Mtulliciceronis 00 Cice

CICERO DE AMICI'IlA
CLIFTON PRICE
PA
5304
.L2
1902
IMS
• •^*^ \/\
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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
University of Toronto
http://www.archive.org/details/mtulliciceronisOOcice
fHorris anti iliflorjgan's ILatin Series
EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
EDWARD P. MORRIS, M.A.,
PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN YALE UNIVERSITY
AND
MORRIS H. MORGAN, Ph.D.,
PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
M. TULLI CICERONIS
LAELIVS
DE AMICITIA
EDITED BY
CLIFTON PRICE, Ph.D.

INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Idem velle, atque nolle, ea demnui Jirma afmciiia est. — Sallust.
NEW YORK . : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1902, by
EDWARD P. MORRIS and MORRIS H. MORGAN.
Entered at Stationers' Hall, London.
PRICE. laelius.
W. P. I
PREFACE
This edition is intended to enable the student to under-
stand and interpret the Laeliits. Enough elementary
matter has been introduced to adapt it for use in the best
preparatory schools, and enough advanced matter for the

first year of college. There are repetitions of statement
and numerous cross-references, in which the teacher of

experience will recognize the well-established pedagogical
principle that facts are not impressed by being stated but
once.
The notes are full, — especially on the subjects in which

students are generally deficient. There has been a con-
stant effort on the part of the editor to train the student
to observe for himself certain peculiarities in the language

which are characteristic not only of the Laelius^ but of all
classical Latin.
Acknowledgment is made in the notes of the material
taken from other commentaries. Those of Reid, Strelitz,
and Monet were most frequently consulted.

I wish to acknowledge the valuable criticism and sug-
gestions of Professor J. O. Notestein of the University of
5
PREFACE
Wooster, Professor Arthur L. Wheeler of Bryn Mawr

College, Professor W. A. Merrill, Professor L.
J. Richard-
son, and Mr. W. H. Alexander, of the University of
California.
CLIFTON PRICE.
Berkeley, California,
March, 1902.
INTRODUCTION
I. Cicero. Like most Roman writers whose works are

extant, Cicero was not born in Rome. With the events of
his ever-active Hfe, from his birth at Arpinum in Latium
in io6 B.C., to his death at the hands of his enemies in 43
B.C., every student of Roman history is famihar. Yet, in
order to understand fully his dissertation on friendship,
one should be reminded of certain characteristics of Cicero's
life and training that enabled him to unite in the essay the//
philosophical theories of the Greeks and the practical wis

M
^
.
dom of the Romans.
From his earliest years to the end of his life he was a stu-
dent. Having exhausted the facilities of his native town,
he was taken to Rome, where he continued with eager
enthusiasm the study of philosophy and rhetoric. Among
his teachers of philosophy were Philo of the New Academy
(called also the Eclectic School), which, having no fixed sys-
tem of its own, was free to accept or reject any of the prin-
ciples of the other schools; Phaedrus, the Epicurean, who
advocated the pursuit of pleasure and the belief in the in-
activity of the gods and Diodotus, the Stoic, who claimed
;
"
that the cultivation of virtue was " the chief end of man
{stimnttim bomtnt). Cicero followed the New Academy. In
rhetoric his teacher was Molo of Rhodes, who was then
ambassador at Rome ; while in oratory he studied under
the best actors of his time, Aesopus and Roscius. His
and wisdom in practical affairs were learned
statecraft
from the eminent jurists, Ouintus Scaevola, the augur,
7
INTRODUCTION
and Quintus Scaevola, the pontifex maximus, who are men-

tioned in the first section of the essay.
While Cicero drank in the learning of his times with
such avidity, he did not, nevertheless, allow himself to lose
interest in the practical side of life. Every day in the
forum he listened to orators discussing the questions of the
hour. After finishing his education in Rome he went to
Athens and Rhodes for the further study of rhetoric and
philosophy. Throughout his turbulent political career
Cicero devoted as much time as possible to literary activity,
writing in Greek and in Latin, in prose and in verse, and
on themes ranging from geography and astronomy to de
Natura Deorimi, de Divijiatiojie, etc. The times of especial
productiveness coincide with times of political inactivity on
Cicero's part. These periods lie between 55 and 51 b.c,
and between 46 and 43 b.c. During the first period he
wrote the treatises, de Oratoiê, de Re Pjiblica, and de Legi-
b?ts, in all of which he drew largely upon his own experience
and personal observation.

