Novel Wearable Sensor Device For Continuous Monitoring of Cardiac Activity During Sleep

NOVEL WEARABLE SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP

Submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
By
B.NIVEDHITHA REDDY 18C91A0416
B.VIKRAM 18C91A0420
K. AKHIL 18C91A0441
Under the Guidance of

Mr. DAVID SOLOMON RAJU. Y
Associate Professor
HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Accredited By NAAC “A”)
BOGARAM (V), KEESARA (M), MEDCHAL – 501301
2018-2022
HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCE
(College of Engineering)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Telangana
Accredited by NAAC
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Industrial Oriented Mini Project titled “NOVEL WEARABLE
SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY
DURING SLEEP” is being submitted by following students in IV B. Tech-I semester in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING is a record of Bonafide work
done under my guidance & supervision.
The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted to any other University
or Institute to the best of my knowledge for the award of any degree.

B.VIKRAM 18C91A0420
K. AKHIL 18C91A0441
Under the guidance of
Internal Guide Project Co-ordinator(s)
Mr. DAVID SOLOMON RAJU. Y Dr. P. SUMITHABHASHINI

Associate Professor
Mr. DAVID SOLOMON RAJU. Y
HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCE
(College of Engineering)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, Telangana
Accredited by NAAC
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Industrial Oriented Mini Project titled “NOVEL WEARABLE
SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY
DURING SLEEP” is being submitted by following students in Electronics and Communication
Engineering is a record of Bonafide work done under my supervision.
The results embodied in the dissertation have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute to the best of my knowledge for the award of any degree.
B. NIVEDHITHA REDDY 18C91A0416

B. VIKRAM 18C91A0420
K. AKHIL 18C91A0441
Under my supervision
Dr. P. RAJA PRAKASHA RAO

Professor
Head of the Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, who’s constant
guidance and encouragement crowns all effort with success.
We Take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our
Guide, Mr. DAVID SOLOMON RAJU.Y Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science for her exemplary
guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the work.
Our special thanks to Dr. P. RAJA PRAKASHA RAO, Head of the Department,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology
& Science who has given an immense support throughout the course
We also thank to Dr. P. Bhaskara Reddy, the honourable Director of our college Holy
Mary Institute of Technology & Science for providing me the opportunity to carry out this work.
At the outset, we express my deep sense of gratitude to the beloved Mr. A Siddhartha
Reddy, Chairman, Dr. A. Vara Prasad Reddy, Founder Chairman & Dr. A. Vijaya Sarada
Reddy, Founder Secretary of Holy Mary Group of Institutions, for giving the opportunity to
complete my course of work.
We are obliged to Teaching and non-teaching staff members, of Holy Mary Institute of
Technology & Science for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I
am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.
Last but not the least I thank ALMIGHTY along with My Parents, and Friends for their
constant encouragement without which this assignment would not be possible.

B.VIKRAM 18C91A0420
K. AKHIL 18C91A0441
DECLARATION
This is to certify that the Industrial Oriented Mini Project titled “NOVEL
WEARABLE SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF CARDIAC
ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP” is a record of work done by me in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science.
No part is this copied from books/journals/internet and whenever the portion is taken,
the same has been duly referred in the text; the reported are based on the project work done
entirely by me not copied from any other source.

B.VIKRAM 18C91A0420
K. AKHIL 18C91A0441
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO
ABSTRACT 7
CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Embedded System Implementation 9
1.3 Embedded System 10
1.4 Embedded System Hardware 11
1.5 Embedded system software 12
1.5.1 Bringing Software Hardware Together For Embedded System 12
1.6 Implementation Flow 13
CHAPTER-2
2. EXISTING METHOD 15
CHAPTER-3
3. PROPOSED METHOD 16
3.3.1 Components of Measurement Circuit 18
3.3.2 Adaptive Feedback Control 19
3.3.3 AD5933 energy consumption consideration 19
CHAPTER-4
4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 21
4.1 Hardware Requirements 21
4.1.2 Power 22
4.1.3 Input and Output 23
4.1.4 Communication 24
4.1.5 Programming 24
4.1.6 Automatic software reset 25
4.1.7 Features 26
4.1.9 LCD 28
4.1.10 Execution of LCD 29
4.4 Register Select 32
4.5 Data Register 32
4.6 LCD Commands 33
4.10 Principle of Heartbeat Sensor 37
4.11 Power Supply 37
4.12 Rectifier 38
4.13 Capacitor 39
4.14 Voltage Regulator 40
CHAPTER-5
5. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 41
5.1 Software Requirements 41
5.1.1 Arduino IDE 41
5.1.2 Introduction to Arduino IDE 41
5.1.3 How to install Arduino IDE 42
5.2 Code 47
5.3 Making pins Input and Output 54
5.3.1 How to select the board 55
CHAPTER-6
6. EVALUATION 58
6.1 Evaluation of power consumption 58
6.2 Evaluation of Cardiac parameters 59
6.3 Comparison of HRV parameters 60
CHAPTER-7
RESULTS 61
CHAPTER-8
8. CONCLUSION 63
CHAPTER-9
9. FUTURE SCOPE 64
CHAPTER-10
10. REFERENCES 65
LIST OF ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

GSM : Global System For Mobile Communication
LCD : Liquid Crystal Display
NOVEL WEARABLE SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Name Page No.
Figure 1.2 Overview of embedded system 9
Figure 1.3 Embedded system 10
Figure 1.5.1 Flow of burning source code to processor 13
Figure 3.1 Block Diagram 16
Figure 3.2 Flow chart 17
Figure 3.3 Circuit Diagram 18
Figure 4.1.1 Arduino 21
Figure 4.1.11 LCD-Front view 30
Figure 4.1.12 LCD-Back view 30
Figure 4.2 Pin Diagram 31
Figure 4.7 Block Diagram Of Lcd Display 34
Figure 4.9 Heartbeat Sensor 36
Figure 4.12 Rectifier 38
Figure 4.13 Capacitor 39
Figure 4.14 Voltage Regulator 40
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Name Page No
Table 4.1.8 Specification 27
Table 4.3 Pin description 31
Table 4.6 LCD Commands 33
Table 4.8 Control and display commands 35
Table 6.1 Power consumption 58
Table 6.2 Cardiac parameters 59
Table 6.3 HRV Parameters 60
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ABSTRACT
The miniaturization and energy optimization of sensors opens up new possibilities in the field
of sleep research. The sensor is designed to realize high resolutions measurements up to 48
hours constantly. Wearable sensors are capable of recording vital parameters during sleep in a
simple and unobtrusive manner. In order to analize sleep architecture and sleep disorders,
continuous monitoring of movements and cardiorespiratory parameters in high resolution is
of central importance. In this project a novel wearable sensor device Heartbeat is presented,
which is able to continuously monitor movements and cardiac parameters at the wrist.
Measurements during sleep show that up to 98% of the pulse intervals are correctly
detected. Furthermore the comparison of the heart rate variability(HRV) parameters between
IPG and the gold standard of ECG demonstrate the potential of the sensor as a valid tool for
ambulant sleep analysis.
The preventice body guardian was used for monitoring heart rate and
respiratory rate, via single–lead electrocardiogram recordings, together with physical activity.
We measured data collection rates, compared device readouts with conventional measures,
and monitored changes in HR measures during the amphetamine challenge. Completeness of
data collection was good for the Actiwatch (96%) and lower for the BodyGuardian (80%).
A good correlation was observed between device and in-clinic

