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FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

OUTLINE - Access to the Spice Islands used to be free until

the Ottoman Turks blocked. Spices are
I. Pigafetta’s Account
A. Key Individuals monopolized in Venice, Italy and are expensive.
B. Magellan’s Ships The Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
joined forces to launch an expedition to Spice
Islands initiated by the Portuguese.
topic
Antonio Pigafetta

Pigafetta’s Account - Italian scholar and explorer

- Tapped to be the chronicler of Magellan’s
- Document narrates the events of the First expedition
Voyage Around the World
- Point of view of Antonio Pigafetta, first chronicler Ferdinand Magellan
that assisted Magellan in his circumnavigation of
the world - Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish
- Has 3 major interpretations Expeditions to the East Indies from 1519-1522
- One of the first accounts to prove the round to search for western route to the Maluku
shape of the world Islands resulting in the first circumnavigation of
- World believed to be flat the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastian Elcano
- Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Deborja) - Led the five Spanish ships and 251 men in what
- Papal Bull of 1493 was to become the first voyage around the world
- Controversy kept by the - Married a Spanish woman
vatican - Wanted to make an expedition from Spain in
- Allowed the spanish which King Carlos of Spain approved.
and portuguese to Disapproved by Portugal because of giving
colonize and convert advantage to Spain.
- Justified slavery :O
- Relative to Cape Verde and subtopic
Azores (Africa)
- East (Portugal) 00:01 - 22:46 iverjoseph.pagente.med@ust.edu.ph
- Has access to 22:47 - 45:33 renzo.rebadomia.med@ust.edu.ph
the spice 45:34 - 1:08:19 manelajoy.labuguen.med@ust.edu.ph
islands :) 1:08:20 - 1:31:06
- Seting of rogernathan.santoluma.med@ust.edu.ph
Pigafetta
- Asia
- West (Spain)
- Puro water :(
- Americas
- Maluku Islands = The Spice Island = Indonesia
- Malaka Islands = Malaysia
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- Divided the world into two territories for
Spain and Portugal
- From 100 leagues -> 370 leagues
- Spices are important as it not only add flavor but
also help preserve food vital for long
navigations.
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22:47 - 45:33 renzo.rebadomia.med@ust.edu.ph
Juan Sebastian Elcano
- Best known for having completed the first
circumnavigation of the Earth in the ship Victoria
on the Magellan expedition to the Spice Islands
- Elcano got the credit that was supposed to be
for Magellan
- Circumnavigation was originally Magellan’s plan,
but Elcano got the credit because Magellan
transpired due to what happened in Mactan.
- Elcano’s honor was passed down from
generation to generation
- The Spaniards want the remains of Magellan to
be returned to Spain. Even other countries (e.g.,
Chileans) are curious about his remains.
- The agreement between the king, Magellan, and
his father in law was smooth, but the travel and
the voyage was not.
Enrique of Malacca
- Enrique is known as a Malay interpreter that
was always with Magellan throughout his three
years journey around the globe.
- Slaves were measured by the size of their head,
especially in black individuals.
- If the size is large, then the slaves
would be made into interpreters.
- Back then, they thought that large head
= smart
- Segregation of races (apartheid) was very
evident
- The first slaves Europeans found are Africans.
- Magellan found Enrique when he was at
Malacca.
- We do not know if Enrique is his real name;
Magellan referred to him as Enrique.
- There were accounts that interpreted Pigafetta’s
claim and they called him Henry. However, most
interpretations say that he was called Enrique.
- Spaniards teach interpreters their language for
them to be the “middle person” to make them
seem like the interpreter is part of them.
- The translations, agreements, etc. between
Magellan and the rest of the Philippines would
happen and were very clear because of Enrique
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Magellan’s Ships
Trinidad – flagship; commanded by Ferdinand Magellan;
captured by the Portuguese
- Flagship: where the captain-general is
- ⅗ ships arrived in the Philippines, one of them
was Trinidad. When Magellan died, only 18
returned.
- They tried to save two ships (Trinidad &
Victoria). However, when they passed through
the Spice Islands, they were captured by the
Portuguese.
- Trinidad never left the Spice Islands (Indonesia)
San Antonio – went back to Spain; commanded by Juan
de Cartagena
- Biggest ship
- Had difficulty passing the South American
continent because the meeting of the Atlantic
and Pacific Ocean are not “friendly” to voyagers.
- The crewmen of the ship did not attain the glory
that they would have been given.
Concepcion – was abandoned; commanded by Gaspar
de Quesada
- One of the ships that arrived in the Philippines
- Had to leave because there are 3 more ships
that would cater to few men
- Not all of them know how to maneuver the
ships, that’s why they had to abandon it
somewhere in the Philippines
Victoria – returned to Spain; commanded by Luis de
Mendoza
- At the end of the voyage, it was Juan Sebastian
Elcano who was the ship captain
Santiago – shipwrecked; commanded by Juan Serrano
- Smallest ship
- Because of the weather conditions, it led to a
shipwreck and the people had to board the
ships. They were able to get some of the men
and some did not survive
The stated names of the people here are known to lead
expeditions for the king of Spain. When they found out
that a certain Portuguese (Magellan) would be the one
commanding them, it was not something they accepted
easily. They hated the idea, but they could not do
anything because it was the order of the king.
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Prior to the departure in September of 1519, they
planned to launch a mutiny and kill Magellan once they
docked at a certain place in South America.
- This plan was overheard by the father-in-law
(Diego Barbosa) of Magellan who was with him
prior to the departure. He told Magellan about
this.
- Magellan met up with the regular members, and
said that if the expedition will become
successful, the credit will be shared with
everyone who participated
- The crewmembers were able to surround the 5
members who planned the mutiny against him
(one of them was Elcano)
- The Spanish men who were supposed to cover
for those who planned the mutiny ended up
siding with Magellan.
- Magellan accepted the apology
Strait of Magellan
- Despite its tricky passageways and cold climate,
the Strait of Magellan was an important route for
steam and sailing ships traveling between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, up until the
completion of the Panama Canal in 1914, which
shortened that passage by thousands of miles.
- Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan
- He successfully passed by this tricky
passageway that connects the Atlantic and
Pacific
- Sebastian reached the strait went back because
it was tricky and unsafe
- Many expeditions have attempted to cross the
strait but they were unsuccessful
Pacific Ocean
- Largest ocean
- During his circumnavigation of the world under
the flag of Spain, Magellan sailed into a calm
patch of water with favorable wind conditions
and named it “Mar Pacifico,” which translates to
“peaceful sea” in both Spanish And Portuguese
- The name “Pacific Ocean” came from Magellan
(from Mar Pacifico)
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45:34 - 1:08:19 manelajoy.labuguen.med@ust.edu.ph
On the way to the Philippines, Santiago experienced a
shipwreck, so they were bound to only have 3 ships.
Before reaching the Philippines, they passed by a group
of islands they called Ladrones Island.
Ladrones Island
- The Islands of the Thieves
- Where they docked to get rest and eat
- “These people have no arms, but use sticks,
which have a fishbone at the end. They are
poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for
the sake of that we called these three islands
the Ladrones Islands”
- Presently known as Marianas Islands --It is
located south-southeast of Japan,
west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea,
and east of Philippines
It was called as such because their small boats
(emergency boats in case of shipwrecks) were being
stolen by the natives.
The Philippines was called The Land of the Barbarians
by the Chinese in the 13th century.
15th century: Another Chinese called the Philippines
The Land of Savages because the same stealing had
happened to him.
Even though they call us these names, Chinese have a
comprehensive history that supports their claims. Their
anecdotes are found in the Imperial Palace, written by
century.
MARCH 16, 1521
Pigafetta reported that they reach the isle of Zamal, now
Samar, but Magellan decided to land in another
uninhabited island for greater security where they could
rest for a few days.
MARCH 18, 1521
After two days, nine men came to them and show joy
and eagerness in seeing them.
Magellan realized that the men were reasonable and
welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts.
The natives gave them:
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Fish, Palm, wine (uraca), figs, 2 cochos, Rice (umai),
cocos
Pigafetta characterized the people as “very familiar
and friendly”, they willingly showed them different
islands and names of these islands.
Magellan invited them aboard Trinidad (the ship)