2. Time and Circumstances of Writing the Laelius. At
the overthrow of the republic and the rise of Caesar,
Cicero became disheartened and withdrew from active
political life. Such a course brought to him great disap-
pointment, trained as he was for statecraft and public
speaking but even greater trouble came to him in his pri-
;
vate life. In 46 B.C. he divorced his wife, Terentia, and

married his young and wealthy ward, Publilia, with whom
he did not live happily. The next year he experienced the
severest blow of all in the death of his daughter TuUia, who
had recently been divorced from Dolabella. In the midst
of his joys and his sorrows, his triumphs and his defeats,
she, more than any one else, had shared his confidence and
had given him comfort and cheer. So open was Publilia's
joy at Tullia's death that Cicero divorced her and refused
INTRODUCTION
to see her again.Upon the death of his daughter, Cicero

retired from Rome to devote himself in his country home
to Hterature. He gave himself so completely to the task
before him that the assassination of Caesar and the stirring
events of the next few months scarcely interrupted his
writing. During this period of literary activity he wrote
nearly a score of works, chiefly philosophical and ethical,
among them the Cato Maior de Senectute and the Laelins
de Amicitia. Nearly all of these, comprising a large part
of Cicero's writings, have come down to us and well attest
his industry and ability.
The Laeliits followed the Cato Maior and both were
written after Caesar's assassination in March of 44 B.C.,
probably late in the same year. Possibly there are politi-
cal allusions in t\\Q Lae litis ;

e.g. behind the characters of
Coriolanus and Ti.Gracchus we may detect Antony and

Caesar. One may even go so far as to read into the essay
as a whole the idea that it is written to call the Romans
away from temporary alliances for personal aggrandize-
ment {e.g. the triumvirates) to enduring friendships based
on virtus, i.e. loyalty to the state and to each other.
3. The Title. The manuscripts vary in giving the title
of this essay ;in the best manuscript, P {Parisin?is), the
title is wanting. The editors, too, do not agree. Some
have Laeliits de Amicitia ad T. Poniponiiun Atticmn
others have Laeliits de Amicitia liber ad T. Pompotiiuin
Atticitm ; and still others, Laeliits de Amicitia. Un-
doubtedly Cicero's favorite title for the book was Laeliits,
though he may have added de Amicitia by way of explana-
tion as he did de Senectute in the companion essay, the
Cato Maior. Cf. de Off. 2, 31, Sed de amicitia alio libro
dictum est, qui inscribititr Laeliits, and Laeliits 5, Scd,
itt in Catone Maiore, qui est scriptus ad te de senectute.
4. Atticus. Following the precedent in the Cato Maior,

9
INTRODUCTION
Cicero dedicated and sent the Laelius to his friend, Titus

Pomponius Atticus. Atticus (so called from his long resi-
dence in Athens) was three years older than Cicero. They
were educated together and maintained the most intimate
relations until Cicero's death in fact, Cicero wished Atticus
;
to see in the friendship of Scipio and Laelius a reminder of

their own friendship. Atticus belonged to the equestrian
order and the Marian party, but chose business rather than
politics as a profession. After the proscriptions of Sulla
he withdrew Athens, ostensibly to study, but
in 85 b.c. to
really for safety. While there he devoted himself to the
study of Greek philosophy and literature and to the increas-
ing of the great wealth he had inherited from his father
and uncle. He followed Epicurus in philosophy and was
thoroughly acquainted with the whole range of Greek and
Latin literature. His opinions were greatly respected, and
many literary men submitted their productions to him for
criticism this may have been in Cicero's mind a secondary
;
motive for sending the Cato Maior and the Laelius to Atti-
cus. He did a private banking business and invested large
sums in the corporationswhich farmed the revenues. It
is probable that many of Cicero's books were given to the
public through Atticus as his publisher, for he kept a large

number of slaves at his house, whom he employed in copy-
ing books, both for his own library and for sale. In 65 B.C.
he left Athens to take up again his residence in Rome.
His departure was the cause of general regret at Athens.
Because of his rank, wealth, culture, and lack of party feel-
ing, he lived on intimate terms with the distinguished men
of all parties, including Sulla, Caesar, Pompey, Brutus, An-
tony, Octavius, and others. The correspondence of Cicero
{Epistulae ad Attic7nii), covering a period of twenty-five
years, has come down to us, and proves the sincerity of the
friendship of Cicero and Atticus. Atticus died in 32 B.C.
10
INTRODUCTION
5.Dialogue Form. Evidently Cicero was well pleased

with the Cato Maior. In fact, he says he found it hard to
realize that he himself wrote the words instead of Cato, in
whose mouth he had placed them {Laelius, § 4). By adopt-
ing the dialogue form, as used by Plato and Aristotle, he
had given it naturalness and vivacity, while the speak-
ers were introduced only to give occasion for the discus-
sion, and to direct it in the desired channels. The form
pleased Cicero so much that when he wrote the Laelius he
adopted the plan of the Cato Maior exactly, and, in places,
even the same sentence structure {Laelius, § 16 and Cato
Maior, §§6 and 15). At times he is handling the same
authorities or is continuing the same line of thought {Lae-
lius, § 13 and Cato Maior, §§ 78-83), and addressing his
hearers in the same way {Laelius, § 33 and Cato Maior,
§ 39). Numerous references to the Cato Maior in the ex-
planatory notes show the close relationship between the
essays.
It was customary at Rome, as everywhere, to idealize the
past and praise the men of former times. Writers were
continually longing for the virtues of the sterner, hardier
age just gone, and from the past were quoting examples of
heroism, integrity, and wisdom for the inspiration of the
present generation. Cicero was no exception to this rule.
He states plainly that he assigned the discussion of old age
*'
to the old man, Marcus Cato, in order that the speech
might have greater weight" {Cato Maior, § 3). The dis-
cussion of friendship is also assigned to one whose words
of wisdom would carry conviction with the Romans, who
were looking back to better and wiser generations. Cicero
again frankly states to Atticus his purpose in dating the
dialogue back to the time of the younger Scipio Africanus,
and tries to give it greater semblance of reality by remind-
ing Atticus of his intimacy with one of the characters.
II
INTRODUCTION
The dialogue is represented as occurring a few days after

