A Strategic Approach of Energy Efficiency and

Conservation: A study geared towards the efficient

utilization of Energy using LED lights in Metro Dumaguete
College

Jeffstel Randy G. Onde

Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology

INTRODUCTION

Energy conservation and management play a vital role in reducing energy

consumption and electrical cost for businesses and keeping the environment healthy.
Energy conservation stimulates the economy, save money for businesses and promotes
a healthier environment. Over the past 40 years, the Philippines already passed a law
urging businesses to voluntarily conserve energy. However, the law lacks teeth. That
law only aims to promote energy conservation by avoiding the use of “unnecessary and
excessive lighting”.

Going beyond the cited law, it is imperative that light sources should be carefully
considered. There are varieties of light sources that are available in the market with
good parameters and durability. But most Filipino businesses and other institutions use
the compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) for lighting which cause them high energy
consumption. With the new lighting technologies, it is very evident that energy
consumption is reduced.

The invention of light emitting diodes (LEDs) marked a milestone in providing

brighter light with lower energy consumption. Light – emitting diodes (LEDs) have
progressively penetrated the consumer market in lighting homes and business
establishments and other institutions. LEDs are potentially excellent light emitters
which save energy, reduce greenhouse gas emission, and are commonly used by
individual consumers for domestic lighting.

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 Light bulbs that use LED technology do not only bring down the electrical cost
but are also environment friendly. LED bulbs consume less power per unit (lumen) of
light emitted and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, perceived
carbon dioxide emissions from LEDs are low compared to compact fluorescent lights
which also contain hazardous mercury. Emission of enormous amount of carbon dioxide
by compact fluorescent lights contributes to global warming.

Section 2 of Republic Act No. 11285, otherwise known as the Energy Efficiency
and Conservation Act, states this provision: “Promote and encourage the development
and utilization of efficient renewable energy technologies and systems to ensure optimal
use and sustainability of the country's energy resources”. In compliance with Section 26
of the act, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) shall, in
collaboration with the DOE, CHED, DOST, and other training and service institutions,
develop training regulations for the certifications of energy managers and energy
efficiency and conservation officers. It shall ensure the promotion of energy efficiency
practices and renewable technologies through its Technical-Vocational Education and
Training Programs. TESDA shall implement skills training, assessment, and certification
programs for mechanics, technicians, installers, and operators of energy efficient, as
well as renewable energy systems.

The training and assessment institutions accredited by Technical Education and

Skills Development Authority (TESDA) are also mandated to adopt the Energy Efficiency
and Conservation Act. Replacing compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) with light –
emitting diodes (LEDs), will reduce energy consumption, electrical cost and greenhouse
gas emission will be reduced. Thus, a strategic approach to energy efficiency and
conservation was planned to be materialized. In view of the foregoing, this study
proposes the efficient utilization of energy using LED lights in Metro Dumaguete
College.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The current lighting system of Metro Dumaguete College is using the compact
fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L), with large amount of energy consumption, higher
electrical cost and substantial greenhouse gas emission. Thus, a strategic approach to
energy efficiency and conservation using LED lights in Metro Dumaguete College will be
developed.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference between light - emitting diodes (LEDs)and compact

fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/Ls) when used as lighting source in terms of:
1.1 Floor Area;
1.2 Cost;
a) Engineering Cost;
b) Material Cost;
c) Installation Cost; and
1.3 Energy Consumption
2. What are the significant difference environmental effects between light -
emitting diodes (LEDs) and compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/Ls) when
used as lighting source in terms of:
2.1 Components;
2.2 Mercury Contents;
2.3 Greenhouse Gas Emission; and
2.4 End-Use Waste Disposal
3. What recommendations may be suggested based on the findings?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will provide information on the strategic approach to energy efficiency
and conservation using LED lights in Metro Dumaguete College as basis for changing or

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transitioning the lighting system from compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/Ls) to light –
emitting diodes (LEDs). The significance of the study lies in the following points:

MDC Management. The result of the study will provide a bigger picture to the
management on efficient utilization and conservation of energy. On the other hand,
changing or transitioning the lighting source from compact fluorescent bulb/lamp
(CFB/Ls) to light – emitting diodes (LEDs) will reduce the energy consumption, electrical
cost and greenhouse gas emission.

Researchers. This study is will help the researchers understand the benefits and
importance of changing or transitioning the lighting source from Compact Fluorescent
Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) to Light – Emitting Diodes (LED. The researchers will be able to
come up with a conclusion and recommendation that will help Metro Dumaguete
College reduce energy consumption and electrical cost.

Environment. This study will help reduce the environmental effects of the
components of compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/Ls) to light – emitting diodes
(LEDs) considering that its mercury content contributes to the global warming
phenomenon. The researchers will be able to give recommendation the proper waste
disposal.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study will determine the strategic approach of energy efficiency and
conservation that will gear towards the efficient utilization of energy using LED lights in
Metro Dumaguete College. The study focuses only on the 400 square meters more or
less.

The study will account the difference between Light - Emitting Diodes (LED) and
Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) when used as lighting source in terms of: (1)
Floor Area, (2) Cost and (3) Energy Consumption. This study also enables the
researchers to identify the Environmental effects between Light - Emitting Diodes (LED)
and Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) when used as lighting source in terms of:

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(1) Components, (2) Mercury Components and (3) End use waste disposal. Likewise,
the study limits only to the Administrative Building of Metro Dumaguete College.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Energy Conservation - refers to the reduction of losses or wastage in various energy

stages from energy production to energy consumption through the adoption of
appropriate measures which may, among others be, technologically feasible,
economically sound, environmentally-friendly, or socially affordable;

Energy Efficiency - refers to the way of managing or restraining the increase in energy
consumption resulting in the delivery of more services for the same energy input or the
same services for less energy input;

Energy Management - refers to the process of designing and/or implementing an

optimal program of purchasing, generating, and consuming various types of energy
based on the end user's overall short-term and long-term management program, with
due consideration of factors including costs, availability, economics, and environmental
impact;

Specific Energy Consumption - refers to the energy consumption volume required per
unit, such as production volume, sales amount, transportation kilometer, transportation
tonne-kilometer, floor space, and such other indicators relevant to energy consumption.

METHODOLOGY

This part of the study employed different techniques, strategies and procedures
to identify, select, process and analyze information being gathered on the strategic
approach to energy efficiency and conservation using light – emitting diodes (LEDs) in
Metro Dumaguete College.

This section also presents the research design, research respondents and the
environment where the research study is conducted, the research tool used to gather
information, data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data.

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Research Design

The researcher used the descriptive method of research to look into a strategic
approach to energy efficiency and conservation using LED lights in Metro Dumaguete
College as basis for changing or transitioning the lighting source from compact
fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) to light – emitting diodes (LEDs). Descriptive research
presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting or relationship. Its
major purpose it to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon (Almeida, et
al., 2016).

Research Respondents

The respondents of study are the employees of Metro Dumaguete College. The
respondents of the study were randomly selected. Researchers shall chose the
respondents based on the number of samples needed. The researchers selected from
the 15 employees of Metro Dumaguete College, 1 project electrical engineers/
electricians and at least 3 potential suppliers of the material within the area as the
target respondents of the study.