- He showed his guests “all his merchandise”
namely cloves, cinnamon, pepper, walnut,
nutmeg, ginger, mace, gold, and all that was in
the ship.
- But Magellan was even more shocked to see
they also had gold IE kalumbigas, earrings
- “Alak” is just one of the alcoholic beverages
found in Visayas. Pigafetta was able to note how
they preserved wine.
In fact, most of the knowledge of Europeans had in
fermenting or wine making came from natives.
Homonhon
- Humunu Island
- Pigafetta referred to as "Watering place of
good signs" because the place is abundant in
gold.
- Humunu lays right of Zamal at 10 degrees north
latitude. They stayed there for 8 days from
March 17 to 25, 1521.
- They named the island with the nearby islands
as the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
Mindoro - Mina de Oro
- Because gold was found abundantly
In old times, mouths with no teeth are replaced with
gold. In times that there are no gaps in their teeth, they
would force a tooth out to replace with gold.
Bolitas
- Men would insert them in their penises because
women found it attractive
- It was also an early form of contraceptive
- Bolitas back then were made from gold
MARCH 25, 1521
They saw 2 ballanghai/balangay (a long boat full of
people) in Mazzava/Mazzaua ( The Chinese called the
place Limasawa, but still being debated because of
another place called Masawa)
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Magellan and the king of balangay exchanged gifts and
expressed their desire to become brothers.
Rajah Siagu
- Leader of Mazzaua
- Name of the leader who sent his men to the ship
of Magellan.
- Offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and chest
of ginger, Magellan declined
Magellan
- Declined Rajah Siagu’s gifts because he wanted
money for the needs of his ship
- Exchanged gifts of robes in Turkish fashion, red
cap, knives and mirrors.
- Also boasted of his men in an armor who could
not struck with swords and daggers. The king
was fascinated and remarked that men in such
armor could be worth one hundred of his men
- Magellan was the first European explorer to
reach Limasawa. Chinese traders had been
calling this name to the island for five centuries.
Raja Colambu
- Raia Calumba
- Mistook to be the king of Mazzaua
- King of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and
Caragua)
- Pigafetta described him as the most handsome
of all men that he saw in this place.
- He was adorned with silk and golden
accessories like golden dagger, which he carried
with him in a wooded polished sheath.
- Magellan has done some show-off to his Filipino
friends like demonstrating the use of arquebus,
and advantages of European armor dress in the
battle. “The king was rendered speechless”
MARCH 31, 1521
- Easter Sunday
- Magellan ordered the chaplain Fray Pedro de
Valderrama to preside a Mass by the shore.
- The king sent two dead pigs and attended the
Mass with the other king.
- Participated by the two Rajas
- “…when the offertory of the mass came, the two
kings, went to kiss the cross like us, but they
offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body
of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and
adored our Lord with joined hands.”
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- After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross
be brought with nails and crowned in place.
- Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and
the crown were the signs of his emperor and
that he was ordered to plant it in the places that
he would reach and the cross would be
beneficial for their people because once the
Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know
that they had been in this land and would not
cause them troubles, and any person who might
be held captives by them would be released.
- The cross was seen as a sign of
freedom/liberation from bondage;
There is still debate on where the First Mass was
really held (Butuan vs Samar). Some accounts say
that the wood used for the First Cross can be found
on both aread.
April 7, 1521
- Magellan and his mean reached the port of
Zugbu (Cebu), the largest and richest of the
islands with the help of Rajah Colambu
- Rajah Humabon - king of cebu that was clear
that the Spaniards pay tribute as it was
customary, but Magellan refused (due to a
greater king)
- Enrique - slave and interpreter of Magellan that
explained to the king of Cebu that the latter’s
king was the emperor of a great empire and that
it would do them better to make friends with
them than to form enmity
Magellan saw the trading between the Sugbuanons and
other nations (Arabs, Siam, etc.)
- Custom for all ships that entered the ports to
pay tribute
- Magellan refused to honor the customs instead
offered friendship and protection from the King
of Spain
● The king consulted his council the next day,
together with the other principal men of Cebu,
they met in an open space and the king offered
a bit of his blood demanded that Magellan do
the same
○ They engaged in the ritual of sanduguan
or a blood compact
○ Used to establish alliances
○ Rajah Humabon was fat ‘very big
tummy’
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● Pre-colonial men had long hair
○ Derived from Sikhism, a religion
primarily from India
○ Military men had a dagger
● Kampilan
○ sword/dagger of leaders in pre-colonial
Philippines
○ Biggest and most expensive sword
○ Indicates your position is the highest
Bizzare Practices
● Magellan never intended to push through with
the faith
● Wanted to find a place to access the spice
islands
● However, he found bizarre practices that he
deemed was not acceptable
Polygamy
- Men can marry up to five wives (inspired from
Muslim religion)
- Men can divorce 2nd to 5th wife, but not the first
as they were legally married
- 1st wives have the highest privilege
Abortion
- To kinds of women: ‘dalagas’ and ‘
- Dalagas: single women; dalagita: girls in
adolesence
- Women committed abortion to find husbands
easier
- Gines de Mafra
- Portuguese writer who wrote in his
account that Magellan was walking and
saw a girl that sat beside him and
inserted something in her vagina; blood
started to flow, and the girl walked
slowly
● Magellan’s do or die emphasis on conversion
interfered with cultural traditions
● Christianity is the best and only cure
April 14, 1521
- The people gathered with the king and other
principal men of the island
- Magellan spoke and encouraged the king to be
a good Christian by burning all the idols and
worship the cross instead
- the king of Cebu was was baptized as Christians
- Humabon - Carlos
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- Humamay - Juana
- Son of Humabon - Fernando
- After eight days, 800 inhabitants were already
baptized
● Pigafetta admitted that they burned a village
down for obeying neither the king nor Magellan
● The mass was conducted by the shore everyday
● When the queen (hara amihan) came to mass
one day, Magellan gave her an image of the
infant jesus made by Pigafetta himself
Baptism of Juana
- Was given the Sto. Nino of Praga
Baptisim of Humabon
- They must burn their idols
- Set up a cross in their place
April 26, 1521
- Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan
(Mactan) wen to see Magellan and ask him a
boat full of men so that he could fight the chief
named Silapulalpu (Lapulapu)
- According to Zula, Lapulapu refused to obey the
king and was also preventing him from doing so
- Magellan offered three boats and went to
Mactan himself to fight Lapulapu
The Story of Lapulapu
- Great story of heroism
- Small unit of barangay was able to defeat a
large fleet
Prelude to the Battle
- Magellan was at peace
- The hamlets in Cebu and the neighboring
islands paid him tribute and his men, food, in
exchange for Christianity
Omen
- Humabon said its not a good idea
- Magellan was so outraged
- The Cebuanos still wanted to be supportive of
Spain
- ‘If they obey the King of Spain, recognize the
Christian King as their sovereign, and pay us
our tribute, he would be their friend… otherwise,
they should wait to see how our lances
wounded.’
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In the words of Lapulapu:
- ‘If they have lances, we have lances of bamboo
and stakes hardened with fire’
- The monument is poorly designed; as Lapulapu
was a leader, he should have tattoos as a sign
of pride and valor
Battle of Mactan
- Spaniards arrived in Mactan in daylight with 49
in numbers while the islanders of Mactan were
estimated to number 1500
- Perfect example how people power works and
the will of the people works
- A poison arrow hit the leg of Magellan that
caused him to die
- People came in to mutilate his body
- Humabon wanted to help wearing the same
battle gear, but Magellan insisted that they can
battle on their own
- When low tide came, they realized that the lower
part of their body was not protected with steel
- When Spaniards came to burn their houses, this
only enraged them further
● Duarte Barbosa is elected as the new captain
● Those who escaped were conspired by Enrique,
saying that the Spaniards violated Women,
abused their authority etc
○ Humabon refused to help them,
destroyed the lives of the remaining
Spaniards by inviting them for a
gathering
○ 24 men attended while Pigafetta was
not able to join as he was nursing his
battle wounds
○ All the men were slain except an
interpreter and Juan Serrano
○ Fleet abandoned Serrano
○ Elcano’s troops had to leave 3 boats,
leaving Cebu
● When travelling, they were caught by the
Portuguese in Portugal (trinidad ship)
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From the original 237 men, only 18 men survived and

