Definition of Terms

Juvenile
 a child or a young person, who under the legal age
system maybe dealt with for an offense in a manner
different from that of an adult
 A "juvenile" is a person who has not attained his
eighteenth birthday.
Cont…
Delinquency
 refers to the failure to perform an act required by law,
or the non-performance of a duty or obligation that is
mandated by existing law or rule.
 A delinquency refers to any action; course or conduct
that deviate from acts approved by the majority of the
people.
 It is a description of acts that do not conform to the
accepted rules, norms and mores of the society.
Juvenile Delinquency
 It is use to describe a large number of disapproved
behaviours of children or youth. In this sense anything
that the youth does which other do not like is called
Juvenile Delinquency.
 conduct by a juvenile characterized by antisocial
behaviour that is beyond parental control and
therefore subject to legal action
Other terminologies
Child
 a person who is below 18 years of age. A minor or youth, a boy or girl at any
age between infancy and adolescence .
 A person who is below 18 years old or those over but unable to fully take
care of themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation or
discrimination because of physical or mental disability or condition
Cont…
Child at risk
 it refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at risk of
committing criminal offenses because of personal,
family and social circumstances.
Dependent Child
 A person who is without a parent, guardian or
custodian, or whose parents, guardian or custodian for
good cause desires to be relieved of his care and
custody, and dependent upon the public for support.
Cont…
Neglected child
 A person whose basic needs have been deliberately
unattended to or inadequately attended to, physically
or emotionally, by his parents or guardian.
Physical neglect – it occurs when the child is
malnourished, ill and without proper shelter
Emotional neglect – Emotional neglect can be
defined as a relationship pattern in which an
individual’s affectional needs are consistently
disregarded, ignored, invalidated, or
unappreciated by a significant other.
Cont…
Abandoned child
 means a child whose parents, guardian, or custodian
deserted him or her for a period such a length of time
and under such circumstances as to show an intent to
evade the duty of rearing him or her or a reckless
disregard for his or her needs.
Involuntary committed child
 A person whose parents, have been permanently and
judicially deprived of parental authority due to
abandonment; substantial, continuous or repeated
neglect; abuse or incompetence to discharge parental
responsibility.
Cont…
Voluntarily committed child
 A person whose parents knowingly and unwillingly
relinquished parental authority to the department or
any duly licensed child-placement or child-caring
agency or individual.

Child placing or child-placement agency

 It refers to a private non-profit institution or
government agency duly licensed and accredited by
the government to provide comprehensive child
welfare service, including but not limited to receiving
application for adoption or foster care, evaluating the
prospective adoptive or foster parents and preparing
the home study report.
Cont…
Child caring agency
 It refers to a private non-profit institution or government agency duly
licensed and accredited by the government that provides 24 hour
residential care services for abandoned, orphaned, neglected.
Involuntarily or voluntarily children.

Guardian Ad Litem.
 A person appointed by a court as guardian of an infant or other person to
act on his or her behalf in a particular action or proceeding.
Cont…
Parens patriae
 the government, or any other authority, regarded as the legal protector of
citizens unable to protect themselves.

Child in Conflict with the Law

 Refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed an offense under Philippine laws.
Cont…
Age of criminal liability
 It is the age when a child who is above 15 but below 18 years of age
commits an offense with discernment.

Discernment
 It refers to the mental capacity to understand the difference between right
and wrong and its consequences.
Cont…
Bahay Pag-asa
 refers to a 24-hour child-caring institution established,
funded and managed by local government units (LGUs)
and licensed and/or accredited nongovernment
organizations (NGOs) providing short-term residential
care for children in conflict with the law who are above
fifteen (15) but below eighteen (18) years of age who are
awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to
other agencies or jurisdiction.

