AUTHORS (YEAR) TITLE OF THE ARTICLE ABSTRACT SOURCE

M. Sureshkumar, S. GIS Based Route Optimization Route optimization is one of the important International Journal of Engineering Research And
Supraja, R. Bhavani for Effective Traffic requirements for proper traffic management Management (IJERM) ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-
Sowmya (2017) Management in cities. The spatial analysis technique 04, Issue-03, March 2017
using by Geographical information system file:///C:/Users/asus/Downloads/
(GIS) plays a vital role in route IJERM0403016.pdf
optimization. Route optimization doesn’t
mean only shortest path, but it will also
increase the maximum utilization of the
route in a proper way. The necessity of
utilization of advanced technique in traffic
management is essential. In this study, the
traffic volume survey was conducted in all
important locations where the transit
system fails to fulfil its requirement in the
study area. Global positioning system
(GPS) was used to collect the spatial
location information. Satellite image was
used to create base map and other thematic
maps. The causes for transit problem were
identified and the alternate routes are
suggested by using GIS analysis.
Maruja M.B. Asis and Alicia G. A CITY IN MOTION Baguio is a city whose past, present, and future https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/wp-
Follosco (2020) Migration, Climate Change, and prospects are intimately tied to the arrival of content/uploads/2022/07/Baguio-Case-Study-Web-
Governance in Baguio City different waves of migrants. With a land area Pages.pdf
of 57 square kilometers and a population of
345,000 (as of the 2015 census), there are
about 6,000 people per square kilometer in
Baguio City, making it one of the most densely
populated cities in the country (Llanes, 2019;
see also Palangchao, 2019). The growth of the
city’s population is spurred not only by natural
increase but by unrelenting migration. As an
economic center, educational magnet, and the
hub of the Cordillera region, migrants are
drawn to the city, many of whom eventually
decide to settle permanently in Baguio. The
country’s Summer Capital is also a major
 tourist destination. During the day or
whenever there are festivities and events,
Baguio’s population is further boosted by the
arrival of tourists.
Sunday, Oluwole Matthew, "GIS application for determining Traffic management is one of the tough Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 9, no.
and Ojekunle Joel public transport access level in tasks of the local authorities due to rapid 8, 2016, pp. 154-163.
Ademola the Federal Capital Territory urbanization. Improper traffic management
(2016) (FCT), Abuja-Nigeria." and planning may lead to severe traffic
congestion and accidents in the city.
Developing countries like India traffic
management is based on past experience.
Adopting of recent technologies in traffic
management is essential for managing the
current traffic scenario. GIS plays a vital
role in solving traffic management
problems. GIS applied to determine the
public transport accesses level

