MODULAR APPROACH FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY_GALLARDO

Binondo, Kyla Mae B. HAP 3201L – Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab
BS PSY 3-1 Dr. Annie C. Gallardo
ACTIVITY 3
THE INTEGUMENT

I. Introduction
The integumentary system is composed of the skin (integument), nails, hairs,
glands and associated muscles and neurons (nerve cells).
The integument can be divided into two layers, the dermis (dermis = Gr. skin) and
epidermis (epi = Gr. upon). The dermis is composed of connective tissues containing
blood vessels, nerve cells and glands. The superficial 20% of the dermis is the papillary
layer because of the bumps or papillae which characterize the surface of the region. The
reticular layer accounts for the deeper four-fifths of the dermis.
Some of the dermal papillae contain Meissner’s corpuscles which are nerve
endings sensitive to touch. The reticular layer contains nerve endings called Pacinian
corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure.
The epidermis can be divided into four or five layers or strata (sing, stratum). These
are the stratum basale, stratus spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and
stratum corneum. Since the superficial cells of the stratum corneum are squamous, the
epidermis is a stratified, squamous epithelial tissue which covers the body. The stratum
lucidum occurs only in the palms and soles.
Deep to the dermis is the hypodermis (hypo = Gr. under) which attaches the skin
to the underlying structures. It is composed of adipose tissues but is not considered a part
of the skin.

II. Objectives
At the end of this activity, students should be able to:
1. Describe the integumentary system and the role it plays in homeostasis
2. Identify the layers of the epidermis and dermis in a thick and thin skin skin and
the functions of each layer
3. Describe the accessory structures of the skin and the functions of each
4. Describe the changes that occur in the integumentary system during the aging
process
5. Discuss several common diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the
integumentary system

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6. Explain treatments for some common diseases, disorders, and injuries of the
integumentary system

III. Learning Platform

Supplementary materials for the study of the Human Skin
• The Human Skin
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/skin.htmlhttps://www.onlinemathlearning.co
m/skin.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01ine8N07Uo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5VnOS9Ke3g
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01ine8N07Uo

Virtual exercise on Histology of the Skin:

• https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/11-skin.html
• Epidermis
https://histologyslides.med.umich.edu/Histology/EMsmallCharts/3%20Ima
ge%20Scope%20finals/065%20-%20Epidermis_001.htm

Pre-lab Activity:
1. Watch the different videos suggested on this activity.
2. Work on the virtual activity in examining details of the epidermis by
zooming the view.
3. Finding Fingerprints

Finding Fingerprints
Dust for clues: Learn how a little chemistry can help you uncover hidden
fingerprints all around you!

Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/finding-fingerprints/
This is a simple activity of collecting our own fingerprints as we leave them on surfaces
that we touched. Detecting invincible fingerprints is an important task in forensic science,
a branch of science that helps criminal investigations by collecting and analyzing
evidence from crime scenes.

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One of the amazing things in the study of the human skin is the unique fingerprint pattern
that each specific person has, and therefore a very reliable way of identifying the person,
or a suspect in the case of crime investigations.

What are the different types of fingerprints that one can leave behind?

There are different types of fingerprints that can be left behind: an imprint which is
found in a soft and smooth surface; a patent fingerprint, which is visible to the naked eye; and
latent fingerprints, which are not readily visible without the use of any apparatus.

• A glass or smooth metal surface

• 5-10 grams Raw cacao powder if your test surface is light; baby powder if it is dark
• White paper if your test surface is light; black paper if it is dark
• A small bowl, clear tape, dust cloth, water, soap, hand lotion
• A fine brush with soft bristles, such as a makeup brush

Preparation
• Pour a little of the cacao or baby powder into a small bowl.
• Wipe the smooth glass or metal surface that you are using for your experiment very thoroughly
with the dust cloth.
• Be sure to take picture of your collected fingerprints.