 "Part of the features of a ‘Bahay Pag-asa’ is an intensive

juvenile intervention and support center. This will cater to
children in conflict with the law
Cont…
Diversion
 refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of determining the
responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict with the law on the basis
of his/her social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational
background without resorting to formal court proceedings.
Cont…
Intervention
 refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that
caused the child to commit an offense. It may take the form of an
individualized treatment program which may include counselling, skills
training, education, and other activities that will enhance his/her
psychological, emotional and psycho-social well-being.
Cont…
Status Offenses
 refers to offenses which discriminate only against a child, while an adult
does not suffer any penalty for committing similar acts. These shall
include curfew violations; truancy, parental disobedience and the like.
Early Prohibition of Juvenile Delinquency
THE CODE OF HAMMURABI
 The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of
ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC.

 Rule 192, 193, 194 and 195 was specifically aimed at children who disobeyed
their parents.
Cont…
 Rule 192. If an adopted son says to his adoptive father or mother: "You are
not my father, or my mother," his tongue shall be cut off.

 Rule 193. If the son of a paramour or a prostitute desire his father's house,
and desert his adoptive father and adoptive mother, and goes to his
father's house, then shall his eye be put out.
Cont…
 Rule 194. If a man gives his child to a nurse and the child dies in her
hands, but the nurse unbeknownst to the father and mother has been
nursing another child, then they shall convict her of having nursed
another child without the knowledge of the father and mother and her
breasts shall be cut off.

 195. If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be cut off.
THE GREEK EMPIRE
 The Greek empire covered the years between the sixth and third century
B.C and Juvenile Behaviour was considered to be a serious problem.

 Young Greeks were exposed to violence from an early age.

THE MIDDLE AGES
 Children were treated poorly
 Children were viewed more likely miniature adults than they are today.
 Children were permitted to curse, openly engage in sex, drink, wear
firearms, and they were not required to attend school.
 (king Aelthestand) Laws began to emerge in the 10th century.
16TH AND 17TH CENTURY
 The youth in Seville Spain, committed many unlawful
acts, such as theft, gambling, prostitution, and
homosexuality.
 Most of the Juvenile who were arrested were street
children.
 The legal regulation of Juveniles came through a
secular law.
 In early Seville, children had to defend themselves.
THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY
 By the end of the 17th century concern about juvenile
delinquency had become widespread throughout
England.
 Children who found guilty will be exile from the
country, sent to prison or even death penalty.
 Juvenile delinquent were seen as thieves or prostitutes,
and frequently employed by older criminals
AMERICAN DELINQUENCY
 Children in the American colonies were often treated
badly by both adults and the law.
 The English who settled the colonies saw children as a
source of labor and service
 As such, until about 1800, child labor was wide spread
in America.
 Apprenticeship system was widely practice, and it was
customary for the poor to give their children to
farmers or craftsman who would teach them a trade.
 Orphaned children were sold into apprenticeship,
where they were often poorly treated.
Cont...
 In 1641 the general Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony
passed the stubborn child Law, which stated that children
who disobeyed their parents will be put to death.
 However, not all colonies adopted the stubborn child law.
Outside Massachusetts, children found guilty of a serious
crime frequently whipped, and caning was commonly