Slovin’s Formula. The samples were determined using the Slovin’s formula with
95%confidence level and a 5% margin of error (0.05). The Slovin’s formula is n = N /
(1+N*e2) where n = Number of samples, N = Total Population and e = Error (Margin
of Error)

Formula: n = N / (1+N*e2)

Research Environment

This study was conducted in the Administrative Building of Metro Dumaguete

College located at E.j Blanco Drive Extension, Barangay Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros
Oriental, 6200.

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Research Instrument

The research tool of the study is a semi-structured interview with standardized

questions. The researchers designed an instrument which was subjected to validation
process. This is to ensure that they match up to meet the desired purpose.

The questionnaire is composed of three (3) parts. These 3 parts were designed
by the researchers aiming to capture the need to change or transition the lighting
source from compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) to light – emitting diodes (LEDs).
The first part of the instrument is designed for the employees to give information on
the lighting source, no. of compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) for the entire
building, no. of hours an employee will be turning on the light, no. of days per week of
operation and the mitigating measures on the end-use waste disposal. The second part
is intended for the project engineer and electrician. This instrument will obtained data
on the engineering works, installation cost, engineering cost and end-use waste
disposal. And the last part is for potential suppliers within the area for material costing
and availability. This also includes the environmental impact of both lighting source.

Data Gathering Procedure

As an initial step, the researchers conducted a meeting with the Administrator of

Metro Dumaguete College, to discuss the proposed study entitled “A Strategic Approach
to Energy Efficiency and Conservation: A study geared towards the efficient utilization
of energy using light – emitting diodes (LEDs) lights in Metro Dumaguete College”. The
proponents obtained a permission from the School Administrator to pursue the data
collection. A research instrument (Interview Guide) was developed by the proponents in
order to fully understand the need to change or transition the current lighting source
from compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) to light – emitting diodes (LEDs).

Once the instrument was validated and approved, the researchers shall
conducted the data gathering to the employees, project engineer/ electrician and
identify the potential suppliers of the materials.

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 Data gathered were tallied and sent to the statistician for statistical treatment.
When statistical tables were released, the researchers prepared the presentation,
analyses, and interpretation of the data.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered in the study were analyzed based on the statement of the
problem to facilitate the analysis and the interpretation of the data gathered. The
following statistical tool shall be used:

Percentage – this is used to show the difference between light - emitting diodes (LEDs)
and compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) when used as lighting source. This shall
also present the ratio of the floor area and the number light - emitting diodes (LEDs)
and compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) to be installed in terms of cost, and energy
consumption.

Data Presentation and Analysis

The ultimate goal towards the progressive development of Metro Dumaguete

College through an environmentally sustainable society has brought on a substantial
demand for innovation, energy-efficient utilization and technology. As these new
technologies are developed, they must be evaluated and compared to existing products
in order to determine whether the new technology will be more suitable to serve its
intended purpose. The evaluation takes into account a number of factors including, but
not limited to, energy-efficiency, cost-efficiency, ability to perform the intended task(s),
and degree of innovation in the new technology.

The researchers examined the output which is equivalent to the amount of light
produced. Certain types of light bulbs are able to produce light of comparable
magnitude and quality to the light using significantly less power than other bulb types.

Compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) light sources are replaced with light -
emitting diodes (LEDs) for energy saving, financial effects, better performance, high for

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aberrance to dampness, cool operation, extended life and are highly efficient as shown
in Table 1. The paper illustrates, based on practice, how the use of light - emitting
diodes (LEDs) makes possible substantial saving in energy. In addition, the use of light
- emitting diodes (LEDs) makes possible the architectural redevelopment of specific
environments and the redesign of historical luminaries, currently characterized by
compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L).

ESTIMATED LIFE
OUTPUT MAINTENANCE
LIGHT TYPE SPAN
(Lumen/Watt) CYCLE
(Years)
LED 20-120 17 Nil
CFL 50-100 3 10
Table 1: Comparison of LED and Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) light source.

Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux for normal
activities. Today the light level is more common in the range 500-1000 lux - depending
on activity (Table 2).

ACTIVITY ILLUMINATION ( Lux, Lumen/M2)

OFFICES AND SHOPS
Computer rooms 500
Drawing offices drawing boards 750
Reference table and general 500
SHOPS
Conventional with Counters 500
Conventional with Wall Displays 500
General 500
Table 2: Recommended light levels for different work spaces.

Color Rendering Index (CRI) measures the ability of a light source to accurately
render all frequencies of its color spectrum when compared to a perfect reference light
of a similar type. The lower the CRI rating, the less accurately colors will be
reproduced. That’s why lights are chosen having color rendering index greater than 80
to render all colors accurately (Table 3).

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 Lighting Source Color Rendering Index (CRI)
LED 70 - 90+
CPL 90
Table 3: Comparison of Color Rendering Index (CRI) of different light sources.

The plan of changing or transitioning the lighting source of Metro Dumaguete

College from compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) to light - emitting diodes (LEDs) is
currently being investigated. Such investigation may include the following: (1) floor
area, (2) cost and (3) energy consumption. The study also includes the environmental
effects between light - emitting diodes (LEDs) and compact fluorescent bulb/lamp
(CFB/L) in terms of: (1) components, (2) mercury components and (3) end-use waste
disposal.

In order to properly compare the difference between compact fluorescent

bulb/lamp (CFB/L) and light - emitting diodes (LEDs) when used as lighting source in
Metro Dumaguete College. The researchers conducted interview with the employees,
project engineer/electrician and potential suppliers. The result showed as follows:

SURVEY RESULT
MDC Employees
Total No. of Respondents: 15
Answer Responses Percentage
1. What is the lighting source used in Metro Dumaguete College?

compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) 13 87%

LED – Pen Lights 2 13%

2. How many compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) in your office and in the
lobby?
1 - 30 Bulbs 3 20%
1 - 45 Bulbs 10 67%
1 - 50 Bulbs 2 13%
3. Is there any need to turn on the lights while working?
Yes 9 60%
No 6 40%

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4. How long would that lights be on?
1-4 Hours 2 13%
1-6 Hours 2 13%
1-8 Hours 11 74%
Others 0 0%

5. How many days a week will you render work?

1 - 3 Days 0 0%
1 - 4 Days 0 0%
1 - 5 Days 15 100%
Others 0 0%
Table 4: Consolidated survey result from MDC Employees.

SURVEY RESULT
Project Engineer/Electrician
Total No. of Respondents: 1
Responses
1. What is the lighting source used in Metro Dumaguete College?
Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L)
2. How many compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) is used in the entire
Administrative Building?
1st Floor: 45
2nd Floor: 45
Others:

3. What are the engineering works to be done to install the Compact Fluorescent
Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L)?

4. How much is the engineering cost?

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 5. How long does it take to finish the installation of the entire Administrative
Building?
1 - 3 Days
1 - 4 Days
1 - 5 Days
Others
6. How many laborers are needed to complete the installation?
1-2 laborers
2-3 laborers
3-5 laborers
Others
7. How much is the installation cost?

8. What are your suggestions in terms of end – waste disposal of Compact

Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L)?

Table 5: Consolidated survey result of Project Engineer/Electrician.

The difference between light - emitting diodes (LEDs) and compact fluorescent
bulb/lamp (CFB/L) when used as lighting source are as follows:

Floor Area Ratio:

Based on the extensive assessment of Metro Dumaguete College, the

researchers was able to identify the administrative building’s current lighting situation in
terms of the number of light bulbs per office. The school’s administrative building
contains 5 offices in the ground floor area, 1 office in the 2 nd floor area and 3 comfort.
The current electrical plan of Metro Dumaguete College using Compact Fluorescent

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Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L), building has a total area of 400 square meters consisting of 2
floors. The ratio of the number of bulbs per square meters shown in table 4 below.