Procedure
• Press one finger firmly onto the clean, smooth surface. Remember where you put it on the
surface.
• Dip your brush carefully into the cacao or baby powder. (If your fingerprint is on a dark surface,
use the baby powder; if on a light one, cacao.) Only the tips of the bristles should be covered
with powder. Then, tap the brush to remove any excess powder.
• Gently sweep the brush carefully over the area where you put your fingerprint. Make sure to not
apply too much pressure so that you do not wipe the print away. If necessary, add more powder
to the brush, but be careful not to add too much. What happens when you apply the powder to
the surface? Can you see a fingerprint developing?
• When you are done, gently blow off excess powder from the surface and check your result. Did
you get a visible fingerprint? How well can you see the print? Can you make out the fingerprint
pattern

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• Use a piece of clear tape and carefully press the tape down onto the surface on top of the
developed fingerprint. Peel the tape off and transfer the fingerprint onto a piece of paper. (If you
used dark cacao, use white paper; for baby powder, use black.) Did you successfully transfer
your fingerprint? Does it still look the same on the paper compared with your glass or metal
surface?
• Wash your hands thoroughly with warm water and soap. Then, repeat the steps with the same
finger you chose before. Did you get a fingerprint again? How does it look compared with the
first one? Can you still see lots of details?
• Finally, apply some hand lotion and repeat the fingerprint steps again. How does this fingerprint
compare with the previous ones? Is it easier or more difficult to detect?

Show the pictures of your original fingerprints and the collected ones here.

Original fingerprint

Collected fingerprints

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Hand washed with water & soap

With lotion

• Once you have transferred all your fingerprints onto a piece of paper, compare your
results. Do they all look the same? Which one can you see the best, the least? Can you
explain your results?

After the experiment, you can notice the difference between the three imprints right away.
The last sample has the most prominent imprint, followed by the first sample, while the second
sample has the least. It could be due to the fact that the more oil there is on the skin, the more
prominent the fingerprint will be. The third sample, which was applied with lotion, supports this
notion, as does the second example, which produced least visible fingerprint because the
natural oil in my finger had been cleansed with soap and water.

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IV. Materials

• Drawing and coloring pens

• laptop

V. Procedures:
A. The Structure of the Human Skin
Know the parts of the human skin

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B. Histology of the Skin

1. On your web browser proceed to https://histologyguide.com/slidebox/11-skin.html
2. You can now explore the Chapter on the Human Skin at your own pace. Read
the short introduction about the human skin.

3. Click every picture to reveal the complete view of the skin tissues and its
structures – thick and thin skin, pigmented skin, hair follicles, scalp, the Meissner
and Pacinian Corpuscles.

4. To explore the structures of the skin, click the name of the part (in blue) found on
the right side of the pane. This will direct you an help you see the actual structure
in a magnified view.
5. Continue on, until you have examined all structures.
6. Complete your laboratory sheet.

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Histology of the Skin

Using your virtual activity in the identification of the structure of the skin, work on the
following.
1. Identify and label the following structures in the THICK SKIN: epidermis, stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum dermis, papillary
layer, dermal papillae, papillary capillaries, reticular layer, eccrine sweat glands,
hypodermis.

T
h
i
c
k

s
k
i
n

(
>
5

Thick skin (>5 mm)

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2. Identify and Label the following structures in the THICK skin: epidermis, stratum
basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, dermis, papillary
layer, papillary capillaries, reticular layer

Thick Skin 60x OIO

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3. Identify and label epidermis, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum,
stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, dermis, dermal papillae, eccrine sweat glands.

Thick skin (>5 mm)

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4. Identify and label the following parts of the THIN SKIN: epidermis, stratum basale,
stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, dermis, dermal papillae, eccrine sweat gland,
hair follicle.

Thin Skin (1-2mm)

5. Identify and label the following parts of the THIN SKIN: epidermis, dermis, papillary
layer, reticular layer

Thin Skin (stained)

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6. Identify and label the structures of a PIGMENTED SKIN: (Thin skin) melanocytes,
stratum basale, stratum spinosum; (Thick skin) melanocytes, stratum basale, sweat
gland, hair follicle and sebaceous glands.