practiced.
 In 1646 the Virginia General assembly passed legislation to
prevent sloth and idleness were young children are easily
corrupted.
 And in 1672 the General Court of Massachusetts bay colony
prohibited an adult from luring a young person from his or
her studies or work
POSTCOLONIAL PATTERNS OF DELINQUENCY
 By the early 1800s juvenile gang had become unwanted fixture in big
cities, they would hang out on street corners, verbally abuse pedestrians,
and pelt citizens with rocks and snowballs; these were among the least
threatening of their behaviour. The more serious behaviours of these
violent gangs of juveniles included robbing innocent citizens.
THE CHILD SAVERS
 The child-saving movement emerged in the United States during the
nineteenth century and influenced the development of the juvenile justice
system.
 Child savers stressed the value of redemption and prevention through
early identification of deviance and intervention in the form of education
and training.
Cont…
 The greatest accomplishment of the child savers was
the creation of the first juvenile court which appeared
in Cook County, Illinois in 1899.
 Two principles highly advocated by the Child Savers.
1. These two principles were formed on the basis
that "juveniles were not ready to be held
accountable for their actions" and
2. "that they were not fully developed and could
rehabilitate easier than adults"
NEW YORK HOUSE OF REFUGE
 In the late 18th and early 19th century, courts punished and confined
youth in jails and penitentiaries.
 Many of these youth were confined for noncriminal behaviour simply
because there were no other options.
 At the same time, American cities were confronting high rates of child
poverty and neglect putting pressure on city leaders to fashion a solution
to this emerging social issue.
CONT…
 In response, pioneering penal reformers Thomas Eddy and John Griscom,
organized the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism, to oppose housing
youth in adult jails and prisons and urge the creation of a new type of
institution.
 Their work led to the establishment of the New York House of Refuge in
1825
 The first institution designed to house poor, destitute and vagrant youth
who were deemed by authorities to be on the path towards delinquency.
Cont…
 For the first half of the 19th century, Houses of Refuge were the primary
institutions confining the increasing number of poor and delinquent
youths.
 social reformers began arguing for a new type of institution that placed
greater emphasis on education.
Individual Theories of Delinquency
Choice theory
CLASSICAL SCHOOL
 these theories state that Juveniles are rational, intelligent people who have
free will or the ability to make choices.
 Young people calculate the costs and benefits of their behaviour before
they act.
 Crime is the result of their imagining greater gains coming from breaking
the law than from obeying it.
Cont…
 Children who skip school first determine the likelihood of getting caught
against the potential fun they will have
 Similarly, juveniles who commit serious crime weigh the pleasure they will
receive against being arrested, prosecuted, convicted and sent to prison.
 Focussed on criminal act and not the criminal actor
THE NEOCLASSICAL SCHOOL
 Social reformer of neoclassical agreed to classical school that people were
rational and intelligent being who exercise free will
 However they also thought some crimes were caused by factors beyond
the offenders control (Mitigating Circumstances)
 The introduction of mitigating circumstances at criminal trials gave rise to
the principle of individual Justice.
Cont…
 The idea that criminal law must reflect differences among people and
their circumstances.
 Individual justice produced a series of important developments including
the insanity defense and the inclusion of expert witness.
Trait theory
 Trait theories which are rooted in the biological and medical sciences,
contend juveniles commit crimes because of particular traits,
characteristics, deficits or psychopathologies that they possess.