NO. RATIO PER

FLOOR POWER LIFE NO. OF
OF TOTAL SQUARE
AREA OUTPUT SPAN BULBS
LIGHTING BULBS NO. METERS
SOURCE Per Per OF
Square (S.q.m / No.
(Watt) Hours Floor Floor BULBS
Meters Bulbs per Floor)
(1st) (2nd)

CFL 400 14 Watt 10,000 45 45 90 8.88

LED 400 12 Watt 50,000 42 42 84 9.52
Table 4: Ratio of Bulbs per Square Meters.

Cost:

Compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) – 90

Light - emitting diodes (LEDs) -84

Energy Consumption and Energy Cost:

An analysis was performed by the researchers on compact fluorescent bulb/lamp

(CFB/L) and light - emitting diodes (LED) bulbs to determine the cost saving potential of
a certain light source. An energy audit was also conducted in Metro Dumaguete College
– Administraive building for a real world scenario on the effects of switching from
Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) to Light - Emitting Diodes (LED).

The researchers begun their analysis by examining the compact fluorescent

bulb/lamp (CFB/L), it was necessary for researchers to understand its costs and
benefits. The researchers evaluated the compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L)
equivalent to a 60-watt bulb which typically requires 14 watts of electricity to produce
this light.

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 ENERGY
LIFE ELECTRICITY TOTAL COST
PRICE LIFE SPAN COST
LIGHTING SPAN COST (1 Bulb)
(1 Bulb)
SOURCE
Overhead Year (Hours* (Overhead Cost +
Hours Kilowatt Hour
Cost (Hours/8)(/360) Kilowatt/H) Energy Cost)

CFL ₱99.50 10,000 3 ₱8.73 ₱87,300.00 ₱87,399.50

Table 4: Overhead cost and Energy cost of 1 compact fluorescent bulb (CFB/L).

The average 14-watt compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) has an overhead

cost of P 99.50 pesos and a typical lifespan of 10,000 hours. The current electricity
costs P 8.73 pesos per kilowatt hour, we found out that the energy cost of one bulb to
be P 87,300.00 pesos throughout its lifetime. The total cost of CFL and electricity usage
of a single 14-watt compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) bulb is P 87,399.50 pesos.

Furthermore, the researchers evaluated the costs of using compact fluorescent

bulb/lamp (CFB/L) over a fifteen-year time period, during which the lights are on for a
total of 50,000 hours. Since the 14-watt compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) lasts
for approximately 10,000 hours, 5 bulbs used one after the other would be necessary
over fifteen years. Therefore, we multiplied the total cost of a single compact
fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) bulb through its lifetime P 87,300.00 by 5 to get the total
cost of using only one bulb at a time for fifteen years, (P436, 997.00). A total of 90
compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) utilized in Metro Dumaguete College at one
time. Therefore, the total cost of using these compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) in
Metro Dumaguete College Administrative Building is P 39,329,775.00 over a fifteen-year
period. Along with these monetary costs involved in utilizing compact fluorescent
bulb/lamp (CFB/L) this type of bulb presents several unquantifiable costs. This type of
lighting source, the compact fluorescent bulbs contain mercury in which it has a major
problems related to their disposal.

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Light - Emitting Diodes (LED)

The next light bulb our team evaluated was a 10.5-watt light - emitting diodes
(LEDs), which has an equivalent light output to that of a 60-watt compact fluorescent
bulb/lamp (CFB/L)

LIFE ELECTRICITY ENERGY COST TOTAL COST

LIGHTING PRICE LIFE SPAN
SPAN COST (1 Bulb) (1 Bulb)
SOURCE
Overhead Year (Hours* (Overhead Cost
Hours Kilowatt Hour
Cost (Hours/8)(/360) Kilowatt/H) + Energy Cost
LED ₱133.00 50,000 17 ₱8.73 ₱436,500.00 ₱436,633.00

Table 5: Overhead cost and Energy cost of 1 LED

This light-emitting diodes (LEDs) bulb has an overhead averaging P 133.00, and a
typical lifespan of 50,000 hours. With an electricity cost of P 8.73 cents per kilowatt-
hour, the cost of running one bulb for its entire lifetime is P 436,500.00. The total cost
of purchasing and using this 10.5-watt light - emitting diodes (LEDs) bulb during its
entire lifetime is P 436,633.00.

Once again, the researchers evaluated the cost of this light - emitting diodes
(LEDs) being used for a fifteen-year period for a total of 50,000 hours. Considering the
bulb’s 20,000-hour lifespan, two and a half bulbs will be used every fifteen years. The
researchers multiplied the total cost of purchasing and using one 10.5-watt light -
emitting diodes (LEDs) by 2.5 to get, the total cost of purchasing and using one LED
bulbs for fifteen years. A total of 84 light - emitting diodes (LEDs) is needed to light the
Administrative building of Metro Dumaguete College at any given time. Considering the
fact that this LED product is new and innovative alternative to CFL bulb, our team
decided, it was the best to consider the cost of purchasing and using 84 10.5 watt LED
bulbs at a time over a fifteen - year period for a total cost of P 36,677,172.00 – which is
P 2,652.603.00 less if CFL bulbs are used instead.

Moreover, there is a significant decrease on environmental effects in terms of

components, mercury contents and end-use waste disposal if LED bulbs used instead of
CFL bulbs.

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Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp
(CFB/L)

Fluorescent lighting does not

use a metal filament to emit light
like incandescent bulbs but rather
a reaction between gaseous
materials. These bulbs are made
up of large discharged tubes whose
interior walls are coated with
phosphorous. Each tube is filled
with argon and a small amount of
mercury vapor. At each end of the
tubes are electrodes to supply an
electric current throughout the bulb
and a seal to maintain a low
pressure. As electricity runs into
the electrodes, the tubes are
preheated and a rapid conduction
of electrons begins between the two Figure 1:
Breakdown of Fluorescent Bulb
ends. The introduction of free
electrons ionizes the argon gas and both free electrons and ionized argon travel rapidly
through the tubes. As these rapidly moving particles make their way around tube the
mercury vapor experiences an electron jump eventually returning to its original form.
When the electron falls back to its original level, energy is released in the form of
ultraviolet photons. Because ultraviolet photons are not visible to the human eye, in
order to create white light, the phosphorous coating is added. The photons emitted by
the mercury excite the electrons of the phosphorous causing a second electron jump to
occur. When the phosphorous atoms return to their normal state, energy is then
emitted as a visible light photon. The ballast located at the base of the bulb controls the

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flow of alternating current through a tube. If the ballast is unable to properly control
the alternating current and the level of current reaches an abnormally high level, the
tubes will burst and shatter.