measures for HR .Manual reviews of selected ECG strips corresponding to HR measures
below, within end above the normal range were consistent with BodyGuardian
measurements. The BodyGuardian device detected clear HR responses after amphetamine
administration. Wearable digital technology shows promise for monitoring human subjects
for physiologic changes and pharmacologic responses, although fit for purpose evaluation
and validation continues to be important prior to the wider deployment of this devices.
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CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the possibility of using wearable monitoring devices as medical

devices has been the subject of significant interest worldwide. This is mainly as a result of the
potential they could have for early diagnosis of diseases and/or continuous assessment of an
individual’s health. Miniaturization of certain types of sensors and electronic interfaces,
allows for these to be worn on the body without disturbing the wearer’s daily routine
activities. This, consequently makes possible in principle to monitor certain physiological
signals as well as physical activity, in some cases over extended periods of time. However,
unlike the bulky medical equipment used in clinical settings, wearable electronic medical
devices have to be small, light-weighed, low maintenance, easy to handle, and process the
recorded data either in the device itself, or wirelessly transmit it to nearby base stations. From
the maintenance perspective, the battery life is an important usability constraint, since it is not
ideal from a user’s point of view to have to change the batteries frequently. Because of this,
the power budget specification of a wearable device is quite important.Cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of deaths globally.
The number of deaths caused by these diseases are expected to rise with an increase in
the average age of the world’s population. However, it is well known that diagnosis and
proper follow up and management from an early stage can prevent a large number of such
mortalities. It has been shown that continuous monitoring of certain physiological
parameters, such as, blood pressure, cardiac output, , etc. can assist in both, an early
identification as well as subsequent monitoring of CVDs. This is one of the reasons why,
wearable sensors to monitor cardiac parameters, are becoming increasingly popular and a
number of non-medical wearable systems have been proposed to monitor cardiovascular
parameters and to provide indications of potential cardiovascular diseases. Although
wearables have been proposed to be attached in a variety of locations on the body, a majority
of these devices operate on the wrist due to the ease of attachment, comfort, aesthetics and
adaptability.
A major problem of existing wearables, however, is their lack of reliability, i.e. it is

difficult to continuously obtain a non-corrupted signal related to cardiac performance using a
HITS-ECE 8 2021-22
wearable device. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the gold standard method for detecting cardiac
activity,. ECG is based on sensing the electrical activity of the heart. A typical ECG Holter
(i.e. ambulatory) recording setup, consists of a portable recorder and a set of electrodes which
are attached to the chest of the subject. Although this setup does not completely constrain the
person’s motion, it does limit the daily activities if intended to be used for long term
monitoring. The proposed System a novel sensor device is presented that is able to measure
cardiac activity in high temporal resolution, enabling HRV analysis, by using impedance
plethysmography. To realize long-term measurements the power consumption of the
measurement system presented in [10] was optimized. Additionally, the system has been
miniaturized and integrated in a wrist worn wearable device.
1.2 Embedded system implementation

An embedded system is one kind of a computer system mainly designed to perform several
tasks like to access, process, and store and also control the data in various electronics-based
systems. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software where software
is usually known as firmware that is embedded into the hardware. So, we frequently use
embedded systems in simple and complex devices too. The applications of embedded
systems mainly involve in our real life for several devices like microwave, calculators, TV
remote control, home security and neighborhood traffic controlsystems, etc.
User interface
Embedded system
Software Hardware
Input Output
Output
Link to other systems
Fig 1.2 : Overview of embedded system
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1.3 Embedded system:
Embedded system includes mainly two sections, they are
1. Hardware
2. Software
Fig 1.3: Embedded System
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1.4 Embedded System Hardware:
As with any electronic system, an embedded system requires a hardware platform on which it
performs the operation. Embedded system hardware is built with a microprocessor or
microcontroller. The embedded system hardware has elements like input output (I/O)
interfaces, user interface, memory and the display. Usually, an embedded system consists of:
 Power Supply
 Processor
 Memory
 Timers
 Serial communication ports
 Output/Output circuits
 System application specific circuits
Embedded systems use different processors for its desired operation. Some of the processors
used are
1. Microprocessor
2. Microcontroller
3. Digital signal processor
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor
• CPU on a chip.
• We can attach required amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
• Expensive due to external peripherals.
• Large in size.
• General-purpose.
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Microcontroller
• Computer on a chip.
• Fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports.
• Low cost.
• Compact in size.
• Specific –purpose.
1.5 Embedded System Software:
The embedded system software is written to perform a specific function. It is typically

written in a high level format and then compiled down to provide code that can be lodged
within a non-volatile memory within the hardware. An embedded system software is
designed to keep in view of the three limits:
 Availability of system memory

 Availability of processor’s speed
 When the system runs continuously, there is a need to limit power dissipation for
events like stop, run and wake up.
1.5.1Bringing software and hardware together for embedded system:
To make software to work with embedded systems we need to bring software and
hardware together .for this purpose we need to burn our source code into microprocessor or
microcontroller which is a hardware component and which takes care of all operations to be
done by embedded system according to our code.
Generally we write source codes for embedded systems in assembly language, but the
processors run only executable files.The process of converting the source code representation
of your embedded software into an executable binary image involves three distinct steps:
1. Each of the source files must be compiled or assembled into an object file.
2. All of the object files that result from the first step must be linked together to produce
a single object file, called the re-locatable program.
3. Physical memory addresses must be assigned to the relative offsets within the re-
locatable program in a process called relocation.
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The result of the final step is a file containing an executable binary image that is ready to run
on the embedded system.
Source code
Assembler
Linker
Locator
Executable file
Processor
Fig 1.5.1 Flow of burning source code to processor
1.6 Implementation flow:

Stage 1:
Considering the problems of existing methods and giving solution to that problem by
considering the basic requirements for our proposed system
Stage 2:
Considering the hardware requirement for the proposed system
For this we need to select the below components:
1. Microcontroller
2. Inputs for the proposed system (ex: sensors, drivers etc..,)
3. Outputs (ex: relays, loads)
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Stage 3:
After considering hardware requirements, now we need to check out the software requirements. Based
on the microcontroller we select there exists different software for coding, compiling, debugging. we
need to write source code for that proposed system based on our requirements and compile, debug the
code in that software .
After completing all the requirements of software and hardware we need to bring both together to
work our system. For this we need to burn our source code into microcontroller, after burning our
source code to microcontroller then connect all input and output modules as per our requirement.
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CHAPTER 2
2. EXSITING METHOD
In social insurance framework for patients who stays in home during post operational days
checking is done either via overseer/ medical caretaker. Ceaseless observing may not be
accomplished by this system, on the grounds that anything can change in wellbeing parameter
inside of part of seconds and amid that time if guardian/attendant is not in the premises
causes more noteworthy harm. So with this innovation created period where web administers
the world gives a thought to add to another keen health awareness framework where time to
time constant checking of the patient is accomplished.
The proximate use of this device is more accurate studies of monitoring the heart rate under
different conditions. With further developments the electronic membrane platform could
potentially also host electrodes to help deliver electrical shock waves to regulate the heart
rate. Where they manufactured a series of soft mechanical strain sensors printed under the
elastometric reservoir. Further more, the integrated the strain gauges on an elastometric glove
to detect the bending position of each finger.
The platform offers a fruitful means to prototype and test printed sensors for bio-medical
implanted devices. While novel monitoring devices are offen existing as solution to problems
with infection,discomfort and frequency of monitoring.The systematic review will synthesize
published data regarding devices that have been tasted and validated in patients AND in a
clinical setting AND in reference ranges that reflects severe illness
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CHAPTER 3
3. PROPOSED METHOD
In this system we are using Arduino, Heartbeat Sensor, GSM and LCD. The Heartbeat Sensor
and temperature sensor values are Uploaded to cloud continuously using GSM Module. If
any of the sensor crosses its threshold value then message will be sent to the number defined
in the Coding. Wireless sensor network is the solution and has been widely introduced in
measuring vital science of patients such as temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation,
respiratory rate and others from remote location. Higher network flexibility and large number
of nodes. This work is discussing on integrating heart and temperature sensors to a wireless
transceiver module and is used to measure patients conditions from remote location. Series of
tests have been conducting using this devices to measure patients heart rate and body
temperaturte for different genders and age group at lying down position. This is to ensure that
the devices developed or reliable, stable and producing the same results as conventional
devices. Results obtained are very encouraging the developed devices are producing stable
readings at reasonable distance.
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR PROPOSED METHOD
Fig 3.1: Block diagram
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3.2 FLOWCHART FOR PROPOSED METHOD
Fig 3.2: Flow chart
Basically, the scientific method consists of;
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Propose the initialization of modules
Step 3: Design and get sensor data from patient
Step 4: Analyze if temperature is abnormal send message to concerned doctor and person of
home, elsewhere send data to cloud.
Step 5: Stop
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3.3 MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 3.3 Circuit Diagram
3.3.1COMPONENTS OF MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT
To measure a pulse signal a four-wire setup is used. Two electrodes are fed by a sine wave of
40kHz frequency, produced by a DDS core inside an AD5933. This integrated circuit (IC) is
offered by analog devices and integrates a complete impedance network analyzer circuit
inside a single chip. It is also suitable for BIA as shown in. This DDS core shows voltage
source characteristics, but to provide a fail-safe operation, the characteristic needs to be
changed to a current source one. This is important so that the injected current into the human
body never exceeds certain limits, defined by IEC 60601-1. To ensure a maximum current in
a fail-state, a voltage controlled current source (VCCS) converts the voltage provided by the
AD5933 into a current, which is then applied to the skin. An instrumentation amplifier (INA)
is afterwards measuring the voltage drop through the patient’s skin with two inner electrodes.
The change of the measured impedance is mostly caused by the change in blood flow beneath
the electrodes. The INA output is fed back the AD5933 which provides a real time
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calculation of the impedance and makes the real- and imaginary parts available through an I
2C connection.
3.3.2Adaptive feedback control

To maximize the SNR an adaptive feedback control was implemented, as shown in. With the
addition of this regulation we could show that continuous pulse measurement was possible
during the night sleep of different subjects without having to adjust the system to each of
them individually. The regulation is executed every 500ms in order to be able to adapt to
changes of the environment of the system, like sweating, movement and so on. The
regulation itself is based on a digitally programmable potentiometer (DPP) whose resistance
can be programmed through an I 2C connection. Two channels of on DPP are used in order to
regulate both the injected current sourced by the VCCS and the gain of the INA. Further
details of the regulation can be found in.
3.3.3 AD5933 energy consumption considerations
The normal mode of the AD5933 takes a current of typically 10mA to power the device while
running on 3.3V. The device also features a standby mode (typically 11mA) and a
powerdown mode (typically 0.7µA). To minimize the power consumption, we optimized the
ratio between normal mode and power-down mode. A complete measurement cycle of the
AD5933 takes around 1.8ms, starting from the stimulation of a sine signal to the I 2C output
of the measured real- and imaginary parts of the modulated base signal. To achieve a system
wide sample rate of 128Hz, a measurement every 7.8ms is necessary.
With the already mentioned AD5933 measurement time of 1.8ms per sample, this leads to a
theoretical power-down time of 7.8ms - 1.8ms = 6ms. By only powering up the AD5933 for
1.8ms during a sample period we can theoretically save 77% of the energy and achieve an
average current consumption of around 2.3mA. Precise and measured results will be
explained in Chapter V. Evaluation in this paper.
The simple current consumption model, used for the example above, is given by : ISimple =
fSamplerate · t Power On · In Active Sweep for a more detailed and precise modelling of the
current consumption can be used: IDetailed = fSamplerate · Xt Mode, i · I Mode ,i Mode,i
corresponds to one of the different modes the AD5933 can be in, namely powerdown,
standby, init, and activesweep. The frequency fSamplerate is the sample rate of the system,
which is, within limits, changeable through programming. The time tPowerOn is the duration
the AD5933 needs to be fully powered up in order to derive a sample, IActiveSweep is the
current the AD5933 needs to produce one such sample. Through experimentation some
details about the AD5933 could be found that are not explained in the datasheet.
By utilizing those details further improvements in power consumption can be made. One
important feature is that the AD5933 is capable of communicating over I 2C while in Power
Down Mode. It also retains all register contents in this state, which leads to a further
increased time in which the device is powered off, because the power down command can
already be send while the results of the measurement are not yet read from the registers.
Another important feature is that received commands during a measurement phase are not
immediately executed, but directly after the measurement. In this way the measurement time
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can be utilized to issue new commands (e.g. a power down command), which are then
executed immediately after the measurement phase without adding unnecessary delay. By
combining these two properties and having an exact clock signal on the platform to time
commands precisely we were able to minimize the time the AD5933 needs to be powered on
in order to measure an impedance sample. Due to the single supply implementation of the
circuit a high pass filter with reference to AVREF=1.5V after the AD5933 and before the
VCCS was inserted, in order to raise the bias level.
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CHAPTER 4
4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
4.1.1 Arduino
The Uno with Cable is a micro-controller board base on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs); 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button.
“Uno” means one in Italian and is the name to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno
is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Note: The Uno R3 reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use
an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin
configuration is identical on all three processors.
Fig 4.1.1 Arduino
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4.1.2 Power
The Uno R3 can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board’s
power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it’s using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or another regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 – 12V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don’t advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the onboard regulator. The maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.
 IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage
and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for
working with the 5V or 3.3V.
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Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
4.1.3 Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
 External Interrupts 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.
The Uno R3 has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provides 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. A reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
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 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
4.1.4 Communication
The Uno R3 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino,
or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication,
which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board
channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software
on the computer. The ’16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external
driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno’s digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Uno R3 software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.
4.1.5 Programming
The Uno R3 can be a program with the Arduino software (download). Select “Arduino Uno
from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details,
see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Uno R3 comes pre-burn with a bootloader that allows you to upload
new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using
the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
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The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available.
The ATmega16U2/8U2 is load with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel’s FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external
programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more
information.
4.1.6 Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano-farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this
capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the boot-loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB).
For the following half-second or so, the boot-loader is running on the Uno. While it is a
program to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is open. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, makes
sure that the software with which it communicates waits for a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.
The Uno R3 contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side
of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It’s label “RESET-EN”. You may also
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beable to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110-ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line;
see this forum thread for details.
USB Overcurrent Protection
The Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer’s USB ports from shorts and
overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the
fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins
7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16″), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
4.1.7 Features:
1. 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses
the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The
second one is a not connected pin that is the reserve for future purposes.
2. Stronger RESET circuit.
3. Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
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4.1.8 Specification:
Table 4.1.8 Specification