 These theories range from relatively crude attempts to characterized

delinquents as subhuman to explanations suggesting defective
personalities
Cont…
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
 Biological theories of deviance see crime and deviant behaviour as a form
of illness caused by pathological factors specific to certain types of
individuals. They assume that some people are "born criminals" they're
biologically different from non-criminals. The underlying logic is that
these individuals have a mental and physical inferiority which causes an
inability to learn and follow rules. This in turn leads to criminal behavior.
Cont…
LOMBROSO’S THEORY
 An Italian criminologist in the mid- to late 1800s, Cesare Lombroso
rejected the Classical School that believed crime is a characteristic of
human nature.
 Lombroso instead believed that criminality is inherited and he developed
a theory of deviance in which a person’s bodily constitution indicates
whether he is a born criminal.
 These born criminals are a throwback to an earlier stage of human
evolution with the physical makeup, mental capabilities and instincts of
primitive man.
Cont…
 In developing his theory, Lombroso observed the physical characteristics
of Italian prisoners and compared them to those of Italian soldiers. He
concluded that the criminals were physically different.
 The physical characteristics he used to identify prisoners included an
asymmetry of the face or head, large monkey-like ears, large lips, a twisted
nose, excessive cheekbones, long arms and excessive wrinkles on the skin.
Cont…
 Lombroso declared that males with five or more of these characteristics
could be marked as born criminals. Females, on the other hand, only
needed as few as three of these characteristics to be born criminals.
 Lombroso also believed that tattoos are the markings of born criminals
because they stand as evidence of both immortality and insensitivity to
physical pain.
SHELDON’D THEORY OF BODY TYPES
(SOMATOTYPE THEORY)
 William Sheldon was an American psychologist practicing in the early to
mid-1900s. He spent his life observing the varieties of human bodies and
came up with three types: ectomorphs, endomorphs and mesomorphs.
 William Sheldon was an American psychologist practicing in the early to
mid-1900s. He spent his life observing the varieties of human bodies and
came up with three types: ectomorphs, endomorphs and mesomorphs.
 Ectomorphs are thin and fragile. Their bodies are described as flat-
chested, fragile, lean, lightly muscled, small shouldered and thin.
 Endomorphs are considered soft and fat. They are described as having
underdeveloped muscles and a round physique. They often have difficulty
losing weight.
 Mesomorphs are muscular and athletic. Their bodies are described as
hourglass-shaped when they're female, or rectangular-shaped in males.
 They're muscular, they have excellent posture, they gain muscle easily and
they have thick skin.
 Sheldon tested his findings by typing the bodies of 200 incarcerated
juvenile offenders and 4,000 male college students.
 He found that delinquents were more likely to be mesomorphs and much
less likely to be ectomorphs. He detected no significant differences
between the groups of endomorphs
THE Y CHROMOSOME THEORY
 This theory holds that criminals have an extra Y chromosome that gives
them an XYY chromosomal makeup rather than an XY makeup.
 This creates a strong compulsion within them to commit crimes. This
person is sometimes called a "super male."
 Some studies have found that the proportion of XYY males in the prison
population is higher than the general male population.
Psychological theories
When examining psychological theories of crime, one must
be cognizant of the three major theories.
 The first is psychodynamic theory, which is centered on the
notion that an individual’s early childhood experience
influences his or her likelihood for committing future
crimes.
 The second is behavioral theory. Behavioral theorists have
expanded the work of Gabriel Tarde through behavior
modeling and social learning.
 The third is cognitive theory, the major premise of which
suggests that an individual’s perception and how it is
manifested affect his or her potential to commit crime.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
 Proponents of psychodynamic theory suggest that an
individual’s personality is controlled by unconscious
mental processes that are grounded in early childhood.
 This theory was originated by Sigmund Freud (1856–
1939), the founder of psychoanalysis. Imperative to this
theory are the three elements or structures that make
up the human personality: (1) the id, (2), the ego, and
(3) the superego.
Cont…
 Id which is present at birth, consist of blind,
unreasoning, instinctual desires and motives.
 The Id represents basic biological and psychological
drives, it is also anti social and knows no rules,
boundaries, or limitation
 The ego grows from the id and represents the problem
solving dimension of the personality, it deals with
reality, differentiating it from fantasy
 It teaches children to delay gratification because
acting in impulse will get them in trouble
Cont…
 The super ego develops from the ego and is the moral code, norms
and values the child has acquired.
 The super ego is responsible for feelings of guilt and shame and is
more closely aligned with the conscience
BEHAVIORAL THEORY
 Social learning theory, which is a branch of behavior theory, is the most
relevant to criminology.
 The second major psychological theory is behaviorism. This theory
maintains that human behavior is developed through learning
experiences.
 The hallmark of behavioral theory is the notion that people alter or
change their behavior according to the reactions this behavior elicits in
other people
CONT…
 Individuals are not born with an innate ability to act
violently.
 in contrast, violence and aggression are learned through a
process of behavior modeling.
 In other words, children learn violence through the
observation of others. Aggressive acts are modeled after
three primary sources: (1) family interaction, (2)
environmental experiences, and (3) the mass media.
Sociological Theory
By the 20th century, sociologist challenge the early theories of crime
causation. They explained that delinquency can be blame on factors outside
the individual.

 CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY

 STRAIN THEORY
 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY
 Cultural deviance theory believes that delinquency is a natural result of
conditions that exist within certain neighborhoods in cities.
 This theory was popular in the early 20th century when the Northeast and
Midwest were undergoing rapid population growth resulting from the
migration of southern African Americans and European immigrants
looking for industrial jobs to cities such as Boston, Chicago, New York,
and Philadelphia.
 - Shaw and Mckay believe that the run-down areas of a
city create social disorganization, fostering cultural
conflicts that allow delinquency to become tradition.
Mapping delinquency theory; Shaw and McKay

WEAK HIGH
RAPID SOCIAL DELINQUENCY
COMMUNITY DELINQUENCY
CHANGE TRADITIONS
CONTROLS AREAS

DELINQUENCY
 Edwin Sutherland contributions to delinquency is
his theory of differential association.
 The likelihood of a youth becoming delinquent is
determined by his or her interactions with both
conventional and criminal association.
 If a child has more contacts supporting criminal
conduct than opposing it, he or she will more likely to
commit crime than someone who has more positive
than negative association.
 Walter Miller contributions to deviance theory is explaining gang
delinquency
 Miller blame delinquency on two structural features of the lower-
class;
- focal concern and
- female based households.
 Focal concern
Lower-class culture revolves around six focal concern or values,
which guide behaviour.
1. Autonomy – describes the resistance of lower class
youths to having their lives controlled by others
2. Excitement – is the search for thrills, danger, or risk
that often occurs as a result of excessive drinking,
gambling and promiscuous sexual relationship.
3. Fate – is the lower class belief that forces beyond
their control determine their lives
4. Smartness – is the ability to avoid being outfoxed.
5. Toughness – is a physical prowess that is often displayed
through machismo (Masculinity)
6. Trouble – is the most important concern.
 Female based-household
Female based household and serial monogamy characterized lower-class
families. Miller believes that boys grow up with the traditional belief that a
boy should not be told what to do by his mother, aunt, or older sister. With
no fathers or no father figures present, however, lower class boys are subject
to the control and authority of women, resenting this, they seek the
company of males who congregate on the street corner or in the other
gathering places.
-mapping delinquency theory; Walter Miller

Focal Behavior is
Sex-role
concern + All-male peer consistent
problems for
female based groups with focal
boys
household concerns

delinquency
 STRAIN THEORY

Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who

argued that society can encourage deviance to a large
degree.
 Merton believed that socially accepted goals put
pressure on people to conform. People are forced to
work within the system or become members of a
deviant subculture to achieve the desired goal. Merton's
belief became the theory known as Strain Theory.
 CONT…
 Merton continued on to say when individuals are faced with
a gap between their goals (usually finances/money related)
and their current status, strain occurs. When faced with
strain, people have five ways to adapt;
 Conformity: pursuing cultural goals through socially approved
means
 Innovation: using socially unapproved or unconventional
means to obtain culturally approved goals.
 Ritualism: using the same socially approved means to achieve
less elusive goals
 Retreatism: to reject both the cultural goals and the means to
obtain it, then find a way to escape it.
 Rebellion: to reject the cultural goals and means, then work to
replace them
 Mapping delinquency theory; Robert Merton

Cultural
goals Differential Blocked
+ access to access to delinquency
Strain
Legitimate legitimate cultural
means means goals
 Cloward and Ohlin wrote Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of
Delinquent Gangs, which rejected the prevailing assumption that
delinquency resulted from irresponsibility of youths and argued that it
was a symptom of poverty and the lack of alternative opportunities caused
by poverty.
 Albert Cohen wrote about delinquent gangs and suggested in
his theoretical discussion how such gangs attempted to
"replace" society's common norms and values with their own
sub-cultures. He proposed two basic ideologies, status
frustration and reaction formation
 Cohen believed that lower-class parents do not adequately
socialize children efficiently in terms of widely accepted
values.
 In school, children compete for status from teachers who use a
middle-class measuring rod to evaluate them.
 Lower-class children often end up at the bottom of the status
ladder, causing strain that leads them to join together and
form gangs, which lead to delinquency
 Mapping delinquency theory; Albert Cohen

Working class Increased

socialization resentment
Failure in Low self Drop out
+ towards
school steem of school
Middle class middle class
success values values

Self image
Turn middle
enhance by
delinquency class values
breaking middle
upside down
class rules
 Robert Agnew introduced the general strain theory, in which he
identified many more conditions that if left unchecked would cause
frustration for children
 Agnew thinks traditional strain theory is limited because it only
identifies one or two sources of strain; economic failure and/or
poor school performance
 Strain might come from other sources. Teenagers may
experience strain in response to doing poorly in an
athletic event, being fired from a job, or being
dumped by a boyfriend or girlfriend.
 Agnew suggested that many different sources of stress
trigger a negative emotion. Whether strain leads to
delinquency depends on conditioning factors the
children possess, such as coping skills and intelligence.
 Children having fewer coping skills are more likely to
commit crime.
 Mapping delinquency theory; Robert Agnew

Weak
conditioning delinquency
factors

Conditioning
Negative
strain factors
emotion
activated

Strong
conditioning Conformity
factors
 Social control theory
 Social control theory can be traced to 17th century philosopher Thomas
Hobbes contends that humans are aggressive, argumentative, shy
creatures in search of glory that naturally use violence to dominate other
people, their spouses, and children.
 This profile was a quality of all people, not simply criminals.
 To create order the state needed to strike fear into their hearts and punish
them severely when they broke the Law.
 Twentieth century criminologist expanded upon Hobbes’ ideas and
created Social Control Theory
 These theorist assumed that without controls children would break the
law.
 Delinquency was expected behaviour, rather than look for factors that
push children into crime, the purpose of social control theory is to
identify the factors that stop or prevent children from participating in
delinquency in the first place
 In social control theory, what must be explained is why most children
conform to society’s rules most of the time. It is taken for granted that
children break the rules.
 In the 1950s, social control theory was introduced to American
criminology. The first criminology to do so was Walter Reckless,
superseded by David Matza, Travis Hirschi, and Michael Gottfredson.
Containment theory (Walter Reckless)
 He was curious to know why some boys living in a high delinquency rate
neighborhoods did not commit crime
 Walter Reckless developed containment theory, in which he focused on
the child’s self-concept
 Reckless concluded that what separated good boys from deliquents was
that good boys had strong concepts
Reckless identified pressures and pulls that influence whether a child
will become delinquent
 Outer pulls or environmental Factors (living condition, poverty,
unemployment)
 Inner pushes or psychological and biological factors (Drives and motives,
frustration, hostility, feeling of inferiority, brain damage)
External containment (outer controls)
Internal containment (inner control)
Techniques of Neutralization (David Matza)
 Matza suggested that children are neither committed
nor compelled to delinquency, and delinquents feel
guilty about their misdeeds.
 Matza believes that for juveniles to feel better about
themselves, they turn to techniques of neutralization
to reduce guilt and justify their delinquencies.
Five techniques of Neutralization
 Denial of Responsibility is a technique to blame the delinquent
act on an outside force. They may blame their delinquency on
growing up in an abusive family, a bad neighborhood, or delinquent
peers.
 Denial of injury occurs when the criminal act does not seem to
hurt anyone; no one was seriously injured.
 Denial of victims is used when juvenile believes what he or she did
was right under the circumstances. The victim had it coming
 Condemnation of condemners take place when children want to
ship blame from their own illegal behavior to the behavior of others.
They will try to create a negative image about those who are being
critical to them.
 Appeal to higher loyalty is used when juveniles feel they must
break the law to benefit their friends, family, or other group they are
closely tied to.
Social bond theory (Travis Hirschi)
 Hirschi argued that no one should be surprized by
delinquency because it is something all adolescents
will do unless obstacle are thrown in their pat.
 These obstacle are chiefly attitudes that are implanted
quite effectively in most children but less so in others.
 These others have relatively weak bonds to society,
their not set firmly against delinquent activities.
 Hirschi’s version of social control theory is called
social bond theory
 A bond describes a person’s connection to society. It consist of four
elements; attachment, commitment involvement belief
 For every child, each component of the social bond forms its own
continuum. When the continua are merged, they provide a gauge of how
strong a child is tied to society.
 The stronger the bond, the less likely the youth will commit crime.
 The best predictor of delinquent behavior is a child’s attachment to
parents, schools, and peers (the primary agents of socialization).
 Children who are strongly tied to parents are less likely to become
delinquent;
 These children avoid delinquency because such behavior will jeopardize
their parents affection.
Self Control Theory (Michael Gottfredson and
Travis Hirschi)
 This theory believed that delinquents have low self-
control that can be traced to early childhood
experiences.
 Parents who do not supervise their children, who do
not recognize when their children are behaving badly,
and who do not punish poor behavior promote low self
control in their children.

Faulty Parenting Low-self control Delinquency

Labeling theory
 Labeling theory is not concerned with individual traits or
environmental influences that might instigate initial
deviant acts.
 Instead it focuses on the stigmatizing effects of the Juvenile
Justice System upon those who are labeled delinquent
 The focal point of labeling theory is on the power of social
response, specially in the form of formal social control to
produce delinquent behavior.
 Its aim is to understand how publicly or officially labeling
someone as a delinquent might result in the person
becoming the very thing he/she is described as being.
 Original
A delinquent Future
delinquent Label applied
self image delinquent
act
Conflict theory
 Conflict theory contends that in its normal state,
society is held together by force, coercion, and
intimidation.
 The values of different groups are often the basis of
conflicting interest between those groups.
 The ruling class in capitalist societies is responsible for
the creation and application of criminal law
 Law represents the interest of those groups that have
obtained the power or influence to determine the
legislation
 Acts threatening interest of the bourgeoisie will be
handled by criminal law
 Crime reflected the demoralization of the surplus
population, which consist of unemployed and
underemployed workers.
Ruling class
Delinquency
define what
Capitalism Class division by lower class
behaviour will
be delinquent Adolescent
Differential oppression theory
 Children have little power to influence their social
world.
 Children have almost no choice regarding whom they
associate with and have limited resources available to
influence others or to support themselves
independently.
 Adult oppression of children occurs in multiple social context and falls on
a continuum ranging from benign neglect to malignant abuse
 Oppression leads to adaptive reaction by children; passive acceptance,
exercise illegitimate coercive power, manipulation of one’s peers, and
retaliation
Differential coercion theory
 Coercion is a force that causes a child to behave in a certain way out of the
fear and anxiety it creates.
 Children who grow up in coercive environments are more likely to behave
inappropriately in settings they find to be unpleasant.
Developmental theory
 Developmental theory sometimes called life-course
theories, operate on the assumption that anti social
behavior, such as delinquency, has to develop and is not
simply the manifestation of an underlying condition.
 Rather than attributing crime to the pathologies of the
individual (low-self control, bad temper, or psychopathy)
the developmental perspective points to life experience
that mold the individuals and send them along trajectories
or pathways.
CASUAL FACTORS IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Family Factors
 The following are some of the causes why some of the
child becomes juvenile delinquent as influence by
their own family
a. faulty development of a child
b. lack of parental guidance
c. lack of love and the instinct of hate or anger due
to unfair treatment
d. parental rejection
c. broken home
Environmental Factors
a. association with criminal group
b. alcoholism and drug addiction
c. impulse of fear
d. crime inducing situation that caused criminal tendencies
e. imitated instinct like selfishness, violence and anti- social wishes
 School
a. failure of the school of character development of the children and
youth
b. use of methods that create the condition of failure or frustrations on
the part of the student
c. truancy
d. lack of facilitate for curricular and extra-curricular activities
Other department or agencies of the government
a. political interference
b. unfair decisions of the court
c. police carelessness and unfair treatment
d. influence from the newspapers, movies, television, radio, comic, and
other magazine