Thin and Thick Skin with Melanin

7. Identify and label the following structures from a THIN SKIN with melanin: epidermis,
melanocytes, stratum basale, startum spinosum, dermis, papillary layer, reticular layer,
eccrine sweat glands.

Thin skin with melanin

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8. Identify and label the following structures in the HAIR FOLLICLE: epidermis, dermis,
hair shaft, internal root sheath, external root sheath, glassy membrane, sebaceous
glands, eccrine glands, arrector pili muscles, hypodermis

Thin Skin containing hair follicles and sebaceous glands

Hair Follicles from a Thin Skin (x-section)

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9. Identify and label the following structures from the Scalp: Hair follicles, hair shaft,
external root sheath, internal root sheath, hair bulb, glassy membrane.

Scalp (longitudinal section)

Hair follicle (l.s)

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10. Identify and label the Meissner and Pacinian Corpuscles.

Cross-section of the Skin showing Mechanoreceptors

11. Identify and label the parts of the human nails:

A. Nail plate
B. Lunula
C. Root
D. Sinus
E. Matrix
F. Nail bed
G. Hyponychium
H. Free margin

Longitudinal view of the nail

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VI. Guide Questions

1. What is the role of the skin in maintaining homeostasis in the body?

The largest organ in the body, the skin, performs a crucial function in maintaining
homeostasis, it acts as an organic heating-cooling system of the body. For example, when the
skin feels that the body is heating up due to the environment's temperature, the hypothalamus
delivers a signal to sweat glands and blood vessels. Blood arteries then dilate to allow more
blood to pass through the skin, lowering body heat in unison with sweating. Body temperature
regulation done by skin also informs the hypothalamus of when the body is cold. The
hypothalamus responds by sending signals to the body telling it to boost its temperature. In a
process known as piloerection (when hair follicles make the hair stand up in an effort to warm
the body), the body begins to shiver, restricting blood vessels and generating goosebumps.

2. Fill in the table below:

Layer of the Description Function/s Accessory Function/s

skin Structure/s
1. Epidermis - skin’s - epidermis - extends
outermost layer acts as the Hair sensory
- made up of body’s first capability
keratinocytes line of of skin
which are made defense beyond
up of a protein against any its
known as keratin environmental surface
that strengthens elements, - also
and waterproofs such as plays a
the skin bacteria, role in
- also contains radiation, and protectio
melanocytes, other harmful n,
which create microorganis thermore
melanin, Merkel ms gulation
cells, which are - it also Nails - the nails
responsible for protects have a
light touch feeling, underlying role in
and Langerhans tissues or the protection
cells, which are dermis for the
part of the farthest
immune system extremitie
s of the
body such
as tips of
fingers
and toes

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2. Dermis - lies beneath the - dermis Sweat glands - produce

epidermis. produces and
sweat and oil secrete
- has two parts: a - regulates sweat
thin, upper layer body where
known as the temperature heat is
papillary dermis, - grows hair removed
and a thick, lower through hair by
layer known as follicles evaporati
the reticular - has a role in on
dermis. Its sensation
thickness varies - protects the Sebaceous - contribut
depending on the rest of the glands e the vast
location of the body majority
skin. - and of skin
distribute surface
blood as it lipids
holds the through
blood vessels sebum,
which
helps
to seal in
moisture
& prevent
desiccati
on of the
skin
- carries
Blood vessels blood that
contains
oxygen
and
nutrients
which is
then
transporte
d
throughou
t the body
- senses,
Nerves transmits
heat, pain,
and other
body
sensation
s
- produces
Hair follicles hair

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3. Discuss the different receptor cells found in the skin.