Model Type UNO Rev R3
Microcontroller Chip ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage(Recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Analog I/O Pins 6
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Clock Speed 16 MHz
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by

bootloader
On Board LEDs On/Off, L (PIN 13), TX, RX
Dimensions in mm (LxWxH) 75 x 54 x 12
Weight (gm) 28 (without cable)

54 (with cable)
Shipment Weight 0.04 kg
Shipment Dimensions 9 x 6 x 4 cm
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4.1.9 LCD:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is the innovation utilized in scratch pad shows and other littler
PCs. Like innovation for light-producing diode (LED) and gas-plasma, LCDs permit
presentations to be a lot more slender than innovation for cathode beam tube (CRT). LCDs
expend considerably less power than LED shows and gas shows since they work as opposed
to emanating it on the guideline of blocking light.
A LCD is either made with a uninvolved lattice or a showcase network for dynamic
framework show. Likewise alluded to as a meager film transistor (TFT) show is the dynamic
framework LCD. The uninvolved LCD lattice has a matrix of conductors at every crossing
point of the network with pixels. Two conductors on the lattice send a current to control the
light for any pixel. A functioning framework has a transistor situated at every pixel crossing
point, requiring less current to control the luminance of a pixel.
Some aloof network LCD's have double filtering, which implies they examine the matrix
twice with current in the meantime as the first innovation took one sweep. Dynamic lattice,
be that as it may, is as yet a higher innovation.
A 16x2 LCD show is an essential module that is generally utilized in various gadgets and
circuits. These modules more than seven sections and other multi fragment LEDs are liked.
The reasons being: LCDs are affordable; effectively programmable; have no restriction of
showing exceptional and even custom characters (not at all like in seven fragments),
movements, etc.
A 16x2 LCD implies 16 characters can be shown per line and 2 such lines exist. Each
character is shown in a lattice of 5x7 pixels in this LCD. There are two registers in this LCD,
in particular Command and Data.
The directions given to the LCD are put away by the order register. An order is a direction
given to LCD to play out a predefined assignment, for example, introducing it, clearing its
screen, setting the situation of the cursor, controlling presentation, and so forth. The
information register will store the information that will be shown on the LCD. The
information is the character's ASCII incentive to show on the LCD.
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4.1.10 Data/Signals/Execution of LCD
Now that was all about the signals and the hardware. Let us come to data, signals and
execution.
Two types of signals are accepted by LCD, one is data and one is control. The LCD module
recognizes these signals from the RS pin status. By pulling the R / W pin high, data can now
also be read from the LCD display. Once the E pin has been pulsed, the LCD display reads
and executes data at the falling edge of the pulse, the same for the transmission case.
It takes 39-43μS for the LCD display to place a character or execute a command. It takes
1.53ms to 1.64ms except for clearing display and searching for cursor to the home position.
Any attempt to send data before this interval may result in failure in some devices to read
data or execute the current data. Some devices compensate for the speed by storing some
temporary registers with incoming data.
There are two RAMs for LCD displays, namely DDRAM and CGRAM. DDRAM registers
the position in which the character would be displayed in the ASCII chart. Each DDRAM
byte represents every single position on the display of the LCD.
The DDRAM information is read by the LCD controller and displayed on the LCD screen.
CGRAM enables users to define their personalized characters. Address space is reserved for
users for the first 16 ASCII characters.
Users can easily display their custom characters on the LCD screen after CGRAM has been
set up to display characters.
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4.1.11 Images of LCD Display:-
Fig 4.1.11 LCD – Front View
LCD along with OLED displays of Front view are manufactured in borrowing techniques
from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased
over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of
glass.
Fig 4.1.12 LCD – Back View
LCD along with OLED displays of Back view are used in television sets, monitors and smart
phones, they have high resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using
backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are
used feature crossed polarizers.
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4.2Pin Diagram:
Fig 4.2Pin diagram
4.3Pin Description:
Table 4.3 Pin description
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 8-bit data pins DB1
9 DB2
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10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
4.4 RS (Register select
A 16X2 LCD has two order and information registers. The determination of the register is
utilized to change starting with one register then onto the next. RS=0 for the register of
directions, while RS=1 for the register of information.
Command Register
The guidelines given to the LCD are put away by the direction register. An order is a
direction given to LCD to play out a predefined assignment, for example, instating it, clearing
its screen, setting the situation of the cursor, controlling showcase, and so on. Order preparing
happens in the direction register.
4.5 Data Register:
The information register will store the information that will be shown on the LCD. The
information is the character's ASCII incentive to show on the LCD. It goes to the information
register and is prepared there when we send information to the LCD. While choosing RS=1,
the information register.
Read and Write Mode of LCD:
As stated, the LCD itself comprises of an interface IC. This interface IC can be perused or
composed by the MCU. A large portion of the occasions we're simply going to keep in touch
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with the IC since perusing will make it increasingly perplexing and situations like that are
exceptionally uncommon.Information such as cursor position, status completion interrupts,
etc.can be read if necessary.
4.6 LCD Commands:
There are some preset commands in the LCD that we need to send to the LCD via some
microcontroller. The following are some important command instructions:
Table 4.6 LCD commands