returned to Spain
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● As there are strong evidence that support

the existence of the Lost City of Atlantis in
OUTLINE
the west, same goes for Mu or Lemuria in
1. Stories about the Origins of the the east
Philippines ○ There are similarities in physical
1.1 Mu or Lemuria attributes and language between the
1.2 Volcanic in Origin Philippines and those found in the
1.3 Continental Drift Theory
Malayo-polynesian islands of the
1.4 Out of Taiwan Theory
1.5 Nusantao Theory Pacific
2. The Development of Early Communities ■ Settlers in the Marianas
2.1 Cagayan Man and Tabon Man would speak similar
2.2 Germinal Period languages with that of the
2.3 Formative Period early settlers of the
2.4 Incipient Period
Philippines (De Viana, A.,
2.5 Emergent Period
3. Life and Culture during the Pre-Hispanic n.d.)
Philippines
3.1 Pre-Colonial Form of Government
4. Pre-Hispanic Pillars of Society
5. Pre-Colonial Society
6. Pre-Hispanic Culture

I. STORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE

PHILIPPINES Map of Mu or Lemuria
● There are a lot of theories that tell about the
origin of the Philippines
1.2 Volcanic in Origin
○ Most accepted in earlier years
regarding the titling of the
The Philippines is volcanic in origin – the
Philippines is the ‘Migration
Philippines is comprised of 200 active and inactive
Theory’ by Henry Ottley Beyer
volcanoes which helped in the formation of the land
○ This was eventually disproved by
● Stated by Fritjof Voss and Brailley Willis
more recent claims
● The Philippines belongs to the Pacific Ring
of Fire
1.1 Mu or Lemuria

