Back Table 3.

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

Human
Development Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)
Index (HDI)

Difference
Overall
Value Value from HDI
loss (%)
rank

HDI rank Country 2021 2021 2021 2021

Very high human development

1 Switzerland 0.962 0.894 7.1 -3
2 Norway 0.961 0.908 5.5 0
3 Iceland 0.959 0.915 4.6 2
4 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.952 0.828 13.0 -19
5 Australia 0.951 0.876 7.9 -6
6 Denmark 0.948 0.898 5.3 3
7 Sweden 0.947 0.885 6.5 0
8 Ireland 0.945 0.886 6.2 2
9 Germany 0.942 0.883 6.3 1
10 Netherlands 0.941 0.878 6.7 1
11 Finland 0.940 0.890 5.3 6
12 Singapore 0.939 0.817 13.0 -15
13 Belgium 0.937 0.874 6.7 1
13 New Zealand 0.937 0.865 7.7 0
15 Canada 0.936 0.860 8.1 1
16 Liechtenstein 0.935 .. .. ..
17 Luxembourg 0.930 0.850 8.6 0
18 United Kingdom 0.929 0.850 8.5 1
19 Japan 0.925 0.850 8.1 2
19 Korea (Republic of) 0.925 0.838 9.4 -3
21 United States 0.921 0.819 11.1 -5
22 Israel 0.919 0.815 11.3 -8
23 Malta 0.918 0.849 7.5 2
23 Slovenia 0.918 0.878 4.4 13
25 Austria 0.916 0.851 7.1 9
26 United Arab Emirates 0.911 .. .. ..
27 Spain 0.905 0.788 12.9 -12
28 France 0.903 0.825 8.6 2
29 Cyprus 0.896 0.819 8.6 2
30 Italy 0.895 0.791 11.6 -7
31 Estonia 0.890 0.829 6.9 7
32 Czechia 0.889 0.850 4.4 14
33 Greece 0.887 0.791 10.8 -4
34 Poland 0.876 0.816 6.8 4
35 Bahrain 0.875 .. .. ..
35 Lithuania 0.875 0.800 8.6 2
35 Saudi Arabia 0.875 .. .. ..
38 Portugal 0.866 0.773 10.7 -4
39 Latvia 0.863 0.792 8.2 2
40 Andorra 0.858 .. .. ..
40 Croatia 0.858 0.797 7.1 4
42 Chile 0.855 0.722 15.6 -8
42 Qatar 0.855 .. .. ..
44 San Marino 0.853 .. .. ..
45 Slovakia 0.848 0.803 5.3 8
46 Hungary 0.846 0.792 6.4 6
47 Argentina 0.842 0.720 14.5 -6
48 Türkiye 0.838 0.717 14.4 -7
49 Montenegro 0.832 0.756 9.1 2
50 Kuwait 0.831 .. .. ..
51 Brunei Darussalam 0.829 .. .. ..
52 Russian Federation 0.822 0.751 8.6 1
53 Romania 0.821 0.733 10.7 1
54 Oman 0.816 0.708 13.2 -7
55 Bahamas 0.812 .. .. ..
56 Kazakhstan 0.811 0.755 6.9 5
57 Trinidad and Tobago 0.810 .. .. ..
58 Costa Rica 0.809 0.664 17.9 -17
58 Uruguay 0.809 0.710 12.2 -3
60 Belarus 0.808 0.765 5.3 10
61 Panama 0.805 0.640 20.5 -19
62 Malaysia 0.803 .. .. ..
63 Georgia 0.802 0.706 12.0 -2
63 Mauritius 0.802 0.666 17.0 -11
63 Serbia 0.802 0.720 10.2 5
66 Thailand 0.800 0.686 14.3 -2
High human development
67 Albania 0.796 0.710 10.8 5
68 Bulgaria 0.795 0.701 11.8 2
68 Grenada 0.795 .. .. ..
70 Barbados 0.790 0.657 16.8 -9
71 Antigua and Barbuda 0.788 .. .. ..
72 Seychelles 0.785 0.661 15.8 -7
73 Sri Lanka 0.782 0.676 13.6 -2
74 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.780 0.677 13.2 0
75 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.777 .. .. ..
76 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0.774 0.686 11.4 5
77 Ukraine 0.773 0.726 6.1 18
78 North Macedonia 0.770 0.686 10.9 7
79 China 0.768 0.651 15.2 -3
80 Dominican Republic 0.767 0.618 19.4 -9
80 Moldova (Republic of) 0.767 0.711 7.3 16
80 Palau 0.767 .. .. ..
83 Cuba 0.764 .. .. ..
84 Peru 0.762 0.635 16.7 -3
85 Armenia 0.759 0.688 9.4 13
 86 Mexico 0.758 0.621 18.1 -3
87 Brazil 0.754 0.576 23.6 -20
88 Colombia 0.752 0.589 21.7 -14
89 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.751 .. .. ..
90 Maldives 0.747 0.594 20.5 -9
91 Algeria 0.745 0.598 19.7 -7
91 Azerbaijan 0.745 0.685 8.1 14
91 Tonga 0.745 0.666 10.6 11
91 Turkmenistan 0.745 0.619 16.9 0
95 Ecuador 0.740 0.604 18.4 0
96 Mongolia 0.739 0.644 12.9 10
97 Egypt 0.731 0.519 29.0 -21
