Lesson 1.

Definition of Key Terms

OVERVIEW ON POLICE OPERATIONS
 Police Operations cover the mission-critical aspects of a police organization: policies,
institutional arrangements, processes and resources for the performance of the policeman’s main
functions.
 Police Operations encompass a wide range of activities, particularly patrol and traffic operations,
implementation of special laws, command and control, civil disturbance, disaster management,
terrorism, deployment of troops, internal security operations and community-oriented policing, with
due regard to human rights.

DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

• Law Enforcement - is the activity of some members of government who act in an organized
manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who
violate the rules and norms governing that society. The term encompasses police, courts,
and corrections.
o a law enforcement officer a person such as a police officer, whose job is to
enforce the law
o a law enforcement agency an organization responsible for making sure people
follow the law

• Police – is a branch of the criminal justice system that has the specific responsibility of
maintaining law and order and combating crime within the society.

• Police Operations - Police operations are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and
activities that law enforcement agents complete in the field.

• Patrol - keep watch over (an area) by regularly walking or travelling around it. Patrol is often
called the “backbone” of the police department, and for good reason. Patrol consumes most
of the average police department’s resources.

• Police Operational Planning - the act of determining policies and guidelines for police
activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and
operations in the department. Involves strategies or tactics, procedures, policies or
guidelines.
• Operational Planning - the use of rational design or patten for all departmental
undertakings rather than relying on chance in an operational environment. The preparation
and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing each of the primary tasks
and functions of an organization.

• Police Planning - an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated

resources to meet anticipated service demands. The systematic and orderly determination
of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision making affecting law
enforcement management.

• Planning - the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be
attained; involves the determination of a course of action to take in performing a particular
function or activity. The process of developing methods or procedures or an arrangement of
parts intended to facilitate the accomplishment of a definite objective. The process of
deciding in advance what is to be done and how it is to be done.

• Plan - an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal

or objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment. A method or way of doing
something in order to attain objectives and provides answers to the 5Ws and 1H.

• Strategy - a broad design or method or a plan to attain a stated goal or objective.

• Tactics - are specific design, method or a course of action to attain a particular objective in
consonance with strategy.

• Procedures - are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired.

• Policy - a course of action which could be a program of actions adopted by an individual,

group, organization or government or the set of principles on which they are based.

• case operational plan (COPLAN) - a definite target - specific activity conducted in relation
to an intelligence project under which it is affected. Several case operations may fall under
 one intelligence project.- refers to a preparatory plan on how to carry out a case operation
which is the last resort to pursue intelligence objectives when normal police operations fail.

• command post/holding area - area where case conferences, briefings and debriefings are
being conducted by the responding agencies.

• dragnet operation - is a police operation purposely to seal off the probable exit points of
fleeing suspect from the crime scene to prevent their escape.

Regardless of the type of function to be performed and/or police operations to be conducted, all PNP
personnel must know by heart and shall comply with and apply the following principles and
procedures;

FUNCTIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER

To Serve and Protect
The responsibility of every police officer is to serve the public and protect life and property. No police
operation shall be conducted in order to serve or protect the illegal activity of a particular person,
group or criminal syndicate.
To Observe Human Rights and Dignity of Person
All PNP personnel shall respect the human rights and dignity of the suspect/s during police operations.
POLICE UNIFORM, ATTIRE, AND ACCESSORIES
Agency Prescribed Uniform
A police officer shall always wear the agency prescribed uniform which is appropriate for the kind of
police operation to be undertaken.
Appearing Before the Public
When wearing the police uniform, a police officer shall, at all times, appear presentable, smart, and
well-groomed. While on actual patrol duties, he shall refrain from eating along the sidewalks, smoking,
and reading newspapers.
Carrying of Police Notebook, Pen and Miranda Warning Card
Every police officer on patrol, whether onboard a vehicle or on foot patrol, must always carry with him
a police notebook, a pen, and the Miranda Warning Card. The notebook, which is approximately
pocket-sized, will be used to inscribe important events that transpire during his tour of duty.
Carrying of Non-Lethal Weapon in the Police Rig
Every police officer shall carry in his prescribed rig a non-lethal weapon (pepper spray, baton or stun
gun), which shall be primarily used in a non-armed confrontation with an uncooperative and unruly
offender during the arrest.

Lesson 2. Police Operations

CATEGORIES OF POLICE OPERATIONS
Police operations are categorized as follows:
 Public Safety Operation - includes Search, Rescue and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills,
Earthquake Drills and similar operations that promote public safety.
 Law Enforcement Operation - includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search
Warrant, Anti-Illegal Drugs Operation, Patrol Operations, Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the
Chief, Philippine National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti-Illegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal
Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, Anti-Carnapping Operations, Anti-Kidnapping
Operations, Anti-Cyber Crime Operations and similar operations that are conducted to enforce laws,
statutes, executive orders and ordinances.
 Internal Security Operation - includes Counter-Insurgency
Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations and similar operations that are conducted to ensure
internal security.
 Special Police Operation - includes Checkpoint Operation,
Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the
Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the
Implementation of Final Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit
Board Search and Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar police operations that are conducted by
police units with specialized training on the peculiarity of the mission or purpose.
 Intelligence Operation - includes Surveillance Operation,
Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence
Assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to
security, public safety and order.
 Investigation Operation - includes Investigation of crime or Incident, administrative Investigation
and similar investigative work necessary to determine facts and circumstances for filing cases
criminally or administratively.
 Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) - includes the processing of crime scene, technical and
forensic examination of evidence and similar scientific investigative assistance.
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
PRE-OPERATIONAL CLEARANCE
 No police operation shall be conducted without the approval of the Chief/Commander/Head of
the concerned Police\ Unit/Office.
 A pre-operational clearance shall be filed by the Team Leader of the operating team/s prior to
the conduct of the operation and shall be approved by the concerned Police Unit Commander. This
clearance shall be submitted to the operations section/division of the concerned police unit for record
purposes.
INTER-UNIT COORDINATION
Personal Coordination or by Official Representative
 Team Leader/s (TL) of local police units operating outside their territorial jurisdiction and
National Support Units (NSUs) shall coordinate, personally or through an official representative, with
the Police Regional, Provincial or City Police Office within whose jurisdiction the operation is to be
conducted.
Coordination by Filing Coordination Form
 Prior to the launching of the operation, except in cases where the formal (in writing) inter-unit
coordination cannot be made due to the nature and/or urgency of the situation such as, but not
limited to, cross-jurisdictional pursuit operations, coordination should be made formally using the
prescribed Coordination Form, which shall be filed with the concerned operation center of the Police
Regional, Provincial or City Office.
Coordination by Practical/Available Means of Communication
 In cases where formal inter-unit coordination is not feasible, the Police Unit concerned shall
endeavor to notify the territorial police office through any practical/available means of communication
at anytime during the operation and, if not possible, shall accomplish and furnish the territorial Police
Office a written incident report immediately after the termination of the operation.
REQUIREMENTS OF POLICE OPERATIONS
Basic Requirements
 Police operations like arrest, search and seizure,
checkpoint, roadblocks, demolition and civil disturbance management shall be conducted as
follows:

• With a marked police vehicle;

• Led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO); and
• With personnel in prescribed police uniform or attire.

Use of Megaphones and Similar Instruments

 During actual police intervention operations, the Team Leader shall use peaceful means
including the use of megaphones or any other similar instruments to warn or influence the offender/s
or suspect/s to stop and/or peacefully give up.
Warning Shots Prohibited
 The police shall not use warning shots during police intervention operations.
USE OF FORCE DURING POLICE OPERATIONS
Use of Excessive Force Prohibited
 The excessive use of force during police operation is prohibited. However, in the lawful
performance of duty, a police officer may use necessary force to accomplish his mandated tasks of
enforcing the law and maintaining peace and order.
Issuance of Verbal Warning
 The police officer must first issue a verbal warning before he could use force against an
offender. As far as practicable, the verbal warning shall be in the dialect that is known to the offender
or in the national language. Basically the verbal warning shall consist of the following: the police
officer identifying himself; his intention; and what he wants the offender to do.
 If the offender is a foreigner, the verbal warning shall be done in the English language followed
by a demonstrative act of the police officer’s intent. The verbal warning shall be done in a loud and
clear manner.
Non-Issuance of Verbal Warning When Excusable

• The failure to issue a verbal warning is excusable in cases where

threat to life or property is already imminent, and there is no other

option but to use force to subdue the offender.
Use of Non-Lethal Weapon
When suspect is violent or threatening, and that less physical measures have been tried and deemed
inappropriate, a more extreme, but non-deadly measure can be used such
as baton/truncheon, pepper spray, stun gun and other non-lethal weapon to bring the suspect under
control, or effect an arrest.
Application of Necessary and Reasonable Force
 During confrontation with an armed offender, only such
necessary and reasonable force should be applied as would be sufficient to overcome the
resistance put up by the offender; subdue the clear and imminent danger posed by him; or to justify
the force/act under the principles of self-defense, defense of relative, or defense of stranger.
Factors to Consider in the Reasonableness of the Force Employed
 A police officer, however, is not required to afford offender/s attacking him the opportunity for
a fair or equal struggle. The reasonableness of the force employed will depend upon the number of
aggressors, nature and characteristic of the weapon used, physical condition, size and other
circumstances to include the place and occasion of the assault. The police officer is given the sound
discretion to consider these factors in employing reasonable force.
Responsibility of the Police Officer in Charge of the Operation

• The police officer who is in charge of the operation shall, at all times, exercise control over
all police personnel in the area of operation, and shall exhaust all possible means to apply
the necessary and reasonable force to protect lives and properties during armed
confrontation.