● There are a lot of information that would say

Mu or Lemuria – Lost continent in the Pacific that
that the Philippines is a product of several
covers the Pacific Ocean and extends to Japan as
eruptions of active and inactive volcanoes
far as the Polynesian islands of Hawaii
○ Mt. Pinatubo – has been a dormant
● The Philippines was said to be part of the
volcano for around 50-60 years, until
lost continent of Mu or Lemuria
its eruption in 1991
● Maps show relation to places that form the
■ Effects of its eruption can still
Asia Pacific
be seen with changes in the
○ Due to the movements of the Earth,
geography and topography
there are changes and separations
of the Philippines
that lead to the forming of several
■ Effects of the eruption
countries including the Philippines
reached the NCR, Palawan,
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some parts of Southeast
Asia, Australia
● In Bicol and CALABARZON, Mt. Mayon and
Mt. Taal are still being observed,
respectively
1.3 Continental Drift Theory
Continental Drift Theory – All the continents and
islands today were part of one large, compact
landmass known as PANGAEA
● Presented by Alfred Wegener
● Continents of the earth were moving
through geological time which takes millions
of years
○ When Ma’am Melanie visited the
Tabon Cave, she was surprised
when the boatman told her she had
to climb mountains as it is no longer
the same with early settlers; it is now
upland due to changes of the river
course
○ If you were to go to Pampanga, it is
an industrial place at the moment;
before, there was a Pampanga river
that used to be the source of
irrigation in the entire province
■ It is the second longest river
in Luzon supposedly
■ It is no longer there due to
changes in the river course
PANGAEA – early landmass theorized to have
been the origin of present continents
● India and Australia were once connected
● Some archeologists mention that the earth’s
crust found in India is very similar to that of
Australia’s
● Some of the features of the people living in
those areas, there are similarities
○ NOTE: there are people who
contradict this statement for the
reason that India and Australia are
both British colonies, thus having the
same physical attributes
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● As continents moved around, India was left
behind as if it were only inserted to its
current location (as interpreted by
archeologists)
The Continental Drift Theory
1.4 Out of Taiwan Theory
Out of Taiwan Theory – The early humans
crossed to the Philippines from what is now
Southern China and Northern Vietnam to Formosa
down to the archipelago
● Presented by archaeologist Peter Bellwood
● Migration did not first take place on a south
to north direction as proposed by Beyer
○ Rather, Migration was from North to
South
Similarities of Filipinos with the Chinese –
Similarities and ages of archaeological evidences
such as boats and pottery in South China, Northern
VIetnam, the Philippines and Micronesia, which
included the Marianas
● There is still uncertainty if there is a ‘One
China’ as the nation insists on reclaiming
land conquered by colonizers
○ Macao, Hongkong, Siberia are being
reclaimed one-by-one
○ Adds to the possibility of China
getting Taiwan
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● Individuals settling in the southern portion of
Taiwan have similar names with those in
China
○ Taiwanese physical attributes,
however, is somewhat similar to
Filipinos
● Cagayan and Batanes are very near Taiwan
○ Basco is the northernmost
municipality of Batan Island
○ Y’ami is the northernmost island of
Batanes
1.5 Nusantao Theory
Nusantao Theory – the spread of Austronesians
throughout the Asia-Pacific region would have been
primarily a single direction if it had been the result
of migration alone. However, cultural diffusion
around the regions actually demonstrates
significant spread, suggesting it may have moved
as part of some sort of trading network
TL;DR – Spread of Austronesians is a
combination of migration and spread of culture due
to maritime trading
● Presented by archaeologist Wilhelm
Solheim II
● Spread is due to trading and cultural
exchanges
Nusa – Austronesian word meaning ‘south’
Tau – Austronesian word meaning ‘human’
● Does not necessarily argue with Bellwood
○ Rather, engagement between
people of India, Southeast Asia, the
Philippines is due to trading
● Multiracial aspect of Filipinos is due to
interactions among places due to wanting to
‘exist’
○ Make trading partners to earn for a
living
II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY COMMUNITIES
● Mentioned by Felipe Landa Jocano
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○ Was able to make a periodization of
how the tippling of the Philippines
and development of communities
would happen
2.1 CAGAYAN MAN AND TABON MAN
● As early as 500,000 BCE to 250,000 stone
tools were found with bones of a dwarf
species of elephant in Cagayan
Cagayan Man – Homo erectus Philippinensis
● Similar to the following:
○ Java Man or Pithecanthropus
Erectus of Indonesia
○ Peking Man or Sinanthropus
Pekinensis of China
● Spread of population may be due to trade,
migration, north to south or south to north
Tabon Man – proof is a skull cap of a man
discovered in the Tabon Cave of Palawan in 1962
● Archaeologists led by Dr. Robert Fox
learned that man had been in the
Philippines for at least 22,000 years
● The cave was dated back to half a million
years old and had been occupied for more
or less 50,000 years
Piece of Charcoal – dated back to 30,000 years
ago
● May indicate the first use of fire in the
archipelago
● Early Filipinos lived in caves
● They wore clothing made from materials
taken from nature
2.2 GERMINAL PERIOD
Felipe Landa Jocano – when the peopling of the
Philippines transpired
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Henry Otley Beyer – peopling of the Philippines
came from a south to north pattern with the Aetas
coming from Southwestern Asia
Peter Bellwood – Disproved the Migration Theory
by stating that the wave of migration began from
north to south
Wilhelm Solheim II – peopling of the Philippines
did not only happen through migration; also due to
cultural similarities and interactions of maritime
trading
2.2 FORMATIVE PERIOD
● During this time, it is believed that they used
stone tools
● Caves are said to be where development
started because this was their shelter
● Pottery
○ Used not only to store food but to bury the
dead
● 3,000 BCE
○ “As time flourished, they were able to realize
the importance of river systems, because as
we all know, all civilizations would start from
that,” - Maam Melanie
■ Tigris-Euphrates river system
■ Indus river
■ Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
■ Yangtze river
■ Huang Ho river
○ Settlements started to form at the mouths of
rivers and coastal areas
○ They were able to be familiar with the
bordering seas and others through maritime
trading
2.3 INCIPIENT PERIOD
● 500 BCE to CE 900
● Dawning of the Metal Age (~800 HCE)
It was in the incipient period that we were able to
see the importance of barangays wherein the
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community is formulated; an organized form of
government headed by a ruler who is responsible
for a small community
○ Barangays which were formerly a
confederation of family members began to
include other barangays
○ Political system developed and centered on
the council of elders; this may have been
influenced by early settlers from Southeast
Asia and China. Their belief is “with age
comes great experience,” and elders must
be respected.
● The natives wore jewelry worked from gold,
jade, carnelian, and other materials
● 200 CE – writing started with Sanskrit influence
● CE 1,200 – baybayin developed in many
regions
● CE 300 – boat (barangay) building tradition
started to flourish because maritime tradition
was expanding
○ “You need to find a space or place to be at
par with the rest, and that of course was
making boats because you will be able to
settle or establish alliances with other groups
with regard to traveling by boat” - Maam
Melanie
● CE 600 – natives managed to build boats for
trade and warfare
○ To defend one barangay against the other in
times of war
2.3 EMERGENT PERIOD
● CE 900 - CE 1,400
● Transition to the historic period witnesses by
hardening of distinct political and economic
institutions
● Formation of ethnolinguistic groups
○ Alliances and friendships resulted through
the years of socialization and interaction with
outside groups
○ People being united together through
similarities with regard to beliefs
○ There are those separated due to
differences in language or tone
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○ Some Southeast Asian empires that would
have an impact towards us due to
interactions
○ Belief systems arose
■ E.g. Majapahit and Srivijaya
● Piracy
○ Considered a legitimate activity, it was not
limited to the Moros who practiced it both as
a legitimate profession and as a form of
resistance to Spanish aggression
○ It was not illegal for Moros
III. LIFE AND CULTURE DURING THE PRE-HISPANIC
PHILIPPINES
● Filipinos had a civilization prior to the coming of
the Spaniards
○ As proven by the Spaniards who witnessed
and wrote information about us
● The cultural achievements of pre-colonial
Philippines include those covered by prehistory
and early history of the Philippine archipelago
and its inhabitants,which are the indigenous
forebears of today's Filipino people.
● Before the Spaniards came into thePhilippines
there were existing cultures of the Filipinos
which were not distinguished by most of the
Filipinos especially for the newborn Filipino
citizens.
3.1 PRE-COLONIAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT
Filipinos lived in settlements called barangays
before the colonization of the Philippines
Barangay
○ The first settlers were not just brought by
boat
○ As a unit of government, a barangay
consisted from 30-100 families
○ Headed by a datu, lakan, rajah, or sultan
(different names depending on which
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ethnolinguistic group or which place on the
archipelago they lived)
○ Independent from other groups
○ During the Spanish occupation, one of the
largest barangays is Sugbo (Cebu)
■ There are several places conniving
with Sugbo and made it more
powerful
■ It is a test of strength and agility for
the Mactanons to fight against
Sugbo or Cebu because of its large
size and alliances formed by the
sultan/datu/rajah
○ Advised by elders known as agorangs
■ Its counterpart in Russian and old
Chinese history is called politburo
○ The subjects served their chieftain and pay
their taxes (buwis)
○ Sanduguan – treaty of friendship and
alliance
■ The two parties will cut themselves
and pour the blood into the cup of
wine then drink it
■ A test of character
■ Friendships are not simply sealed by
words
■ There was no availability of
contracts
■ If there are many members, the
blood usually comes from the leader
Illustration of sanduguan
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○ Customary laws were handed down orally
from generation to generation
■ What we lack in the past is
documentation because we tend to
pass information orally
■ People writing about the past back
then was rare
■ The credit and honor goes to the
others instead of us (especially
Westerners) because we lack
documentation
○ Written laws were those that the chieftain
and elders promulgated from time to time as
necessity arose
○ The law was written and announced to the
whole barangay by a town crier called
umalohokan
Illustration of an umalohokan
IV. PREHISPANIC PILLARS OF SOCIETY
Datu, Lakan, Rajah, or Sultan
○ Political, military, economic leader of the
barangay
○ Highest leader in the barangay
○ However, they are not the only leader of
barangays
○ Criteria to become a datu:
■ Inherited
- Usually a man, rarely a
woman
■ Performance in battlefield
■ Talent and ability
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Bagani (or Barani)
○ Defenders of the barangay
○ Origin of the word “bayani”
○ Known for their bravery, strength, and agility
○ Sometimes, the datu itself can be the
bagani. But often, the datu chose some
skilled members to protect the community
○ Ranked according to the number of people
killed in battle
■ They have tattoos which represent
the proof of their success or triumph
in battle (usually in men)
■ The more tattoos, the more
attractive
Panday
○ Leader of the barangay who is known to
acquire practical skills in making weapons,
armaments, and event stuff used at home
(e.g. utensils)
○ Mistakenly thought to be the old carpenters,
but they are very well-respected. If not for
them, then the art of war would not be
possible
Babaylans
- Also called: Balyana or Katalonan
depending on the location
- Spiritual leader of the barangay; “mediator
between God and man” - Ma’am Turingan
- Known for their contribution in terms of
astrology, religion, medicine.
- Facilitates the ritual practices of the
barangay
- Role given to women - babae / binabaelan
- Mostly old women (experience)
In the instance that women are unavailable, the
barangay would have a man dressed and like a
girl to act as mediator between God and man.
The belief in Babaylans are similar to Pre-Colonial
Indian Society where Monks, who are said to be
reincarnations of Buddhas, are handpicked -
meaning not everyone can be Monks nor
Babaylans.
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tribute or working on their fields