97 Tunisia 0.731 0.588 19.6 -7
99 Fiji 0.730 .. .. ..
99 Suriname 0.730 0.532 27.1 -18
101 Uzbekistan 0.727 .. .. ..
102 Dominica 0.720 .. .. ..
102 Jordan 0.720 0.617 14.3 7
104 Libya 0.718 .. .. ..
105 Paraguay 0.717 0.582 18.8 -6
106 Palestine, State of 0.715 0.584 18.3 -4
106 Saint Lucia 0.715 0.559 21.8 -8
108 Guyana 0.714 0.591 17.2 3
109 South Africa 0.713 0.471 33.9 -22
110 Jamaica 0.709 0.591 16.6 5
111 Samoa 0.707 0.613 13.3 13
112 Gabon 0.706 0.554 21.5 -3
112 Lebanon 0.706 .. .. ..
114 Indonesia 0.705 0.585 17.0 4
115 Viet Nam 0.703 0.602 14.4 14
Medium human development
116 Philippines 0.699 0.574 17.9 2
117 Botswana 0.693 .. .. ..
118 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.692 0.549 20.7 -1
118 Kyrgyzstan 0.692 0.627 9.4 23
120 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0.691 0.592 14.3 14
121 Iraq 0.686 0.554 19.2 4
122 Tajikistan 0.685 0.599 12.6 19
123 Belize 0.683 0.535 21.7 1
123 Morocco 0.683 0.504 26.2 -4
125 El Salvador 0.675 0.548 18.8 5
126 Nicaragua 0.667 0.516 22.6 1
127 Bhutan 0.666 0.471 29.3 -6
128 Cabo Verde 0.662 .. .. ..
129 Bangladesh 0.661 0.503 23.9 0
130 Tuvalu 0.641 0.541 15.6 8
131 Marshall Islands 0.639 .. .. ..
132 India 0.633 0.475 25.0 -2
133 Ghana 0.632 0.458 27.5 -6
134 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.628 .. .. ..
135 Guatemala 0.627 0.460 26.6 -3
136 Kiribati 0.624 0.516 17.3 8
137 Honduras 0.621 0.479 22.9 4
138 Sao Tome and Principe 0.618 0.503 18.6 7
139 Namibia 0.615 0.402 34.6 -10
140 Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.607 0.459 24.4 1
140 Timor-Leste 0.607 0.440 27.5 -3
140 Vanuatu 0.607 .. .. ..
143 Nepal 0.602 0.449 25.4 0
144 Eswatini (Kingdom of) 0.597 0.424 29.0 -3
145 Equatorial Guinea 0.596 .. .. ..
146 Cambodia 0.593 0.479 19.2 11
146 Zimbabwe 0.593 0.458 22.8 4
148 Angola 0.586 0.407 30.5 -2
149 Myanmar 0.585 .. .. ..
150 Syrian Arab Republic 0.577 .. .. ..
151 Cameroon 0.576 0.393 31.8 -6
152 Kenya 0.575 0.426 25.9 3
153 Congo 0.571 0.432 24.3 5
154 Zambia 0.565 0.390 31.0 -4
155 Solomon Islands 0.564 .. .. ..
156 Comoros 0.558 0.310 44.4 -21
156 Papua New Guinea 0.558 0.397 28.9 0
158 Mauritania 0.556 0.389 30.0 -2
159 Côte d'Ivoire 0.550 0.358 34.9 -8
Low human development
160 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.549 0.418 23.9 8
161 Pakistan 0.544 0.380 30.1 0
162 Togo 0.539 0.372 31.0 -1
163 Haiti 0.535 0.327 38.9 -12
163 Nigeria 0.535 0.341 36.3 -7
165 Rwanda 0.534 0.402 24.7 11
166 Benin 0.525 0.334 36.4 -7
166 Uganda 0.525 0.396 24.6 9
168 Lesotho 0.514 0.372 27.6 5
169 Malawi 0.512 0.377 26.4 7
170 Senegal 0.511 0.354 30.7 2
171 Djibouti 0.509 .. .. ..
172 Sudan 0.508 0.336 33.9 -1
173 Madagascar 0.501 0.367 26.7 7
174 Gambia 0.500 0.348 30.4 4
175 Ethiopia 0.498 0.363 27.1 8
176 Eritrea 0.492 .. .. ..
177 Guinea-Bissau 0.483 0.306 36.6 -5
178 Liberia 0.481 0.330 31.4 2
179 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.479 0.341 28.8 7
180 Afghanistan 0.478 .. .. ..
181 Sierra Leone 0.477 0.309 35.2 0
182 Guinea 0.465 0.299 35.7 -4
183 Yemen 0.455 0.307 32.5 1
184 Burkina Faso 0.449 0.315 29.8 5
185 Mozambique 0.446 0.300 32.7 0
186 Mali 0.428 0.291 32.0 -2
187 Burundi 0.426 0.302 29.1 3
188 Central African Republic 0.404 0.240 40.6 -3
189 Niger 0.400 0.292 27.0 2
190 Chad 0.394 0.251 36.3 1
191 South Sudan 0.385 0.245 36.4 1
Other countries or territories
.. Korea (Democratic People's Rep. of) .. .. .. ..
.. Monaco .. .. .. ..
.. Nauru .. .. .. ..
.. Somalia .. .. .. ..