Ma. Sheilah G. Napalang et Results of the Assessment of the
al. Utilization and Impacts of the
2016 Motor Vehicle User’s Charge in the
Philippines
Cicular Baguio (2022) Circular Baguio City Bringing the
A well-maintained road system contributes to https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/
economic development by facilitating the PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1626_rev.pdf
movement of people and goods. It also ensures
access to employment, education and social
services. In the case of the Philippines, two
studies conducted in the late 1990s2 called
policy makers’ attention to the poor quality of
the national roads of the country. The poor
quality of roads was attributed to the meagre
allocation for road maintenance from the
national budget. Allocating for the competing
needs of other central government agencies
led to unpredictability in the level of fund
granted to the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH) for road preservation. 3
Inadequate funding delayed critical road
maintenance works, which in turn increased
rehabilitation costs and lowered the level of
service for road users.
Low carbon initiatives are now about to be https://circulars.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/
circular economy to Baguio City’s
Mobility System
implemented citywide through the updating of 2022/09/CL4C_-Mini-Roadmap_Baguio-City.pdf
the comprehensive land use, zoning, and
transportation plans. The city will now embark
on an ambitious catalytic project that will
transform its urban development framework
by developing six growth development nodes
around its peri-urban areas which will serve as
transport and commercial hubs. Multi-modal
mobility will be implemented, which allows
green and blue redevelopment initiatives that
will make the inner city area more walkable
and inclusive. Mass transportation through
“modern jeepneys” and trams are being
planned for implementation. Bicycle lanes and
road sharing are likewise given priority. The
city has numerous rivers and creeks and these
are being considered as another
redevelopment space, where they will become
part of the micro-mobility and parks network.
The Local Public Transport Route Plan (LPTRP)
for the city is already on its second and last
reading at the City Council before its eventual
approval. The plan embodies the
modernization of public transport where old
vehicles that are at least 15-years old shall be
decommissioned and exchanged for Euro 4-
compliant or electric vehicles. The city is also
one of the pilot cities for Low-Carbon Urban
Transport with the UNDP which will test the
viability of electric vehicles for mass
transportation. The city has partnered with
private groups to prepare its smart mobility
plan, which envisions a transportation system
that promotes and encourages the use of
alternative modes of travel, reducing
dependencies on private automobiles. This
plan intends to lead to a congestion-free and
pedestrian-friendly city, increase community
 cohesion, and a more urban, vibrant, and
sustainable city. Baguio aims to promote a
balance on travel efficiency and quality of life,
continued economic growth, and a healthy
environment.
Lovely RANOSA, Cristina Providers’ and Users’
Integrated sustainable transport systems Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for
Mirella VILLARAZA, Assessment of Public Transport
involve appropriate pedestrian linkages to Transportation Studies, Vol.11,2017
Alexis FILLONE , Marie and Facilities: Baguio City,
public transport services. Determining an file:///C:/Users/asus/Downloads/PP1757_H1.pdf
Danielle GUILLEN, Jose Philippines appropriate design for pedestrian linkages
Bienvenido Manuel to public transport services requires study
BIONA (2017) on the willingness of public transport users
to walk, which is partly contingent to the
quality and reliability of the public
transport service that pedestrians attempt to
connect to. Surveys were conducted in
Baguio City to: (i) investigate the
willingness of commuters to walk and (ii)
determine the level of understanding of
both commuters and jeepney drivers and
operators on the proper functions of
jeepney stops, public transport facilities and
services. The study found that respondents
are less likely to walk and require certain
walking environment conditions. Moreover,
commuters and jeepney drivers
demonstrated a common understanding of
proper functions of jeepney stops.
Mark P. DE GUZMAN, Estimating the Transport Urban The Urban Carrying Capacity (UCC) http://ncts.upd.edu.ph/tssp/wp-content/uploads/
Candido A. CABRIDO Jr, Carrying Capacity of a City studies were undertaken in specific cities 2021/12/04-TSSP2021_Estimating-the-transport-
Donna R. Tabangin (2018) and municipalities in Asia to include China, carrying-capacity-of-a-city-1.pdf
Hong Kong, India, and Indonesia. Lately,
from 2012 to 2017 several studies were
done in selected cities in China that are
suffering from high population density and
exhaustion of infrastructure and transport
services. There were no studies conducted
in the Philippines based on the exhaustive
 review of published journals and articles.
The city of Baguio was selected for the
conduct of sample UCC benchmarks.
Compared with other cities, the vehicle
density for Baguio City appears to be above
satisfactory. However, vehicle density in
the city reaches its highest peak and
exceeds the carrying capacity of roads
during weekends, holidays, and peak
months because of the large number of
tourist arrivals in addition to urban
migration in the city. Recommended
solutions are varied but the two most
outstanding ones include improved traffic
management and strict implementation of
the Traffic Impact Assessment study of
establishments.
Mark P. DE GUZMAN, Estimating the Transport Urban Baguio City is currently experiencing rapid http://ncts.upd.edu.ph/tssp/wp-content/uploads/
Candido A. CABRIDO Jr, Carrying Capacity of a City urbanization, a high in-migration rate, a 2021/12/04-TSSP2021_Estimating-the-transport-
Donna R. Tabangin (2018) construction boom on multi-story dwellings carrying-capacity-of-a-city-1.pdf
and commercial buildings, a high influx of
tourists, and a growing student population.
These dynamic phenomena will most likely
intensify in the future, particularly in the
next 25 years, unless growth centers in
neighboring provinces’ cities and towns are
developed. Hence, it is highly anticipated
that the city would suffer more from
crowding and congestion, Unabated, these
effects of the fast pace of urbanization
would eventually redound to the
deterioration of the environment and
natural resources (forest, water, and land),
overloading of infrastructure and urban
facilities making them dysfunctional, and
lowering the quality of life of residents,
reducing the level of satisfaction among