V. PRE-COLONIAL SOCIETY were the commoners and serfs.
b. The aliping sagigilid who lived in
MAGINOO their masters' houses were the
- Equivalent of the Maharlika* or Upper servants and slaves. They were
Class mostly captives during the war, prize
- NOBILITY or ROYAL CLASS in wars, children of sagigilid.
- The term datu or lakan, or apo refers to the
chief, but the noble class to which the datu V. PRE-HISPANIC CULTURE
belonged to was known as the maginoo
class. The first Spaniards came to the Philippines in 1521,
- Any male member of the maginoo class can found the early Filipinos with a culture that was
become a datu by personal achievement. different from theirs.
- The Maginoo were the ruling class, the
educated class, the royal class, and the The Filipinos before was civilized. This culture was
privileged class. mostly adapted from our sisters and brothers from
the Southeast Asia.
*In Visayas, Maharlika pertains to both the Nobility
and the Freemen. In this scenario, it is better to call CLOTHING
the Upper Classmen as Maginoo. - The ancient Filipinos had no shoes. They
walked barefooted.
TIMAWA
- Middle Class
Male Clothing Female Clothing
- The term timawa referring to freemen came
into use in the social structure of the ● Kangan – jacket ● Naked from waist
Tagalogs within just twenty years after the with short sleeves up
coming of the Spaniards. Chief – red ● Ornamented by the
- They were called as such because they Commoner – kalumbiga or
black or blue armlets
didn’t have a BOND/CONTRACT, MASTER
● Bahag – consisted ● Saya – Tagalog
or DEBT of a cloth wound skirt
- The term, however, was being incorrectly about the waist, ● Patadyong –
applied to former alipin (commoner and passing down Visayan skirt
slave class) who have escaped bondage by between the thighs. ● Tapis – piece of
payment, favor, or flight. ● Putong - headgear white or red cloth
usually wrapped
- The Tagalog timawa did not have the
around the waist or
military prominence of the Visayan timawa the chest.

ALIPIN
- At the bottom of the social hierarchy are
the members of the alipin class.
- There are two main subclasses of the alipin
class:
a. The aliping namamahay who
owned their own houses and
serve their masters by paying
 UST LEAPMED
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Clothing of a Chief in Pre-hispanic Culture.
Clothing of Females during the Pre-hispanic Period
ORNAMENTS
- The ancient Filipinos wore ornaments made
of gold and precious stones.
- Kalumbiga – armlets
- Pintados or painted people
HYGIENE
- Daily bathing is done by Filipinos to
maintain their health and hygiene.
- Pumice is used to scrub the body and a
toothbrush made of husk for cleaning
their teeth.
- Coconut oil and mangrove bark were
used to clean the hair and keep it free of
lice.
- Citrus – used to clean the clothes and to
remove the stains and odors in it.
People in Luzon liked having white teeth, but
people in Visayas, particularly girls, preferred to
have black teeth. They would be involving
themselves with nganga or Betel Nut, because it
makes your teeth black when you chew it long
enough.
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HEALING
- Massaging is done for injured and
dislocated muscles.
- Manghihilot (massage expert) is called to
release trapped energy points
- The resin of the pili tree is used as a
healing balm
- The seeds of the tangan-tangan are made
into an oil and a cure for swellings, chills
and sores.
Some materials used for healing:
1. Lagtang – a plant used as an antidote for
poison and a cure for constipation.
2. Vinegar was applied on the forehead and
armpit to lower fever.
3. Powdered black coral used to cure
rheumatism.
PINTADOS
- Tattooing itself was painful enough to serve
as a test of manhood.
- Tattooing is considered a permanent form of
body adornment.
- The Visayans considered it as symbols of
male pride and valor.
HOUSES
- The Filipino house of today in the barrios is
no different from the typical ancient Filipino
house.
Types of Houses in Pre-hispanic Times:
1. Nipa Hut / Bahay Kubo – this kind of
house is suited to the tropical climate of the
country.
2. Tree houses – among the Ilongots and the
Kalingas of northern Luzon and the
Mandayas and the Bagobos of Mindanao.
3. Boat houses – Badjaos of Sulu; they lived
in such houses because they are sea loving
people. This was also a form of
transportation and business.
EDUCATION AND SYSTEM OF WRITING
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- There were no formal schools but children
of school age taught in their own homes by
their mothers who were their first teachers.
- The ancient Filipinos were generally literate.
- Music and religion were also taught to the
children (Salawikain, Bugtong, Sawikain)
- Baybayin– a system of writing where every
letter is pronounced as a syllable (baybay).
● Seventeen symbols: three of which
are vowels (patinig) and 14 are
consonants (katinig).
● Derived by Sanskirit, particularly
the Kawi Script which is an Old
Javanese language (Indonesia).
● Given to us by the Mahajapahit
Empire.
- The early Filipinos wrote on large leaves of
plants and trees, sometimes on barks of
trees and bamboo tubes.
- Used colored saps of trees as inks, while
they used pointed sticks or iron as pencil.
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
- The prehistoric Filipinos believed that the
soul was immortal.
- Believed in life after death
- Manunggal jar – a container for bones of
the dead
- Believed in one Supreme Being (Bathalang
Maykapal) - derived from Brahma, a god in
India
- Influenced by the Hindu / Indian gods and
goddesses
- Anito – soul-spirits were venerated.
Worshipped minor deities
1. Idiyanale – god of agriculture
2. Sidapa – God of death
3. Agni – god of fire
4. Lalahon – goddess of harvest
5. Siginarugan – god of hell
WOMEN
- During pre-colonial times, women shared
equal footing with men in society.
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- They were allowed to divorce, own and
inherit property, and even lead their
respective barangays or territories.
- Abortion was LEGAL
- Give names to their children
Dalagas: unmarried woman (virgins or not)
Bugus: chaste and known for their virginity
Only the BUGUS can be BABAYLANS.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
- Courtship was long and difficult
- Men were required to give:
a. a dowry (bigay kaya)
b. to the girl’s parents: panghimuyat -
which is money given as exchange
for raising the girl
c. girl’s wet-nurse: bigay-suso or
breastfeeder
BURIAL PRACTICES
- The ancient Filipinos believed in the life
hereafter and the relationship between the
living and the dead, which made them
respect the memory of the dead.
- Could be in a form of a dance or roleplay
highlighting the life of the deceased
Types of Mourning
1. Morotal – mourning for a woman
2. Maglahi – mourning for a man
3. Laraw – mourning for a dead chieftain
 19th Century Major Forces leading to Separation of
the Colony to Spain
OUTLINE
Political instability in Spain directly influenced
I. Pigafetta’s Account
A. Key Individuals government in the Philippines
B. Magellan’s Ships
- Leaders of spanish colonies are spaniards
- Highest position of Filipino: gobernadorcillo
HISTORY AND LITERATURE (town mayor)
After Magellan, 5 expeditions, three not able to reach - Pre-hispanic barangay leaders (datu)
Philippines:
Split within the Clergy
1. Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaisa
- Searched for Magellan and his crew - Filipinos asking to own parishes
- Didnt reach Philippines - Secularization
2. Sebastian Cabbot - Faced with discrimination
- Only reached South America - GomBurZa
3. Alvaro de Saavedra - Everything that the members of the clergy were
- First voyager that started an expedition believed to be true
from Mexico (colony of Spain)
Breakdown of Civil Administration resulting to
- Captured by Portugues in Indonesia
dissatisfaction among people
4. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
- Named the Philippines, Felipinas - In paper, the Spanish colony has great laws but
- After then Prince Phillip, who would were not fulfilled.
eventually become King - The King of Spain was surprised that Philippines
5. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi wanted independence since from his knowledge
- Start the formal colonization in 1565 Filipinos were given so much rights and control.
- First Governor General - The information the King receives does not
- Created the major settlements: coincide with what was happening in the
- Cebu country.
- Named as the Villa de
Santisimo Nombre de Economic Freedom at the latter part of the century
Jesus (City of the Most
Holy Name of Jesus) - 333 years of many monopolies
because of the gift of - Galleon Trade
Magellan to Humamay - One-way relationship
(Humabon’s wife) of the - 250 yrs
image of the Child - We trade to Europe and Mexico
Jesus or Sto.Nino de - What is left for us is the trash
Praga - In debt since we wanted to
- Panay trade
- From their first words - Filipinos didn’t have opportunities because of
upon coming: “ Pan monopolies
hay” - Ilocanos made the best wine but the
- Manila recipes was written by the Europeans
- To the north so the Europeans were the one credited
- June 24, 1571- became for the best wines
a city - Spanish monopolized the wine, the wine
cannot be tasted by the public, must be
Ati-Atihan bought (expensive). Led to the Basi
Revolt (Filipinos lost)
- Commemoration of the Indigenous Peoples in - Provinces such as Cagayan, only
Cebu planted one type of crop: tobacco
- Connected with Christianity since a Spanish - Instead of harvesting food, they
Soldier in a burning house saw the unscathed sell these products as a form of
figure of the Sto. Nino. The house that burned is monopoly
now the location for the Basilica Minore Cebu
Politics in Spain: Liberals and Conservatives
The Split between liberals and conservatives in the
Spanish Cortes proved vital in the existence of Spain as
an empire.
- Peninsulares: spaniards born in Spain
- Insulares: spaniards born in the Philippines
- Creoles: spaniards born in the colony
- Principalia started in the 19th century