Human development groups

Very high human development 0.896 0.805 10.2 —
High human development 0.754 0.627 16.8 —
Medium human development 0.636 0.481 24.4 —
Low human development 0.518 0.359 30.7 —

Developing countries 0.685 0.538 21.5 —

Regions
Arab States 0.708 0.534 24.6 —
East Asia and the Pacific 0.749 0.630 15.9 —
Europe and Central Asia 0.796 0.714 10.3 —
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.754 0.601 20.3 —
South Asia 0.632 0.476 24.7 —
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.547 0.383 30.0 —

Least developed countries 0.540 0.390 27.8 —

Small island developing states 0.730 0.557 23.7 —

Organisation for Economic Co-op 0.899 0.800 11.0 —

World 0.732 0.590 19.4 —

Notes
a. See https://hdr.undp.org/inequality-adjusted-human-development-index for the list of surveys used to es
b. Based on countries for which an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index value is calculated.
c. Calculated by HDRO based on data from period life tables from UNDESA (2022a).
d. Data refer to 2021 or the most recent year available.
e. Data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified.
f. Refers to 2020.
g. Refers to 2009.
h. Refers to 2008.
Definitions
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dim
Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI): HDI value adjusted for inequalities in the three basic dimensions of huma
Overall loss: Percentage difference between the IHDI value and the HDI value.
Difference from HDI rank: Difference in ranks on the IHDI and the HDI, calculated only for countries for w
Coefficient of human inequality: Average inequality in the three basic dimensions of human developme
Inequality in life expectancy: Inequality in distribution of expected length of life based on data from life ta
Inequality-adjusted life expectancy index: HDI life expectancy index value adjusted for inequality in dis
Inequality in education: Inequality in distribution of years of schooling based on data from household sur
Inequality-adjusted education index: HDI education index value adjusted for inequality in distribution of
Inequality in income: Inequality in income distribution based on data from household surveys estimated
Inequality-adjusted income index: HDI income index value adjusted for inequality in income distribution
Income shares: Percentage share of income (or consumption) that accrues to the indicated population su
Income share held by richest 1%: Share of pretax national income held by the richest 1 percent of the p
Gini coefficient: Measure of the deviation of the distribution of income among individuals or households i

Main data sources

Column 1: HDRO calculations based on data from Barro and Lee (2018), IMF (2022), UNDESA (2022a), U
Column 2: Calculated as the geometric mean of the values in the inequality-adjusted life expectancy index
Column 3: Calculated based on data in columns 1 and 2.
Column 4: Calculated based on IHDI values and recalculated HDI ranks for countries for which an IHDI va
Column 5: Calculated as the arithmetic mean of the values in inequality in life expectancy, inequality in ed
Column 6: Calculated based on complete life tables from UNDESA (2022a).
Column 7: Calculated based on inequality in life expectancy and the HDI life expectancy index.
Columns 8 and 10: Calculated based on data from the Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies an
Column 9: Calculated based on inequality in education and the HDI education index.
Column 11: Calculated based on inequality in income and the HDI income index.
Columns 12, 13 and 15: World Bank (2022).
Column 14: World Inequality Database (2022).
 Inequality- Inequality-
Coefficient of Inequality
adjusted life Inequality in a adjusted Inequality
human in life a
expectancy education education in income
inequality expectancy
index index

b
(%) Value (%) Value (%)