USE OF FIREARM DURING POLICE OPERATIONS

Use of Firearm When Justified

• The use of firearm is justified if the offender poses imminent danger of causing death or
injury to the police officer or other persons. The use of firearm is also justified under the
doctrines of self-defense, defense of a relative, and defense of a stranger. However, one
who resorts to self-defense must face a real threat on his life, and the peril sought to be
avoided must be actual, imminent and real. Unlawful aggression should be present for self-
defense to be considered as a justifying circumstance.

Firing at Moving Vehicles Prohibited But with Exceptions

• A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon except when its occupants pose imminent danger
of causing death or injury to the police officer or any other person, and that the use of
firearm does not create a danger to the public and outweighs the likely benefits of its non-
use.

Parameters to be Considered in Firing at Moving Vehicles

In firing at a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered:

• The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police officer or other persons;
• The capability of the suspect/s to harm with certainty the police officer or other persons;
and
• Accessibility or the proximity of the suspect/s from the police officer and other persons.

Filing of an Incident Report After the Use of Firearm

• A police officer who fires his service firearm or weapon during a confrontation with an
offender or offenders must submit an incident report outlining the circumstances
necessitating the use of his firearm.

Procedures after an Armed Confrontation

Immediately after an armed confrontation, the officer who is in charge of the operation shall:

• Secure the site of confrontation;

• Take photographs;
• Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger;
• Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital;
• Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are not moved from their original position;
• Arrested suspects should be kept in isolation;
• Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives;
• Submit After-Operations Report; and
• Ensure psychological stress counseling for all involved PNP operatives.
Lesson 1. Arrest operations
ARREST OPERATIONS
General Guidelines

• All arrests should be made only on the basis of a valid Warrant of Arrest issued by a
competent authority, except in instances where the law allows warrantless arrest.
• No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest, and the person to be
arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint than what is necessary under the
circumstances.
• As a general rule, arrests can be made on any day of the week and at any time of the day or
night.
• Only judges are authorized to issue Warrants of Arrest.
• A Warrant of Arrest is no longer needed if the accused
is already under detention. An Order of Commitment is issued by the judge in lieu of the
Warrant of Arrest.

Constitutional rights of Arrested Person

Section 12, Article III of the 1987 Constitution
(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed
of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own
choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights
cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.

(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be
used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention
are prohibited.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in
evidence against him.

(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as
compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.

Custodial Investigation is any questioning by law enforcement after a person has been taken into
custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way. It refers to the
investigation conducted by law enforcement immediately after arrest for the commission of an offense.
It begins when a person has been arrested and brought to the custody of law enforcers in which
suspicion is focused on him in particular and questions are asked from him (the suspect) to elicit
admissions or information on the commission of an offense.

What is the Miranda Doctrine?

The Miranda Doctrine means that prior to questioning during custodial investigation, the person must
be warned that he has the right to remain silent, that any statement he gives may be used as evidence
against him, and that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed.

The name comes from the the U.S. case, Miranda vs. Arizona, 16 L. Ed 2d 694, in which the US Supreme
Court laid down the principle of custodial rights of an accused. It held, thus:

“Our holding will be spelled out with some specificity in the pages which follow, but, briefly stated, it is this:
the prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial
interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the
privilege against self-incrimination. By custodial investigation, we mean questioning initiated by law
enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of
action in any significant way. As for the procedural safeguards to be employed, unless other fully effective
means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of silence and to assure a continuous opportunity
to exercise it, the following measures are required: Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that
he has the right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and
that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. The defendant may waive
effectuation of these rights, provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. If, however,
he indicates in any manner and at any stage of the process that he wishes to consult with an attorney before
speaking, there can be no questioning. Likewise, if the individual is alone and indicates in any manner that he
does not wish to be interrogated, the police may not question him. The mere fact that he may have answered
some questions or volunteered some statements on his own does not deprive him of the right to refrain from
answering any further inquiries until he has consulted with an attorney and thereafter consents to be
questioned.”

What are the rights of a person during custodial investigation?

The right to be informed of his rights

– i.e. the reading of the Miranda Doctrine or custodial rights by police during his arrest. This carries the
correlative obligation on the part of the investigator to explain and contemplates effective
communication which results in the subject understanding what is conveyed.

The right to remain silent and to be reminded that anything he says can and will be used against him
– This refers not only to verbal confessions but also to acts. However, mechanical acts that does not
require the use of intelligence (such as providing DNA samples) or to answers to general questions are
not protected under this right.

The right to an attorney or to counsel, preferably of his own choice; if not, one will be provided for him
– This right is absolute and applies even if the accused himself is a lawyer. The right is more particularly
the right to independent and competent An independent counsel is one not hampered with any
conflicts of interest, and a competent counsel is one who is vigilant in protecting the rights of an
accused.

Right against torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other means which vitiate the free will
of the person

Right against secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention

Any confession or admission obtained from the person arrested in violation of these rights are
inadmissible in evidence and cannot be used against said person. This is called the Exclusionary Rule, i.e.
it is excluded from the evidence to be considered by the court during trial. Such confession or admission
is tainted and must be suppressed under the “Fruit of the Poisonous Tree” Doctrine.

Do rights of a suspect during custodial investigation attach as soon as he is invited to the police station
to be investigated in connection with an offense he is suspected to have committed?

Yes. The practice of issuing an invitation to a person who is investigated in connection with an offense
he is suspected to have committed is part of custodial investigation, as such, the rights of a person
under Section 12, Article III attach.

However, the rights of a suspect during custodial investigation do not generally attach in the following
situations:

Police line-up, or during process of identification

Spontaneous statements not elicited through questioning but given in an ordinary manner (spur-of-the-
moment statements) – they are considered as part of res gestae
Volunteered statements
Extrajudicial admission to the prosecutor or a private person (media personnel or TV interview)
Investigation made by a citizen or private security officer
It is only when the police investigation is no longer a general inquiry into an unsolved crime but has
begun to focus on the particular suspect who had been taken into custody. It begins when accusatory
questions are initiated when a person is taken into custody and deprived of his freedom of action.

When does the right to counsel attach?

The right to counsel attaches upon the start of an investigation, i.e. when the investigating officer starts
to ask questions to elicit information and/or confessions or admissions from the respondent / accused.
At such point or stage, the person being interrogated must be assisted by counsel to avoid the
pernicious practice of extorting false or coerced admission or confessions from the lips of the person
undergoing interrogation, for the commission of an offense. (Gamboa vs. Cruz, G.R. No. L-56291, June
27, 1988)

What is meant by the right to counsel?

Any person under investigation must, among other things, be assisted by counsel. Any admission or
confession made by the suspect during interrogation without benefit of counsel is inadmissible in
evidence.

The Court has consistently held that no custodial investigation shall be conducted unless it be in the
presence of counsel, engaged by the person arrested, or by any person in his behalf, or appointed by the
court upon petition either of the detainee himself, or by anyone in his behalf, and that, while the right
may be waived, the waiver shall not be valid unless made in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(Gamboa vs. Cruz, G.R. No. L-56291, June 27, 1988)

Does a suspect need counsel during identification by police line-up?

The police line-up is not considered as part of the custodial inquest. Hence, the suspect is not yet
entitled, at such stage, to counsel.

“When petitioner was identified by the complainant at the police line-up, he had not been held yet to
answer for a criminal offense. The police line-up is not part of the custodial inquest, hence, he was not
yet entitled to counsel. Thus, it was held that when the process had not yet shifted from the
investigatory to the accusatory as when police investigation does not elicit a confession the accused
may not yet avail of the services of his lawyer. Since petitioner in the course of his identification in the
police line-up had not yet been held to answer for a criminal offense, he was, therefore, not deprived of
his right to be assisted by counsel because the accusatory process has not yet set in. The police could
not have violated petitioner’s right to counsel and due process as the confrontation between the State
and his had not begun. In fact, when he was identified in the police line-up by the complainant, he did
not give any statement to the police. He was, therefore, not interrogated at all as he was not facing a
criminal charge. Far from what he professes, the police did not, at that stage, exact a confession to be
used against him. For it was not he but the complainant who was being investigated at that time. He
was ordered to sit down in front of the complainant while the latter was being investigated. Petitioner’s
right to counsel had not accrued.” (Gamboa vs. Cruz, G.R. No. L-56291, June 27, 1988)

What is the correct procedure for arresting officers to follow when making arrest and in conducting
custodial investigation?

At the time a person is arrested, it shall be the duty of the arresting officers to inform him of the reason
for the arrest and he must be shown the warrant of arrest, x x x. He shall be informed of his
constitutional rights to remain silent and to counsel and that any statement he might make could be
used against him. The person arrested shall have the right to communicate with his lawyer, a relative, or
anyone he chooses by the most expedient means by telephone if possible or by letter or messenger. It
shall be the responsibility of the arresting officer to see to it that this is accomplished. No custodial
investigation shall be conducted unless it be in the presence of counsel engaged by the person arrested,
by any person on his behalf, or appointed by the court upon petition either of the detainee himself or by
anyone in his behalf. The right to counsel may be waived but the waiver shall not be valid unless made
with the assistance of counsel. Any statement obtained in violation of the procedure herein laid down,
whether exculpatory or inculpatory in whole or in part shall be inadmissible in evidence. (People v.
Pinlac, 249 Phil. 114)

How important is the giving of Miranda warnings to the suspect during his arrest?

