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8 Science 16 Light TextBook QnA
8 Science 16 Light TextBook QnA
Chapter 16 Light
Textbook Questions
1.Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see objects in the room? Can you see objects
outside the room? Explain.
Answer: When we are in a dark room then we cannot see objects in the room. We can see the
objects outside the room, because out of the room the light is available, and the rays of light can
enter our eyes after reflection from the objects.
2. Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection mean the failure
of the laws of reflection?
Regular Reflection Diffused Reflection
(i) All the reflected rays are parallel. (i) The reflected rays are not parallel.
Answer:
No, diffuse reflection doesn’t mean the failure of laws of reflection.
3. Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will take place
when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
5. Describe an activity to show that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point
of incidence lie in the same plane.
Answer: Activity: To show that the incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane.
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Materials Required: Plane mirror, holder, ray box, etc.
Procedure: Fix sheet of white paper, a little beyond the edge of the board. Place a plane mirror
strip vertically to the paper using a stand. Throw light from a ray box on the mirror. Look at the
reflected ray. Mark the incident ray, normal ray and reflected ray. Fold the paper which is
beyond the edge of the board. You will observe that the reflected ray is not seen in the folded
portion of the chart paper. Now bring the folded portion back to its original position. The
reflected ray of light is again seen on the page.
Conclusion: The sheet on the board can be considered as a plane. The incident ray, the
reflected ray, the normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
Incident ray, reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane
(c) The size of the pupil becomes larger when you see in dim light.
(d) Night birds have lesser cones than rods in their eyes.
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pieces of coloured bangles are placed. This end of the tube is closed by a ground glass plate.
11. Gurmit wanted to perform Activity 16.8 using a laser torch. Her teacher advised her not to do
so. Can you explain the basis of the teacher’s advice?
Answer: Teacher has advised Gurmit not to do so because laser light is very harmful for her
eyes and can cause a permanent defect in the eye. Person can even lose his or her eyesight if
laser torch is directed over the eyes.
13. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to the incident
ray?
Answer: Here, the angle of reflection is 90°. As we know, according to the laws of reflection that
angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
Here, the angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 90°.
i.e., ∠i + ∠r = 90°
Since, ∠i = ∠r
We can write, ∠i + ∠i = 90°
⇒ 2∠i = 90°
⇒ ∠i = 45°
Angle of incidence = 45°.
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14. How many images of a candle will be formed if it is placed between two parallel plane
mirrors separated by 40 cm?
Answer: Here, mirrors are placed parallel to each other 40 cm apart. Therefore, the infinite
number of images will be formed.
Question 15.
Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle of 30° as shown in
Fig. 16.19. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror.
Answer:
16. Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in Fig. 16.21. Can he see
himself in the mirror? Also, can he see the image of objects situated at P, Q, and R?
Answer: No, Boojho can’t see himself in the mirror. He can see the image of the object at P and
Q but not of R.
17. (a) Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane mirror (Fig.
16.23).
(b) Can Paheli at B see this image?
(c) Can Boojho at C see this image?
(d) When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move?
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Answer: (a) It is shown in the following figure.
Activity 1
Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board or a table. Take a comb and close all its openings
except one in the middle. You can use a strip of black paper for this purpose. Hold the comb
perpendicular to the sheet of paper. Throw light from a torch through the opening of the comb
from one side (Fig. 16.5). With slight adjustment of the torch and the comb you will see a ray of
light along the paper on the other side of the comb. Keep the comb and the torch steady. Place
a strip of plane mirror in the path of the light ray (Fig. 16.5). What do you observe?
Solution: It is observed that after striking the mirror, the ray of light is reflected in another
direction.
Activity 2
Perform Activity 16.1 again. This time use a sheet of stiff paper or a chart paper. Let the sheet
project a little beyond the edge of the Table (Fig. 16.6). Cut the projecting portion of the sheet in
the middle. Look at the reflected ray. Make sure that the reflected ray extends to the projected
portion of the paper. Bend that part of the projected portion on which the reflected ray falls. Can
you still see the reflected ray? Bring the paperback to the original position. Can you see the
reflected ray again? What do you infer?
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Incident ray, reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane
Solution:
Yes, the reflected ray of light is seen on the sheet. It is concluded that the entire sheet fixed on
the drawing board represents a plane. The incident reflected ray and the normal lie in the plane
of paper.