Spanish liberalism influenced the attitude toward

religion, politics, and society. Reasons for Revolt

Liberalism In the 333 years under Spain, there were more than 250
- Promoted freedom of speech, human rights, and revolts that transpired nationwide and all of them failed.
freedom of the press
- Aspired to give more rights to the people, Personal
particularly the colonies. They were deemed to - Abuses of Spaniards, ancestral land, tribute,
be influencing the way of life of the people. and oppression
- Liberals were anti-clerical - When the kings were greeted by the Spanish,
- The governor-general in a colony may be the they (and their relatives) were asked to pay
leader/supreme commander of the nation, but it tributes, and they hated the idea.
is actually the friars that were running the - They revolted to be exempted from paying
country. tribute. They succeeded in their campaign and
- In Rizal’s novels, particularly El Filibusterismo, submitted to Spain.
we can see that Rizal is best friends with the - Rajah Sulayman:
gobernador-general, but there was no name - From Manila
attributed to the gobernador-general, it was just
a title. There is a person that plays a role but his - Lakan Dula
name is just the title. But there are many priests’ - Last native king of Tondo
names in the novels. This is a sign that the
country is governed by a clergy. - Diego Silang
- Very witty
- He wanted an independent
Ilocandia
Politics in Spain: What were the effects to its colonies? - He stole goods (armaments)
from British camps so they
Neglect to Colonies would see that the Spaniards
- In the latter part of the 19th century, Spain was were doing it
fighting a lot of wars for supremacy, so they - He treated Miguel Vicos as if
favored some colonies over the others. they were brothers, and Vicos
- Some colonies aspired for independence one by exchanged his best friend and
one. brother with Spanish gold.
- The bigger countries that would start the - Vicos killed Silang in a bell
struggle for independence are the ones in South tower.
America
- Most american colonies declared independence - Francisco Dagohoy’s Revolt
like Chile, Argentina, Mexico, and Columbia - Longest revolt in Philippine
history
Economic Development - Lasted for 85 years.
- The Philippines took several decades before - It took 20 governor generals
modernization before it was suppressed.
- It was only in the 19th century that the - Some others continued his
Philippines was opened to world trade. revolt
- Economic development in the Philippines was - This was very personal because
because of free trade and foreign investments Francisco Dagohoy’s brother
(killed in a duel) was denied of
Colonial Government Christian burial.
- Changes in government in Spain means - Dagohoy used to work as a
changes in the colony; sacristan in a Church, and he
- Governors represent the liberal or the killed a priest during Mass.
conservatives. - He maximized the 3-year
- Insulares felt misplaced among the Spaniards. interlude with the British
 - Extensive Landholdings, e.g. Dominincans,
Political
- Desire for lost freedom
- Many names are associated with political revolts
- Andres Malong
- From Pangasinan
Religious
- Religious intolerance
- Religious campaigns were used in the revolt
against Spain and succeeded
- Igorots
- Tamblot & Bangkaw
- Converted to Catholic faith
- Got suppressed
- Returned to their old faith and
fought against Spaniards
- Hermano Pule (Apolinario De La Cruz)
- Famous because he dreamed
to become a priest
- Because of his poverty, he was
not able to attend formal
education
- Worked as a crew in the San
Juan de Dios hospital. Originally
in Cavite
- He memorized the Bible
- He made a group (variation of
the Catholic church), Cofradia
de San Jose
- Later on, some people believed
that Hermano Pule was the
representative/messenger of
God (like Mohammad)
- Hermano Pule revolt is one of
the most famous religious
revolts
State of the Church in the 19th Century
Foreign Impressions about the Spaniards:
- Le Gentil said the friars were the masters of the
country especially in the provinces
- Most people said this
- Jean Baptiste Mallat stated that friars were
friend, father and admonitory of the people.
- Feodor Jagor, who wrote Travels in the
Philippines, denied seeing immorality among the
Spaniards
Criticism Against the Church
Franciscans, and Augustinians held lands in different
places in the archipelago
- The friars owned the land through royal grant,
legacy and outright purchase
- Encomienda - rewards given to those who are
loyal to spain. Majority of these belong to the
church (Friar Lands).
- Hacienda Luisita owned by the
Cojuancos was believed to be a friar
land
- UST is definitely a friar land
- Intramuros
Immorality among the clergy including child out of the
vow of chastity
- Priests have children
- Brother in law of Rizal, Antonio Lopez
Friars were described as varicious, arrogant and impure;
they controlled state and church
- They know how to convince us to follow them by
scaring us about the afterlife
Inquilinos and Hacienda Owners
Hacienda Owners
- Friars were the owners of the land
- Hacienda owners were mostly members of the
clergy who owned land.
Inquilinos
- Chinese mestizos or natives who leased the
land
- Rizal’s father was an example of a leading
tenant (Inquilino)
- Inquilinos are paid nothing for the first three
years; and at the end of the three years, he had
to pay a flat rent called canon or terrazgo. This
depends on the productivity of the land
Kasamahanes
- Workers in the land
45:34 - 1:08:19 manelajoy.labuguen.med@ust.edu.ph
1:08:20 - 1:31:06
rogernathan.santoluma.med@ust.edu.ph
22:47 - 45:33
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Secular priests are priests that do not belong to the
Spanish Order. Now known as the Diocesan Priests
who own or handle the parishes
- This all started when the Jesuits were asked to
give up their positions in the parishes all over
the world. There was an internal conflict in the
order that lead them to vacate the parishes, that
lead to seculars worlwide to have their access
and bec
Inquilinos and Hacienda Owners [continuation]
1. The profits of the Inquilinos increased; thus,
hacienda owners periodically increased the
canon as the land value increased.
2. Inquilinos did not want to pay; they argued they
made the land valuable. Hacienda owners
claimed that inquilinos exploited the
kasamahanes.
3. Kasamahanes sided with the inquilinos against
the hacienda owners, thus, led to
anti-clericalism.
The family of Rizal was witness to this. There was an
increase in the price of the land, and the middlemen
didn't want to pay because of an agreement that was
done.
Rumors would spread that they [the inquilinos] exploited
the workers, but the workers knew the reality, that’s why
both the inquilinos and kamasahanes would come
together to fight against the hacienda owners.
However, they can’t easily win against the hacienda
owners simply because of the power and authority they
have over the workers.
CONDITIONS PRIOR TO THE OUTBREAK OF THE
REVOLUTION
Secularization
● The years 1872-1892 saw the transformation
from religious struggle to national struggle.
● Secularization paved the way for national
struggle. GOMBURZA brought about two kinds
of nationalism (Offshoots after 1972):
1. Asking for reform or assimilation
2. Ask directly for independence and
freedom
● After the demise of the Propaganda Movement,
the call for independence through a revolution
was the primary movement in 1892-1896.
What is Secularization?
- The right of the secular priest to handle their
parishes previously under the regulars
- Secular priests are priests that do not belong to
the Spanish Order. Now known as the Diocesan
Priests who own or handle the parishes
- This all started when the Jesuits were asked to
give up their positions in the parishes all over
the world. There was an internal conflict in the
order that lead them to vacate the parishes, that
lead to seculars worlwide to have their access
and become Parish Priests.
- The Philippines opened its doors to schools for
priesthood (seminary schools): Colegio de
Santisomo Rosario (now UST), Colegio de
San Agustin, etc
- Archbishop Basilio Sancho Rufino ordered
changes by July 22, 1767
- Secular priests were too few to take over
parishes; archbishop opened a seminary to
prepare priests
- Royal decree reverse secularization on June 8,
1826
Why some opposed the policy?
- Governor Sario of Manila claimed that Filipino
clergy were not fit morally for parishes.
- Naturales lacked proper decorum as priests,
stated by Rafael Maria de Aguilar
- Mexican independence was led by native
priests; European priests were loyal to Spain
Revolts and Liberal Ideas
- Revolts from different provinces took place
during the era.
- Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) to the
Cavite Mutiny shows the variety reasons why
Filipinos revolt.
- The revolts never gained enough momentum
because of the lack of unity.
- Cavite Mutiny will start the struggle in 1872
- The main trigger or reason for the next wave of
revolution
Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada
- Governor-general that is well-loved because he
gave more rights to the Filipinos and introduced
freedom to public
- One of the sources of ideas for revolts
- The clergy opposed giving more rights because
they believed that this diminishes their power
and is given to the people
- As a result, de la Torre is replaced by Rafael
Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (killed GOMBURZA by
implicating them in the Cavite Mutiny)
Rise of the Principalia Class
- The economic and political development of the
archipelago in the mid and latter part of the
century paved the way for the new class:
principalia class.
 - From lowest to highest: Indios, Chinese
Mestizos, Principalia: Gobernadorcillos, native
elites, Spanish Mestizos, Insulares,
Peninsulares
The latter portion of the 19th century would be divided
into the Reform Movement and the Independence
Movement
Reform Movement
- Spearheaded by the Illustrados (enlightened
ones) who have higher education in UST or
Universities abroad
- They were exposed to the differences between
the treatment of the Spaniards to their locals
and to their colonies
- Ilustrados (enlightened young men) called for
reform in the government and assimilation of the
Philippines to Spain.
- Most of these young men were sent to Europe
to study
- The young Filipinos were acquainted with a
world different from the Philippines: freedom of
speech against the church, church doctrine and
the state; proclamation of liberties and progress.
- The environment would become a STIMULUS
for CALLING OF CHANGES in the / for the
Philippines.
- The grave defects of Spanish government in
Spain led to the disillusionment of the Filipinos.
- For Rizal, the first step to independence was
assimilation and seeking the trust of the people
in power and proving you were fit to self-rule
Interaction and Engagement of Filipinos and
Spaniards: Circulo-Hispano Filipino
- Gregorio Sancianco gave a banquet for
Fernando de Leon y Castillo, overseas minister
of liberal government in Sagasta. Sancianco
publish a book on the abolishment of the
Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines. Although
helped the economy of the Philippines, the
abuses and negative consequences of the
monopoly.
- Tha banquet served as the foundation of
CIRCULO-HISPANO FILIPINO
- Rizal wanted to give more substance to it; and
to use it as vehicle to unite Filipinos.
- Revista del Circulo-Hispano Filipino
Early Activities of Filipinos in Spain
1. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA - began an active
participation in politics and journalism; first editor
of La Solidaridad (Diego Laura)
2. Pedro Paterno - influential person; first to have
written an account of the customs of the
Philippines in his book called Ninay; was said to
have inspired Rizal to create books of his own
about the Philippines; made a recommendation
for Rizal to meet people in Spain (balimbing in
history bc he always stayed on the safe side)
Asociación Hispano - Filipina
- Conceived as early as 1888; but was
inaugurated on January 12, 1889.
- members were Filipinos and Spaniards calling
for reforms in the Philippines
Reforms asked:
1. Education: Teaching of Spanish in all schools;
Establishment of secondary schools in two or
three provinces; Reform in the University of
Santo Tomas
2. Human Rights: Suppression of inhuman
punishment in tribunals and jails; Abolition of
diezmos prediales and sanctorum
3. Government: Establishment of agricultural
banks; Improvement of roads and railways;
Reform in public administration
AIMS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
- The Propaganda Movement was the second
wave of nationalism. It must be noted that in
1872, most members of the movement shared
sentiments with the death of GomBurZa,
 especially since they were in their teens at the Dasalan at Tocsohan
time. - creator/author:
- Philippines as province of Spain; Representation - Marcelo H. del Pilar
in the Spanish Cortes; Human Rights; - Lawyer
Secularization and Filipinization; Equal Rights - Pillar of reform movement
between Spanish and Filipinos - Pedro serrano laktaw and rafael
enriquez
La Liga Filipina - context:
La Liga Filipina is a proposed society established by - Written before 1888
Jose Rizal when he return to the Philippines. Meeting - Friars were considered the most
with the members of the propaganda in Doroteo powerful authority in the country
Ongjunco’s house in Tondo, Manila. - Del Pilar openly criticized the authorities
- Content:
July 2, 1892: Establishment of La Liga Filipina - Librito, small book not bigger than
Constitution was made in Hong Kong man’s hand
Was only 1 or 2 day old because he would be exiled in - Popular Catholic prayers written in
Dapitan shortly after its establishment mockery of the priests
● To unite the whole archipelago into one - ‘Our father’, ‘Hail Mary’, ‘Glory
compact, vigorous, and homogenous body; be’
● Mutual protection in every want and necessity; - Connections:
● Defense against all violence and injustice; - First satire to attack the Spanish priests
● Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and - Satire as form of dissent
commerce; and - The friars were very angry with
● Study and application of reforms. del Pilar
- Led to his exile
History vs Literature - Communication:
- Work is presently displayed at
History the Del Pilar Museum in
- Analysis of the past events Bulacan
- Tangible and non- tangible - Conclusions:
- Primary and secondary - Literature can be used in
criticizing authority
Literature - Satire is subtle but powerful
- Fiction and non fiction form of critic
- Written works like leaflets, novels and editorial - Marcel del Pilar was successful
in using literature as
Satire propaganda
- is a literary device using irony and wit to criticize
a person, a group or an event. SECULARIZATION (R.N.P.S.)
- Catchy, humorous, creative

REGULAR SECULAR
Marcelo H. Del Pilar (R.N.P.S.)
● Born Marcelo Hilario del Pilar Religious clergy: Minister spiritual needs of
● 1850-1896 Franciscan, Augustinians, the people
● Diariong Tagalog Dominicans
● Editor of La Solidaridad
● He was asked to stay away from the Philippines Vows: chastity, poverty Vows: chastity and
and obedience obedience
● His children grew up without him; pressures
would be experienced by the wife ● Limpieza de Sangre ‘cleanliness of blood’ or
○ All of his properties were taken by the ‘association by blood’ is an aspect of this issue.
friars Spanish clergy is better than the native clergy
○ Their business supporting the wife did according to the regulars. Seculars (locals) felt
not become successful like they were second rate priests;they were
○ His family only saw him again when he relegated to coadjutors.
was in an urn
● Works:
○ La Soberania en Monacal de Filipinas
○ La Frailocracia Filipinas