Light - Emitting Diodes (LED)

Emitting diodes provide light in a

way which is very different than
fluorescent lighting. Rather than
generating light through a
filament, plasma or gas, LEDs
utilize a semiconductor to emit
photons. These semiconductors
consist of 54454555+++
Figure 2:
Composition of LED Semiconductors
different element combinations of
gallium, aluminum, arsenide, indium and phosphide. The precise differences in the
composition of semiconductors leads to different wavelengths of light and therefore
changing the color of the light emitted.
Figure 2 is an example of a common
composition found in Light - Emitting
Diodes (LED) semiconductors that emit
red light. In order to produce white light,
the red, green and blue Light - Emitting
Diodes (LED) chips are combined into a
single series, allowing for all different
spectrums of white light to be emitted all
depending upon the ratios of each color.
Figure 3:
Sketch of Semiconductor Laser Light A second method used to emit white light
utilizes Light - Emitting Diodes (LED) that emit UV light very similar to fluorescent
lighting. These diodes are encased in a bulb coated in phosphorous. When the UV light
photons created by the diode react with the phosphorous coating white light is emitted.

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These semiconductor chips are doped to produce a diode with a positive and negative
junction. This junction is located in the middle of the semiconductor where the positive
and negative type layers meet. The p-type material is positively charged leaving holes
for electrons to join on too. On the other side of the semiconductor is the n-type
material that contains extra
electrons making it negatively
charged. In its resting state, the
materials in the diode are
separated by the p-n junction
where the n-type materials join
Figure 4:
onto the p-type forming a depletion Sketch of output for typical laser diode as a function of drive
current for three separate temps.
zone. When an electric current is
added to the diode, current flows freely from the p-type region to the n-type.

The current flowing through the diode drives electrons and p-type material
through the junction point, forming an active region. In the active region the holes of
the holes of the p-type material combine with the surrounding free electrons, causing
the p-type material to fall into a lower energy level. Transition to a lower level energy
causes energy to be released in the form of a photon or light. Production of light
through a solid state process such as this is called electroluminescence. This process is
illustrated in figure 4 which shows the reaction process in a simple LED laser light.
Figure 4 is a sketch of output for typical laser diode as a function of drive current for
three separate temps. This process is not one hundred percent efficient in creating light
photons and therefore the energy that is not released as light photons turns into heat.
To prevent this from happening a heat-sink slug is commonly placed underneath the
semiconductor chip. This device allows heat to quickly and efficiently travel away from
the diode keeping the temperature stable. LED bulbs do not require any gaseous
materials that are covered with a clear plastic lens.

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End-Use Waste Disposal

Waste CFLs and LEDs pose greater

danger to human health and ecosystems
in the disposal stages than waste
incandescent bulbs because CFLs and
LEDs need more metal-containing
components in order to function. Figure 5
shows a

series of components needed for the

drivers to supply power to the CFLs and

LEDs. These drivers are required for
generating a high-frequency AC output
for CFLs and a DC output for LEDs.
Photographs and schematic diagrams of the driver
For CFLs, the AC is used to make
electrons collide with mercury atoms to
release ultraviolet (UV) light, which is
Figure 5:
components used in CFL and LED bulbs: (a) CFL
bulb driver, and (b) LED bulb driver (AC:
alternating current; DC: direct current; EMI:
electromagnetic interface; PWM: pulse width
modulator; and IC: integrated circuit)

changed to visible light through the phosphorous coating on the inside of the glass
tube. For LEDs, the DC is used to supply power to the LED semiconductor to emitting
the light.

Results/Informed Action

A combination of literature review and industry tests were done by the

researchers to determine the feasibility of LEDs as lighting source of Metro Dumaguete
College. The literature review and industry interviews were used to determine the major
differences in energy consumption and environmental impacts of compact fluorescent
bulb/lamp (CFB/L) over light - emitting diodes (LEDs).

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 The results revealed that light - emitting diodes (LEDs) offer a number of
advantages over compact fluorescent bulb/lamp in terms of energy consumption,
electrical cost and greenhouse gas emission. This study also involves an analysis
weighing the costs and benefits of the possible decision to implement innovative light -
emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting in place of the more compact fluorescent bulb/lamp
(CFB/L) lighting which is currently being used. After collecting all necessary observable
data and calculating costs and benefits, we were able to draw conclusions regarding the
decision of Metro Dumaguete College to change/transition from compact fluorescent
bulb/lamp (CFB/L) over light - emitting diodes (LEDs) as lighting source.

A cost-benefit analysis is a business process used to evaluate the benefits of a

project or decision against its financial costs. Our cost benefit analysis involved a
comparison of light - emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting with compact fluorescent
bulb/lamp (CFB/L) lighting in terms of financial costs, energy usage, product lifetime,
and product performance, and environmental impacts.

The Metro Dumaguete College - Administrative Building has ground floor, and
second floor. This educational institution is operated 8 hours a day in all floors. The
area of each floor is 400 square meters, the front setback is 48.00 meters, the setback
rear is 5.00 meters, the right setback is 15.00 meters and the left setback is 5.00
meters including the lobby/veranda. The ceiling height of all floors is 12 ft. The height
of working plane in all floors is 0.5 ft. Electrical supply is provided by overhead bus
bars. Total electrical connected load of all floors is 8.9 MW including 11 KW lighting
load. Each floor was installed with 45 compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L)
suspended on roof. The illumination level on different test points with compact
fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) is measured by Lux meter and recorded as Figure 6.

Figure 6: Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L)

20
 Height of room: 12.000 ft, mounting height: 12.262 ft, light loss factor: 0.67,
scale 1:112. Figure 7 shows reduced illumination level of compact fluorescent bulb/lamp
(CFB/L). This compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) has been simulated to radiate the
effect of illuminance with artificial light. The recommended illumination level for this
working environment is (500 lux) as per Illumination. To achieve the target illumination
level, the approved electrical plans of compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) is used to
design a new lighting scheme for the Administrative Building of Metro Dumaguete
College (MDC) which shows number of lamps required along with layout design on
luminaries. Number of lamps can also be calculated manually by using the lumen
method. The equation is appended below:

N=E × A/F × UF × MF

Where, N = Numbers of lamps required; E = Average illumination required in

Lux; A = Area of office (m2); F = Light output from Lamp (Lumens); UF = Utilization
factor (light distribution from lamp); MF = Maintenance factor (Reduction in light output
because of deterioration and dirt.).

Figure 7: Light - Emitting Diodes (LED)

21
 TOTAL WATT TOTAL KILOWATT UNITS CONSUMED/DAY
TYPES OF
QUANTITY (Total W * (Total W * Hours per
LIGHTS (Quantity *W)
Quantity / W) Day)

CFL 90 (60W/Each) 5400 8.100 64.800

LED 84 (11W/Each) 924 1.386 11.088

Table 6: Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) vs. LED’s.

The lighting load of the compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) was 8.100 KW
which has been replaced by LEDs light with a lighting load of only 1.386 KW. The bulb
has been installed at the height of 12 ft. from ground and the illumination level The
result shows that the lighting level in Metro Dumaguete College is very much improved
after the installation of LED lights.

Percentage Energy Savings

Compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) with 8.100 KW lighting load has been
replaced by 1.386 KW lighting load of LED lights saving 17.11% of electrical energy.

Financial Cost

Detail of financial effects is given with payback period calculations.

Metro Dumaguete College: Light Usage Profile (Full Load).

The office is being operated 8 hrs per day and rate of electricity per unit is taken as
KWH 8.73.