Dexter A. See
Study on Baguio traffic
management pushed
tourists, and less conducive learning
environment for students.
Earlier, traffic officers revealed there are only over 2,700
available parking spaces around the central business
https://www.baguio.gov.ph/content/study-baguio-
traffic-management-pushed
district compared to the over 44,000 registered motor
vehicles in the city based on the data from the Land
Transportation Office (LTO).Based on a 3-month study
conducted by the Cordillera office of the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB-CAR) on the volume of motor
vehicles coming in and out of the city, it showed there is
an average of over 36,000 motor vehicles that ply the
major roads of the city daily. According to the city mayor,
one of the major problems that must be addressed is the
huge volume of motor vehicles that ply the city’s major
streets daily where in doable short- medium and long-term
solutions must be crafted by experts so that the monstrous
traffic congestions in the city will be at least minimized to
help erase the bad image being depicted of the worsening
traffic congestions in the central business district and
roads leading to major tourist spots in the city.
The local government created a traffic management
section under the CEO to craft the appropriate engineering
solutions to address the worsening traffic jams around the
city, especially during weekends.Traffic officers
underscored based on their observation, motorists should
observe and possess the highest form of discipline because
most of the recorded vehicular accidents in the different
parts of the city are caused by human error and the lack of
discipline by the involved motorists.
Domogan urged the traffic officers and their counterparts
in the local government to closely coordinate with experts
on doable solutions to lessen the traffic congestions in the
city for implementation on an experimental basis before it
can be adopted as a permanent solution if found to be
effective.

Elearina Dolores T. Pedestrianization in Baguio City Baguio City is well known as the “Summer http://ncts.upd.edu.ph/tssp/wp-content/uploads/
AGUSTIN, Jo Isabella I. Capital of the Philippines.” This has 2017/07/TSSP2017-03-Agustin-Et-al.pdf
BUHAY, Kathleen Kay T. affected the vehicular and pedestrian
GILBUENA, Maria Sophia movements in Lower Session Road, which
C. REYES, Nicanor R. led to the proposal of pedestrianization of
ROXAS Jr., Maria Cecilia R.
the area. Pedestrianization is a traffic-
PARINGIT
calming method wherein a portion of
Lower Session Road is closed for vehicles
to give way to pedestrians. However, before
 executing this method, perception surveys
were handed out to pedestrians, business
owners, car users, and public utility drivers
for the researchers to know their origin,
destination, factors which they think are
important when they are walking and the
effect of pedestrianizing said road with
respect to their daily activities. Although
the survey response from the different
groups gave positive feedback, the
respondents’ main concern is the
congestion that will affect the neighboring
streets when Lower Session Road is closed.
Knowing this, rerouting is a top priority to
spread the vehicular traffic evenly
(Integrated Conference of Geographical Location, Territorial Baguio City, approximately 250 kilometers https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/
BAQ2014 and Jurisdiction north of Manila, is situated in the Province 21038EST-City-Report_Philippines-Baguio.pdf
Intergovernmental Eighth of Benguet. It has an area of 57.49 square
Regional EST Forum in Asia) kilometers enclosed in a perimeter of 30.6
kilometers. The developed portion of the
city corresponds to a plateau that rises to an
elevation of 1,400 meters. Most of it lies in
the northern half of the city.
Eighth Regional EST Forum “Next Generation Solutions for Based on the 2012 data by the Land https://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/
in Asia –November 2014, Clean Air and Sustainable Transport Transportation Office/Land Transportation 21038EST-City-Report_Philippines-Baguio.pdf
Colombo, Sri Lanka -Towards a Livable Society in Asia” Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB),
the public transport system tallies 56.12%
of the over-all registered vehicles in the
City. This data believes to increase in the
succeeding years. The idea of putting up of
a monorail transit system within the central
business district (CBD) is progressing so
well. The idea is to decongest motor
vehicles in the CBD and pave the way for
the pedestrianization in order to minimize
the pollution from GHG mostly generated
 by motor vehicles. The City Mayor has
created a study group from among the
different sectors of the community to
conduct study on the feasibility of monorail
transit to run in the central business district
of the City. This is to further enhance the
mass transit in the city rather than
promoting private vehicle ownership for
limited capacity and passengers.
Liza Agoot If there are 1,000 vehicles who go to the area https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1059582
Baguio eyes 4Es to solve traffic and parking is only for 100 vehicles that will
woes mean the 900 will be parked on the roadside,
blocking the road. We need to create more
parking within or somewhere else before they
enter Baguio