Sr.No. Hex Code Command to LCD instruction Register
1 01 Clear display screen
2 02 Return home
3 04 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
4 06 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
5 05 Shift display right
6 07 Shift display left
7 08 Display off, cursor off
8 0A Display off, cursor on
9 0C Display on, cursor off
10 0E Display on, cursor blinking
11 0F Display on, cursor blinking
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12 10 Shift cursor position to left
13 14 Shift cursor position to right
14 18 Shift the entire display to the left
15 1C Shift the entire display to the right
16 80 Force cursor to beginning ( 1st line)
4.7 Block Diagram of LCD Display:-
Fig 4.7Block diagram of LCD display
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4.8Control and display commands
Table 4.8 Control & display commands
Instruct Instruction Code Instruction Execut

ion Code ion
R R/ DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB
Description time
S W 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Read 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Read data from 1.53-

Data internal RAM 1.64ms
From
RAM
Write 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Write data into 1.53-

data to internal RAM 1.64ms
RAM (DDRAM/CGR
AM)
Busy 0 1 BF AC AC AC AC AC AC AC Busy flag (BF: 39 µs

flag & 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1→ LCD Busy)
Address and contents of
address counter
in bits AC6-
AC0.
Set 0 0 1 AC AC AC AC AC AC AC Set DDRAM 39 µs

DDRA 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 address in
M address counter.
Address
Set 0 0 0 1 AC AC AC AC AC AC Set CGRAM 39 µs

CGRA 5 4 3 2 1 0 Address in
M address counter.
Address
Functio 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F X X Set interface 39 µs

n Set data length
(DL: 4bit/8bit),
Numbers of
display line (N:
1-line/2-line)
display font
type (F:0→ 5×8
dots, F:1→
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5×11 dots)
Cursor 0 0 0 0 0 1 S/ R/ X X Set cursor 39 µs

or C L moving and
Display display shift
Shift control bit, and
the direction
without
changing
DDRAM data
Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Set 39 µs
& Display(D),Cur
Cursor sor(C) and
On/Off cursor blink(b)
on/off control
Entry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D SH Assign cursor 0µs

Mode moving
Set direction and
enable shift
entire display.
4.9 Heartbeat Sensor:
Heartbeat Sensor is an electronic device that is used to measure the heart rate i.e. speed of the
heartbeat. Monitoring body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure are the basic things
that we do in order to keep us healthy.Heart Rate can be monitored in two ways: one way is
to manually check the pulse either at wrists or neck and the other way is to use a Heartbeat
Sensor.But the more easy way to monitor the heart rate is to use a Heartbeat Sensor. It comes
in different shapes and sizes and allows an instant way to measure the heartbeat.Heartbeat
Sensors are available in Wrist Watches (Smart Watches), Smart Phones, chest straps, etc. The
heartbeat is measured in beats per minute or bpm, which indicates the number of times the
heart is contracting or expanding in a minute.
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Fig 4.9 Heartbeat sensor
4.10 Principle of Heartbeat Sensor

The principle behind the working of the Heartbeat Sensor is Photoplethysmograph.
According to this principle, the changes in the volume of blood in an organ is measured by
the changes in the intensity of the light passing through that organ.
Usually, the source of light in a heartbeat sensor would be an IR LED and the detector would
be any Photo Detector like a Photo Diode, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or a Photo
Transistor.
4.11 Power supply:
A power supply is a component that provides at least one electrical charge with power. It
typically converts one type of electrical power to another, but it can also convert a different
Energy form in electrical energy, such as solar, mechanical, or chemical.
A power supply provides electrical power to components. Usually the term refers to devices
built into the powered component.Computer power supplies, for example, convert AC current
to DC current and are generally located along with at least one fan at the back of the
computer case.
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Most computer power supplies also have an input voltage switch that, depending on the
geographic location, can be set to 110v/115v or 220v/240v. Due to the different power
voltages supplied by power outlets in different countries, this switch position is crucial.
Fig 4.11 Power supply
4.12 Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that convertsalternating current (AC), which periodically

reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current.
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found to serve as components of DC power supplies
and direct power transmission systems with high voltage. Rectification can be used in roles
other than direct current generation for use as a power source.
Circuit of rectifier
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Rectifier
Fig 4.12 rectifier
100μF 25V Electrolytic Rectifier for smoothing out, filtering and performance tuning low
frequency circuits and signals up to around 1KHz or less.When working
with Electronics circuits, there are many times in which you may need a rectifier to help
smooth out, filter or store electrical charge. In such times, a 100μF 25V Electrolytic rectifier
is ideal for low frequency signals.
4.13 Capacitors:
Capacitors are used to attain from the connector the immaculate and smoothest DC voltage in
which the rectifier is used to obtain throbbing DC voltage which is used as part of the light of
the present identity. Capacitors are used to acquire square DC from the current AC
experience of the current channels so that they can be used as a touch of parallel yield.
Fig 4.13 Capacitor
100μF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor for smoothing out, filtering and performance tuning low
frequency circuits and signals up to around 1KHz or less.When working
with Electronics circuits, there are many times in which you may need a capacitor to help
HITS-ECE 39 2021-22
smooth out, filter or store electrical charge. In such times, a 100μF 25V Electrolytic
Capacitor is ideal for low frequency signals, to reduce the effects of ripples, surges as well as
sudden drops in current. With a capacitor, these differences in current are stored, controlled
and capable of outputting a stable, consistent current to keep your projects running optimally.
These particular Capacitors have a capacitance of 100μF, a maximum voltage of 25V DC,
and can operate at a temperature rating of up to 85°C.
4.14 Voltage regulators:
The 78XX voltage controller is mainly used for voltage controllers as a whole. The XX
speaks to the voltage delivered to the specific gadget by the voltage controller as the yield.
7805 will supply and control 5v yield voltage and 12v yield voltage will be created by 7812.
The voltage controllers are that their yield voltage as information requires no less than 2
volts. For example, 7805 as sources of information will require no less than 7V, and 7812, no
less than 14 volts.
7805 voltage regulator with pinout
7812 voltage regulator with pinout
Fig 4.14 Voltage Regulators
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CHAPTER 5
5. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.1.1Arduino IDE:
Arduino IDE where IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment – An official
software introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and uploading
the code in the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with this
software that is an open source and is readily available to install and start compiling the code
on the go.
5.1.2 Introduction to Arduino IDE:
 Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling
the code into the Arduino Module.
 It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a
common person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning
process.
 It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, and Linux and runs
on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role
for debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.
 A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega,

Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.
 Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.
 The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.
 The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where
former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading
the code into the given Arduino Module.
 This environment supports both C and C++ languages.
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5.1.3 How to install Arduino IDE:
You can download the Software from Arduino main website. As I said earlier, the software is
available for common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX, so make sure you
are downloading the correct software version that is easily compatible with your operating
system.
 If you aim to download Windows app version, make sure you have Windows 8.1 or
Windows 10, as app version is not compatible with Windows 7 or older version of this
operating system.
The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections
 1. Menu Bar
 2. Text Editor
 3. Output Pane
As you download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.
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The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as
follow
 File – You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one.
Following table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized
into.
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As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane will
show the code compilation as you click the upload button.
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And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent
sketch that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.
 Edit – Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
 Sketch – For compiling and programming
 Tools – Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used
for burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.
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 Help – In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available
from getting started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as
follow.
 The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this
once you have written your code.
 The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.
 The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.
 The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.
 The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.
 The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor – A separate pop-up
window that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role for sending and
receiving the Serial Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or
pressing Ctrl+Shift+M all at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually
help to debug the written Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is
operating. Your Arduino Module should be connected to your computer by USB cable in
order to activate the Serial Monitor.
 You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For
my Arduino Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial
Monitor, the output will show as the image below.
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The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for writing the
required code.
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5.2 CODE:
#define USE_ARDUINO_INTERRUPTS true // Set-up low-level interrupts for most

acurate BPM math.
#include <PulseSensorPlayground.h> // Includes the PulseSensorPlayground Library.
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
#define buzzer 8
int myBPM;
// Variables
const int PulseWire = A0; // PulseSensor PURPLE WIRE connected to ANALOG PIN 0
int Threshold = 550; // Determine which Signal to "count as a beat" and which to
ignore.
// Use the "Gettting Started Project" to fine-tune Threshold Value beyond

default setting.
// Otherwise leave the default "550" value.
PulseSensorPlayground pulseSensor; // Creates an instance of the PulseSensorPlayground

object called "pulseSensor"
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void gprs();
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void setup(void)
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16,2);
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);
// Configure the PulseSensor object, by assigning our variables to it.
pulseSensor.analogInput(PulseWire);
pulseSensor.setThreshold(Threshold);
// Double-check the "pulseSensor" object was created and "began" seeing a signal.
if (pulseSensor.begin()) {
Serial.println("We created a pulseSensor Object !"); //This prints one time at Arduino
power-up, or on Arduino reset.
void loop(void)
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
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lcd.print("Novel Wearable");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Sensor Device");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
myBPM = pulseSensor.getBeatsPerMinute();
if (pulseSensor.sawStartOfBeat())
{ // Constantly test to see if "a beat happened".
Serial.println("♥ A HeartBeat Happened ! "); // If test is "true", print a message "a

heartbeat happened".
Serial.print("BPM: "); // Print phrase "BPM: "
Serial.println(myBPM); // Print the value inside of myBPM.
// lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("BPM:");
lcd.print(myBPM);
delay(3000);
if(myBPM==0 )
Serial.println("BPM 0");
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
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if(myBPM>110 || (myBPM<40 && myBPM>0) )
Serial.println("BPM Out of Range");
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("BPM Out of Range");
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Sending Msg....");
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode
delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second
Serial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+918985859845\"\r");
delay(1000);
Serial.print("BPM Out of Range:");
delay(200);
Serial.println(myBPM);
delay(1000);
Serial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(1000);
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lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("MSG SEND");
delay(1000);
gprs();
Serial.println();
delay(1000);
void gprs()
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("DATA UPLOADING...");
Serial.println("AT");//at test
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CPIN?");//This is to check if SIM is unlocked
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CREG?"); //This checks if SIM is registered or not
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CGATT?");//Check if GPRS is attached or not
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CIPSHUT");//Reset the IP session if any
delay(1000);
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Serial.println("AT+CIPSTATUS");//Check if the IP stack is initialized
delay(2000);
Serial.println("AT+CIPMUX=0");//To keep things simple, I’m setting up a single connection

mode
delay(2000);
Serial.println("AT+CSTT=\"Airtel Internet\"");//start task and setting the APN,
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CIICR");//Now bring up the wireless. Please note, the response to this

