The performance of a vehicle is mainly influenced by the

characteristics of its tires.

Tires affect a
Handling,
Traction,
Ride comfort, and
Fuel consumption.
To understand its importance, it is enough to remember
that a vehicle can maneuver only by longitudinal, vertical,
and lateral force systems generated under the tires.
 Definition of rotations about axes

+Y
X-Axis Longitudinal, + = Forward
Y-Axis Lateral, + = right of center
Z-axis Vertical, + = down
+X
+Z
 Wheel
Direction of travel V
torque
Spin axis
X
Rolling Tractive/braking force (Fx)
resistance Y
Z Lateral force (Fy)
Normal
force (Fz)

Wheel Plane- Central plane of tire normal

To the axis of rotation
Wheel Center- intersection of the spin axis and
wheel plane
Center of tire contact- intersection of the wheel plane and
Projection of the spin axis on to the road plane
Three forces
Longitudinal force Fx.

Lateral force Fy

Normal force Fz

Three moments,

Overturning moment Mx.

Rolling resistance
Moment My.

Aligning Moment Mz.

The inward or outward tilt of a tire at the top
Angle of the wheel plane and the vertical
+ve camber corresponds to the top of the leaned outward from the
wheel

, camber angle
 Angle between the direction of wheel heading and the direction of
travel.
+ve slip angle corresponds to the tire moving to the right as it
advances in the forward direction
The steer angle is the angle between the longitudinal axis of the
vehicle and the longitudinal plane of the wheel
x

y Wheel velocity
The tire may be steered and have a slip angle
vehicle longitudinal axis.

wheel plane

velocity of wheel center

Longitudinal Force (Fx)
The component of the tire force vector in x-direction
Driving Force
The longitudinal force resulting from driving torque
application
Braking Force
The negative longitudinal force resulting from braking
torque application
Braking Force Coefficient
The ratio of the braking force to the vertical load
Longitudinal Force (Fx)
Component of force acting on the tire by the road in the plane
of the road and parallel to the intersection of the wheel plane
with the road plane
The force component in the direction of the wheel travel Sine
component of lateral force plus cosine components of the
longitudinal force is called Tractive Force
Y
F
0
y1
Tractive Force=(Fy sin )+(FxCos )
y0 P F
x1
Fx = Fx cos Fy sin x
y
1
1 X
Fy = Fy cos + Fx sin x
0
0
Lateral Force (Fy)
Component of the force acting on the tire by the road in
the plane of road and normal to the intersection of wheel
plane with the road plane
Normal Force ( Fz)
Component of the force on the tire by the road which is
normal to the plane of road.
The normal force is ve in magnitude
The term vertical load is defined as the negative of the
normal force (thus +ve in magnitude)
Overturning Moment (Mx)
Moment acting on the tire by the road in the plane of the road and
parallel to the intersection of wheel plane with the road plane
It is also called the roll moment, the bank moment, or tilting torque,
Rolling Resistance Moment (My)
Moment acting on the tire by the road in the plane of the road and
normal to the intersection of wheel plane with the road plane
It is also called the pitch moment
Aligning Moment (Mz)
Moment acting on the tire by the road which is normal to the plane of
road
It is also called the yaw moment, self aligning moment, or bore
torque.
 Roll Moment

Yaw Moment
Tireprint/ Contact patch