2021 2021 c
2021 2021 d
2021 2021 d

6.9 3.1 0.954 2.0 0.902 15.6

5.4 2.5 0.948 2.3 0.912 11.4
4.6 2.0 0.945 2.2 0.938 9.5
12.4 2.1 0.979 9.7 0.802 25.6
7.6 2.7 0.966 3.1 0.896 17.1
5.2 3.0 0.916 2.5 0.909 10.1
6.4 2.6 0.944 3.9 0.885 12.8
6.2 2.8 0.927 3.4 0.856 12.3
6.2 3.4 0.901 2.7 0.917 12.5
6.7 3.3 0.917 4.9 0.875 11.9
5.2 2.8 0.928 2.4 0.907 10.5
12.4 2.3 0.944 10.0 0.771 25.0
6.6 3.6 0.918 5.9 0.859 10.3
7.5 4.2 0.921 1.8 0.914 16.4
7.9 4.1 0.924 2.5 0.893 17.1
.. 4.7 0.927 .. .. ..
8.4 3.9 0.926 4.7 0.794 16.7
8.2 3.9 0.898 2.8 0.901 18.0
7.9 2.5 0.972 4.5 0.829 16.7
9.3 2.8 0.952 8.8 0.799 16.1
10.6 5.9 0.828 2.7 0.883 23.2
10.9 3.2 0.927 6.3 0.835 23.1
7.4 3.2 0.950 5.2 0.829 13.9
4.4 2.7 0.908 2.1 0.898 8.3
6.9 3.3 0.917 2.5 0.832 14.9
.. 4.5 0.862 12.6 0.751 ..
12.6 2.9 0.941 15.7 0.717 19.3
8.5 3.8 0.925 7.7 0.762 13.9
8.4 2.6 0.917 9.5 0.768 13.0
11.2 2.7 0.940 10.1 0.727 20.9
6.6 2.9 0.853 2.0 0.876 15.0
4.4 3.1 0.860 1.3 0.868 8.8
10.7 3.6 0.891 11.7 0.777 16.6
6.8 3.9 0.834 4.5 0.845 12.1
.. 4.5 0.863 12.6 0.718 ..
8.3 4.3 0.791 3.6 0.870 17.1
.. 5.1 0.831 18.1 0.676 ..
10.6 3.2 0.909 13.1 0.685 15.5
8.0 4.2 0.790 2.2 0.872 17.5
.. 5.3 0.880 10.0 0.649 ..
7.0 3.8 0.853 4.2 0.791 13.0
15.0 4.9 0.862 11.7 0.732 28.3
.. 3.9 0.877 11.2 0.607 ..
.. 2.8 0.910 5.6 0.662 ..
5.2 4.7 0.805 1.7 0.819 9.1
6.4 4.0 0.806 2.9 0.802 12.3
13.8 7.6 0.787 5.8 0.818 28.1
14.2 5.9 0.811 13.6 0.680 23.1
9.0 2.3 0.847 7.8 0.760 16.9
.. 5.6 0.853 22.1 0.522 ..
.. 7.5 0.778 .. .. ..
8.4 5.5 0.718 2.0 0.846 17.6
10.4 4.9 0.793 5.4 0.729 20.9
13.0 7.1 0.751 11.9 0.698 20.1
.. 8.7 0.724 6.9 0.726 ..
6.9 7.3 0.704 3.2 0.823 10.3
.. 10.9 0.726 .. .. ..
17.0 5.9 0.826 11.6 0.666 33.4
11.8 5.4 0.807 6.5 0.717 23.5
5.3 3.3 0.780 2.8 0.803 9.6
19.6 10.9 0.771 11.4 0.633 36.6
.. 6.0 0.794 12.1 0.638 ..
11.4 6.6 0.743 2.8 0.836 24.9
16.9 10.6 0.736 21.9 0.601 18.2
9.9 4.1 0.799 7.2 0.723 18.5
14.2 6.9 0.841 16.8 0.608 18.8

10.8 6.8 0.810 12.3 0.682 13.2

11.4 5.2 0.756 5.9 0.721 23.0
.. 9.6 0.764 .. .. ..
15.7 8.0 0.815 5.5 0.722 33.6
.. 4.7 0.857 .. .. ..
15.1 9.4 0.715 6.7 0.681 29.3
13.2 5.2 0.823 12.0 0.663 22.4
13.0 4.0 0.817 14.8 0.626 20.2
.. 8.0 0.732 .. .. ..
11.1 8.5 0.758 5.0 0.723 19.7
6.0 5.8 0.748 3.6 0.758 8.5
10.6 4.4 0.792 8.4 0.659 19.2
14.8 5.3 0.848 11.7 0.573 27.4
19.4 17.6 0.667 15.0 0.605 25.6
7.3 8.9 0.685 2.6 0.775 10.4
.. 12.5 0.620 2.2 0.836 ..
.. 4.6 0.788 9.1 0.743 ..
16.4 8.6 0.736 14.3 0.649 26.3
9.1 7.0 0.744 2.9 0.720 17.4
17.6 9.5 0.699 13.5 0.623 29.8
22.3 10.0 0.730 15.7 0.594 41.3
20.6 9.4 0.737 14.6 0.595 37.7
.. 9.1 0.694 9.2 0.698 ..
19.8 4.1 0.884 29.3 0.421 25.8
19.1 12.4 0.760 33.3 0.451 11.5
7.9 11.3 0.673 3.6 0.700 8.9
10.4 8.7 0.716 4.3 0.790 18.2
16.4 20.0 0.607 2.9 0.720 26.2
17.8 8.9 0.752 13.4 0.606 31.1
12.7 9.3 0.711 11.9 0.643 16.9
28.0 10.7 0.690 36.9 0.443 36.5
19.2 10.0 0.745 30.7 0.469 16.9
.. 15.2 0.614 2.6 0.753 ..
25.3 11.0 0.688 18.4 0.562 46.7
.. 8.5 0.716 0.6 0.739 ..
.. 9.0 0.740 .. .. ..
14.2 9.3 0.757 15.4 0.545 17.9
.. 7.8 0.736 .. .. ..
18.3 11.4 0.685 13.2 0.570 30.4
17.6 10.2 0.738 11.0 0.625 31.6
21.3 9.3 0.713 27.3 0.467 27.4
17.1 15.8 0.592 10.4 0.568 25.1
31.1 18.9 0.529 17.3 0.627 57.0
15.7 8.7 0.709 6.5 0.633 32.0
13.1 10.4 0.727 7.0 0.674 21.9
21.5 19.7 0.566 23.5 0.517 21.2
.. 5.6 0.800 6.2 0.567 ..
16.9 13.2 0.635 17.3 0.552 20.1
14.3 13.1 0.717 15.3 0.541 14.6