Activity 3
A source of light 0 is placed in front of a plane mirror PQ. Two rays OA and OC are incident on it
(Fig. 16.7). Can you find out the direction of the reflected rays?
Draw normal to the surface of the mirror PQ, at the points A and C. Then draw the reflected rays
at the points A and C. How would you draw these rays? Call the reflected rays AB and CD,
respectively. Extend them further. Do they meet? Extend them backward. Do they meet now? If
they meet, mark this point as I. For a viewer’s eye at E (Fig. 16.7), do the reflected rays appear
to come from the point I. Since the reflected rays do not actually meet at I, but only appear to do
so, we say that a virtual image of the point O is formed at I. As you have learnt already in Class
VII, such an image cannot be obtained on a screen.
Solution: Image formed by a plane mirror cannot be obtained on a screen. Thus, plane mirror
forms virtual image.
Activity 4
Imagine that parallel rays are incident on an irregular surface as shown in Fig. 16.8. Remember
that the laws of reflection are valid at each point of the surface. Use these laws to construct
reflected rays at various points. Are they parallel to one another? You will find that these rays
are reflected in different directions. (Fig. 16.9)
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Solution: It is observed that the reflected rays are not parallel to each other due to irregularities
in the reflecting surface. This type of reflection is known as diffused or irregular reflection.
Activity 5
Jake two plane mirrors. Set them at right angles to each other with their edges touching (Fig.
16.10). To hinge them you can use adhesive tape. Place a coin in between the mirrors. How
many images of the coin do you see (Fig. 16.10)?
Now hinge the mirrors using the adhesive tape at different angles, say 45°, 60°, 120°, 180°, etc.
Place some object (say a candle) in between them. Note down the number of images of the
object in each case.
Finally, set the two mirrors parallel to each other. Find out how many images of a candle placed
between them are formed (Fig. 16.11).
Solution: (i) When two plane mirrors are joined at right angles, then three images are formed.
(ii) When two plane mirrors are joined at 45°, 7 images are formed.
(iii) When two plane mirrors are joined at 60°, 5 images are formed.
(iv) When two plane mirrors are joined at 120°, 2 images are formed.
(v) When two plane mirrors are joined at 180°, 1 image is formed.
(vi) When the plane mirrors are parallel to each other, infinite images are formed.
Activity 6
To make a kaleidoscope, get three rectangular mirror strips each about 15 cm long and 4 cm
wide. Join them together to form a prism as shown in Fig. 16.12(a). Fix them in a circular
cardboard tube or tube of a thick chart paper. Make sure that the tube is slightly longer than the
mirror strips. Close one end of the tube by a cardboard disc having a hole in the centre, through
which you can see [Fig. 16.12(b)]. To make the disc durable, paste a piece of transparent
plastic sheet under the cardboard disc. At the other end, touching the mirrors, fix a circular
plane glass plate [Fig. 16.12(c)]. Place on this glass plate several small pieces of coloured glass
(broken pieces of coloured bangles). Close this end of the tube by a ground glass plate. Allow
enough space for the colour pieces to move around.
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Solution: Variety of patterns are observed in the tube. Kaleidoscope operates on the principle of
the multiple reflection.
Activity 7
Get a plane mirror of a suitable size. Place it in a bowl (katori) as shown in Fig. 16.13, Fill the
bowl with water. Put this arrangement near a window in such a way that direct sunlight falls on
the mirror. Adjust the position of the bowl so that the reflected light from the mirror falls on a
wall. If the wall is not white, fix a sheet of white paper on it. Reflected light will be seen to have
many colours. How can you explain this?
Solution: The mirror and water form a prism and breaks up the light into its colours. Splitting of
light into its colours is known as dispersion of light. Rainbow is a natural phenomenon showing
dispersion.
Activity 8
Look into your friend’s eye. Observe the size of the pupil. Throw light on her
eye with a torch. Observe the pupil now. Switch off the torch, and observe her pupil once again.
Do you notice any change in the size of the pupil? In which case was the pupil larger? Why do
you think it was so?
In which case do you need to allow more light in the eye, when the light is dim or bright?
Solution: When the light from the torch falls on the pupil, its size becomes smaller to allow less
amount of light to enter into the retina. When light is switched off, pupil enlarges to allow more
light to enter into the retina. Thus, pupil controls the amount of light entering into the eye.
Activity 9
Make a round mark and a cross on a sheet of paper with the spot to the right of the cross [Fig.
