PSTMT – MODULE 2  Instructional planning is a DECISION MAKING
PROCESS
TEACHER AND TEACHING PROFESSION
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Roles of the Teacher
 Instructional Expert
 Manager
 Counselor
General Teaching Skills
 Pre-instructional skills
 Identify content
 Write objectives
 Introduce the lesson
 Selecting instructional strategy
 Closing the lesson
 Evaluating the lesson
 Identify the New content to be taught
 Instructional Skills
 Communicate with the students
 Gain the student's attention
 Arouse and maintain student interest
 Use stimulus variation and reinforcements
 Use appropriate questioning techniques
 Management if the learning environment smoothly
and effectively
 Use appropriate lesson closure
 Evaluate lesson objectives
 Post-instructional skills
 Analyze collected evaluative information
 Make judgments regarding evaluative information
Principles of Effective Teaching and Learning
 Seize the Moment
 Involve the student in planning
 Begin with what the student knows
 Move from simple to complex
 Accommodate the student's preferred learning style
 Sort goals by learning domain
 Make material meaningful
 Tell your students how they are proposing
 Allow immediate application of knowledge
 Plan for periodic tests
 Reward desired learning with praise
PLANNING FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING
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 Planning Instruction
 VITAL AREAS: Subject matter knowledge and
action system knowledge
 Organize, present and teach the subject matter
in a manner that can be understood by the students
 Arousing and Maintaining Student Interests
 SILENCE: Simply standing silently facing the
class.
 VOICE CONTROL: Beginning to speak in a very
low tone. Teachers gives signal to be quiet and
attentive, Voice is raised to normal volume when
attained objective.
 GESTURES: waving one’s hand towards noisy
students or other movement to get student’s
attention.
 MOTIVATION - enhance the intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation of the students
o MOTIVATIONAL DEVICES:
- Intrinsic motivation: process of increasing the
learners already has on a topic or task.
- Extrinsic motivation: focused on activities or
strategies that can enhance success and reduce
failure when lesson is difficult.
 (How to) opening a Lesson
 PERSONALIZING AND WARMING UP THE
CLIMATE: Teacher shares a positive feeling about
event or works or output of the students. E.g. I am
happy about the outcomes of your assessment last
Friday.
 USING AN ATTENTION GETTER: May bring
audiotapes or slides presentation or any modules
you think can attract attention.
 RELATING THE LESSON TO THE WORLD OF
STUDENTS: Establish connection between the
student and to the topic presented. Ex. Who have
parent’s working in hospitals or clinics abroad, and
ask their benefits in the household economy. Since
OFW contributes to the nation’s economy.
 REVIEWING PAST WORK: Emphasize
students to realize about what knowledge or skill
learned in relation to the new topic.
 USING ADVANCE ORGANIZERS: It is a
statement which will help the student to process the
lesson to be introduced.
Selecting Appropriate Learning Activities
 Forms of instruction:
 Symbolic learning - Learning through the
books, journals or other printed materials. Could
be presented through Mnemonics, numbers or
formulas.
 Iconic learning - Learning through the use of
materials by sensory or visual. Ex. Films,
videotapes.
 Enactive learning - Learning through
simulations or real life situations. Ex. Driving,
blood extraction.
 Types of learning experiences:
 Verbal experiences – Teacher talk; students
inactive
 Visual experiences – Diagrams, charts or still
pictures. Students inactive.
 Vicarious experiences – video programs, computer
programs; students indirectly doing examples.
 Simulated experiences - Building through models.
Closest to real thing. Loki craft.
 Direct experiences - Learner is doing what is being
learned. Ex. Internship
 Selecting Appropriate Teaching Method
 Teacher directed methods - Students interact with
teacher. Listens and observes demonstration of
teacher. Ex. Lecture-recitation, question and answer
 Student centered methods - Students learn by
interacting with each other. Ex. Small group
discussion, role playing, inquiry/discovery method
 Materials centered methods - Students interact
with instructional material most of the time. Ex.
Student conduct experiment by following
instructional kits.
 Closing a Lesson
 Summary reviews - Asking students to make
recall or summarize what they have taken up or
learned.
 Eliciting generalizations and abstractions -
By using questions like What if...? What do you
think?.. Students are led to formulate principles
related to lesson.
 Feedback on Group Accomplishments -
Through feedback teacher motivates students to
improve performance.
 Previewing the next lesson - Lesson has been
summarized, students are alerted for next
lesson to prepare them.
Teaching Strategies
- Are methods of approaching a problem or task,
modes of operation for achieving a particular
end, or planned design for controlling and
manipulating certain information.
 Reciprocal Learning Strategy
- is a cooperative learning technique that has
students, coach each other through a set of
tasks
 Jigsaw
- this cooperative learning strategy increases
student engagement, encourages collaboration
and results in better learning
 Pictionary Race
- this is a great team game where students revise
vocabulary in a fun and interactive way
 Concept Attainment
- is a strategy that involves students and their own
learning. Instead of you just delivering the
information to them, you're helping them
discover it on their own
 Run To The Board
- is a good way to see how well students
remember words learned in previous lessons
 Running Dictation
- is a good way to get the students out of their
seats and move around especially if we find
yourself teaching the last class of the day and
the children are really tired.
 The Mind's Eye
- is a pre reading strategy that helps students
build mental images based on a selective list of
words from the text
 The 5 why’s
- is a simple effective tool for covering the route of
a problem
 Memory Story
- students read out a passage on the board aloud
together the teacher then removes words,
asking students to recall the missing parts of the
passage each time they read it again
 Cup Of Conversation
- is another good warmer to improve your
students fluency, students pick topics from a cup
and discuss it in pairs and then change topics
and swap partners.
 Inside – Outside Circle
- this discussion technique gives students the
opportunity to respond to questions and/or
discuss information with a variety of peers in a
structured manner
 List Group Level
- is a form of semantic mapping, this strategy
encourages students to improve their vocabulary
and categorization skills and learn to organize
concepts
 Think-Pair-Share
- is a collaborative learning strategy in which
students work together to solve a problem or
answer a question, this technique requires
students to think individually about a topic and to
share ideas with classmates
 Fishbowl
- in this strategy the discussion strategy will help
students practice being contributors and
listeners in a group conversation
 Whip-Around Pass
- this strategy actively engages students and
encourages participation by all, students write
down responses of question or prompt given to
them by the teacher and quickly share the
responses through the class. Students have to
pay attention and listen carefully to their
classmate responses to compare them to their
own
 Exit Slips
- these are written student responses to
questions the teacher posed at the end of the
class or a lesson these quick informal
assessments, enable teachers to quickly assess
students understanding of the material.
 Peer Teaching
 Gallery Walk
 Hands on Learning
 Note Taking
 Reading Aload
 Identifying Similarities and Differnces
 Incorporating Music and Singing in the
Classroom
 Writing Journal and Reflection
 Self-Take
 Scaffolding Question – for deeper understanding
 Student Reflection (Evaluation)
 Positive Reinforcement
 Homework Practice
 Repetition and Practice
 GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

 Fishbone diagram
 Venn diagram
 Flowchart
 Problem solution chart
 Cluster word web
 Inverted triangle
 The five w's chart
 Sequence chart
 Tree chart
 Story chart
 KWL chart

21st century learning utilizing technology as

a classroom strategy is already a must
integrating technology into the classroom is a
great way to empower students to stay
connected in this technological era.

Technology rich lessons have been found

to keep students motivated and engaged
longer they therefore encourage you to learn
how to use this educational technology
applications available in the Internet.