Annual Cost of Electricity Consumed:

Formula: PKR = Consumed Units/Day * Kilowatt per Hour * No. Days in 1 year
Solution:
Compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) Lights
= 64.800 × 8.73 × 360
= 203,653.44

22
LED Lights
= 11.088 × 8.73 × 360
= 34,847.37

Annual Cost Saving/Year:

Formula: Annual Cost Savings/Year = Compact Fluorescent Bulb/Lamp (CFB/L) Lights:

PKR - LED Lights: PKR

Given:

CFL - P 203,653.44

LED - P 34,847.37

Solution:

= P 203,653.44 – P 34,847.37

= P 168,806.07 (Savings)

Initial Investment:

Formula: Initial Investment = Overhead cost * Quantity

Given:
CFL
Overhead Cost - P 99.50
Quantity - 90
LED
Overhead Cost - P 133.00
Quantity - 84
Solution:
CFL = P 99.50 * 90
= P 8,955.00
LED = P 133.00 * 84
= P 11,172.00

23
Difference of Installation Cost:

Formula: Difference of Installation Cost = Initial Investment (CFL) - Initial Investment

(LED)

Given:

CFL = P 8,955.00

LED = P 11,172.00

Solution:

= P 11,172.00 - P 8,955.00

= P 2,217.00

Simple Pay Back Period (SPBP):

Formula: SPBP = Difference of Installation Cost / Annual Cost Saving/Year

Given:

Difference of Installation Cost = P 2,217.00

Annual Cost Saving/Year = P 168,806.07

Solution:

= P 2,217.00 / P 168,806.07

=1.313 Years

The energy analysis of efficient lighting system design for Metro Dumaguete
College has been successfully performed in this research work. By using appropriate
methods and simulation, effective and accurate lighting design can be achieved. The
use of color on the walls, ceiling and floor also plays an important role in energy saving.
Bright colors give the percentage reflection of light higher when compared to the dark
color’s.

24
 The distance between the compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) and light -
emitting diodes (LEDs) can be determined automatically or manually. It depends on the
designer and how to illuminate a room with average light required. Moreover, from the
simulation, we can also choose the different brands and types to suit the requirements
of occupants. Although the investment cost for the light - emitting diodes (LEDs) is
higher than that for the use of compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L), but for a longer
period of usage, light - emitting diodes (LEDs) is more economical. In terms of
lifespan, light - emitting diodes (LEDs) have a technical life expectancy four times
longer than the compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L).

The use of LEDs, as compared to compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) is more

efficient not only in the total energy consumed over the bulbs’ entire lifecycle, but also
in the environmental impact. The greatest environmental impact after energy-end-use
for the light - emitting diodes (LEDs) sources comes from manufacturing the aluminum
heat sink, which would be reduced in size as the efficacy increases and more of the
input wattage is converted to useful light (instead of wasted as heat). The heat sink is
the main reason why the light - emitting diodes (LEDs) are superior to compact
fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) in the category of hazardous waste to landfill. This is
driven by the upstream energy and environmental impacts from manufacturing the
aluminum from raw materials. Recycling efforts can further reduce the adverse impact
of manufacturing the aluminum heat sink. Far more important than the minor relative
differences between the current compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) and light -
emitting diodes (LEDs) lamps is the significant reduction in environmental impacts since
the environmental impact of light - emitting diodes (LEDs) lamps over their entire life-
cycle is more favorable than that of compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L), recycling
will likely gain importance as consumer adoption increases. The study conservatively
assumes minimal recycling and indicates that the recycling of aluminum will be
particularly effective in reducing the lifecycle impact of light - emitting diodes (LEDs)
lighting products, which contain aluminum heat sinks. For many such products, the
value of the recovered aluminum might even offset the cost of recycling. The findings

25
provide further impetus for lamp recycling, to ensure compliance with stringent
regulations for the disposal of hazardous waste.

CONCLUSIONS

1. LEDs are the future technology highly promoted for their low energy
consumption, long life, efficiency, reliability, and ease of use in improved and
innovative designs. In the case of Metro Dumaguete College for an institutional
set up using LEDs shows energy saving of 17.11% and financial savings of P
168,806.07 per year with payback period of 1.313 years. The result shows that
LEDs are recommended as better for general lighting application. The major
disadvantage associated with LED lights is that the installation cost of these
devices is still comparably higher. However, this issue can be offset by more
energy saving and reducing payback period.

2. LED lighting products are still relatively new products, and they have strong
potential for continued technological advancement and innovation. LED lighting
technology has been improving rapidly in recent years. Significant advancements
in energy efficiency, light quality, and lifespan of LED bulbs are expected to
continue to occur for many years to come. Along with these advancements, the
production costs, and therefore the retail prices, of LED lighting will inevitably
decrease over time.

3. LED lighting offers a plethora of benefits compared to traditional (CFL) and is

highly feasible for widespread use in the educational sector. LED light bulbs offer
substantial advantages over the compact-fluorescent bulb. Despite the fact that
the initial cost of LED bulbs is significantly higher than that of traditional types of
lighting, the LED bulbs offer substantial energy savings and much longer
lifespans. These savings allow the initial cost of LED lighting to be recovered
fairly quickly, offering Metro Dumaguete College a positive return on their
investment. The researchers concluded that, from the results of our theoretical

26
 and practical cost-benefit analysis, LED lighting is absolutely a viable better
option to replace CFL lighting in Metro Dumaguete College.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The researchers recommend that Metro Dumaguete College must change or

transition their lighting source from compact fluorescent bulb/lamp (CFB/L) to
light – emitting diodes (LEDs). This lighting source is more effective and efficient
in energy conservation. Besides it is more environmentally friendly.

2. The researchers recommend that any improvement in Metro Dumaguete College

shall consider a strategic approach to energy efficiency and conservation as well
as the environmental impacts.

27
28
Technology Innovation and E-Waste Management:
Central Processing Unit Case – Arduino Operated Smart
Bin

Raymond B. Corales
Jo Tchenke J. Orcia
Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology

ABSTRACT

This project is designed to make a smart bin using Arduino Technology where
the lid of the dustbin will automatically open itself when motion is detected. We
recycled empty system units because the size is just perfect for a dustbin. Since the
empty system units occupy a large space in the stockroom, converting them to smart
bins will help make the waste management of Metro Dumaguete College TESDA
Assessment Center less costly, yet more convenient and more efficient. This research
project is simple and useful. The lid of the smart bin stays closed, so that waste is not
exposed to any flies and mosquitos. When you want to dispose any waste, the smart
bin will automatically open its lid. The use of the Arduino Technology is programmable,
low cost and intelligent.

INTRODUCTION

Arduino is an open-source platform used for the creation of electronic projects. It

is commonly used in college for non-complicated electronic projects. A simple Arduino
kit is comprised of a physical programmable circuit board and a piece of software that
runs on a computer used to write codes to the physical board (learn.spark.com).

Metro Dumaguete College TESDA Assessment Centre is a training ground for

National Certificate II for Computer System and Services. The trainers use computer
parts in learning the skills in computer servicing thus using computer hardwares.
However, the lifespan of a computer unit is only five years after which the unit will no

29
longer be of use. The primary concern is where to put all these broken units. Central
Processing Unit cases are usually made from galvanized steel, acrylic, plastic or
aluminum. These materials are non-biodegradable and strong, thus recycling these
cases is not only beneficial for the environment but is also practical due to the
characteristics of the material used in constructing it.

The aim of this research paper is twofold: to utilize the discarded Central
Processing Units as smart bins using basic Arduino Technology and to determine the
practicality of this project with regards to cost.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This paper aims to design a smart bin from discarded CPU cases operated by
Arduino Technology. This paper seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the materials used for construction?
2. How is the product constructed?
3. How much is the cost of materials used for construction?
4. How long is the construction time for the product to be fully operational?

PURPOSE

Arduino is a popular choice for college students in creating simple mechanical

contraptions because of its versatility in terms of application. Thus, one purpose of this
study is to explore the applications of Arduino Technology.

Being non-degradable and considerable in size, discarded Central Processing Unit

cases pose a challenge to waste disposal management. This prompted the researchers
to conduct this study to recycle non-functional CPU cases using Arduino Technology.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The School. This research will benefit the school due to its possible application in
e-waste repurposing, waste management and disposal. With this research exploring the
applications of Arduino, the school may include in their program a course in robotics

30
and robotic programming encouraging students who are interested in such programs to
enroll in the institution.
For students who want to venture into robotics, this paper can greatly help them
considering the design of this Arduino controlled smart bin is not that complicated. This
will also give them an idea on how this kind of technology works.

For future researchers who are conducting a study of the same nature, this
paper may serve as a reference.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of this study following the input, process,

and output approach.

Inputs of this study are design inputs from various literatures the researchers

have gathered and analyzed, the cost of the materials needed for the product, design

planning, and the identification of the tools and equipment needed for the product

construction.

31
 The process includes the preparation of the materials needed, revision of the

design as needed, the construction process, testing the prototype, and further design

revision needed due to observations from testing the prototype.

The final product is a low-cost Arduino-operated smart bin.

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study is developmental in nature as it is geared towards the design and

development of a smart bin (Richey, 1994 as cited by Rearte et. al. 2016). This design

is conceptualized to repurpose the e-waste from the discarded computer parts.

FEATURES OF THE SMART BIN

Ultrasonic Sensor is used and placed on top of the dustbin’s lid and when the

sensor detects any motion, it will trigger Arduino to open the lid.

MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

Arduino Uno Board

The Arduino Uno Board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328. It has 14

digital input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic

resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack and a reset

button. Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All

you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection.

32
 Power USB

Power (Barrel Jack) Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC main

power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the

Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltage used by the processor and other elements.

Arduino Reset

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning.

You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the

board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled

RESET (5).

33
 Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt

Most of the components used with Arduino board work fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.

GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be

used to ground your circuit.

Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power

source, like AC main power supply.

Analog Pins

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can

read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor

and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

Main Microcontroller

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can consider it as the

brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different

from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You

must know what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino

IDE. This information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC

construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

34
 ICSP Pin

Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino

consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI

(Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the

output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

Power LED Indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to

indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then

there is something wrong with the connection.

TX and RX LEDs

On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They

appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to

indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13).

The TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of

flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving

process.

35
 Digital I/O

The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM

(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital

pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like

LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

AREF

AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes used to set an external

reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Servo Motor Sg90 With Servo Arms

It contains a small DC motor connected to the

output shaft through the gears. The output shaft
drives a servo arm and is also connected to a
potentiometer (pot). The potentiometer provides
position feedback to the servo control unit where
the current position of the motor is compared to
the target position. You can control the servo
motor by sending a series of pulses to the signal line. A conventional analog servo
motor expects to receive a pulse roughly every 20 milliseconds. The length of the pulse
determines the position of the servo motor. The color of the wires varies between servo
motors, but the red wire is always 5V and GND will either be black or brown. The
control wire is usually either orange or yellow. GND is a common ground for both the
motor and logic. 5V is a positive voltage that powers the servo. Control is input for the
control system.

36
Hcsr04 Ultrasonic Sensor

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic

distance sensor is consist of

two ultrasonic transducers.

One acts as a transmitter

which converts electrical

signal into 40 KHz ultrasonic

sound pulses. The other acts

as a receiver which listens to the transmitted pulses. Upon receiving the transmitted

pulse, the receiver produces an output pulse whose width can be used to determine the

distance the pulse travelled. The sensor is small, easy to use in any robotics project and

offers excellent non-contact range detection between 2 cm to 400 cm (that is about an

inch to 13 feet) with an accuracy of 3mm. Since it operates on 5 volts, it can be hooked

directly to an Arduino or any other 5V logic microcontrollers.

Empty System Units

37
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

STEPS IN ASSEMBLING ARDUINO

Servo data (yellow) to pin 3 of arduino

Servo vcc (red) to 5v of Arduino

Servo ground (black/gray) to Arduino Gnd

Sonar sensor trig to Arduino 6

Sonar sensor echo to Arduino 5

Vcc to Arduino 5v

Gnd to Arduino Gnd

Connect the long servo arm to servo motor

38
Add servo and sonar sensor to the trash bin

PROGRAMMING

The Code

#include<Servo.h>

Servo servo;

int const trigPin = 6;

int const echoPin = 5;

void setup()

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

servo.attach(3);

void loop()

int duration, distance;

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delay(1);

39
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);// Measure the pulse input in echo pin

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);// Distance is half the duration divided by 29.1 (from

datasheet)

distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;// if distance less than 0.5 meter and more than 0 (0 or

less means over range)

if (distance <= 50 && distance >= 0)

servo.write(50); delay(3000);

else

servo.write(160);

STEPS IN BUILDING MECHANISM INSIDE THE DUSTBIN

Get a system unit. Remove all the inside parts.

Make the necessary connections using wires and screws in putting up the Arduino
mechanism inside the empty system unit.

Provide power electric supply to the circuit.

40
FINAL PRODUCT

41
CONCLUSION

Waste management is made easy and smart by using the Arduino Technology.

This reduces waste by recycling empty system units. This makes the environment clean

and healthy as the lid remains closed and opens only when motion is detected—trash

thrown into it.

REFERENCE

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino/all

42
Technological Innovation and E-Waste Management:
Wi-Fi Vending Machine

Ge Mharl L. B
Ernesto G. Catungal
Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology

ABSTRACT

Wireless technologies for computer communications are common today. There

are numerous wireless communication technologies with different properties and
markets such as IEEE 802.11, 3G, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). When deciding on
which technology to employ for WIFI Vending Machine, it is important to know
about the
specific properties of these technologies.

The WIFI Vending Machine functions like any Wi-Fi connection we know—
beneath a casing is a router. WIFI Vending Machine is coin-operated and allows
five (5) minutes of Internet access for a peso (Php 1.00). A user can then slot in
additional coins to
continue access.

From the analysis, it can be concluded that the WIFI Vending Machine is
nowadays an inexpensive technology with high bandwidth, low direct and associated
costs, and low power consumption. Metro Dumaguete College made Vending Machine
possible using old routers and IT equipment available in the campus.

43
INTRODUCTION

Currently, many businesses like airports, cafés, restaurants and shopping centers
offering wireless internet-services to customers. The demand for wireless technologies
has gained more importance in business and everyday-life, as population is getting
denser by closely spaced buildings. WiFi networks have easy deployment in markets,
offices, airports, and other locations providing advantages like flexibility, mobility, ease
of use, and low cost.
Vending machines can dispense chips, chocolates, sodas, water, coffee, and
many more. There are even charging kiosk at malls and convenient stores plus Piso Net
machines for cheap PC rental. This time around, people should aim higher. Only an
Internet Connection is needed to start a WIFI Vending Machine Business.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This paper aims to construct a WIFI Vending Machine and to repurpose the
discarded computer parts and IT equipment in the campus.

This paper seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the materials used for construction?

2. How is the product constructed?

3. How much is the cost of materials used for construction?

4. How long is the construction time for the product to be fully operational?

MACHINE FEATURES

Paperless – No printer needed. Using the new system, users will never have problems
associated with voucher-based systems such as paper jams.

Plug and Play – The machine is designed as Plug and Play for easy installation.

50 Meters Wi-Fi Signal Coverage – The machine has a built-in utilized Tenda Router.

44
Coin slot – The machine accepts all types of coins using a multi coin acceptor.
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

DC Power Supply
An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC
converter is a type of external power supply
often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug.

5 Volts Relay Module

It is a relay interface board. It can be controlled
directly by a wide range of microcontrollers such as
Arduino, AVR, PIC, ARM, and so on.

1k Resistor for the LED

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses.

45
 Stranded Wire for Connections (Gauge
18)
Stranded wire is composed of a number of
small wires bundled or wrapped together to
form a larger conductor. Stranded wire is
more flexible than solid wire of the same total
cross-sectional area.

Bicolor LED or two separate LEDs (Red and

Green)
The red light means that the coin acceptor is
ready, while the green light means coin acceptor
is ready.

Multi-Coin Selector Acceptor

This coin acceptor can be widely applied in game
machines, vending machines, coin-operated
telephone, coin-operated washing machines,
coin-operated toy cars, among others.

46
 Orange Pi One
Is an open-source single-board computer. It can run
Android, Ubuntu, Debian OS, Raspberry Pi
compatible, etc.

4GB (or higher) Micro SD Card

It is used for storing the programs of the Piso Wifi
Vending machine.

OPTIONAL PARTS

USB 3.0 to LAN Adapter – The USB will be

connected to the Orange Pi while the output will be
connected to a LAN cable going to the extender
router.

47
 External Router - Any external router is acceptable. The
Tenda F3 wall killer is commonly used due to its cheap
price and good performance.

Exhaust Fan – In case you are placing your WIFI

Vending Machine into a non-air conditioned room or
outdoor places, you can add an exhaust fan to “blow out”
the hot air from the inside of the box.

MODE OF INCOME

The user will be able to gain from the WIFI Vending Machine by offering an
existing internet connection through multi coin acceptor. Each coin has a particular time
constraint per client. For example, Php 1 = 5 minutes, Php 5 = 30 minutes and Php 10
= 1 hour. The user can modify the time limit through the easy to use web portal. The
time constraint is unique to each customer/device (mobile phone, laptop, tablet) and
cannot be shared. The time constraint can be paused/resumed in the event that the client
cannot consume it right away.

48
ASSEMBLY

Step 1: Software Installation

Needed softwares:

● Download and install Etcher to your computer.

● Download the wifi image - wifi_image.img

After downloading the needed softwares, we need to flash the installer into

the micro SD card using Etcher. To do so, unzip the contents of the wifi

image in zip files.

Insert the micro SD card into your computer using a card reader.

Open Etcher and click Select Image.

49
Then, select wifi_vendo.img from the zip file.

Make sure to select your micro SD card

50
Click the Flash! button and wait for the process to finish.

NOTE:

If a prompt about formatting the sd card is encountered, just click Cancel.

Step 2: Configure The Machine

IMPORTANT:

Make sure to do the following before turning on the raspberry:

● Insert the SD card into the raspberry sd slot.

● Insert the LAN cable into the LAN port of raspberry pi and make sure
it is connected to the modem/internet.

Turn on the raspberry pi and wait for the WiFi network to appear in the
mobile gadget, it may take a couple of minutes.

Connect to the wifi network using a laptop or smartphone. Once connected, open a
browser and go to http://10.0.0.1/admin
username: admin

Password: admin

Step 3: Connecting All Components

Connect all of the parts based on the circuit diagram below. Make
sure to check the positive and negative terminal of the 12V DC power
supply for the coin acceptor to work properly.

51
 Note: For the box enclosure, a user can design such according to one’s
preference. preference. Usually, a wooden box is used for easy installation. It is then
covered with formica or paint it. Printed stickers of the step – by – step user guide or
the the company logo can be attached to it. The dimension suggested in the link source
below is most preferred.

Reference: https://boboyinc.com/img/parts/Negrospisowifi.pdf

52
Technological Innovation and E-Waste Management:
Remote Controlled Wooden Drone – Repurposing
Discarded Computer Parts

Dreamerson L. Garay
Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology

ABSTRACT

This project is designed to make a remote-controlled wooden drone. The

researchers repurpose the unused computer parts to recreate a simple drone out from
them. Repurposing them to a remote-controlled drone supports the waste management
of Metro Dumaguete College Tesda Assessment Center in a less costly, yet more
convenient and more efficient way. This research project is simple and useful. The
remote-controlled drone can be upgraded, like adding more sensors or any other
functions. The drone is programmable and at low cost.

INTRODUCTION

A drone, in technological term, is an unmanned aircraft. Drones are more

formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems
(UASes). Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly
autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems,
working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.

In the recent past, UAVs were most often associated with the military, where
they were used initially for anti-aircraft target practice, intelligence gathering and then,
more controversially, as weapons platforms. Drones are now also used in a wide range
of civilian roles ranging from search and rescue, surveillance, traffic monitoring,
weather monitoring and firefighting, to personal drones and business drone-based

53
photography, as well as videography, agriculture and even delivery services
(internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com).

Metro Dumaguete College Tesda Assessment Centre is a training ground for

National Certificate II for Computer System and Services. The trainers’ uses computer
parts in learning the skills in computer servicing thus using computer hardwares.
However, Computer parts can only last for five years and these parts will no longer be
of use. The primary concern is where to put all these parts. Computers has many parts
and can be repurpose for other projects. These parts are non-biodegradable, thus
repurposing these parts is beneficial for the environment.

The aim of this research paper is to utilize the discarded computer parts and
integrate it to the drone and to determine the practicality of this project as regards to
the cost needed for its construction design.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This paper aims to construct a drone and to repurpose the discarded computer
parts.

This paper seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the materials used for construction?

2. How is the product constructed?
3. How much is the cost of materials for construction?
4. How long is the construction time for the product to be fully operational?

PURPOSE

Drone is getting popular nowadays and can be simply made with the help of an
internet. One purpose of this study is to know if we can make a simple drone. Since the
materials used in the making of this drone project are from discarded computer parts,
the process is a bit challenging. The fact that the parts of the drone are non-

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biodegradable, the project itself addresses not only waste management disposal issues
but also environmental concerns. Another purpose of this study is to address the need
for repurposing discarded non-functional computer parts.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The School. This research will benefit the school in such a way that the drone
project can be used for aerial monitoring or aerial information gathering procedure.
With this research exploring the application of a Drone, the school may include in their
program a course in robotics or robotic programming. Digital natives and those who
find robotics fascinating will surely consider enrolling at Metro Dumaguete College.

The Students. For students who want to venture into drones and robotics, this
paper can greatly help them considering that the design of the drone is made simple
and easy. This also gives them an idea on how a drone technology works.

The Researchers. For future researchers who will conduct a study of the same
nature, this paper may serve as a reference.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Design Inputs Materials

from various Preparation
literature
Design Remote
Material Cost Revisions Controlled
Drone
Design Planning Testing

Tools and Further Design

Equipment Improvements
Needed

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

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 Figure 1 shows the research paradigm of this study following the input, process,

and output approach.

The input of this study is design from various literatures gathered and analyzed

by the researchers, the cost of the materials needed for the product, design planning,

and the identification of the tools and equipment needed for the product construction.