17.5 14.4 0.649 10.1 0.597 28.1

.. 21.6 0.496 23.3 0.526 ..
20.5 18.0 0.550 16.5 0.620 26.9
9.2 10.5 0.688 3.4 0.721 13.8
14.2 12.8 0.678 8.7 0.663 21.0
18.8 14.0 0.667 29.7 0.421 12.7
12.3 16.5 0.663 6.0 0.659 14.5
20.7 9.2 0.705 14.8 0.559 37.9
25.1 10.9 0.741 41.9 0.343 22.5
18.6 9.5 0.706 23.8 0.450 22.5
22.1 9.9 0.747 25.8 0.437 30.7
27.7 14.9 0.678 48.2 0.279 20.0
.. 8.8 0.758 27.4 0.405 ..
23.1 15.5 0.681 37.3 0.371 16.6
15.5 14.4 0.587 9.2 0.557 22.9
.. 17.5 0.575 4.8 0.616 ..
24.4 16.9 0.604 36.9 0.348 19.4
27.3 22.8 0.520 35.1 0.397 24.1
 .. 13.9 0.672 .. .. 26.4
26.1 13.9 0.652 35.0 0.314 29.6
17.2 22.5 0.566 9.6 0.537 19.4
22.2 10.1 0.693 21.6 0.406 34.9
18.4 10.4 0.656 18.7 0.470 26.2
32.8 19.9 0.484 25.0 0.428 53.6
24.2 20.6 0.587 31.3 0.316 20.6
26.2 20.2 0.586 44.9 0.293 13.6
.. 14.0 0.667 .. .. 19.7
24.3 15.5 0.630 41.1 0.311 16.3
28.6 23.8 0.435 24.1 0.431 37.9
.. 30.1 0.437 .. .. ..
19.0 15.4 0.646 27.3 0.355 14.3
22.5 24.0 0.459 14.6 0.535 28.8
30.4 28.2 0.460 34.2 0.341 28.9
.. 21.2 0.554 26.9 0.377 ..
.. 13.0 0.697 .. .. ..
31.7 28.5 0.444 31.7 0.389 35.0
25.7 21.0 0.503 22.9 0.400 33.1
24.3 21.0 0.529 20.9 0.433 31.0
30.1 25.1 0.475 20.4 0.432 44.8
.. 12.1 0.681 .. .. ..
43.1 25.6 0.497 47.6 0.262 56.0
28.5 20.9 0.552 35.7 0.287 28.9
29.0 25.7 0.507 44.0 0.238 17.3
34.3 30.4 0.414 45.6 0.256 27.0

23.7 21.7 0.556 27.0 0.342 22.4

29.2 26.9 0.518 43.5 0.221 17.2
30.8 27.7 0.463 37.7 0.328 26.9
38.1 26.6 0.488 37.3 0.285 50.4
36.0 39.6 0.304 40.4 0.310 28.1
24.6 19.4 0.571 27.4 0.334 27.2
36.1 32.7 0.413 43.7 0.249 32.0
24.4 20.4 0.523 27.9 0.341 24.9
27.4 33.0 0.341 19.6 0.430 29.6
26.3 19.7 0.530 28.0 0.361 31.3
29.5 18.1 0.593 47.1 0.183 23.4
.. 25.7 0.484 .. .. 27.7
33.5 25.0 0.522 42.5 0.200 33.0
26.9 23.7 0.522 29.3 0.320 27.6
29.3 23.3 0.496 47.0 0.221 17.5
26.0 23.1 0.532 42.8 0.214 12.1
.. 20.3 0.571 .. .. ..
36.5 29.5 0.430 42.1 0.240 37.9
30.7 30.1 0.438 42.1 0.266 19.7
28.7 31.7 0.412 26.8 0.371 27.6
.. 26.2 0.477 45.4 0.210 ..
34.2 35.1 0.400 47.5 0.220 19.9
 34.3 35.1 0.389 50.1 0.172 17.8
31.5 26.7 0.493 46.1 0.194 21.8
29.3 31.4 0.415 39.2 0.197 17.3
32.4 28.3 0.434 40.5 0.232 28.4
31.1 32.8 0.403 43.9 0.159 16.6
28.7 25.6 0.477 39.5 0.243 20.9
40.1 36.0 0.334 35.2 0.238 49.2
26.7 28.7 0.456 35.0 0.172 16.4
36.0 38.6 0.307 42.9 0.176 26.5
36.3 37.0 0.339 39.6 0.208 32.3

.. 11.0 0.730 .. .. ..
.. 3.4 0.966 .. .. ..
.. 13.5 0.581 .. .. ..
.. 38.3 0.335 .. .. 24.4