Sensory receptors exist in all layers of the skin and there are four main types of it,
namely, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors and proprioceptors.
Mechanoreceptors, perceive sensations such as pressure, vibrations, and texture.
There are four known types of mechanoreceptors whose only function is to perceive
indentions and vibrations of the skin: Merkel’s disks, Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini’s
corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles.
Thermoreceptors, as their name suggests, perceive sensations related to the
temperature of objects the skin feels. They are found in the dermis layer of the skin. There are
two basic categories of thermoreceptors: hot and cold receptors.
Pain receptors detect pain or stimuli that can or does cause damage to the skin and
other tissues of the body. There are over three million pain receptors throughout the body,
found in skin, muscles, bones, blood vessels, and some organs.
Finally, proprioceptors sense the position of the different parts of the body in relation to
each other and the surrounding environment. Proprioceptors are found in tendons, muscles,
and joint capsules. Without proprioceptors, we would not be able to do fundamental things
such as feeding or clothing ourselves.
4. Beyond goosebumps, what is the role of the arrector pili muscle in human
thermoregulation?

Thermoregulation is the body's internal, automatic temperature regulating mechanism.

Our skin also plays a significant role in regulating body temperature, as we have a complex
thermoregulation system that includes features such as special blood vessels in the skin that
are concerned solely with conservation and loss of heat.

Arrector pili muscle is a smooth muscle that extends from the superficial dermis of the
skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle. Each hair follicle growing
parallel to the skin attaches to the connective tissue of the basement membrane by the small
band of arrector pili muscle. The function of arrector pili muscles is to mediate
thermoregulation by contracting and raising or relaxing and releasing the hair. Recent
research indicates that elevating and lowering the hairs may also provide some support to the
hair follicle’s integrity and stability.
5. What is the function of the epidermal ridges and the dermal papillae?

Dermal papillae (fingerlike projections) project into the epidermis, whilst epidermal
ridges (rete ridges) project into the dermis. Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae provide
increased surface area for the epidermis and dermis to connect. They resemble jigsaw pieces,
with ridged patterns and grooves that complement one another. As a result, epidermal ridges
and dermal papillae serve as a link between the epidermis and dermis. Both structures help in
strengthening the dermal-epidermal connectivity. This is extremely important since the
epidermis has to depend on the dermis for blood circulation.

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VII. Clinical Applications:

1. What are the changes that occur in the human skin during the ageing process?

The skin serves as the body's first line of defense against external injuries and is crucial to
maintaining general homeostasis. However, as people age, resident cells become senescent,
and the extracellular matrix, particularly in the dermis, becomes increasingly damaged,
compromising the skin's natural organization and ability to regenerate. Extrinsic variables like
ultraviolet irradiation and pollution, as well as intrinsic factors like diabetes and vascular
disease, can all contribute to the acceleration of this occurrence. As we grow older some of
the natural changes that may occur with our skin includes, skin gets rougher, it develops
lesions, it becomes slack, more fragile, and more easily bruised.

2. How do the regenerative properties of the skin help protect the body from the external
environment?

One of the most underrated properties of human skin is its ability to regenerate. The skin
acts as an essential barrier, protecting you from your environment. In a form of skin
regeneration process, the epidermis, one of the skin layers, is constantly renewing itself,
shedding dead skin cells and replacing them with new, healthy ones. The dermis can renew
as well; anytime we suffer wounds from a sharp item, the skin goes through a regeneration
process to heal the wound, which will encompass all of the layers affected. Another
regenerative property of the skin is it can repair itself when it is exposed to high temperature
such as sun burn or accidental burns. The skin tries to repair itself by releasing melanin, a
substance that produces skin bronzing. Skin cells repair their DNA, but new cells may have
color or texture changes depending on the severity of the sun damage.