Any admission or confession made by a suspect during his arrest but without having been read his
Miranda rights are inadmissible. This was the ruling of the Supreme Court in People v. Obrero, G.R. No.
122142, May 17, 2000.

In that case, the Court held that extrajudicial confessions are presumed voluntary, and in the absence of
conclusive evidence showing the declarant’s consent in executing the same has been vitiated, such
confession will be sustained. xxx But what renders the confession of accused-appellant inadmissible is
the fact that accused-appellant was not given the Miranda warnings effectively. Under the Constitution,
an uncounseled statement, such as it is called in the United States from which Art. III, Sec. 12(1) was
derived, is presumed to be psychologically coerced. Swept into an unfamiliar environment and
surrounded by intimidating figures typical of the atmosphere of police interrogation, the suspect really
needs the guiding hand of counsel.

Now, under the first paragraph of this provision, it is required that the suspect in custodial interrogation
must be given the following warnings: (1) He must be informed of his right to remain silent; (2) he must
be warned that anything he says can and will be used against him; and (3) he must be told that he has a
right to counsel, and that if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him.

Is the mere reading of the Miranda Warnings enough?

A perfunctory reading of the Miranda rights without any effort to find out from the suspect whether he
wanted to have counsel and, if so, whether he had his own counsel or he wanted the police to appoint
one for him is insufficient. Mere ceremonial giving of warnings is inadequate to transmit meaningful
information to the suspect.

In People v. Pinlac, 249 Phil. 114, the Court held that when the Constitution requires a person under
investigation “to be informed” of his right to remain silent and to counsel, it must be presumed to
contemplate the transmission of a meaningful information rather than just the ceremonial and
perfunctory recitation of an abstract constitutional principle. As a rule, therefore, it would not be
sufficient for a police officer just to repeat to the person under investigation the provisions of the
Constitution. He is not only duty-bound to tell the person the rights to which the latter is entitled; he
must also explain their effects in practical terms. In other words, the right of a person under
interrogation “to be informed” implies a correlative obligation on the part of the police investigator to
explain, and contemplates an effective communication that results in understanding what is conveyed.
Short of this, there is a denial of the right, as it cannot truly be said that the person has been “informed”
of his rights.

Can a voluntary admission made to the Mayor or media be used against the suspect of a crime?
Yes.
In People v. Andan, G.R. No. 116437, March 3, 1997, the Supreme Court that under these
circumstances, it cannot be successfully claimed that appellant’s confession before the mayor is
inadmissible. It is true that a municipal mayor has “operational supervision and control” over the local
police and may arguably be deemed a law enforcement officer for purposes of applying Section 12(1)
and (3) of Article III of the Constitution. However, appellant’s confession to the mayor was not made in
response to any interrogation by the latter. In fact, the mayor did not question appellant at all. No police
authority ordered appellant to talk to the mayor. It was appellant himself who spontaneously, freely and
voluntarily sought the mayor for a private meeting. The mayor did not know that appellant was going to
confess his guilt to him. When appellant talked with the mayor as a confidant and not as a law
enforcement officer, his uncounseled confession to him did not violate his constitutional rights. Thus, it
has been held that the constitutional procedures on custodial investigation do not apply to a
spontaneous statement, not elicited through questioning by the authorities, but given in an ordinary
manner whereby appellant orally admitted having committed the crime. What the Constitution bars is
the compulsory disclosure of incriminating facts or confessions. The rights under Section 12 are
guaranteed to preclude the slightest use of coercion by the state as would lead the accused to admit
something false, not to prevent him from freely and voluntarily telling the truth. Hence, we hold that
appellant’s confession to the mayor was correctly admitted by the trial court.
Appellant’s confessions to the media were likewise properly admitted. The confessions were made in
response to questions by news reporters, not by the police or any other investigating officer. We have
held that statements spontaneously made by a suspect to news reporters on a televised interview are
deemed voluntary and are admissible in evidence.

When is an extrajudicial confession admissible?

It is admissible when:

Voluntary
Made with assistance of counsel
In writing; and
Express

What are examples of mechanical acts that are not protected by the right to remain silent?

Paraffin test
DNA test
Examination of the physical body
Fingerprinting
Being asked to step on a footprint to compare foot size
Urine sample

What are not considered as mechanical acts?

Handwriting
Initials on marked money
Signing of inventory receipts in search warrant
Reenactment

Only the rights to remain silent and to counsel may be waived. The right to be informed his rights
cannot be waived at any time.
What constitutes a valid waiver of the right to counsel?
The waiver of the right to counsel is valid only when it is made voluntarily, in writing and with the
presence of counsel.

When is the right to remain silent waived?

The right to remain silent is waived when the declaration of the accused acknowledging guilt made to
the police desk officer after the crime was committed. Such spontaneous acknowledgment of guilt to
the police desk officer may be given in evidence against him as part of the res gestae.

When are the rights of a person under custodial investigation terminated?

They are terminated as soon as charges are filed against him. In such case, Sections 14 and 17, Article III
serve to protect his rights as an accused.
WARRANT OF ARREST

• The warrant of arrest is the written authority of the arresting officer when making an arrest
or taking of a person into custody in order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense.
• The head of the office to whom the warrant of arrest has been delivered for implementation
shall cause the warrant to be implemented within ten (10) days from receipt. Within ten (10)
days after the expiration of such period, the police officer to whom it was assigned for
implementation shall make a report to the judge who issued the warrant and in case of his
failure to implement the same, shall state the reasons thereof.

The following are immune from arrest:

• (1) A Senator or Member of the House of the Representatives while Congress is in

session for an offense punishable by not more than six years of imprisonment; and
• (2) Diplomatic Agents, Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.

ARRESTS WITHOUT WARRANT

A peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:

1. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is
attempting to commit an offense;
 2. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe, based on
personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed
it;
3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or
place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending, or
has escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another;
4. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court permission;
5. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a
case of evasion of service of sentence; and
6. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the
Immigration Commissioner against illegal and undesirable aliens.

AUTHORITY OF THE ARRESTING OFFICER WHEN MAKING AN ARREST

• Police officer may summon assistance - A police officer making a lawful arrest may verbally
summon as many persons as he deems necessary to assist him in effecting the arrest.
• Right of a police officer to break into building or enclosure - A police officer in order to
make an arrest, with or without warrant, may break into a building or enclosure where the
person to be arrested is or is reasonably believed to be, if he is refused admittance thereto
after announcing his authority and purpose.
• Right to break out from building or enclosure -Whenever a police officer has entered the
building or enclosure to make an arrest, he may break out there from, when necessary, to
liberate himself.
• Arrest after escape or rescue - If a person lawfully arrested escapes
or is rescued, any person may immediately pursue to retake him without a warrant at
anytime and in any place within the Philippines.

PROCEDURES

• Serving of Warrant of Arrest

• Verify the validity of the warrant and request for an authenticated copy from the issuing
court;
• In serving the warrant, the police officer should introduce himself and show proper
identification;
• Make a manifestation of authority against the person to be arrested;
• If refused entry, the police officer may break into any residence, office, building, and other
structure where the person to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to be in, after
announcing his purpose;
• The police officer need not have a copy of the warrant in his possession at the time of the
arrest. If the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to the arrested person as
soon as possible;
• Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer,
other individuals or the arrested person himself;
• Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal
materials on the person arrested and surroundings within his immediate control;
• Inform the person to be arrested of his rights under the law (i.e. Miranda Warning and Anti-
torture Warning);
• No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest;
 • Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence
duly and clearly established;
• Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for documentation;
• Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin; and
• Deliver the arrested person to jail/prison upon the issuance of a commitment order of the
court.

EFFECTING WARRANTLESS ARREST

• Freeze or restrain the suspect/s;

• Make proper introduction as to identity and authority to arrest;
• Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his arrest and recite the Miranda Warning
and Anti-torture Warning to him;
• Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer,
other individuals or the arrested person himself;
• Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal
materials on the person arrested and surroundings within his immediate control;
• Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented with the chain of custody of evidence
duly and clearly established;
• No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and
• Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for further investigation and disposition.

DUTIES OF ARRESTING OFFICER

• It shall be the duty of the police officer implementing the Warrant of Arrest to deliver the
arrested person without delay to the nearest Police Station or jail to record the fact of the
arrest;
• At the time of the arrest, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the person
arrested of the cause of the arrest and the fact that a warrant had been issued for his arrest.
The arresting officer need not have the warrant in his possession at the time of the arrest but
after the arrest, if the person arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to him as soon
as possible;
• When women or children are among the arrested suspect/s, the arresting officer shall task
the Women’s and Children’s Protection Desks (WCPD) officer or a policewoman who is
familiar with women and children protection desk duties to conduct the pat-down
search;
• In case of arrest without a warrant, it shall be the duty of the arresting officer to inform the
person to be arrested of his authority and the cause of the arrest except when he flees or
forcibly resists before the arresting officer has the opportunity to inform him or when the
giving of such information will imperil the arrest;
• The person arrested, with or without warrant, shall be informed of his constitutional right to
remain silent and that any statement he makes could be used against him. Also, that he has
the right to communicate with his lawyer or his immediate family and the right to physical
examination;
• A person arrested without a warrant shall be immediately brought to the proper Police
Station for investigation without unnecessary delay. He shall be subjected to inquest
proceedings within the time prescribed in Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code (RPC);
 • No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against an arrested person. The bringing of arrested persons to secret detention
places, solitary confinement and the like is prohibited;
• If the person arrested without a warrant waives his right under the provisions of Art 125 of
the Revised Penal Code, the arresting officer shall ensure that the former signs a waiver of
detention in the presence of his counsel of choice; and
• If the person arrested waives his right against self-incrimination and chooses to give his
statement, the arresting officer shall ensure that the waiver is made in writing and signed by
the person arrested in the presence of a counsel of his own choice or a competent and
independent counsel provided by the government.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF ARRESTED PERSON/SUSPECT

• Before interrogation, the person arrested shall have the right to be informed of his right to
demand physical examination by an independent and competent doctor of his own choice. If
he cannot afford the services of a doctor of his own choice, he shall be provided by the State
with a competent and independent doctor to conduct physical examination. If the person
arrested is female, she shall be attended to preferably by a female doctor.