16.14],
The distance between two marks may be 6-8 cm. Hold the sheet of paper at an arm’s length
from the eye. Close your left eye. Look continuously at the cross. Move the sheet slowly
towards you, keeping your eye on the cross. What do you find? Does the round mark disappear
at some point? Now close your right eye. Look at the round mark now and repeat the activity.
Does the cross disappear?
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Solution: Yes, the cross disappears. The disappearance of the cross or the round mark shows
that there is a point on the retina which cannot send messages to the brain when light falls on it.
Activity 10
Get a square piece of cardboard of size 6-8 cm. Make two holes as shown in Fig. 16.15.Thread
a string through the two holes. Draw/paste a cage on one side of the cardboard and a bird on
the other side. Twist the string and make the card twirl rapidly. Do you see the bird in the cage?
Solution: Yes, we can see the bird in the cage. Thus, impression of an image persist in retina for
about 1/16th of a second.
2. Name the colours in the order they appear in the spectrum of light. [MSE (Chandigarh) 2005]
Ans: VIBGYOR – Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.
5. What is the angle of incidence of a ray if the reflected ray is at an angle of 90° to the incident
ray?
Ans: The angle of incidence = 45°.
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7. What is meant by normal?
Ans: The perpendicular drawn at the point of incidence is known as normal.
9. What name is given to the angle between the normal and the reflected ray?
Answer: Angle of reflection.
11. When the reflected rays are parallel, what type of reflection is taking place?
Ans: Regular reflection.
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Ans: 1. Reflected ray 2. Virtual image 3. Multiple images 4. Mirror.
2. Why is it important to take care of our eyes? Mention any two activities that may cause
damage to our eyes.
Ans: Eyes are the most wonderful gift of nature to us, and they must serve us for whole life. Our
eyes can be damaged by playing carelessly or by hurting them with sharp projections
3. Suppose you are in a dark room. Can you see object in the room? Can you see objects
outside the room? Explain.
Ans: The objects cannot be seen inside the room because there is no light. The objects outside
the room can only be seen if there is light outside.
(a) The rays meet at a point. (a) The rays do not meet at a point.
(b) The image can be obtained (b) The image cannot be obtained on a
on a screen. screen.
8. How many plane mirror strips do we use in a kaleidoscope. At what angle are they inclined
with respect to each other?
Ans: The kaleidoscope uses a set of three equal size plane mirror strips. The three strips are
inclined to each other at angles of 60° each.
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10. What would you do to see if the barber has cut your hair properly at the back?
Ans: I would keep another mirror parallel to the main mirror in a vertical position.
11. How many images are formed when two mirrors are placed edge to edge
1. at right angles of each other. 2. at an angle of 60° to each other?
Ans: 1. Three images will be formed. 2. Five images will be formed.
12. 1. How are multiple images formed? 2. Name a device based on this principle?
Ans: 1. When three rectangular strips of plane mirror are kept edge to edge at an angle of 60° to
each other, multiple images are formed. 2. Kaleidoscope is based on this principle.
19. Is the moon a luminous body? How are we able to see the moon?
Ans: The moon is non-luminous. We are able to see the moon because it reflects the sunlight
falling on it.
1. Two mirrors meet at right angles. A ray of light is incident on one at an angle of 30° as shown
in the figure. Draw the reflected ray from the second mirror. [NCERT]
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Answer:
3. 1. In a periscope two mirrors are arranged parallel to each other, but they do not form multiple
images. Why? 2. What is the use of periscope?
Ans: 1. In a periscope two mirrors are placed parallel and facing each other but are in an
inclined position at an angle of 45°. So, they do not form multiple images.
2. Uses of periscope
in submarines to view the happening on the surface of water.
to view objects behind the wall.
7. Why does white light disperse when it passes through a glass prism?
Ans: White light is a combination of seven colours of light. The speed of each colour is different.
So, while passing through the glass prism each colour deviates by different amounts. Therefore,
despersion of light into a spectrum takes place.
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8. 1. Which part of the human eye makes a person ‘blue eyed’?
2. What role is played by ciliary muscles?
3. What is the importance of retina in the eye?
Ans: 1. Iris is responsible for making the person blue eyed.
2. Ciliary muslces help to adjust the focal length of the lens to view all objects clearly.
3. The image of the object is formed on the retina of the eye.
9. What is the difference between the eyes of the night birds and day birds?
Ans: The day birds can see clearly during the day but not at night. The day birds have more
cones and less rods. The cones are sensitive to bright light and can sense colours. Night birds
can see clearly at night but not cjuring the day. Their eyes have a large cornea and pupil to
allow more lighted pass. Also, their retina has mostly rods and few cones. Rods are more
sensitive to dim light.
14. Explain how a screen reader can help visually impaired people?
Ans: A screen reader is a software programme that provides access to computer software
applications and the internet by using a speech synthesizer to read the information on the
monitor loudly.
15. 1. For how long does the image remain on the retina? 2. How are we able to see a moving
picture?
Ans: 1. The imperssion of an image is retained on the retina for about l/16th of a second.
2. If still images are projected on the retina at the rate more than 16 pictures per second, –
then the eye will see the pictures moving.
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16. Draw a ray diagram to show incident ray, reflected ray, normal, angle of incidence, angle of
reflection; if the angle of incidence is 45°
Ans:
(a) Real, inverted image is formed on retina. (b) The image can be stored as a
(c) The focal length of convex lens can be (c) The focal length of the lens cannot be
(d) Eyes uses line cell to detect light. (d) Camera uses diaphragm to detect light
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3. Differentiate between regular and diffused reflection. Does diffused reflection mean the failure
of the laws of reflection?
Ans: When the reflected rays are parallel to each other, it is known as regular reflection. When
the reflected rays are not parallel, the reflection is known as diffused or irregular reflection.
Diffused reflection is not due to the failure of the laws of reflection. It is caused by irregularities
in the reflecting surface.
4. Mention against each of the following whether regular or diffused reflection will take place
when a beam of light strikes. Justify your answer in each case.
1. Polished wooden table 2. Chalk powder 3. Cardboard surface 4. Marble floor with water
spread over it 5. Mirror 6. Piece of paper
Ans: 1. polished wooden table 2. chalk powder 3. cardboard surface and 4. marble floor with
water spread over it and 5. mirror will show regular reflection. This happens because the
surface is plane without any defects. 6. piece of paper shows irregular reflection because the
reflecting surface is not smooth. There are irregularities in the reflecting surface.
1. A person 1 m infant of a plane mirror seems to be ………… m away from his image.
2. If you touch your …………. ear with right hand in front of a plane mirror it will be seen in
the mirror that your right ear is touched with.
3. The size of the pupil becomes …………. when you see in dim light.
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9. Boojho stands at A just on the side of a plane mirror as shown in figure. Can he see himself
in the mirror? Also, can he see the image of objects situated at P, Q and R?
Ans: Yes, Boojho can see his image. Yes, he can see the objects situated at P, Q and R.
10. 1. Find out the position of the image of an object situated at A in the plane mirror (figure).
2. Can Paheli at B see this image?
3. Can Boojho at C see this image?
4. When Paheli moves from B to C, where does the image of A move?
Ans:
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4.
16. MCQs
1. Which of the following material cannot be used to make a lens?
(a) Plastics
(b) Water
(c) Clay
(d) Glass
2. Which of the following would you prefer, to read very small letters printed on the pages of a
dictionary?
(a) A convex lens of focal length 100 cm
(b) A concave lens of focal length 10 cm
(c) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
(d) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm
4. The phenomenon of the splitting of white light into seven colours is called as
(a) dispersion
(b) refraction
(c) reflection
(d) deviation
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6. The phenomenon of dispersion is not visible in a
(a) prism
(b) glass slab
(c) mirror
(d) none of these
9. When a ray of light propagating (in a straight line) in one transparent medium to enter another
transparent medium
(a) it gains speed
(b) it losses speed
(c) it neither gains nor losses speed
(d) its speed in second medium depends upon relative refractive index for a given pair
11. The change in focal length of an eye lens, to focus the image of objects at varying
distances, is done by the action of
(a) pupil
(b) iris
(c) retina
(d) ciliary muscles
12. The human eye can focus objects at different distances by adjusting the focal length of the
eye lens. This ability of the eye is known as
(a) persistence of vision
(b) far-sightedness
(c) near-sightedness
(d) power of accomodation
13. The least distance of distinct vision ‘for a young adult with normal vision is (nearly)
(a) 25 m
(b) 25 cm
(c) 2.5 cm
(d) 2.5 m
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14. The Braille system, for visually challenged persons, is a
(a) visual aid
(b) auditory aid
(c) tactual aid The eye lens is
(d) electronic aid
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