3. How do the following human activities affect the skin?

a. Body tattooing – Tattooing is done by depositing pigment into the epidermis
and driving the ink into the dermis through a needle. The tattooing process causes damage to
the epidermis, epidermal-dermal junction, and the papillary layer (topmost layer) of the
dermis. Tattoos breach the skin, which means that skin infections and other complications are
possible, including, allergic reactions, skin infections, bloodborne diseases among others.
b. Body piercing – Piercing is the act of attaching a piece of jewelry (such as a
ring or stud) to the body. Depending on the body region, manner of insertion and maintenance
conditions, the presence of a piercing can justify disorders and adverse effects that may go on
for days, weeks or months after implantation. Studies have demonstrated the occurrence of
cutaneous infections due to piercings such as, cysts, edema, granuloma, hematoma, keloids,
hypertrophic scars, abscesses, contact dermatitis and allergic reactions.
c. Cosmetics/make up - Many makeup products contain harsh chemicals that
can disrupt functions of the protective barrier of skin, making it easier for pathogens to enter
the skin. Using makeup regularly can cause various side effects, impacting the health and
natural glow of skin. Some possible complications include clogged pores, untimely aging,
breakouts, dry/oily skin, allergic reactions and eye infections.
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3. What are the common symptoms of a bacterial skin infection?

Bacterial skin infections are caused by bacteria entering the skin through damaged
skin, cuts, scrapes, or scratches, or by your own bacteria overgrowing. Even the tiniest
incisions, such as pores irritated by shaving, can get infected. Some of the common symptoms
of bacteria skin infection are, any fluid other than blood that leaks from your cut, yellow or
cloudy pus or crust on the top of your cut, sores that look like blisters or pimples, swelling that
increases over time, pain that increases over time, red skin surrounding your cut, red streaking
or warmth to the area, a wound that doesn't heal, and a fever that accompanies your injury.

4. What are the risk factors for skin cancer? What are the reducing factors for skin
cancer?

Skin cancer occurs when cells are mutated and starts to divide continuously until it
eventually forms a tumor. Skin cancer has three common forms: squamous cell carcinomas,
basal cell carcinomas, and malignant melanomas. Squamous cell carcinoma originates in the
epidermis’ stratum spinosum, while basal cell carcinomas arise from stratum basale.
Malignant melanomas originate from melanocytes and has the highest risk within the three.
Common risk factors for skin cancer include, sunburns, skin type, excessive and unprotected
exposure to UVA & UVB rays, age, and genetics. Reducing factors for skin cancer include
proper use of sunscreens, reducing time spent under the sun, avoiding indoor tanning, and
wearing protective clothing such as hats and shades

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5. What do fingernails tell us about our health? How do fingernails looks like
with:
a. Anemia – People with anemia might have koilonychia, which is having an abnormal
shape, brittle, or spoon-shaped nails. They may also have raised, very thin and curved
inward ridges.
b. Liver disease – People with liver disease have nails that are entirely white except for a
small band of pink or brown at the tip, called Terry’s nails.
c. Thyroid problems – When there is excess or deficit in thyroid hormones a person can
have onycholysis which is when the nail separates from the skin underneath it, besides
it nails are also thick, dry, and brittle, as well as crumble or break easily.
d. Vitamin deficiency - Symptoms may vary depending on the type of mineral that is
deficient. Iron deficiency may cause koilonychia, calcium deficiency may cause
transverse leukonychia which are bands or line of white discoloration. Zinc deficiency
may show Muerhrcke’s nails which are also white bands of discoloration but are always
parallel to the edge of the lunula.

6. Discuss at least five common diseases, disorders, and injuries that affect the
integumentary system and explain their diagnosis and treatment. Use the table below:

Skin Illustration Description/Cause Diagnosis Treatment

Disease
A slowly enlarging Skin biopsy can Actinic
1. Actinic patch or spot on the be conducted keratosis
keratosis that may develop over to ascertain the sometimes
the years and are condition, it is resolves on
commonly noted on when a small its own.
the face, lips, ears, sample the skin Treatment
hands, forearms, scalp tissue is such as
and neck. examined. application of
skin creams,
Actinic keratosis is and
caused by frequent conduction of
and long-term curettage and
exposure to sun or UV cryotherapy
rays. are
recommende
d to prevent
the risk of
developing
skin cancer

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It is a skin condition There are no There is no