might take some time
delay(6000);
Serial.println("AT+CIFSR");//get local IP adress
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CIPSPRT=0");
delay(3000);
Serial.println("AT+CIPSTART=\"TCP\",\"api.thingspeak.com\",\"80\"");//start up the
connection
delay(1000);
Serial.println("AT+CIPSEND");//begin send data to remote server
delay(1000);
// lcd.clear();
// lcd.setCursor(0,0);
// lcd.print("Data uploding...");
String strs="GET
https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=05A66PB0IA9LUQ7K&field1=" +
String(myBPM);
Serial.println(strs);//begin send data to remote server
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delay(6000);
Serial.write(26);//sending
delay(6000);//waiting for reply, important! the time is base on the condition of internet
Serial.println();
Serial.println("AT+CIPSHUT");//close the connection
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Data uploaded in server");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Data Uploaded");
The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights the
compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors occurred in
the program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload the hex file into your
Arduino Module.
More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for any
embedded system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries used for
calling and executing specific functions on the board.
HITS-ECE 54 2021-22
Libraries:
Libraries are very useful for adding the extra functionality into the Arduino Module. There is
a list of libraries you can add by clicking the Sketch button in the menu bar and going to
Include Library.
As you click the Include Library and Add the respective library it will on the top of the sketch
with a #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear on the text editor
as
#include <EEPROM.h>.
5.3 Making pins Input and output:
The digitalRead and digitalWrite commands are used for addressing and making the Arduino
pins as an input and output respectively.
These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the exact way they are
given like digitalWrite starting with small “d” and write with capital “W”. Writing it down
with Digitalwrite or digitalwrite won’t be calling or addressing any function.
HITS-ECE 55 2021-22
5.3.1 How to select the board:
In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the
ports for that operating system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open like the
figure below.
 Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly,
COM1, COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB
board. You can look for the USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager.
Following figure shows the COM4 that I have used for my project, indicating the Arduino
Uno with COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.
HITS-ECE 56 2021-22
 After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then upload
button appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you can go to the
Sketch section and press verify/compile and then upload.
 The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file extension .ino.
It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you
compile and press the upload button the IDE software, however, older version may require
the physical reset on the board.
 Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating the
desired program is running successfully.
Note: The port selection criteria mentioned above is dedicated for Windows operating system
only, you can check this if you are using MAC or Linux.
 The amazing thing about this software is that no prior arrangement or bulk of mess is
required to install this software, you will be writing your first program within 2 minutes
after the installation of the IDE environment.
BootLoader:
As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end. It is very helpful to burn
the code directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn
the required code.
HITS-ECE 57 2021-22
When you buy the new Arduino Module, the bootloader is already installed inside the
controller. However, if you intend to buy a controller and put in the Arduino module, you
need to burn the bootloader again inside the controller by going to the Tools section
selectingthe burn bootloader.
HITS-ECE 58 2021-22
CHAPTER-6
6. EVALUATIONS
6.1 Evaluation of Power Consumption
Table 6.1 Power Consumption
To compare the real power consumption to the theoretical models described in (2) and (3)
different measurements were taken. Based on the knowledge that different sample rates
directly correlate to the current consumption (see Chapter III.) the following evaluation
includes tests with a sample rate of 64Hz, 128Hz and 256Hz. The AD5933 was tested by
itself with a breakout board without any other component of the analog front end in the loop
to get data on this IC alone. A voltage of 3V was used to supply the test circuit, because this
is the later used voltage to supply the whole measurement circuit. The measurement of the
current itself was done through a multimeter, which averages the used current by design.
In continuous mode, without powering off the AD5933, it consumes a measured current of
13.78 mA. The remaining parts of the circuit, including INA, VCCS, ADC and DPP consume
a total of 670µA, which has to be added as a baseline to the measured currents in table I in
order to calculate the power consumption of the complete frontend. For the evaluation of the
battery life a measurement with powering off and one without was carried out. In both
measurements, the sensor was worn by the same test person for the entire duration of the
measurement. With the implementation of the described power cycle a continuous
measurement over the course of 48 hours was possible, with a stable samplerate of 128Hz for
HITS-ECE 59 2021-22
the impedance measurement and 64Hz for the three axis acceleration measurement while
capturing the data on the EMMC storage offered by the sensor platform. Without the energy
saving implementations a measurement with a duration of 8 hours was only just possible, i.e.
an around six times longer battery life was achieved by the methods described in this paper.
6.2 Evaluation of cardiac parameters
Table 6.2 Cardiac Parameters
For the evaluation of the cardiac parameters, measurements were carried out with 4 subjects
during the night. All subjects were male and between 29 and 32 years old. They stated not to
suffer from sleep or cardiac problems. The IPG was recorded with the presented wearable on
the wrist with a sample rate of 128Hz. Simultaneously, the ECG was measured by a
SomnoScreen plus device from Somnomedics with a sample rate of 512Hz. To enable
synchronization of IPG and ECG, the clock of the wearable device was manchester encoded
and transmitted to the SomnoScreen device. This enabled the subsequent compensation of
time shift and clock drift. Afterwards, movisens’ DataAnalyzer software was used to detect
the R-peaks of the ECG and to calculate the RR-intervals.
The beat-to-beat intervals of the IPG were extracted using a self-implemented footpoint
detection algorithm in Matlab. For this purpose, the IPG signal has been up-sampled to
512Hz using a cubic spline interpolation. This frequency was chosen for comparison reasons
because the RR intervals of the ECG are also resolved with 512Hz. Subsequently,
artifactswere manually annotated in the IPG signal. This applies to signal sections in which
HITS-ECE 60 2021-22
no pulse signal can be extracted due to movements of the test persons, and signal sections in
which the footpoint detection algorithm does not work properly due to low SNR. Finally the
beat-to-beat intervals of the artifact-free signal sections were compared to the corresponding
RR-intervals of the ECG. The HRV parameters were calculated using the Kubios-HRV
software in version 3.0.2.
Table shows an overview of the evaluated measurements. Of the total of 77093 RR-intervals
recorded with the ECG, 73684 beat-to-beat intervals were correctly detected by our sensor.
This corresponds to an average share of 95.6%. Movements of the test subjects can cause
strong artifacts as shown in fig. 3. In these signal sections, it is not possible to detect the pulse
wave and calculate the beat-to-beat intervals. However, in order to prevent misinterpretation
of the pulse wave, these sections can be automatically annotated with the help of the
integrated 3-axis accelerometer and a threshold detector.
6.3 Comparison of HRV Parameters
Table 6.3 HRV Parameters
Table shows the calculated HRV/PRV parameters in time domain, frequency domain and non-linaer
domain, comparing the results of IPG and ECG measurement. The mean intervals of R-peaks (Mean
RR) and the mean heart rate (Mean HR) are closely aligned. The mean deviation for the RRintervals
is between 0.0ms and 0.3ms (HR: between 0.00bpm and 0.02bpm). However, it is noticeable that the
heart rate variability is generally higher when measuring with IPG than when measuring with ECG.
This can be seen in the higher values of STD RR, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50 and the higher power in
the HF band.
HITS-ECE 61 2021-22
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
Wearable Health Devices (WHDs) are an emerging technology that enables continuous
ambulatory monitoring of human vital signs during daily life or in a clinical environment,
with the advantage of minimizing discomfort and interference with normal human activities.
WHDs are part of personal health systems, process managing its own health and
interacting with care providers that is commonly referred to as “patient” empowerment.
HITS-ECE 62 2021-22
This review aims to gather recent information on WHDs and better evaluate the current
situation of such devices, foreseeing their evolution in the coming years.The main focus will
be in vital signs and in textile embedded WHDs.
Few information about the concerns and needs of those science on the human health or about
the WHDs system architecture. On the other hand, some other are strongly focused on WHDs
architecture and technical aspects of it.
HITS-ECE 63 2021-22
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Now a day we have an increased risk of heart attacks. This system which helps to detect
heart rate of person using heart beat sensing even if person is at home. This system also
helps for hospital monitoring system, all patient monitored by single person in server
room. This system which helps to measure heartbeat, pulses of person. The system can be
tuned to the requirement of individual patient. The activity can be monitored remotely by
doctors, nurses or caregivers. However the current study highlights the fact that there is a
lot of challenges and issues that need to be resolved for wearable systems to become more
applicable to real life situations and also to become accepted by patients and other users
as a reliable, multifunctional, easy-to-use, and minimally obtrusive technology that can
increase their quality of living.
HITS-ECE 64 2021-22
CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
According to the availability of sensors or development in biomedical trend more parameter
can be sensed and monitored which will drastically improve the efficiency of the wireless
monitoring system in biomedical field. A graphical LCD can be used to display a graph of
rate of change of health parameters over time. The whole health monitoring system which we
have framed can be integrated into a small compact unit as small as a cell phone or a wrist
watch. This will help the patients to easily carry this device with them wherever they go. In
addition with medical application we can use our system in industrial and agricultural
application by using sensors like humidity sensors, fertility check sensors, etc.
HITS-ECE 65 2021-22
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
[1] ABIresearch, “Wearable Computing Devices, Like Apple’s iWatch, Will Exceed 485
Million Annual Shipments by 2018.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.abiresearch.com/press/wearablecomputing-devices-like-apples-iwatch-will/
[2] D. K. Spierer, Z. Rosen, L. L. Litman, and K. Fujii, Journal of Medical Engineering &
Technology, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 264–271, jul 2015.
[3] J. Marschall, H.-D. Nolting, S. Hildebrandt, H. Sydow, E. Burgart, and T. Wokock,