A Case Study of Philippine Baguio City has also recently organized a https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/
Initiatives SUSTAINABLE URBAN City Traffic and Transportation 2020/06/2017-Sustainable-Urban-Mobility-A-Case-
MOBILITY Management Office (CTTO). It previously Study-of-Philippine-Cities-Initiatives.pdf
existed as a mere committee under the City
Planning and Development Office. With
both motorized and non-motorized modes
of transport increasing in operation, various
suggestions as to how the traffic crisis can
be managed have been proposed, to wit.
Alessandra Francesca H. This study aimed to assess the impact of integrating https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etd_honors/
Estrella (2017) 399/
Impact analysis of a new form of mass transportation, which is the
aerial ropeway transport (ART) system, into the
aerial ropeway current transportation network of Baguio City.

transport system Today, mass transportation is limited in Baguio

therefore, residents resort to private vehicles or
as a form of mass private transportation. Traffic congestion is rapidly

transportation in worsening in Baguio and introducing new form of

mass transportation that will only require a limited
Baguio City amount of structure footprint, may improve the
current situation. The study aims to assess the
acceptability of a proposed ART system in Baguio

H V Gue et al 2021 Decision tree analysis of commuter
mode choice in Baguio City,
Philippines
City. It looked into the current characteristics of
transportation in the city, proposed the most
appropriate route based on travel demand, and
formulated mode choice equations to determine the
significant factors affecting the commuters' choice to
switch to ART as an alternative mode of
transportation. The survey responses are analyzed
using NLOGIT to determine the acceptability while
the proposed route is modeled using the origin and
destination trips of the respondents. The proposed
route is a single line that runs through the barangays
of San Luis Village, Military Cut-off, and Gilbraltar.
The study can be improved by determining other
attributes to analyze the acceptability of the ART.
The EMME software can also be used for public
transport modelling to determine the most
appropriate route of the area with the greatest
demand.
Transportation is a multidisciplinary https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-
system. Solving its issues would require the 899X/1109/1/012059/pdf
knowledge of social, economic,
engineering, environmental, and
technological disciplines. Emerging
techniques used in problem-solving involve
the use of machine learning techniques. In
this study, a machine learning technique,
decision tree, is used for mode choice
analysis in Baguio City, Philippines. Using
data from a household survey, the
developed model uncovers the most
significant factors affecting mode choice of
residents in the city. The results highlight
the role of income, which is related to the
individuals' career level and stage in life.
Interestingly, a mid-level income group
seems to be highly inclined towards private
vehicle use. To conclude, the authors note
that the primary advantage of a decision
tree is its simplicity and straightforward
results interpretation, which is paramount in
policymaking. For future work, the authors
recommend exploring larger decision tree
models for mode choice and conducting a
validation interview of the insights obtained
from the study.