Lesson 2. Search and Seizure operations

SEARCH & SEIZURE OPERATIONS
Requisites for the Issuance of Search Warrant

• A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause in

connection with one specific offense to be determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses presented. The
search warrant shall particularly describe the place to be searched and the things to be
seized which may be anywhere in the Philippines.

1. The following properties may be the objects of a search warrant:

• (1) Properties which are the subject of the offense;

• (2) Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; and
• (3) Objects including weapons, equipment, and other items used or intended to be used as
the means of committing an

1. Objects that are illegal per se, even if not particularly described in the search warrant, may
be seized under the plain view doctrine.

VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT

 • The warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from date of issuance and may be served at any
day within the said period. Thereafter, it shall be void.
• If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot be accomplished within the ten (10)-
day validity period, the responsible police officer conducting the search must file, before the
issuing court, an application for the extension of the validity period of said search warrant.

TIME OF SEARCH

• The warrant should be served during daytime, unless there is a provision in the warrant
allowing service at any time of the day or night.

APPLICATIONS FOR SEARCH WARRANT

• All applications for Search Warrant shall be approved for filing by the Chief of Office. The
application shall indicate the following data:

1. Office applying for the Search Warrant;

2. Name of officer-applicant;
3. Name of the subject, if known;
4. Address/place(s) to be searched;
5. Specific statement of things/articles to be seized; and
6. Sketch of the place to be searched.

• All approved applications shall be recorded in a log book, duly maintained for the purpose,
indicating the name of the applicant, name of the respondent, nature of the offense, and
date of the application.

Authority of Police Officers when Conducting Search

• In the conduct of search, if after giving notice of his purpose and authority, the police
officer is refused admittance to the place of search, he may break open any outer or inner
door or window or any part of a house or anything therein to implement the warrant or
liberate himself or any person lawfully aiding him when unlawfully detained therein.

Prohibited Acts in the Conduct of Search by Virtue of a Search Warrant

1. Houses, rooms, or other premises shall not be searched except in the presence of the lawful
occupant thereof or any member of his family or, in the absence of the latter, in the
presence of two (2) witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the same locality.
2. Lawful personal properties, papers, and other valuables not specifically indicated or
particularly described in the search warrant shall not be taken.
Inventory and Delivery of Property Seized

• The police officer who confiscates property under the warrant shall issue a detailed receipt
of property seized to the lawful occupant of the premises, or in the absence of such
occupant, shall do so in the presence of at least two (2) witnesses of sufficient age and
discretion residing in the same locality;
• The receipt shall likewise include items seized under the Plain View Doctrine;
• The police officer must then leave a receipt in the place in which he found the seized
property and a duplicate copy thereof with any barangay official having jurisdiction over the
place searched
• The police officer must forthwith deliver the property seized to the judge who issued the
warrant, together with an inventory thereof, duly verified under oath.

Valid Search and Seizures without Search Warrant

• Search made incidental to a valid arrest

A person lawfully arrested may be searched for

dangerous weapons or anything which may be used or which may constitute proof in the commission
of an offense, without a search warrant. The warrantless search and seizure as an incident to a lawful
arrest may extend beyond the person of the arrested to include the premises or surroundings under
his immediate control.

• Seizure of evidence in plain view

Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and may be introduced as evidence. Requirements
under the Plain View Doctrine are:
(1) The police officer must have prior justification for an intrusion or, otherwise, must be in a position
from which he can view a particular area;
(2) The discovery of the evidence in plain view is unintentional; or
(3) It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the item he observes may be evidence of a
crime, contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure.

• When there is waiver of the right or there is consented search

To constitute a waiver of this constitutional right, it must appear, first, that the right exists; second,
that the person involved had knowledge, either actual or
constructive, of the existence of such right; that said person had an actual intention to relinquish the
right.

• Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule

The police officer has the right to stop a citizen on the street, interrogate him, and pat him for
weapons whenever he observes unusual conduct which convinces him that a criminal activity
exists.
 • Emergency and Exigent Circumstances

A search warrant could be validly dispensed with in cases of exigent and emergency situation, and the
police officers have reasonable grounds to believe that a
crime is being committed, and they have no opportunity to apply for a search warrant from the courts
because the latter were closed.

• Tipped Information

If the police officers have reasonable grounds to believe that the subjects are engaged in illegal
activities, he tipped information is sufficient to provide probable cause to effect a warrantless search
and seizure.

Lesson 3. Planned Operations

PLANNED OPERATIONS
BUY-BUST OPERATION (An Anti-Illegal Drug Operation)
PRIOR TO BUY BUST

• The Team Leader shall see to it that prior reports on illegal drugs activities have been
submitted which may include but not limited to the following classified
reports:

(a) Summary of Information on the target/s

(b) Special Reports
(c) Surveillance Report
(d) Contact Meeting Report
(e) Development Report

• Preparation of the buy-bust money. The“buy-bust” money shall be duly marked or dusted
with ultra-violet powder by the PDEA Laboratory Service or PNP Crime Laboratory.
• It shall be properly photographed, reproduced and/or recorded indicating the serial
numbers and the person who released the money, the Officer who received the same and
had it delivered to the PDEA Laboratory Service or PNP Crime Laboratory for dusting. The
Officer receiving the money shall issue a receipt for the purpose.
• Coordination with PDEA, as far as practicable, including territorial Police Units.
• Preparation of the Inventory Receipt of Evidence Form for recovered evidence,
Technical Inspection and Inventory Report Form for recovered vehicles, and other pro-
forma documents needed in the operation.
• Preparation and inspection of the following: Firearms, communication, vehicles, camera
and other equipment and documents to be used by the team members.
 • The Team Leader shall see to it that he has the contact numbers of representatives from
the DOJ, Media and any Local Elected Official in the area for inventory purposes as
required under Section 21, RA 9165.
• The Team Leader, prior to the police operation, shall conduct a briefing emphasizing the
role of every member of the team and remind everyone to observe Rights of Individuals.
He shall then inform the Team on the pre-arranged
signal to be executed by the poseur-buyer once the sale of illegal drugs has
been consummated.

BUY-BUST OPERATIONS (Composition of the Team)

The Team composition and their functions may include the following:
(a) Team Leader - a Police Officer, preferably a PCO, responsible for his Team’s conduct of case
build-up, raid, arrest, investigation, filing and monitoring of a particular case.
(b) Assistant Team Leader - a Police Officer who assists the Team Leader in fulfilling his tasks
and responsibilities. He must also be prepared to take charge of the team in the absence of the Team
Leader.
(c) Poseur Buyer - undercover Police Officer who act as a buyer of illegal drugs for purposes
of effecting the arrest of the offender.
(d) Arresting Officer - a Police Officer tasked to apprehend the suspect/s.
(e) Investigator-On-Case - is the Police Officer who determines
the cause or motive of the crime, identifies and interviews witnesses, and effects arrest of
suspect/s.
(f) Seizing/Inventory Officer - a Police Officer designated to
confiscate and inventory all evidences taken from arrested suspects/s.
(g) Back up security - Police Officers responsible for the security of the raiding team and to control
entry and exit of authorized persons in the area of operation.
(h) Recorder - a Police Officer who records all events/incidents that transpire during the conduct of
the anti- illegal drugs operation.

• The composition and functions of the operating team may be modified, as necessary,
based on the demands of the situation.

Actual Buy-Bust

• The poseur-buyer must ensure that the suspect delivers the illegal drugs or accepts the
marked or dusted money before giving the prearranged signal for the arrest. In pre-
positioning team members, the designated arresting and/ or back-up elements should
strategically position themselves in an area where they can observe the negotiation/
transaction between the suspect and the poseur-buyer.
• On signal, the designated Arresting Officers shall immediately arrest the suspect/s and
introduce themselves as Police They then inform the
suspect/s of the nature of their arrest.
 • The Arresting Officers in informing the arrested suspect/s of their
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS must do so in a language or dialect known to them.
• (I/We am/are Police Officer/s I/we am/are arresting you for violation of RA 9165. You are
hereby informed that you have the right to remain silent and to have a competent and
independent counsel of your own choice, and if you cannot afford the services of a
counsel you will be provided with one. /Kami ay mga pulis, inaaresto ka namin sa paglabag ng
RA 9165. Pinapaalalahanan ka namin na ikaw ay may karapatang magsawalang kibo at
magkaroon ng isang manananggol na iyong sariling pili, at kung hindi mo kayang umupa ng isang
manananggol, bibigyan ka namin ng isa).
• After the arrest, the arresting Officers shall search the body of the suspect for any deadly
weapon and recovery of the buy-bust money.
• The Seizing Officer shall immediately confiscate and take initial custody of the illegal drugs.
• During the actual physical inventory, the Seizing Officer must mark, and photograph the
seized/recovered pieces of evidence in accordance with the provision of Section 21 of
RA 9165 as amended by RA 10640 in the presence of:

(a) The suspect or person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized or his/
her representative or counsel;
(b) With an elected Public Official; and
(c) Any representatives from the Department of Justice or Media who shall affix their
signatures and who shall be given copies of the inventory.