9.9 4.7 0.858 6.3 0.814 18.8

16.5 8.0 0.774 13.9 0.579 27.5
24.0 17.3 0.604 33.6 0.372 21.0
30.3 28.9 0.452 38.9 0.260 23.1

21.4 14.9 0.653 25.0 0.445 24.2

24.2 14.1 0.672 33.1 0.408 25.3

15.5 7.9 0.788 13.4 0.559 25.4
10.3 7.3 0.754 7.0 0.726 16.5
19.6 10.1 0.721 14.8 0.605 33.9
24.3 17.6 0.606 36.2 0.347 18.9
29.9 28.3 0.442 34.3 0.319 27.1

27.6 24.2 0.516 36.1 0.292 22.5

23.3 15.0 0.658 22.1 0.505 32.9

10.6 4.9 0.863 6.7 0.808 20.4

19.4 13.2 0.686 21.7 0.503 23.2

ist of surveys used to estimate inequalities.

value is calculated.
 ement in three basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. S
asic dimensions of human development. See Technical note 2 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes

d only for countries for which an IHDI value is calculated.

ns of human development.
ased on data from life tables estimated using the Atkinson inequality index.
sted for inequality in distribution of expected length of life based on data from life tables listed in Main data sources.
data from household surveys estimated using the Atkinson inequality index.
quality in distribution of years of schooling based on data from household surveys listed in Main data sources.
hold surveys estimated using the Atkinson inequality index.
y in income distribution based on data from household surveys listed in Main data sources.
indicated population subgroups.
chest 1 percent of the population. Pretax national income is the sum of all pretax personal income flows accruing to the owners
ividuals or households in a country from a perfectly equal distribution. A value of 0 represents absolute equality, a value of 100

22), UNDESA (2022a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2022), United Nations Statistics Division (2022) and World Bank (2022)
ed life expectancy index, inequality-adjusted education index and inequality-adjusted income index using the methodology in Te

es for which an IHDI value is calculated.

ectancy, inequality in education and inequality in income using the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hdr.undp

ctancy index.
or and Social Studies and the World Bank’s Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean; Eurostat’s Europe
 SDG10.1

Inequality-
adjusted
Income shares held by (%)
income
index
Poorest Richest Gini
Richest
Value 40 10 coefficien
1 percent
percent percent t
2010- 2010-
2021 e e
2021 2010-2021 e
2021 2021

0.830 19.9 25.8 11.5 33.1

0.866 22.9 22.4 8.9 27.7
0.864 23.9 22.1 8.8 26.1
0.724 .. .. 17.9 ..
0.776 19.5 26.6 11.3 34.3
0.870 23.5 23.5 12.9 27.7
0.830 21.9 22.7 10.5 29.3
0.877 21.8 25.1 11.8 30.6
0.833 20.8 25.1 12.8 31.7
0.842 22.3 23.9 6.9 29.2
0.839 23.1 23.0 10.9 27.7
0.750 .. .. 14.2 ..
0.848 23.2 22.3 8.6 27.2
0.768 .. .. 11.9 ..
0.770 19.5 25.3 13.9 33.3
.. .. .. .. ..
0.833 19.1 25.8 10.4 34.2
0.758 18.6 26.7 12.7 35.1
0.761 20.5 26.4 13.1 32.9
0.773 20.5 24.0 14.7 31.4
0.751 15.3 30.8 19.1 41.5
0.700 16.1 27.6 16.6 38.6
0.776 21.2 24.8 9.1 31.0
0.829 24.8 20.7 8.0 24.4
0.808 21.2 23.2 10.1 30.2
.. 23.0 20.0 15.8 26.0
0.725 18.5 24.9 12.4 34.3
0.797 20.9 26.7 9.8 32.4
0.781 21.3 25.5 11.5 31.2
0.724 18.3 25.9 8.7 35.2
0.763 21.0 23.3 11.8 30.8
0.821 24.6 21.5 10.0 25.3
0.714 19.6 24.9 10.8 33.1
0.770 21.5 24.0 14.9 30.2
.. .. .. 25.1 ..
0.744 19.0 27.5 11.0 35.3
.. .. .. 21.0 ..
0.741 20.4 26.0 9.6 32.8
0.722 19.3 26.6 9.1 34.5
.. .. .. .. ..
0.751 21.7 22.2 10.2 28.9
0.596 15.0 35.8 27.1 44.9
.. .. .. 23.6 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0.787 24.9 18.8 7.0 23.2
0.767 21.4 23.3 12.3 30.0
0.580 14.3 30.3 21.7 42.3
0.667 15.5 31.6 18.8 41.9
0.670 16.8 26.0 9.7 36.8
.. .. .. 19.4 ..
.. .. .. 13.6 ..
0.697 19.1 29.0 21.0 36.0
0.682 17.8 24.5 14.4 34.8
0.676 .. .. 19.6 ..
.. .. .. 20.8 ..
0.742 23.3 23.4 15.4 27.8
.. .. .. 20.8 ..
0.533 12.1 37.0 19.1 49.3
0.619 16.0 29.9 14.7 40.2
0.715 24.8 20.7 9.9 24.4
0.536 11.7 38.0 20.8 49.8
.. 15.9 31.3 14.9 41.1
0.566 19.0 26.2 21.1 34.5
0.667 18.8 29.9 15.9 36.8
0.647 18.9 26.0 10.9 34.5
0.630 19.0 27.0 17.8 35.0

0.649 21.0 23.8 8.9 30.8

0.633 16.7 31.4 18.3 40.3
.. .. .. .. ..
0.483 .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0.593 19.6 23.9 20.6 32.1
0.567 17.9 32.6 20.6 39.3
0.606 19.8 25.1 8.9 33.0
.. .. .. .. ..
0.590 16.3 31.7 18.2 40.9
0.675 24.3 21.8 9.5 25.6
0.619 18.5 23.0 6.5 33.0
0.567 17.4 29.5 14.0 38.2
0.583 16.9 30.5 20.8 39.6
0.677 24.1 22.0 9.8 26.0
.. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 16.7 ..
0.535 14.4 32.9 21.2 43.8
0.609 24.5 21.5 15.4 25.2
0.550 14.3 35.5 28.4 45.4
0.440 13.2 39.4 25.7 48.9
0.468 10.2 42.2 19.9 54.2
.. .. .. .. ..
0.565 22.1 23.3 13.3 29.3
0.626 23.1 22.9 9.9 27.6
0.683 .. .. 14.3 ..
0.522 18.2 29.7 .. 37.6
0.543 .. .. 19.9 ..
0.483 13.0 36.0 13.7 47.3
0.585 20.2 25.7 16.5 32.7
0.457 21.8 26.9 19.9 31.5
0.581 20.1 25.6 10.9 32.8
.. 21.3 24.2 .. 30.7
0.390 .. .. 20.8 ..
.. .. .. 16.9 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
0.570 20.3 27.5 17.5 33.7
.. .. .. 13.6 ..
0.506 14.9 33.3 20.8 43.5
0.432 19.2 25.2 17.9 33.7
0.525 11.0 38.6 .. 51.2
0.613 .. .. 20.8 ..
0.316 7.2 50.5 21.9 63.0
0.461 .. .. 20.8 ..
0.469 17.9 31.3 .. 38.7
0.583 16.8 27.7 11.0 38.0
.. 20.6 24.8 21.0 31.8
0.572 18.1 29.6 18.3 37.3
0.563 18.6 27.5 16.2 35.7

0.488 16.1 33.5 16.9 42.3

.. 10.9 41.5 22.7 53.3
0.486 14.5 32.6 20.8 43.6
0.497 22.5 24.0 18.4 29.0
0.462 .. .. 20.8 f
..
0.607 21.9 23.7 20.7 29.5
0.493 19.4 26.4 14.9 34.0
0.389 .. .. 20.8 ..
0.502 17.4 31.9 15.1 39.5
0.517 17.1 29.8 14.5 38.8
0.422 14.3 37.2 20.8 46.2
0.550 17.5 27.9 14.2 37.4
.. 15.4 32.3 13.9 42.4
0.504 21.0 26.8 16.3 32.4
0.483 17.4 30.8 .. 39.1
.. 18.9 27.5 .. 35.5
0.510 19.8 30.1 21.7 35.7
0.464 14.3 32.2 15.2 43.5
0.401 16.2 29.7 .. 40.1
0.475 13.1 38.1 20.8 48.3
0.451 23.0 22.9 .. 27.8
0.390 11.6 34.6 20.8 48.2
0.412 16.8 32.9 9.0 40.7
0.313 8.6 47.3 21.6 59.1
0.521 17.8 31.2 20.1 38.8
0.496 22.8 24.0 15.7 28.7
0.416 19.9 24.7 .. 32.3
0.462 20.4 26.4 13.9 32.8
0.407 10.5 42.7 19.3 54.6
.. .. .. 17.6 ..
0.480 .. .. 18.6 ..
0.392 15.1 34.8 21.1 50.3
0.430 11.5 39.6 26.0 51.3
.. 21.9 25.5 17.1 30.7
.. .. .. 21.2 ..
0.352 13.0 35.0 15.9 46.6
0.384 16.5 31.6 15.2 40.8
0.351 12.4 37.9 20.5 48.9
0.289 8.9 44.4 23.2 57.1
.. 18.4 29.2 .. 37.1
0.229 13.6 33.7 14.2 45.3
0.396 15.1 g
31.0 g
16.7 41.9 g

0.490 19.9 24.9 10.8 32.6

0.436 18.0 29.0 21.0 37.2

0.385 17.4 33.1 18.2 40.5

0.479 22.7 25.5 16.8 29.6
0.340 15.7 32.9 13.9 42.4
0.251 15.8 31.2 20.8 41.1
0.421 18.7 26.7 11.6 35.1
0.340 15.8 35.6 19.9 43.7
0.363 18.1 29.9 17.5 37.8
0.350 16.1 34.5 17.1 42.7
0.351 13.5 32.9 14.5 44.9
0.279 17.9 31.0 28.0 38.5
0.406 18.0 30.5 13.2 38.1
0.428 15.8 32.3 15.9 41.6
0.362 19.9 27.8 15.4 34.2
0.295 15.7 33.5 15.2 42.6
0.384 19.0 28.7 13.6 35.9
0.420 19.4 28.5 13.8 35.0
.. .. .. 13.8 ..
0.277 19.4 27.6 17.1 34.8
0.310 18.8 27.1 12.2 35.3
0.260 15.5 32.0 14.6 42.1
.. .. .. 15.3 ..
0.337 19.6 29.4 15.0 35.7
0.399 21.6 23.1 12.5 29.6
0.304 18.8 29.4 24.7 36.7
0.381 14.1 37.5 14.6 47.3
0.269 11.8 45.5 31.1 54.0
0.386 18.7 28.2 9.7 36.1
0.238 17.9 31.0 14.7 38.6
0.174 10.3 h
46.2 h
31.0 56.2 h

0.318 19.0 31.1 11.6 37.3

0.290 18.2 29.7 15.7 37.5
0.209 12.5 g
33.2 g
15.5 44.1

.. .. .. 14.8 ..
.. .. .. .. ..
.. 19.4 27.3 .. 34.8
0.265 .. .. 12.4 36.8

0.746 18.4 27.6 15.8 —

0.550 17.0 31.0 16.8 —
0.496 19.0 30.3 20.3 —
0.395 18.6 29.5 15.8 —

0.535 18.0 30.4 17.9 —

0.553 20.8 26.6 17.9 —

0.569 17.6 29.5 15.1 —
0.664 19.7 26.7 15.3 —
0.497 13.6 36.7 23.7 —
0.511 20.1 29.3 20.3 —
0.397 16.2 32.6 16.2 —

0.393 17.9 30.9 16.9 —

0.519 .. .. 18.3 —

0.735 17.7 28.8 16.2 —

0.594 18.1 29.9 17.4 —

cent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf for details on
dr2022_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the IHDI is calculated.

ata sources.

s accruing to the owners of the production factors, labour and capital before the tax/transfer system is taken into account and a
equality, a value of 100 absolute inequality.

and World Bank (2022).

ng the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf).

ailable at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf).

bean; Eurostat’s European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys; the
 ical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated.

m is taken into account and after the pension system is taken into account.

technical_notes.pdf).

phic and Health Surveys; the Luxembourg Income Study database; United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster S
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; the
n Institute for Statistics; the World Bank’s International Income Distribution Database; and the World Income Inequality Databas
Income Inequality Database using the methodology in Technical note 2 (available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr20
org/sites/default/files/hdr2022_technical_notes.pdf).
Back
Statistical references
Note: Statistical references relate to statistical mate­rial presented in this Statistical Annex and in the full set of statistical tables posted at h

Barro, R. J., and J.‑W. Lee. 2018. Dataset of Education­al Attainment, June 2018 Revision. http://www.barrolee.com. Accessed 7 April 2022
CEDLAS (Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies) and World Bank. 2022. Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Ca
Accessed 7 April 2022.
Eurostat. 2021. European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. EUSILC UDB 2021 – version of November 2021. Brussels. h
living-conditions. Accessed 8 February 2022.
Global Carbon Project. 2022. Global Carbon Atlas. https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/. Accessed 23 June 2022.
ICF Macro. Various years. Demographic and Health Surveys. https://dhsprogram.com. Accessed 6 May 2022.
ILO (International Labour Organization). 2022. ILO­STAT database. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/. Accessed 14 April 2022.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2021. World Eco­nomic Outlook database. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WE

IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2022. World Eco­nomic Outlook database. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WE
IPU (Inter‑Parliamentary Union). 2022. Parline da­tabase: Monthly ranking of women in national parlia­ments. https://data.ipu.org/women
LIS (Luxembourg Income Study). 2022. Luxembourg Income Study Project. https://www.lisdatacenter.org/data-access. Accessed 31 March
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development). 2022. OECD.Stat. https://stats.oecd.org/. Accessed 7 April 2022.
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2019. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. Rev 1. New Y
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2022a. World Population Pros­pects: The 2022 Revision. New York.
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2022b. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2022. https://www
2022/. Accessed 4 May 2022.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2022. World Environment Situation Room, Data down­loader. https://wesr.unep.org/do
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Institute for Statistics. 2022. UIS Developer Portal, Bulk Data
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). Various years. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. New York. http://mics.unicef.org. Accessed 11
United Nations Statistics Division. 2022. National Accounts Main Aggregates Database. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama. Accessed 27

WHO (World Health Organization), UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), World Bank Gro
2017: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organiza­ti

World Bank. 2021. World Development Indicators da­tabase. Washington, DC. http://data.worldbank.org. Accessed 8 July 2021.
World Bank. 2022. World Development Indicators da­tabase. Washington, DC. http://data.worldbank.org. Accessed 28 April 2022.
World Inequality Database. 2022. World Inequality Database. http://wid.world. Accessed 6 July 2022.