“DAK-Gesundheitsreport ¨ 2017,” DAK Forschung, Hamburg, Tech. Rep., 2017.
[4] M. M. Ohayon, “Epidemiological overview of sleep disorders in the general

population,” Sleep medicine reviews, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2011.
[5] P. Fonseca, T. Weysen, M. S. Goelema, E. I. Møst, M. Radha, C. Lunsingh

Scheurleer, L. van den Heuvel, and R. M. Aarts, “Validation of
PhotoplethysmographyBased Sleep Staging Compared With Polysomnography in
Healthy Middle-Aged Adults,” Sleep, vol. 40, no. 7, jul 2017.
[6] P. Pick, J. Bruggemann, C. Grote, E. Gr ¨ unhaten, ¨ and T. Lampert,

“Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes,” Schwerpunktbericht der
Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes- Pflege, vol. 21, pp. 1–27, 2004.
[7] T. Morgenthaler, C. Alessi, L. Friedman, J. Owens, V. Kapur, B. Boehlecke, T.

Brown, A. Chesson, J. Coleman, T. Lee-Chiong, J. Pancer, and T. J. Swick, “Practice
parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an
update for 2007.” Sleep, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 519–529, 2007.
HITS-ECE 66 2021-22
BI0-DATA
1. Full Name: BADDAM NIVEDHITHA REDDY

2. Name of the Parent Guardian: BADDAM KONDAL
REDDY
3. Age:21
4. Date of birth: 24/02/2001
5. Present Address: PLOT NO.115,SRINIDHI
NEST,GHATKESAR
6. Permanent Address: H NO: 4-
74,ANKUSHAPUR,GHATKESAR
7. Language(s)Known:
READ SPEAK WRITE

READ : ENGLISH, HINDI, TELUGU
SPEAK : ENGLISH, HINDI, TELUGU
WRITE : ENGLISH, HINDI, TELUGU
8. Appeared any Competitive Exams (GATE/GRE/TOEFL/IELTS/CAT):NO
9. Do you plan to undertake any further studies/courses, if yes, give details:YES,MBA
10. Games played & Hobbies: Playing Chess,Watching Cartoons,Singing,Reading Books etc
11. Achievements since date of joining in HITS COE: YES
S.NO A Achievements Year Particulars
1. S Science and arts 202020 Participation

exhibition
32 2. Project Expo 2020 Participation
12. Working Mail-id: baddamnivedhithareddy4@gmail.com

Contact Number: 6301360787
I certify that the above particulars are correct
Place:
Date:
Signature:
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BI0-DATA
1. Full Name: BHUKYA VIKRAM
2. Name of the Parent Guardian: BHUKYA VEERANNA
3. Age:21
4. Date of birth: 21/11/2000
5. Present Address: H NO 9-6-65,DSR RAJ ENCLAVE
RAMPALLY (501301)
6. Permanent Address: H NO: 5-65,Thimmampet,Warangal
READ SPEAK WRITE

9. Do you plan to undertake any further studies/courses, if yes, give details:NO
10. Games played & Hobbies: Playing Cricket, Reading Books, Music etc

exhibition
32
12. Working Mail-id: vikram96661@gmail.com

Place:
Date:
Signature:
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BI0-DATA
1. Full Name: KAJA AKHIL
2. Name of the Parent Guardian: KAJA MALLIKARJUNA
RAO
3. Age:21
4. Date of birth: 12/12/2000
5. Permanent Address: H NO: 3-5-357/2 Pumping Well
Road Khammam
READ SPEAK WRITE

9. Do you plan to undertake any further studies/courses, if yes, give details:NO
10. Games played & Hobbies: Playing Cricket, Reading Books etc

exhibition
32 2. Project Expo 2020 Participation
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Place:
Date:
Signature:
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Novel Wearable Sensor Device For Continuous Monitoring of Cardiac Activity During Sleep

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NOVEL WEARABLE SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS

MONITORING OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP

Under the Guidance of

HOLY MARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SENSOR DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY

DURING SLEEP” is being submitted by following students in IV B. Tech-I semester in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING is a record of Bonafide work

done under my guidance & supervision.

or Institute to the best of my knowledge for the award of any degree.

B.NIVEDHITHA REDDY 18C91A0416

Under the guidance of

Internal Guide Project Co-ordinator(s)

Mr. DAVID SOLOMON RAJU. Y Dr. P. SUMITHABHASHINI

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B. NIVEDHITHA REDDY 18C91A0416

Dr. P. RAJA PRAKASHA RAO

B.NIVEDHITHA REDDY 18C91A0416

B.NIVEDHITHA REDDY 18C91A0416

GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

Figure No Name Page No.

Figure 1.2 Overview of embedded system 9

Figure 1.3 Embedded system 10

Figure 1.5.1 Flow of burning source code to processor 13

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram 16

Figure 3.2 Flow chart 17

Figure 3.3 Circuit Diagram 18

Figure 4.1.1 Arduino 21

Figure 4.1.11 LCD-Front view 30

Figure 4.1.12 LCD-Back view 30

Figure 4.2 Pin Diagram 31

Figure 4.7 Block Diagram Of Lcd Display 34

Figure 4.9 Heartbeat Sensor 36

Figure 4.12 Rectifier 38

Figure 4.13 Capacitor 39

Figure 4.14 Voltage Regulator 40

Table No. Name Page No

Table 4.1.8 Specification 27

Table 4.3 Pin description 31

Table 4.6 LCD Commands 33

Table 4.8 Control and display commands 35

Table 6.1 Power consumption 58

Table 6.2 Cardiac parameters 59

Table 6.3 HRV Parameters 60

A good correlation was observed between device and in-clinic

In recent years, the possibility of using wearable monitoring devices as medical

A major problem of existing wearables, however, is their lack of reliability, i.e. it is

1.2 Embedded system implementation

Link to other systems

Fig 1.2 : Overview of embedded system

1.3 Embedded system:

Embedded system includes mainly two sections, they are

Fig 1.3: Embedded System

1.4 Embedded System Hardware:

3. Digital signal processor

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

1.5 Embedded System Software:

The embedded system software is written to perform a specific function. It is typically

 Availability of system memory

1.5.1Bringing software and hardware together for embedded system:

Fig 1.5.1 Flow of burning source code to processor

1.6 Implementation flow: