology, 34
classification of natural geography, 32
products, 21t, 22t See also Herbal medicine
poisoning, 356, 357t Synapses, central nervous
South African Pelargonium, system, 327–329
respiratory tract infections,
4
South America, natural T
products, 18t
Southern African Natural Tabernanthe iboga
Products Trade biological activity, 324,
Association, natural 341t
products, 8 Bwiti culture, 324
Sphenocentrum jollyanum, hallucinogen, 375
biological activities, 143t use by humans, 325
Spigelia anthelmia, Tagetes species, mosquito
biological activities, 140t repellents, 224, 225t
Spiritual healers, Joola of Tamarind. See Tamarindus
Essyl, 113–114 indica L.
Stachytarpheta cayennensis, Tamarind bark
biological activities, 140t medicinal uses, 104, 107t,
Stachyuraceae family, anti- 108t
diabetic activity, 198t phytochemistry, 100
Sterculiaceae family, central Tamarind flowers
nervous system, 335–336 food uses, 87
Sterol composition, Moringa medicinal uses, 104, 106t,
oleifera, 438, 439t 107t
Stevens, Charles Henry, phytochemistry, 99
Umckaloabo and Tamarind fruit
tuberculosis, 297–298 antifungal activity, 102
590
anti-microbial activity, 102 pectin, 93
antioxidative activity, 101 phytochemistry, 93–99
photograph, 88f Tamarindus indica L.
traditional medicine, 103 amino acid profile of fruit
Tamarind fruit pulp pulp, 89, 90t
amino acid profile, 89, 90t amino acid profile of
chemical composition, 89 seeds, 94, 95t
fatty acid profile, 91 amino acids of leaves, 100
food uses, 86 anti-diabetic activity, 102
medicinal uses, 105t, 106t anti-fungal activity, 102
mineral composition, 92 anti-inflammatory activity,
moluscicidal activity, 102 101
phytochemistry, 88–92 anti-microbial activity, 102
traditional medicine, 103 anti-nutritional factors of
vitamins, 92 seeds, 98–99
Tamarind leaves anti-oxidant activity, 100–
amino acids, 100 101
anti-microbial activity, 102 bark, 100
antioxidative activity, 101 biological activity, 100–
chemical composition, 99 102
food uses, 87 chemical composition of
medicinal uses, 104, 106t, fruit pulp, 89
107t chemical composition of
mineral composition, 99 leaves, 99
phytochemistry, 99–100 chemical composition of
vitamins, 100 seeds, 94
Tamarind seeds cytotoxic activity, 102
amino acid profile, 94, 95t fatty acid profile of fruit
anti-diabetic activity, 102 pulp, 91
anti-inflammatory activity, fatty acid profile of seeds,
101 96, 97t
anti-nutritional factors, 98– food uses, 86–87
99 leaves and flowers, 99–100
antioxidative activity, 100– medicinal uses of
101 tamarind, 105t, 106t,
chemical composition, 94 107t, 108t
fatty acid profile, 96, 97t mineral composition of
food uses, 86–87 fruit pulp, 92
medicinal uses, 104 mineral composition of
mineral composition, 97 leaves, 99
591
mineral composition of herbal medicine, 37
seeds, 97 Toxicity
moluscicidal activity, 102 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
pectin in seeds, 93 and crytolepine, 236
photo of fruit, 88f herbal drugs, 203
phytochemistry, 87–100 Pelargonium sidoides, 304
tamarind seeds, 93 Trade potential, natural
use in traditional medicine, products, 11, 12t
103–104 Trade Related Aspects of
vitamins of fruit pulp, 92 Intellectual Property
Tanzania, traditional Rights (TRIPS), 539–540
medicine for malaria, 223 Traders, natural products,
Teas. See Herbal teas 24–25
Terminalia avicennioides, Trading sites, traditional
biological activities, 141t medicines, 354, 355f
Tetrapleura tetraptera Traditional medicine
common names and uses, baobab, 74–76
254, 257t biological assays
description, 253 validating, 348
essential oil, 254 plants for malaria in
flavonoids, 254 Madagascar, 221t
photograph, 253f tamarind, 103–104
photograph of fruit, 254f Voacanga africana, 364
schizonticidal activity, 254 See also Joola of Essyl;
triterpenoids, 254 Safety and quality
Thailand, ethnomedical uses "Tree of Life," oil from
of tamarind, 0, 105t kernels of, 4–5
Therapeutic potential, Trichilia
essential oils, 507–508 classification of natural
Threatened abortion, herbal products, 21, 22t
medicine, 38–39 current and potential trade,
Thymelaeceae family, 12t
malaria, 221t Tridax procumbeus,
Thyroidal hormone biological activities, 140t
regulation, Moringa Triglycerides, Moringa
oleifera, 452 oleifera oil, 434, 436t
Toothaches Triterpenoids, Tetrapleura
Essyl-Joola medicine, tetraptera, 254
117t, 119t, 120t, 125t,
128t
592
Trypanosoma species, clinical evidence of
antiplasmodial activities efficacy, 304–305
against, 223 clinical trials, 306–312
Trypanosomiasis, Essyl-Joola constituents of
medicine, 123t, 125t, 128t, Pelargonium sidoides
130t root, herb and EPs®,
Tuberculosis 300t, 301t
extracts of Pelargonium contraindications, 304
sidoides, 302–303 ethnobotany, 296
Umckaloabo as remedy, etymology, 296–297
297–299 history of
Tuberous shrubs, Moringa commercialization, 297–
species, 424 299
Tumors, Amaryllidaceae immunomodulary
family for treating, 160– properties, 303
161, 162 interactions, 304
marketing strategy, 298
mucociliary system effects,
U 303
patent remedy, 296–299
Uganda pharmacology, 301–303
access and benefit-sharing precautions, 304
agreement measures, sickness behavior
542t inhibition, 303
malaria treatment, 220 term, 296–297
Ulcers, herbal medicine, 35, toxicology, 304
36, 37, 39, 44 tuberculosis (TB), 297
Ultimate causes, illness, 330– United Nations Educational,
331 Scientific and Cultural
Umbelliferae family Organization (UNESCO),
chemical constituents of sickle cell disease, 265
plants, 511t United States, global exports,
traditional uses, 516t 19t
Umckaloabo Urethritis, Essyl-Joola
antibacterial properties, medicine, 118t, 119t, 121t,
302–303 125t
antiviral properties, 303 Uterine problems, herbal
botanical identity and medicine, 38–39
habitat, 299
chemistry, 299–300
593
V fermentation, 366
habitat and harvesting, 365
Vaginal infections, Saro isolated alkaloids in
essential oil, 491t Voacanga sp. and organ
Venereal disease, herbal distribution, 371t, 372t
medicine, 38 materials and methods, 365
Verbanaceae family, anti- pharmacological activity of
diabetic activity, 198t, 202t voacanga alkaloids,
Verbenaceae family 374–376
chemical constituents of photograph of fruits, 364f
essential oil, 515t photograph of immature
essential oil plants, 505– seeds, 366f
506 postharvest handling, 369
traditional uses, 521t proposed quality control
Vietnam, ethnomedical uses standards, 369t
of tamarind, 105t seed clusters, whole and
Vitamin C healing, baobab, broken seeds, density
73 and alkaloid content,
Vitamins 368t
baobab fruit pulp, 59 total and insoluble ashes,
baobab leaves, 72 367t, 368–369
baobab milk, 59 traditional uses, 364
Moringa oleifera oil, 436– Voluntary trade standards,
437 natural products, 25
tamarind fruit pulp, 92
tamarind leaves, 100
Voacanga africana W
alkaloids, 368t, 369
alkaloids in Apocynaceae Waste natural materials
family, 373t (WNM), potential use of
biological activities, 143t Moringa oleifera, 459
chemical composition of Watermelon, Africa's
Voacanga species, 370, contribution, 3
371t Weevil, maize, repellent
chemical structures of activity, 509
alkaloids from, 374f White plague, deaths, 297
color, moisture, total ashes Whooping cough, Essyl-
and acid insoluble ashes, Joola medicine, 118t, 132t
367t Wild collection, marketing
description, 363–364 channels, 23
594
Wild geranium, natural
products, 15 Y
Wild harvesting, vs.
cultivation, 349 Yam, Africa's contribution, 3
World exports, natural Yellow fever, Essyl-Joola
products, 10, 11t medicine, 119t, 121t, 123t,
World Health Organization 124t, 131t
(WHO) Yemen, ethnomedical uses of
good agricultural and tamarind, 107t
collection practices Yohimbe, aphrodisiac herb, 4
(GACP), 348, 349, 377
heavy metal
contamination, 354 Z
malaria treatment policies,
234 Zambia
sickle cell disease, 265 antioxidant activity of
World Trade Organization Moringa oleifera, 472,
(WTO), Trade Related 476, 477t
Aspects of Intellectual elemental analysis of M.
Property Rights (TRIPS), oleifera, 473, 478–479,
539–540 480t
Wound healing protein analysis of M.
Aloe species, 178–179 oleifera, 472, 476, 477t
Chromolaena odorata, quality control analysis of
244–245, 256t M. oleifera, 471, 473–
Essyl-Joola medicine, 475
120t, 121t, 122t, 123t, recommended dietary
125t, 126t, 129t, 130t allowances in M.
herbal medicine, 41 oleifera leaf powder,
Moringa oleifera, 444 481t
total phenols analysis of
M. oleifera, 472, 476,
X 477t
See also Moringa oleifera
Ximenia nutritional assessment
classification of natural Zimbabwe
products, 21t access and benefit-sharing
current and potential trade, agreement measures,
12t 542t
poisoning, 357
595
Zingiberaceae family Zingiber officinale. See
chemical constituents of Ginger
essential oils, 515t Zulu people
essential oil plants, 507 bulb decoctions of
plant part substitution, 351 Amaryllidaceae species,
seasonal variation, 350 154–156
traditional uses, 521t cultural beliefs, 331

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medicine, 38–39 fatty acid profile of seeds,

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