• Note: The presence of the above-mentioned witnesses shall only be required during
the physical inventory of the confiscated If in case, witnesses mentioned above are
absent, same should be recorded in the report.
• In warrantless searches and seizures like buy-bust operations, the inventory and taking of
photographs shall be made at the nearest Police Station or Office of the
Apprehending Officer or Team whichever is practicable
• However, concerned police personnel must execute a written explanation to justify, non-
compliance of the prescribed rules on inventory under Section 21, RA 9165 as amended by
RA
• Thereafter, the Arresting/ Seizing Officer shall turn-over the
arrested suspects as well as seized items or evidences to the Investigator-On-
Case who in turn, shall issue an acknowledgement receipt.
• The Investigator-On-Case, in coordination with the Seizing Officer, shall submit the seized
illegal drugs to the PDEA Laboratory Service or PNP Crime Laboratory for examination and
analysis and the arrested suspect/s for physical/ medical examination and laboratory
screening test within twenty-four (24) hours, if the apprehending or arresting officer has
reasonable ground to believe that the person apprehended or arrested, on account of
physical signs or symptoms or other visible or outward manifestation, is under the influence
of dangerous drugs.

After the Buy-Bust

After the conduct of Buy-Bust operation, the following shall be strictly observed:
The Investigator-On-Case shall prepare the Case Referral to the Prosecutor’s Office for inquest
proceedings for violation of Section 5, Art II, RA 9165 and attach the following:
(a) Copy of the Spot Report
(b) Copy of the Inventory of Property Seized duly verified under oath
(c) Copy of the Request for and Result of Laboratory Examination/Chemical Analysis of seized
items
(d) Copy of the Request for and Result of Physical/Medical Examination and Laboratory
Screening Test of the suspects
(e) Copy of the Request for and Result of Ultra Violet Examination on the buy-bust money used
and the suspect
(f) Affidavit of Arrest executed by the Arresting Officer
(g) Affidavit of Poseur Buyer
(h) Affidavit of the Investigator on Case
(i) Accomplished Chain of Custody Form
(j) Copy of the initial laboratory screening test result
(k) Copy of the Receipt of Turn-Over of Evidence
(l) Copy of the Receipt of Turn-Over of arrested suspect/s
(m) Duly accomplished Booking Sheet and Arrest Report
(n) Photographs of the suspect/s and evidence

• The Investigator-On-Case shall bring the arrested person together with the
arresting personnel, Seizing Officer, other witnesses and the pieces of evidence to
the Prosecutor’s Office for inquest proceedings.
• After inquest, the Investigator-On-Case may ask the Court for the issuance of a
Commitment Order turning over the arrested person/s to the Jail Warden for custody
pending trial of the case. A copy of the case disposition by the Inquest Prosecutor/MTC
Judge, Booking Sheet and Medical Examination Certificate of the suspect must also be
attached to the report.
• Note: The case must be filed within the reglementary period prescribed under Article 125 of
the Revised Penal Code as amended, wherein it provides for 12 hours for Light Offenses, 18
hours for Less Grave, and 36 hours for Grave Offense).
• Thereafter, the Investigator-On-Case shall submit the After-Inquest Report to the Chief of
Office and furnish the PDEA, a copy of the case folder and shall regularly update the latter
on the status of the case.
• The Investigator-On-Case and the Arresting Officers, respectively shall
maintain a Case Tracking/Monitoring System or Record of the Case and shall inform in
writing his immediate Officer and Higher Office if the case is dismissed or the suspect/s is
released.
• The Chief of Office shall ensure that all police witnesses shall religiously attend and testify
in court during the trial and
shall require them to secure a Certificate of Appearance from the Court and to submit an
After Court-Duty Report.
Lesson 1. Patrol Procedure
P-olicemen A-ssigned T-o R-estore O-rder in the L-ocality

• Patrol may refer to the regular tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect or
maintain order. It could also mean a person or a group (such as a police or military unit) sent
to carry out a tour of duty in a certain place with a particular mission either for
reconnaissance purposes or simply to provide protection.

ETYMOLOGY OF PATROL AND POLICE

• Patrol originated directly or via German PATROLLA from

French PATROULLER (PATROULLIER), which originally means “to walk through mud in a
military camp”.
• The term police originated from the Greek word POLITEIA, which means CIVIL
ORGANIZATION and THE STATE; the Romans slightly changed the word to POLITIA. The
French changed the word to POLICE to call those people authorized to implement the law.
The English and Americans borrowed the word from French and used it to describe a law
enforcer. COP is a European term meaning to CATCH OR SEIZE.

The word “POLICE” - Etymology

• Polis- Greek word means “City”

• Politeia – Greek word means “Government of a City”
• Politia- Roman word, same meaning above
• Polizei- German word which means “Safe keepers” (Territory)
• Police- French word referring to those “authorized to implement the law”
• Police – English and American word, to describe a “Law enforcer”
• Cop and Constable are two other common descriptions
• Cop- European term meaning “to catch or to seize”
• “Constable” and “Patrol”- are both French origin referring to a police officer.

BRIEF HISTORY ON POLICE PATROL

• Horn – During the period of Hue and Cry, it was the oldest known warning device in history
was sounded when a person committed a crime, or felon escaped, and it was detected.
• Egyptians – The first people to use police dogs on patrol. They also invented the lock.
• Bow Street Runners (Henry Fielding) – The first organized FOOT PATROL and BOW
STREET HORSE PATROL was the first mounted police on patrol.
• The Metropolitan Police (Robert Peel) – According to some historians, it was the first
organized uniformed police. It was later called SCOTLAND YARD. It was referred to
as PEEL’S BLOODY GANG, BLUE DEVILS, and DIRTY PAPISTS. Being the sponsor of law
and the first head of police organization, Peel was considered THE FATHER OF MODERN
POLICING SYSTEM.
• 1920’s (Modern Period) – This period used AUTOMOBILE PATROL and VOICE RADIO
COMMUNICATIONS.
PHILIPPINE SETTING

• 1939 – The Manila Police Department (MPD) introduced the BICLYCLE PATROL.
• March 17, 1954 – Automobile Patrol was introduced in Metro Manila. ISAIAS ALMA JOSE
served as the first Chief of Mobile Patrol-MPD.

THE ROLES OF POLICE PATROL

1. Prevention of crime and repression of criminal activities.

2. Preservation of peace and order.
3. Protection of life and property.
4. Enforcement of laws and ordinances and regulation of criminal conduct.
5. Investigation of crimes.
6. Apprehension of criminals.
7. Safeguarding of citizen’s rights and public morals.

PATROL PROCEDURES
Patrol Guidelines

1. Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on patrol;

2. Observe defensive driving and follow traffic rules and regulations;
3. Select routes which provide best visibility;
4. Patrol members must be always on the look-out for indications of vices and other illegal
activities on their beat;
5. Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all conditions, events and details of places
on their beat;
6. Be observant of people, places, situations or conditions and develop a suspicious attitude
especially if the subject appears to be slightly out of the ordinary;
7. Keep under close observation actions of juveniles, trouble makers/agitators and the
mentally ill/retarded persons;
8. Be familiar, as much as possible, with known criminals/ex-convicts residing in or frequenting
the patrol beat;
9. Be familiar with stay-in employees of business establishments on your beat;
10. Be on the alert for loiterers;
11. Keep watch on uninhabited homes;
12. Observe the practice of “shaking doors” of unguarded business establishments during night
patrol. Check for signs of intrusion;
13. Establish good rapport with the people on your beat;
14. Develop contacts by getting to know as many people as possible who can give factual
information about crime conditions on the patrol beat;
15. Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting spot inquiry or questioning individuals for
information;
16. When requiring identification from a suspicious person or any individual, avoid taking the
wallet or bag in which the cards/documents are placed. Let the individual remove and hand
them to you;
17. When checking suspicious persons, places, buildings/establishments and

Vehicles especially during nighttime, be prepared to use your service firearm. Flashlight should be
held tightly away from the body to avoid making you a possible target; and
 1. Patrol members should avoid loitering in theaters, restaurants and other recreational places.

TWO TYPES OF PATROL MANAGEMENT

1. Proactive Patrol – It the old system of police patrol activity which consists of continuously
driving around the area of patrol waiting for something to happen and to react accordingly
in case something does happen.
2. Reactive Patrol- It is the more economical alternative patrol system, which has an objective
approach against criminality as much as practicable. It addresses crime at its very root
before it is able to develop into as felonious act.

What is COPS?
C – ommunity
O – riented
P – olicing
S – ystem

• It is the deployment of policemen in police blocks to provide police and public safety
services. It also involves the breaking down of large and impersonal police departments into
small units to create a series of mini-police precincts, which are responsive to the smaller
communities.