2. Rosacea causing red patches specific tests cure for
and visible blood available to rosacea.
vessels on the face. diagnose Treatment
rosacea. It is options aim at
Rosacea results when generally based reducing the
there is increased on medical signs and
blood flow to the history and symptoms.
surface of the skin. assessment of Treatment
The exact cause is symptoms. includes
unknown, but a medications,
combination of laser
hereditary and therapies, and
environmental factors lifestyle
is responsible. modifications.
Red, swollen, painful The doctor can Treatment
3. Carbuncl and pus-filled boils diagnose the consists of
e connected to each condition just self-care
other are found under from its practices and
the skin. They often appearance. procedures
occur on back of the Lab testing of where
neck, shoulders and pus is done in carbuncles are
thighs. case of drained so that
recurring they heal
A carbuncle usually episodes of early.
develops when carbuncle so as
Staphylococcus to determine
aureus bacteria the best
present in nose, antibiotic to be
mouth, groin, thighs used for
and armpits, infects treatment.
the hair follicles
An allergic reaction to The doctor Latex allergy
4. Latex latex or a natural reviews has no cure.
allergy rubber product, which medical history, However,
results in runny nose signs and medications,
and itching. symptoms, and (antihistamine
then orders s,
Latex allergy is caused diagnostic tests corticosteroids
when the immune such as allergy , and alpha-
system identifies latex skin test and and beta-
as a harmful Immunoglobulin adrenergic
substance, through E (IgE) test to agonists), self-
direct contact or confirm the care and
inhalation. condition. avoiding food
which causes
the allergy can
help manage
symptoms.

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5. Eczema A group of skin Diagnosis The treatment

conditions involves includes
characterized by red, physical medications
itchy rashes. examination and
and tests application of
The exact reason for (allergy skin creams. This
the cause of eczema test, skin helps in
is not known but it is biopsy) to rule reducing
associated with out other redness and
overactive response of conditions. itching of skin.
the body’s immune
system.

VIII. Conclusion
The integumentary system, the body's largest organ, serves multiple functions as
it regulates temperature, protects the body from outside influences, and receive sensory
information from the surroundings. This system is made up of three layers, namely, epidermis,
dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis and dermis both have accessory organs that aid the
body in achieving and maintaining homeostasis. Because this system makes up the body's
outer layer, it is more vulnerable to diseases, infections, and injuries. But its protective
properties, enables it to ward off harmful microorganisms. The skin's own regenerative
process also helps in repairing itself in case it has been subjected to damage or injuries.
Knowing all these, we must protect our skin more by the use of sunscreens, protective
clothing, and less exposure under the sun.

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IX. Documentation
Appendix A. Dusting experiment

Materials for the experiment Trial 1

Trial 2 (hand washed with water & soap) Trial 3 (with lotion)

Student doing the experiment

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Appendix B. Student doing the laboratory sheet

Student coloring the parts of the skin

Student working on her laboratory sheet

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X. References

Brind'Amour, K. (2016, April 16). Skin disorders: Pictures, causes, symptoms, treatments, and
prevention. Healthline. Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/skin-
disorders

How does the skin renew and regenerate, and how can I help? CV Skinlabs. (2021, July 14). Retrieved
March 09, 2022, from https://cvskinlabs.com/how-does-skin-renew-and-regenerate-and-how-can-
i-help/

Keller, S. & Marieb, E. (2022). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology: Global edition
(13th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

List: The 9 most common bacterial skin infections - westlake dermatology. Westlake Dermatology®.
(2021, September 7). Retrieved March 10, 2022, from
https://www.westlakedermatology.com/blog/common-bacterial-skin-infections/

Martini, F., Nath, J. L., Bartholomew, E. F., Ober, W. C., Ober, C. E., Welch, K., & Hutchings, R. T.
(2018). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology. Pearson.

Purim, K. S. M., Rosario, B. A., Rosario, C. S., & Guimarães, A. T. B. (2014). Piercings in medical
students and their effects on the skin. Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. Retrieved March 09,
2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230659/

Sense of touch, skin receptors, skin sensations, somatosensory system. Home Science Tools
Homeschool Hub. (2021, July 7). Retrieved March 10, 2022, from https://learning-
center.homesciencetools.com/article/skin-touch/

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