The process includes the preparation of the materials needed, revision of the

design as needed, the construction process, testing the prototype, and further design

revision as needed from observation of testing prototype.

The final product is a low-cost drone from discarded computer parts.

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study is developmental in nature as it is geared towards the design and

development of a drone. This design is conceptualized to repurpose the e-waste from

the discarded computer parts.

FEATURES OF THE REMOTE-CONTROLLED DRONE

Camera module is used and placed at the bottom of the remote-controlled drone.

The device has a sensor that detects altitude and a battery sensor that indicates battery

life.

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MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

Arduino Uno Board

The Arduino Uno board is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328. It has 14

digital input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a 16 MHz ceramic

resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a power jack, and a

reset button. Arduino board can be powered by a USB cable from the computer. The

USB cable and USB connection are put together.

MPU6050 Module

The MPU6050 sensor module is a complete 6-axis Motion Tracking Device. It

combines 3-axis Gyroscope, 3-axis Acceleromete, and Digital Motion Processor all in a

small package. Also, it has additional feature of on-chip Temperature sensor. It has I2C

bus interface to communicate with the microcontrollers.

ESP8266
The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP

protocol stack that can give any microcontroller an access to the WiFi network. The

ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all WiFi-networking

functions from another application processor.

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Drone motor

The propellers are connected to the motors which power

the former to spin around and generate thrust enabling
the drone to fly.

Tactile Buttons

Tactile means that there is an improved sense of touch

or perception of touch. This means that the button can
be pressed down, and the operator can feel it pop back
up. Tactile switches are also referred to as momentary,
meaning the switch only works when the button is being
pressed.

Circuit Boards

This is a sheet of insulating material used for the

mounting and interconnection of components in
electronic equipment.

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LED

The light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source that emits light when current flows through it.

Joystick Module

The joystick module is similar to an

analog joystick found in gamepads. It is made by
mounting two potentiometers at a 90 degrees’ angle.
The potentiometers are connected to a short stick
centered by springs. Moving the joystick causes the
output to vary from 0v to 5V depending on its direction.

Wire

A wire is a long thin piece of metal that is used to

fasten things or to carry electric current.

Wood

Wood is highly machinable and can be fabricated into

all kinds of shapes and sizes to fit practically any
construction need.

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Propellers

Propellers generate thrust and torque to keep your

drone flying, and to maneuver.

Battery

This is a container consisting one or more cells, in which

chemical energy is converted into electricity used as a
source of power.

Computer Parts

Computer parts consist of CPU, PSU, hard drive, Video

card, and etc. The wires are reusable, resistors,
capacitors, buttons, and other parts.

Final Product

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CONCLUSION

The remote-controlled drone can now be made using repurposed parts and the

Arduino Technology. People can now repurpose unused computer parts into a drone.

This initiative can reduce waste by recycling unused parts of a computer.

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62
Technology Innovation and E-Waste Management:
Repurposing System Unit Cases

Kimberly Paez
Loyd D. Gaudia
Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology / Institute of Basic
Education

INTRODUCTION

Electronic waste or more commonly referred to as e-waste refers to any

discarded electronic device such as cellular phones, televisions, radio, personal
computers, etc. According to the report made by McAllister (2013) on the human
and environmental effects of e-waste that annually, about 40 million metric tons of
e-waste (electronic waste) is produced globally, and according to the United Nations
Environment Program (UNEP) this estimate is likely too low.

According to the same report by McAllister (2013) that it is between 50% and
80% of the 40 million metric tons of waste often end up in countries such as China,
India, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the Philippines whose informal recycling markets
shreds, dismantle, or burns these wastes. Considering the component that makes up
these wastes, when burned, they become harmful to human health and the
environment.

Another report published by Green E-waste states that e-waste is an

overlooked epidemic from which its long-term effect remains unclear. Though this
may be the case they have cited three effects of e-waste on the environment on
three different elements–earth, water, and air.

1. E-wastes negatively impact the land. When these e-wastes break down,
heavy, toxic metals such as cadmium, lead and arsenic are released.

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 2. E-wastes, when improperly disposed of, may enter underground water channels
that underlie many aquatic ecosystems, which when polluted, prove detrimental
to the health of not only the inhabitants but to the environment as well.
3. Most e-wastes, when disposed end up in landfills. These landfills usually burn the
trash that accumulates there. When these e-wastes are burned, they give off
hydrocarbons which pollute the air, devastate life, and contribute to global
warming.

The above premise discusses the hazards that e-waste poses both
environmentally and anthropologically. Therefore, it is clear that there is a need for
recycling of these potentially harmful yet useful materials. Recycling these materials,
according to Platinum Electricians: a) reduces the number of toxins in the environment;
b) diverts waste from landfills; c) electronic materials and metals can be repurposed;
and d) creates a positive impact on human health.

According to Electronics TakeBack Coalition, as cited by Cho (2018), it takes 1.5

tons of water, 530 lbs. of fossil fuel, and 40 lbs. of chemicals to manufacture a single
computer and monitor. Cho (2018) contends that recycling e-wastes reap heaps of
benefits. Through recycling e-wastes, precious metals such as gold, silver, copper, and
palladium among others may be recovered saving resources. Not only that, he posits
that it also reduces pollution and conserves landfill space. It also helps in cutting down
waste production.

With all those being said, this paper aims to determine to present ways on how to
repurpose e-wastes.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to answer and clarify the following questions:

1. What is the average volume of electronic waste that Metro Dumaguete
College (MDC) produces in a year?
2. What is MDC’s existing electronic waste management plan?

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 3. How much is the cost of repurposing e-waste?
4. What products can be produced from e-waste?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The rapid advancement of technology has shortened the life span of electronic
devices, thus resulting in the growth of electronic wastes in landfills.

This study aims to help minimize electronic wastes going into landfills. The result
of this study is conducted to benefit the following:

Students. This study may serve as a guide and reference for students
undertaking similar studies.

School Administrator. The result of this study could serve as a basis to

improve the school’s existing e-waste management plan.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study is based on collected and gathered information from different

resources including research papers, journals and other published articles about
electronic wastes.

Electronic Waste Produced by Metro Dumaguete College (MDC)

MDC has an average of twenty-five (25) desktop computers in an academic year.

These computers are used for hands-on exercises and other school-related activities by
the students. Due to constant usage, there is an average of five (5) damaged system
units at the end of the academic year. Most of the time, three (3) of these system units
are repaired and will be used in the incoming academic year. The remaining two (2)
systems are usually irreparably and would reach the end of their useful operations.

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E-Waste Management Plan

According to the property custodian, after the annual inventory of equipment,

the irreparable electronic equipment is discarded. It means that the items are put to
trash and are sent to the landfill.

Repurposing E-Waste

Repurposing is the use of something for a purpose other than its original
intended use. Repurposing an item can be done by modifying it to fit a new use, or by
using the item as is in a new way (Kenton, 2019).

In this study, we focus on repurposing system unit cases as the most commonly
discarded part of a desktop computer.

Cost

The researchers created dish gardens made from the discarded system units. We
did not spend anything on this project as we used materials and equipment available
on the campus.

Process

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67
REFERENCES

Kenton, W. (2019, September 25). Repurposing. Investopedia.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/repurposing.asp#:~:text=R

epurposing%20is%20the%20use%20of,repurpose%20marketing%

20material%20and%20content.

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