Objectives of COPS

• To enhance police visibility in order to reach out to the community to serve the resident.
• To improve police community relation; to gain acceptance; build mutual respect and trust;
and promote cooperation.
• To attend sustained and integrated police-community participation in crime prevention and
suppression.

Nature of Police Patrol

• It is the BACKBONE or PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the police department.

Importance of police patrol are:

1. Patrol is the essence of police operations.

2. The patrol group is the single largest unit in the police organization.
3. Actions taken by the patrol officer have the most direct impact on the citizen’s satisfaction
and on the accomplishment of police goals and objectives.
4. Patrol operation is the most visible form of activity that enhances the welfare and security
of the community.
5. Individual patrol officers represent the police department in its contact with the community.
6. Individual patrol officers play a major role in determining the quality of justice in a given
community. Errors made by patrolmen have significant negative effect in the public’s
perception and on the other components of the CJS.
 7. The patrol officer is the most important human element of the police organization since all
police field operations are supported by police patrol activity.

Lesson 2. Patrol Theories

PATROL THEORIES

1. Theory of Police Omnipresence or High Police Visibility. This applies the principle
of OVERT OPERATION.
2. Low Profile Theory or Low Police Visibility. This applies the principle of COVERT
OPERATION.

• High-Visibility Patrol (HVP)

o Increasing the “aura of police omnipresence.”
o Intended to deter street crimes.
• Low-Visibility Patrol (LVP)
o Surprise is a primary element.
o Designed to increase the rate of apprehension.
• Directed Deterrent Patrol (DDP)
o Patrol officer performs certain, specific, predetermined preventive functions on a
planned and systematic basis.
• Target-Oriented Patrol (TOP)
o As the name implies, are targeted or directed toward specific persons, places, or
events.
o TOP consist of either Location-oriented, Offender-oriented, or Event-oriented
patrol.
o Combines the elements of HVP, LVP, and DDP to identify persons, places, or
events which attract or create crime problems.
• Split-Force Patrol (SFP)
o SFP involves assigning one part of the patrol force the responsibility of
conducting preventive patrol and assigning another part of the patrol force the
task of responding to calls for service.
• Decoy Patrol
o This is a patrol method that relies heavily upon disguise, deception, and lying in
wait rather than upon high-visibility patrol techniques.
• Leap Frog
o Method where two patrol officers alternately take the lead in the search and
cover each other as they progressively move on.

Concept of Crime Prevention, Crime Suppression and Crime Repression

• Crime Prevention – Involves the suppression of the OPPORTUNITY of potential criminals.

• Crime Suppression/Repression– Involves the elimination of the DESIRE of criminals to
perform acts against the law.
• Crime Prevention
o The anticipation, recognition and appraisal of crime risk and the initiation of
positive action to remove or reduce risk. (Patrol)
 • Crime Suppression
o The modern approach in crime control which deals with apprehension,
investigation, trial, correction and punishment of criminal.

Factors to be considered in determining the size of the beat are:

1. Area to be patrolled;
2. Man-made and natural barriers;
3. Number of men to patrol the area; and
4. Type of patrol to be used.

Factors to be considered in determining the number of men to be deployed are:

1. Size or area to be patrolled;

2. Topography (terrain of the area);
3. Crime rate; and
4. Possible problems to be encountered on the beat.

Shift Rotation

• Day Shift – This shift is devoted to service activities. The people that a police officer meets
during the day shift are usually law abiding and create few problems.
• Afternoon Shift – The afternoon shift is usually the busiest and offers the greatest variety
of activities.
• Midnight Shift – The so called “graveyard shift” to denote lack of activities or dog watch”.
• Day Shift (7:00-3:00PM)
o A shift devoted to service activity.
o Service oriented shift
• Afternoon Shift (3:00-11:00PM)
o Combined service oriented and criminal apprehension function of MS.
• Midnight Shift (11:00-7:00AM)
o “Dog watch, graveyard” which suggests it is the penalty box of police work.
o Least desirable of all police shift.

Reference: Police Patrol by Charles D. Hale

PATROL METHODS ACCORDING TO USE:

1. Beat Patrol
2. Foot Patrol
3. Bicycle Patrol
4. Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
5. Automobile Patrol
6. Motorcycle Patrol
 7. Aircraft Patrol
8. Specialized Patrol Methods
9. Horse (Mounted) Patrol
10. Marine (Water) Patrol
11. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
12. Special Terrain Patrol

• Foot Patrol
o Simplest/most expensive type
• Automobile/Mobile Patrol
o Speed and mobility
o Most cost effective
o Best means in preventive enforcement
• Boat/Water Patrol
o Often the forgotten heroes of the police department
• Motorcycle Patrol
o Speed and maneuverability

FOOT PATROL

• This patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to deal with special situations while
maintaining radio contact with officers in patrol cars. This is used to secure 2 types of
geographical units:

1. Post – A fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty.
2. Beat – The smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes.

TYPES OF FOOT PATROL

1. Fixed Foot Patrol – This usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades, and special events.
2. Mobile Foot Patrol – This is used where there is considerable foot movement such as
patrolling business and shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are
multiple family dwellings.

1. Line Beat Patrol – This is used in securing a certain portion of a road or street.
2. Random Foot Patrol – This is used in checking residential buildings, business
establishments, dark alleys, and parking lots.

ADVANTAGES OF FOOT PATROL

• Greater personal contact with the public leading to increase community support for the
police.
• Greater opportunity to develop sources of information.
• High police visibility.
• Patrol officers can enter small alleys and side streets not accessible to motor vehicles.
 • Easier detection of criminal activities due to closer observation of the environment.
• Easy discovery and familiarization on the layout of the beat. It allows an in-depth knowledge
of the character and problems of the patrol area.

DISADVANTAGES OF FOOT PATROL

• Low mobility resulting to limited coverage of patrol area.

• Low response time to telephone complaints.
• It involves large number of personnel; patrol officers are assigned on small areas called
posts and beats.

AUTOMOBILE PATROL

• Automobile patrol has the greatest mobility and flexibility. This patrol is considered by most
experts as the most cost-effective method of patrol. Patrol car is the most extensively used
and the most effective means of transportation for police on patrol.

Features of Patrol Car

• Vehicle-mounted TV; high-resolution video camera.

• Equipped with Mobile Data Terminal (MDT) – A computer that allow officers in patrol car to
access files form HQs and other Law Enforcement agencies.
• Equipped with High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan (HELP) – A heavy duty light that can
provide 2 million candle power of lighting.

General Techniques and Procedures in Automobile Patrol

• Clockwise Pattern – Usually done during the first hours of patrolling.

• Zigzag or Free-Wheeling/Criss-cross Pattern
• Straightway Pattern
• Cloverleaf Pattern
• Counter-clockwise – Usually done before the tour of patrol duty ends.

THE TRADITIONAL FOOT PATROL PATTERNS

• Clockwise Patrol Pattern

o Short beats, well for foot patrol.
o Rectangular/square size of beat.
• Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern
o The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic of an area to be
patrolled.
• Zigzag or Free Wheeling Patrol Pattern
 o Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat not at random but
with definite target location where he knows his presence is necessary.
• Straightway and Criss-cross Patrol Pattern - Hazard oriented patrol.

PATROL DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMOBILE

1. Diminish personal contact with the public.

2. Little opportunity to develop sources of information.
3. Marked police vehicle hampers apprehension and surveillance operations.

BICYCLE PATROL
This kind of patrol is considered as simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry
police officers throughout the patrol district.
Advantages of Bicycle Patrol

1. Inexpensive as compared to motorcycle and automobile patrol.

2. Covers areas not accessible by patrol cars or those areas that are too wide for foot patrol.
3. Increases mobility as compared to foot patrol and bicycle patrol works with stealth.
4. Found to be effective in combating theft, vandalism, and the like.
5. Effectively used by plainclothesmen for surveillance in high crime areas.

disadvantages of Bicycle Patrol

1. Bicycle leaves the patrol officer extremely vulnerable.

2. Limited use in bad weather.
3. Inability to carry additional equipment or officers.

MOTORCYCLE PATROL
Motorcycle is beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers because of the ease and speed of moving
around.
Advantages of Motorcycle Patrol

1. More speedy and easy to maneuver.

2. Motorcycle has greater access than automobile to some areas and is better suited to heavy
traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrains.

Disadvantages of Motorcycle patrol

1. Relatively high cost to operate.

2. Limited use in bad weather.
3. Inability to carry additional equipment or officers.
 4. The danger involve in riding to it.

HORSE PATROL
Horse is useful in patrolling jurisdiction that covers large park areas or similar places where automobile
cannot go or may be forbidden.
Advantages of Horse Patrol

1. More effective in controlling a disorderly crowd.

2. Mounted officers can see up to three blocks away and cover more territory than officers on
patrol.
3. It is also valuable in search-and-rescue in rural areas and wilderness areas.

Disadvantage of Horse Patrol

1. Limited use during bad weather.

AIRCRAFT PATROL
Advantages of Aircraft Patrol

1. Able to travel at low speed, to hover if necessary, and to land even in small patch of flat
land.
2. Increased visual range/scope.
3. More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation, surveillance, and other high profile police
activities.
4. Improved response time for emergency calls.
5. Provide better a better system of flood lighting areas to be patrolled.
6. Capable of broadcasting information to a large area through airborne speakers.
7. Provide rapid emergency transportation for personnel.
8. Added security to patrol officers on foot, motorcycles, or in patrol cars through backup
offered by areal patrol.

Disadvantages of aircraft patrol

1. Very expensive.
2. Public complaints about the noise.
3. Forcibly grounded during bad weather.
4. Smog and light or intermittent clouds affects visibility.
5. There are landing patterns or procedures that must be followed which delays landing.
6. Pilots must work shorter periods of time because they easily suffer work fatigues.
7. Element of surprise is lost.

WATER/BAY/MARINE/RIVER PATROL
 Water patrol units are extremely specialized and are not in great use except in areas with
extensive coasts or great deal of lake or river traffic. It uses water vehicles in anti-smuggling
operations as well as against robberies committed in warehouses along river banks or water ports.
Winter or summer, the water patrol is responsible for:

1. search and rescue/recovery for drowning victims;

2. routine patrol;
3. removal of navigation hazards;
4. water safety inspections;
5. water accident investigations;
6. deterring boating law violations such as reckless operations;
7. checking fishing licenses and catch limits.

CANINE (K-9) ASSISTED PATROL/DOG PATROL

• Egyptians were the first to use dogs in patrolling. Baltimore was the only American police
force that used trained dog handler teams on patrol. The most recent use of police dogs is in
the search and detection of drugs in packages or on suspects.

Advantages of Dogs or K-9s in Police Operations

• Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs. It
is also effective in finding bodies (dead/alive), just buried or buried for years. A dog is
capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human can.
• Provide protection for 1 patrol officer. Officer/s assigned to a high-crime area has little to
fear with a well-trained canine at their side.

DISADVANTAGES OF K-9

1. Most police dogs work with only one handler.

2. Dog training is expensive. Training usually takes 10 to 12 weeks.
3. Police department that initiates K-9 section is vulnerable to law suits.

WOLVES
WOLVES- it is the system of attaching miniature camera and transmitter to a search dog which makes
the dog the eyes and ears of his handler.
W – ireless
O – perational
L- ink; and
V – ideo
E – xploration
S – ystem

Lesson 1. Nature and Characteristics of

Planning
Definition of terms
What is a Plan?
A plan is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal and
objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment.
What is Planning?
Hudzik and Cordner defined planning as “thinking about the future, thinking about what we want the
future would be, and thinking about what we need to do now to achieve it.
Planning is a management function concerned with visualizing future situations, it is the process of
selecting goals and determining how to achieve them, it includes the act of selecting missions and
objectives.
Planning is a major and primary function of management. No organization can operate properly
without planning.

THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING

Intellectual Process:
Planning is an intellectual and rational process. Planning is a mental exercise involving imagination,
foresight and sound judgement. It requires a mental disposition of thinking before’ acting in the light of
facts rather than guess.
The quality of planning depends upon the abilities of the managers who are required to collect all
relevant facts, analyse and interpret them in a correct way.
How far into the future a manager can see and with how much clarity he will depend on his intellectual
calibre, are chalked out through planning process. In thinking of objectives, alternative courses of
action and, above all, in making decision for choosing certain alternatives, the planner goes through an
intellectual process.

Goal-orientation:
All planning is linked up with certain goals and objectives. It follows, therefore, that every plan must
contribute in some positive way to the accomplishment of group objectives.
Planning has no meaning without being related to goals and objectives. It must bridge the gap
between where we are and where we want to go at the minimum cost.
Primary Function:
Planning is said to be the most basic and primary function of management. It occupies first place and
precedes all other functions of management which are designed to attain the goals set under planning.
This is because the manager decides upon the policies, procedures, programs, projects, etc. before
proceeding with the work.
The other functions of management—organising, direction, co-ordination and control—can be
performed only after the manager has formulated the necessary planning.
Pervasiveness:
Planning pervades all managerial activities. It is the job of all managers in all types of organization. It is
undertaken at all segments and levels of the organization, from the general manager to the foreman.
Whatever be the nature of activity, management starts with planning. The character and breadth of
planning will, of course, vary from one job to another—depending on the level of management.
Uniformity:
There may be separate plans prepared in different levels in the organization, but all the sub-plans must
be united with the general plan so as to make up a comprehensive plan for operation at a time.
Continuity:
To keep the enterprise as a going concern without any break, So, the first plan must follow the second
plan and the second plan the third and so on in never-ending series in quick succession.

Simplicity:
The language of the work schedule or program in the planning should be simple so that each and every
part of it may easily be understood by the employees at different levels, especially at the lower level.
Precision:
Precision is the soul of planning. This gives the planning exact, definite, and accurate meaning in its
scope and content. Any mistake or error in planning is sure to upset other functions of management
and, thus, precision is of utmost importance in every kind of planning.
Feasibility:
Planning is neither poetry nor philosophy. It is based on facts and experience, and thereby realistic in
nature. It represents a program which is possible to execute with more or less existing resources.
Choice among Alternative Courses:
Planning involves selection of suitable course of action from several alternatives. If there is only one
way of doing something there is no need of planning.
Planning has to find out several alternatives, estimate the feasibility and profitability of the different
alternatives, and to choose the best one out of them.
Efficiency:
Planning is directed towards efficiency. A plan is a course of action that shows promise of optimizing
return at the minimum expense of inputs. In planning, the manager evaluates the alternatives on the
basis of efficiency.
A good plan should not only attain optimum relationship between output and input but should also
bring the greatest satisfaction to those who are responsible for its implementation.
Inter-dependence:
The different departments may formulate different plans and program for their integration in the
overall planning. But sectional plans cannot but be inter-dependent. For example, production planning
depends upon sales planning—and vice versa.
Forecasting:
Above all, no planning can proceed without forecasting—which means assessing the future and making
provision for it. Planning is the synthesis of various forecasts—short-term or long-term, special or
otherwise. They all merge into a single program and act as a guide for the whole concern.
IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING
Planning is the key to success of an organization. In fact, most of the company’s achievements can be
attributed to careful planning. Planning is a function of every manager at every level in an
Organization. Every manager is required to plan first for systematic and orderly performance of his
assigned duties.
Providing Basis of Decision:
The first and most important reason for planning lies in the fact that it provides a basis on which
decisions are made. It is an immense need for the managers of an enterprise to fix up their minds as to
what they want to accomplish and then plan the use of time, resources, and efforts towards the
achievement of their objectives.
Focusing Attention on Objectives:
Planning concentrates attention on the objectives of an enterprise. The first function of planning is to
spell out its objectives. The objectives are defined in more concrete, precise and meaningful terms.
The result of such attention, it becomes possible for the planners to determine the policies,
procedures, programs and the rules for an orderly advance towards the ultimate goals desired to be
achieved.
Minimizing Uncertainty and Risk:
The future is uncertain. Planning helps the managers in taking care of future uncertainties and thus
minimizes possible risk. It anticipates future events and sets the course of action to control these
events to one’s advantage. With the help of planning, an enterprise can predict future events and
make due provision for them. This, no doubt, eliminates or reduces the possibility or jumping into
uncertainties.
Adapting with Changes:
Planning has become imperative due to the fact that an enterprise operates in a changing and dynamic
environment. The aspects of this changing environment include changes in technology, government
policies, the nature of competition, social norms and attitudes etc.
As the planning proceeds step by step, it foresees the changes likely to come and accordingly prepares
its programme by necessary adjustments and adaptation.
Securing Economy:
Planning focuses on efficiency and economy in operation. A plan is a course of action that can take the
organization to its objectives at the minimum cost. Planning prevents wasting of resources by
choosing the best course of action from many alternatives. It aims at smooth flow of work. All these
steps in planning lead automatically to economy.
Helping in Co-ordination:
Planning leads to achieve a coordinated structure of operations. It provides a unifying framework.
Sound planning inter-relates all the activities and resources of an organization. Well-considered overall
plans harmonies inter-departmental activities.
Making Control Effective:
The managerial function of controlling is concerned with a comparison between the planned
performance and the actual performance of the subordinates and departments of the organization.
Thus, control is exercised in the context of planning action as the standards against which actual
results are to be compared are set up through planning.
Increasing Organizational Effectiveness:
Planning ensures organizational effectiveness in several ways. It states the objectives of the
organization in the context of given resources. It provides for proper utilization of resources, it gives
necessary competitive strength for continuous growth and steady progress by foreseeing what the
competitors are likely to do and evolving its strategies accordingly.

ELEMENTS OF PLANNING:

Planning as a managerial process consists of the following elements or components:

Objectives:
The important task of planning is to determine the objectives of the organization. Objectives are the
goals towards which all managerial activities are aimed at. All planning work must spell out in clear
terms the objectives to be realized from the proposed business activities.
When planning action is taken, these objectives are made more concrete and meaningful. For example,
if the organizational objective is profit earning, planning activity will specify how much profit is to be
earned looking into all facilitating and constraining factors.
Forecasting:
It is the analysis and interpretation of future in relation to the activities and working of an enterprise.
forecasting refers to analyzing the statistical data and other economic, political and market information
for the purpose of reducing the risks involved in making decisions and long range plans.
Policies:
Planning also requires laying down of policies for the easy realization of the -objectives of business.
Policies are statements or principles that guide and direct different managers at various levels in
making decisions. Policies provide the necessary basis for executive operation. They set forth overall
boundaries within which the decision-makers are expected to operate while making decisions. Policies
act as guidelines for taking administrative decisions.
Procedures:
The manner in which each work has to be done is indicated by the procedures laid down. Procedures
outline a series of tasks for a specified course of action. There may be some confusion between
policies and procedures. Policies provide guidelines to thinking and action, but procedures are definite
and specific steps to thinking and action.
Rules:
A rule specifies necessary course of action in a particular situation. It acts as a guide and is essentially
in the nature of a decision made by the management authority. This decision signifies that a definite
action must be taken in respect of a specific situation.
Programs:
Programs are precise plans of action followed in proper sequence in accordance with the objectives,
policies and procedures. Programs, thus, lead to a concrete course of inter-related actions for the
accomplishment of a purpose. Programs must be closely integrated with the objectives. Programming
involves dividing into steps the activities necessary to achieve the objectives, determining the
sequence between different steps, fixing up performance responsibility for each step, determining the
requirements of resources, time, finance etc. and assigning definite duties to each part.
Budgets:
Budget means an estimate of men, money, materials and equipment in numerical terms required for
implementation of plans and programs. Thus, planning and budgeting are inter-linked. Budget indicates
the size of the program and involves income and outgo, input and output. It also serves as a very
important control device by measuring the performance in relation to the set goals.
Projects:
A project is a single-use plan which is a part of a general programed. It is part of the job that needs to
be done in connection with the general programed. So a single step in a programed is set up as a
project. Generally, in planning a project, a special task force is also foresaw.
Strategies:
Strategies are the devices formulated and adopted from the competitive standpoint as well as from
the point of view of the employees, customers, suppliers and government. Strategies thus may be
internal and external. Whether internal or external, the success of the plans demands that it should be
strategy-oriented.
Lesson 2. Steps in Planning
STEPS IN PLANNING:
A plan is essentially today’s design for tomorrow’s action and an outline of the steps to be taken in
future. A good plan must be simple, balanced and flexible, and make utmost use of the existing
resources. It must be based on clearly defined objectives.
For preparation of such a plan, a definite process involving the following steps has to be followed:

Perception of the Opportunities:

The manager must first identify the opportunity that calls for planning and action. This is very
important for the planning process because it leads to formulation of plans by providing clue as to
whether opportunities exist for taking up particular plans.
Perception of opportunities includes a preliminary look at possible opportunities and the ability to see
them clearly and completely, an understanding of why the organisation wants to solve the
uncertainties and a vision what it expects to gain. This provides an opportunity to set the objectives in
real sense.
Establishment of the Objectives:
The next step in the planning process lies in the setting up of objectives to be achieved by the
enterprise in the clearest possible terms keeping in view its strength and limitation. Objectives specify
the results expected in measurable terms and indicate the end points of what is to be done; where the
primary emphasis is to be placed, and what is to be accomplished by various types of plans.
Building the Planning Premises:
After determination of the organizational goals, it is necessary to establish planning premises, that is,
the conditions under which planning activities will be undertaken. This involves collection of facts and
figures necessary for planning the future course of the enterprise. ‘Planning Premises’ are planning
assumptions relating to the expected environmental and internal conditions.
planning premises are of two types—external and internal. External premises include total factors in
the environment like social, political, technological, competitors’ plans and actions, government
policies, etc. Internal factors include the organization's policies, resources of various types, and the
ability of the organisation to withstand the environmental pressure. The plans are formulated in the
light of both external and internal factors.
Identifying the Alternatives:
The next step in planning process is to search for various alternative courses of action based on the
organizational objectives and planning premises. A particular objective can be achieved through
various actions.
Since all alternatives cannot be considered for further analysis, it is necessary for the planner to
reduce in preliminary examination the number of alternatives that do not meet the minimum
preliminary criteria. Preliminary criteria can be defined in several ways— minimum investment
required, matching with the present business of the organisation, control by the government, etc.
Evaluation of the Alternatives:
Various alternative courses that are considered feasible in terms of preliminary criteria have to be
taken for detailed evaluation. Alternative courses of action can be evaluated against the criteria of
cost, risks, benefit and organizational facilities. The strong and weak points of every alternative should
be analyzed carefully.
Since there are so many complex variables connected with each goal and each possible plan, the
process of comparative evaluation is extremely difficult. For example, one alternative may be the most
profitable but requires heavy investment; another may be less profitable but also involves less risk.
There is no certainty about the outcome of any alternative course because it is related with future
which is not certain. Ultimately, the choice will depend upon what is determined as the most critical
factor from the point of view of the objectives of the enterprise
Choice of the Course of Action:
After the evaluation of various alternatives, the most appropriate one is selected as the plan.
Sometimes evaluation shows that more than one alternative are equally good. In such a case, the
manager may choose more than one alternative at the same time.
There is another reason for choosing more than one alternative. Alternative course of action
may be required to be undertaken in future in changed situations. So, the planner must also be ready
with alternative—normally known as contingency plan— that can help coping up with the changed
situation.

Formulation of Supporting or Derivative Plans:

After the best alternative is decided upon, the next step is to derive various plans for different
departments or sections of the organization to support the main plan. In an organization, there can be
various derivative plans like planning for buying materials and equipment, recruiting and training the
personnel, etc.
Establishing the Sequence of Activities:
After formulating the basic and derivative plans, the sequence of activities is determined so that the
plans are put into action. Based on the plans at various levels, it can be decided who will do what and
at what time. Budgets for various periods can be prepared to make plans more concrete for
implementation.
Securing Participation:
Plans must be communicated in greater details to the subordinates to increase their understanding of
the proposed action and for enlisting their co-operations in the execution of plans. It will, thus, add to
the quality of planning through the knowledge of additional facts, new visions and revealing situations.
Providing for Future Evaluation:
For ensuring that the selected plans are proceeding with the right lines, it is of paramount importance
to devise a system of continuous evaluation and appraisal of the plan. It will help in detecting the
shortcomings and pitfalls of the plans and taking remedial actions well in time.
Lesson 3. Basic Principles of Planning
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING:
Planning requires scientific thinking and it should spell out in clear terms the definition of the purpose,
analyze the problem and make a careful and diligent search for all the facts bearing upon it. The task of
planning will be well-accomplished if some fundamental principles are followed in the process.
The important principles may be stated on this figure

Principle of Commitment:
This means that certain resources must be committed or pledged for the purpose of planning. Planning
is not an easy task. So, necessary help is to be taken from experts.
Principle of the Limiting Factor:
A plan involves varied factors of different importance. This principle implies that more emphasis has to
be put on that factor which is scarce or limited in supply or extremely costly. This will help in selecting
the most favorable alternative.
Principle of Reflective Thinking:
Planning, being an intellectual activity is based on rational considerations. These involve reflective
thinking which signifies problem-solving thought process—a process by which past experiences are
superimposed on the facts of the present situation and possible future trends.
Principle of Flexibility:
Though a plan is prepared after reflective thinking, this does not mean that no departure can be made
in the course of its operation.
Principle of Contribution to organizational Objectives:
A major plan is prepared and it is supported by many derivative plans. But all plans must contribute in
a positive way towards the achievement of the enterprise objectives.
Principle of Efficiency:
A plan should be made efficient to attain the objectives of the enterprise at the minimum cost and
least effort. It must also achieve better results with the minimum of unexpected happenings.
Therefore, it is to be seen that what is expected is likely to be achieved.
Principle of Selection of Alternatives:
Planning is basically a problem of choosing. The essence of planning is the choice among alternative
courses of action. There is no need for planning if there is only one way for doing something.
Principle of Planning Premises:
A plan is prepared against some foundations or backgrounds known as ‘Planning Premises’.
Principle of Timing and Sequence of Operations:
Timing and sequence of operations determine the starting and finishing time for each piece of work
according to some definite schedule and give practical and concrete shape and form to work
performance.
Principle of Securing Participation:
To secure participation of the employees with whole-hearted co-operation in execution of the plan, it
is necessary that the plan must be communicated and explained to them for their full understanding.
Principle of Pervasiveness:
Though major planning function is entrusted to the top management, it is not restricted to the top
level only. It is a function of every manager at every level in the organization.
Principle of Strategic Planning:
Strategic planning is essential when there is competition. It is prepared in the light of what the
competitors are intending to do. Planners must take into account the strategies of the rival
organizations, otherwise the planning projection may land them in trouble.
Principle of Innovation:
A good system of planning should be responsive to the opportunities for innovation. Innovation
consists in creating something new for increasing satisfaction of the consumers. This may also be
stated as an important strategy of an organization. Innovation is a necessity for its sustaining growth in
this dynamic world.
Principle of Follow-up:
In the course of execution of a plan, certain obstacles may crop up in midway and planning may
require revision, alteration or correction.
TYPES OF PLAN
Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the
department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.
Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are
predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance.
Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the community and the
future condition or state to which the department can aspire. A vision may also include a statement of
values to be used to guide the decision making process in the department.
Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow
the department to adapt anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or model of policing
Operational Plans are designed to meet the specific tasks requires to implement strategic plans. There
are four types of operational plan:
Types of Operational Plans
Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding to organizational problems. The
organizational vision and values, strategic statement, policies, procedures, and rules and regulations
are examples of standing plans.
Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of the major functional units in the
organization, such as patrol and investigations. It also includes the design of the structure, how
different functions and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and how resources are to be
allocated.
Operational-efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity plans are essentially the measures or
comparisons to be used to assess police activities and behavior (outputs) and results (outcomes). If one
of the goals of the police department is to reduce the crime rate, any change that occurs can be
compared to past crime rates in the same community or crime in other communities, a state, or the
nation.
Contingency plans are made when something unexpected happens or when something needs to be
changed. Business experts sometimes refer to these plans as a special type of planning.