Figure 1. 19th Century Social and Political Movements
- Because of the dissatisfaction to the clergy,
there would be a desire for separation
Figure 2. 19th Century Spanish Government
- Liberal and conservatives would fight, friars
would come in
- During the period of instability in Spanish
government, a liberal government general that
we love
- Friars did not like this
- Replaced with another conservative
general
19th CENTURY PHILIPPINE LITERATURE (R.N.P.S.)
Francisco Baltazar Balagtas (R.N.P.S.)
- 1788-1862
- Born in Bigaa, Bulacan (today known as
Balagtas, Bulacan)
- Studied in Colegio de San Jose and Colegio de
San Juan de Letran
- Kay Celia for first love: Marian Rivera
- Florante at Laura (1838)
- Early literature supporters would
venture/benchmark in
- Have written accounts on the importance of
literature
El Amor Patrio (R.N.P.S.)
● In 1882, Jose Rizal wrote El Amor Patrio (Love
of Country)
● Talks about the love country as the greatest kind
of love.
○ promoting history and knowledge of a
nation’s past
● First published work, in Diariong Tagalog
Figure 3. Comparison on Various Works
“It has always been said that love is an extremely
powerful force behind most noble activities. Well then,
of all loves, the love of country has inspired the
grandest, the most heroic and the most selfless of
deeds. Do read history books or historical records and
traditions” (El Amor Patrio)
La Solidaridad (R.N.P.S.)
● ‘The pen is mightier than the sword’
● Established by the Propagandist-patriots who
waged their movement by means of pen and
tongue to expose defects of Spanish rule in the
Philippines
● Contained many members
● Triumvirate: del Pilar, Rizal, Jaena
Marcelo H. del Pilar
- ‘Plaridel’
- Was the first writer of the bilingual newspaper,
‘El Diariong Tagalog’
- Beloved by the masses because of his eloquent
Tagalog fearless defense of the poor
- The best propagandist
Jose Rizal
- Physician, scholar, scientist, and writer
- Greatest novelist of the Propaganda movement
- ‘Laong-Laan/Dimas-Alang’
Graciano Lopez Jaena
- Orator of the propaganda
- Famous for his Fray Botod
- First editor of La Solidaridad
- ‘Diego Laura’
Mariano Ponce
- Physician from Bulacan
- A biographical writer
- ‘Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulaku’
Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (R.N.P.S.)
● Aim: Independence
● Andre Bonifacio – founder
● 734 Calle El Cano cor. Azcarraga
- Triangle or ‘recruitment’ system
- Katipunan is a fraternity
- Similar to how fraternities in schools are
initiated
 - To join, you need to seek intention of
organization
- During 19th century, the Katipunan was the only
group with a campaign for freedom

Discovery of the Katipunan

- Revealed through a confession
- Confession are supposedly done in
secrecy
- Priests cannot be used as witness in a
courtroom
- Teodro Patinio was asked to confess to Father
Mariano Gil
- August 19, 1896
- Evidence:
- Rubber stamp
- Little book
- Ledgers
- Membership oaths signed by
blood
- Pointed to Rizal

Kartilya ng Katipunan
- Teachings of the Katipunan
- The Katipunan Code of Conduct
- Written by Emilio Jacinto

Bonifacio’s Decalogue
- Ten rules written by Andres Bonificio
- ‘Sampung utos’
- Katipunan are bound to follow these rules
 LESSON 1: ELEMENT OF TIME Principi di Scienza Nuova
● Vico’s notion of truth
● Verum et Factum convertuntur
1.1 Cosmological Time ○ Truth and fact are convertible
● The concept of time as though it were successive ● Truth is what we ourselves have made.
local movements
● Time as a number or measure The Implication of Vico’s Notion of Truth
● Number ● The task of the human mind is not to think about
○ February 15, 1984 being in the abstract, but being as we have made
○ 7:03 it. History is a fundamental prerequisite for the
● Measure study of any discipline.
○ 2 Hours ● History, as previously despised as unscientific,
○ 21 years old became alongside mathematics, the only true
● When/How Long? science.
● The factual world is not an abstract metaphysical
1.2 Psychological Time construct but our world which we have
● The conception of time not as a measurable local constructed in history
movement but as a span of duration experienced ● Thus, Vico’s notion of truth eventually gave birth
by a conscious subject, which endures in his to the scientific method which is a combination of
consciousness or memory the primacy of mathematics and observable facts

The emphasis is not on the duration, but on the
conscious subject who experiences time as:
● A synthesis of past, present, and future
○ Analogy: Cosmological Time = Notes;
Psychological time = Melody
History is not just about dates, persons, or happenings.
● It is about human experiences that are
remembered, re-presented, reconstructed.
● Ex. Manifestation Today: “Never forget.”
1.3 Memory
Human experience as remembered, re-presented,
reconstructed by our Memory:
Memory
When it… Function as…
Remembers or recall Data storage
Represents or makes
Imagination or fantasy
present
It revises (re-visioning) or Creative faculty
reconstructs ingenuity
1.4 Implication of Truth by Giambattista Vico
● “Vico was almost the first to formulate a
completely new idea of truth and knowledge
and who, in a piece of bold anticipation, coined in
an absolutely inimitable precision the typical
formula of the modern attitude towards truth and
reality.” - Pope Benedict VI
● Truth as a science – we need to study the truth
precisely to produce an output
1.4 Implication of Truth by Karl Marx
Verum est Faciendum
● Karl Marx
● “So far philosophers have merely interpreted the
world in various ways; it is now time to change it.”
● Truth is what we can make
● For Karl Marx, we should be concerned not only
with knowing the truth as being, or truth as a
historical fact. We must be concerned with using
this knowledge to change the world. Truth must
impel us to act in order to create a better world.
1.5 Is there Objectivity in History?
● The concept of objectivity originated from the
supposition that the mind is imitative, that it
copies objects outside it
● According to this model, there is objectivity when
what is in the mind conforms with reality
Truth is the exact correspondence between the mind
and reality
or ● Verum est adaequatio rei ad intellectum
● Objectivity in History cannot be thought of in this
way because of the following reasons:
1. The past is gone, never to be repeated
○ History doesn't repeat itself, it is the
people who repeat history.
2. Although history requires the conscientious
regard for the critical method and standards of
history as a discipline, it always implies value
judgment or creative reconstruction.
Why Can We Not Totally Exclude Value Judgment ● Science
And Creativity? ○ know the process
● Because history is permeated with meaningful ○ People do not just accept what has been said.
human relationships the understanding of ○ Truth for one is not truth for all.
which requires an element of empathy and
sympathy which often restrict strict Secularism
methodological procedures. – William Dilthley ● We can understand history without any recourse
“Life Expressions” to transcendent values or being

1.6 Causality in History Consumerism

● Historical narratives are expected to establish the ● Time of industrial revolution
relation of cause and effect in their explanation. ○ Tinanggal yung sinaunang paniniwala;
● These narratives show that past events, revisionism*
conditions, and processes are consequences of ○ Gives a new aspect of life
prior conditions. ■ Has cause and effect
● In such narratives, causality is seen as the ● Adverse consequences:
interplay of freedom and necessity; of chance and ○ Throw away mentality
conscious determination; the human and divine ○ Garbage problem
factor. ○ Tendency to discard traditional norms,
lifestyles, stable relationships, and
1.7 Ancient Times attachments
Herodotus (484-425 B.C.) ○ Trivialization of values
● Man vs. man vs. gods
● “Whom the gods wish to destroy…” 1.9 Modern Times
● The father of history Karl Marx
● History is the process by which human freedom
Thucydides (456-369 B.C.) leads to self and social consciousness. This
● Might is right process is realized in the human struggle against
● The victors write history. nature and social inequalities.
● Knowledge of history becomes a tool for this
Polybius (201-120 B.C.) struggle.
● History is the interplay of personal and impersonal ● Marx is powerful and known for his statements
causes and manifestos; inspired a belief system
● Bias will always be there ● Believes that a class struggle divides the elite
and masses.
Sallust (86-34 B.C.) and Tacitus (55-117 A.D.) ○ If you know history, you know that there is
● History follows the natural cycle of flowering and indeed a struggle.
fasing, birth and death, growth and corruption
LESSON 2: HISTORY AND OTHER DISCIPLINES
1.8 Medieval Times Sources of History
Salvation History
● History is understood within the categories of
grace, sin, punishment, forgiveness, fidelity, and
Divine Providence
● Sole basis is the bible

St. Augustine
● All history is biography

Renaissance - Humanism
● Reason and progress have taken the place of
Providence.
● Enlightenment era
● People began to question the concepts of ● (see lecture on lesson 3 for more info)
salvation history
● Panahon ng pagtatanong

2.1 Subjects Related To History
1. Geography
● Science that deals with the earth and its life;
the description of land, sea and air.
2. Statistics
● A branch of Mathematics dealing with the
collection, analysis, and presentation of
masses of numerical data.
● Ex.: about 6 million people were converted to
Christianity during the Spanish period
3. Psychology
● The study of mind and behavior (mental
characteristics of an individual or group)
● Behavior of a person
● Study of not just how a person behaves, but a
group of people
■ Most Filipinos belong to the masses.
● Ex.: Decision making for the first president of
the Philippines: Bonifacio or Aguinaldo?
4. Geology
● a science that deals with the history of the
earth and its life.
● Ex.: earthquakes and disasters because
Philippines belongs to the pacific ring of fire
5. Anthropology
● the study of human beings in relation to
distribution, origin, classification and
relationship of races, physical character,
environmental and social relations and
culture.
● History deals with man (anthropo = man)
● Ex.: Migration Theory
6. Archeology/ Archaeology
● the study of material remains( fossil, relics,
artifacts and monuments) of past human life
and activities.
● Fossils – a remnant or trace of an animal or
plant.
● Relics – human remains
● Artifacts – tool or ornaments
● Allow us to trace events from the past
● Ex.: Angono Petroglyphs, front part of UST
main building used to be a cemetery
7. Chemistry
● science that deals with the composition,
structure and properties of substances
● Ex.: The booming of the cosmetic industry of
South Korea and Japan
■ Composition of cosmetics/ drugs are
more inclined for our race (Southeast
Asia)
8. Economics
● concerned chiefly with the description and
analysis of the production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services.
● 90% of world’s wealth is only enjoyed by
10% of the population
● that if you study economics of history, you
would be exposed to the disparity between
social classes
9. Philosophy
● beliefs, concepts and attitudes of an
individual or group.
● Philosophers are also historical figure
● Religion is also related to philosophy ->
history
LESSON 3: RELEVANCE AND MEANING
Traditional Understanding of History
● Study of the past
● Chronological record of significant events often
including an explanation of their causes.
Modern Understanding of History
● Came from Greek word “Historia” that means
”knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation”
● Sources are oral traditions in forms of epics, songs,
artifacts, architecture, memory, etc.
Zeus Salazar’s Meaning of History
● Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa
SINASALAYANG SANGLAHI…
● Pantayog Pananaw - A For us Perspective
○ Came from the words pantayo and
pananaw
3.1 Divisions of History
Pre-History
● Period where no written records exist or when the
writings of people were not preserved
● Analyzed through fossils and artifacts by
archaeologists and anthropologists
● Philippines have small amounts of its history, even
if it was discovered before Magellan
○ No solid evidence
History
● Period when man started to write and record
events using system of writing
 ● Analyzed through wood carves, engraved
metals, written papyrus, written papers
○ Using these things to connect them to
the period they belong
○ However, Filipinos tend to put down
things easily.
● It is studied by historians
Historians
● Look at the available sources and select it
● To seek for the meaning of recovering the past
to let the people see the continuing relevance
of memories (historical understanding)
○ Historians do historiography - historical
writing,
○ Based on critical examination of
sources, selection of particular details
from authentic materials in those
sources and the synthesis of those
details into a narrative
Historiography
steps:
● Choosing a topic
○ Choose topics that are of criticisms or
of debate
● Looking for data through historical sources
○ Use salient sources
● Determining the data as primary or secondary
source
● Analyze the data through historical criticisms
● Writing the entire narrative
3.2 Importance of History
● Unites the nation
○ Having shared experience to rediscover the
past = pagkakaisa; i-angat ang bansa
● Legitimizes regime and gorge a sense of collective
identity through collective memory
● To make sense of the present
● To not repeat mistakes of the past
● To inspire people to keep their good practices to
Historical Timeline of the Philippines
3.3 Primary And Secondary Sources
Primary Sources
● Produced at the same time as the event being
studied (contemporary accounts)
● Include documents or artifacts created by a
witness or participant of the event
● “First Hand testimony” - eyewitness accounts
● Examples:
○ “La Revolucion Filipina” of Apolinario Mabini
○ *Historical Data Papers from National
Library of the Philippines
○ “War memoirs of Jose P. Laurel” by Jose P.
Laurel
○ Homo luzonensis ecofacts (fossils)
unearthed by UP Archaeological Society
○ “Anting-anting ni Manuel Quezon” at
National Museum of the Philippines –
Museum of Anthropology
6 points of inquiries in evaluating primary sources
(Garraghan, 1950)
1. Date – when was it produced?
2. Localization – where did it originate?
3. Authorship – who wrote it?
4. Analysis – what pre-existing material served as
the basis for its production?
5. Integrity – what was its original form?
6. Credibility – what is the evidential value of its
content?
Secondary Sources
● Produced by authors who used and interpreted
primary sources
● Analyzed a scholarly question and often use
primary source as evidence
● Include books, theses, dissertations, journals,
magazines, knowledge of historians
● Written few years after the exact time of the
event
● Examples:
○ “Batas Militar: Martial Law Under
President Ferdinand E. Marcos Full
Documentary”
○ National Historical Commission of the
Philippines YouTube Channel
○ ​Veneration Without Understanding –
Renato Constantino
Primary and Secondary Sources Should Evaluate its
Validity and Credibility by Asking These Questions:
1. How did the author know about the given
details? Was the author present at the event?
2. Where did the information come from? Is it a
personal experience, an eyewitness account?
3. Did the author conclude based on a single or
multiple source?
In Terms of Historical Reliability:
Primary Source
● Closer the date of creations, more reliable one
Secondary Source
● More recent, more reliable one
Historical Criticism
External Criticism
● Verification of authenticity by examining
physical characteristics
● Consistency with the historical characteristics of
the time when it was produced, and the
materials used
● Questions asked:
○ When was it written?
○ Where was it written?
○ Who was the author?
○ Why did it survive?
○ What were the materials used?
○ Were the words used during those times?
○ Was it written by an eyewitness or not?
○ Why was it written?
○ Is there consistency?
○ What are the connotations?
○ What is the literal meaning of the context?
Internal Criticism
● Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence by looking at the author of the source,
its context, the agenda behind its creation.
● It looks at the content of the source and
examines the circumstance of its production
● Questions asked:
○ Was it written by an eyewitness or not?
○ Why was it written?
○ Is there consistency?
○ What are the connotations?
○ What is the literal meaning of the context?
7 Factors in evaluating through historical criticism
(Howell and Prevenier, 2001)
1. Genealogy of the document
2. Genesis of the document
3. Originality of the document
4. Interpretation of the document
5. Authorial authority of the document
6. Competence of the observer
7. Trustworthiness of the observer
CONTROVERSIES IN PH HISTORY
Rizal’s Sa Aking Mga Kabata
● First poem written by Rizal
● Written when he was only 8 years old
● Points of doubt (from YT video of controversies
in PH History by Lourd De Veyra)
○ No original manuscript was found
○ Rizal did not tell any relative that he
was writing this poem
○ Rizal is already 20 years old when the
word “Kalayaan” arose
● The alleged true writers are Herminigildo Cruz
and Gabriel Francisco
● Deviana contests these points of doubt by
saying that “Binalikan ni Rizal ‘yong pagsusulat
ng poem noong tumanda na siya”
Rizal’s Retraction Letter
● A retraction letter was written by Rizal but his
signature is doubtful
● Roman Roque
○ Forger in Philippine History
○ Aguinaldo’s handwriting expert
○ The man who forged the signature of
Urbano Lacuna, one of Aguinaldo’s
generals
● Antonio K. Abad
○ heard that Roque and Lazaro Segovia
were approached by Spanish friars
during the final day of the
Filipino-American war to forge Rizal’s
signature.
● Allegedly, there were eyewitnesses in Rizal’s
cellar that he signed the letter
● Xiao Chua claims that if Rizal did sign the
retraction letter, then he is a coward, and that
he does not stand by his books and every word
he said against the colonizers.
● However, another historian in the video claimed
that Rizal won’t be able to marry Josephine
Bracken and he would not be able to be buried
in Paco Park if he did not sign the retraction
letter.
Jose Marco
● A fraud historian
● He is one of Philippine historiography’s greatest
mysteries.
● One of the most successful forgers, who
created fake documents in a career that
spanned half a century.
His most famous works:
Kalantiaw Code
● Philippines’ Hammurabi Code
● It is indicated here the punishments for every
crime
● However, some punishments were doubtful
and weird.
○ Example: If nakapatay ka ng itim na pusa sa
kabilugan ng buwan, ipakakagat ka sa mga
langgam.
 ● Another doubt is that some records show that
Kalantiaw is from Panay, but the Kalantiaw
Code is implemented in Negros.
● William Henry Scott asserted that this code is
not true:
○ The alleged writer Fr. Jose Ma. Pavon was not
in the Philippines in 1838 or 1839.
○ The alleged writer dedicated the book (that
contains the code) to the King of Spain in 1838,
but Spain did not have a king between
1833-1874.
○ The writer mentioned that there were microbes
in the month of November in the country (1838)
but the term “microbes” was used in 1878.
Marcos: A War Hero
● Then president Ferdinand Marcos likes to
display his medals that he got during World
War II
● He allegedly led Maharlika, a Guerilla tribe of
soldiers
● Sobrang daming medal
○ Peke naman lahat hahahaha
● Only a propaganda
● US Military themselves refuted the claim that
the Maharlika fought the US
● No record for any award during WWII

La Loba Negra (The Black She-wolf)

● Tells the story of the wife of Governor General
Bustamante that turns into a wolf during the
full moon and attack the Friars and soldiers that
killed his husband
○ Bustamante died because he exposed
the corruption of the friars.
● The said novel was allegedly written by Jose
Burgos, who, as far as historical records are
concerned, had no other known literary works.
● Historian William Henry Scott later discovered
that “La Loba Negra” was only a hoax.
● It is also found that the handwriting and
signature used in the manuscript were different
from Burgos’.
● Some of the details in the book also don’t
match.

Tribe of Tasaday
● Tribe in South Cotabato
● Part of unexplored Mindanao, very rich in
natural resources
● A tribe with no contact with people ever since
Stone Age
○ They did not evolve in terms of way of
living
● Emmanuel Elizalde
○ Presidential arm of minorities
○ Suggested that Tasaday must be
closed from the public to preserve the
place and culture
● After then President Marcos was ousted from
power, experts came back to the place and later
found out that the tribe was fake.
○ They are most probably sourced from
other tribes, such as Manobo, and was
put there to act
● Elizalde only exploited the sources there as he
also ran away with lots of money with
Ferdinand Marcos.