the death of Africanus, in 129 B.C.
6. The Speakers, Gains LaeHus, the friend
(a) Laelius.
of Scipio Africanus Minor, and the principal speaker of the
de Amicitia, is to be distinguished from his father, Gains
Laelius, the friend of Scipio Africanus Maior. He was
born about 186 B.C., but the date of his death is unknown.
In 151 B.C., while plebeian tribune, he proposed certain
reforms directed toward the improvement of the condition
of the plebeians and the knights. After his tribunate, he
changed his political affiliations, joined the aristocratic
party, and even went so far as to speak in 130 b.c. against
the Papirian law, which would permit the plebeian tribunes
to be reelected from year to year. When praetor, in 145 b.c,
by his eloquence he brought about the defeat of a measure
to place the election of the augurs in the hands of the peo-
ple. In 140 B.C. he was elected consul, after having been
defeated for that office the previous year. He was distin-
guished for his augural knowledge, and, according to Cic-
ero, bonus augur and Laelius were synonymous.
Though Laelius proved his courage under Scipio in the
overthrow of Carthage, and as praetor conducted a success-
fulcampaign against Viriathus in Spain, it was as a states-
man and philosopher that he gained most renown. His
oratory was unimpassioned, and better adapted to court
pleading than to addressing the people. It even caused
him to give way to more eloquent speakers, when enthusi-
asm and acrimony seemed to be needed. His diction was
elegant. There is a tradition that the purist Terence
received much of his polish from his conversations with
Scipio and Laelius, and that Laelius revised certain of his
plays. The studied style of portions of the de A^nicitia
may give evidence of Cicero's effort to reproduce the lan-
guage of Laelius as well as his sentiments.
12
INTRODUCTION
In philosophy he was a Stoic, trained first by Diogenes,

and later by Panaetius of Rhodes.
Laelius stands preeminent as an advocate and exponent
of Greek culture, which was introduced into Rome about
1 50 B.C. Efforts had been previously made to introduce
Greek literature and philosophy in Rome, but with only
partial success, owing to the prejudice of Romans like
Cato yet even Cato is said to have yielded to their charm.
;
Laelius is the chief speaker in the de Amicitia ; he also

takes a part in Cicero's de Senectute and de Re Piiblica.
Laelius is praised by all for his moral integrity, gentleness,
moderation, and happy disposition. On account of his
practical wisdom and liberal culture, he received from his
contemporaries the title Sapiens.
(b) Scaevola. Quintus Mucins Scaevola, augur, the son-
in-law of Laelius, belonged to a distinguished family. The
dates of his birth and of his death are unknown. He held
the offices in the state leading up to the consulship, which
he attained in 117 b.c. As praetor, in 121 b.c, he was
governor of the province of Asia, and upon his return was
prosecuted for extortion {repetiindae), but was acquitted.
He had Httle political ambition, and Cicero speaks of him
as having great influence in the state because of his free-
dom from partisanship. Even though
as late as 90 B.C.,
very old, he was ready to hear his clients at daybreak, and
no one arrived at the Curia before him. In ^S b.c. he is
said to have restrained the senate from declaring Marius an
enemy, by affirming that he would never consent to declare
that the man who had saved Rome was an enemy. Cicero
always speaks of Scaevola with great veneration and re-
spect, and introduces him as a speaker in the de Oratore
and the de Re Piiblica. He is to be carefully distinguished
from Q. Mucins Scaevola, pontifex maximus, whose " pu-
rity of moral character, exalted notions of equity and fair
13
INTRODUCTION
dealing, abilities as an administrator, an orator, and a ju-

rist, place him among the first of all ages and countries."
Scaevola, pontifex, was consul in 95 B.C., and was killed by
the Marian party in 82 B.C. because he was thought to be
a partisan of Sulla.
(c) Fannms. Gains Fannius Strabo, also a son-in-law
of Laelius, was a soldier, statesman, and writer. He was
among the first to enter Carthage when it was captured by
Scipio in 146 B.C., and later served in Spain under Fabius
in the war against Viriathus. He attained the consulship
in 122 B.C. He wrote of the wars in which he participated
and of the trouble with the Gracchi. Cicero criticises his
style, but a fragment of Sallust commends his accuracy.
7. Scipio. In the de Ainicitia Laelius, for the most part,

presents the views of his friend, P. Cornelius Scipio, who
was the younger son of Lucius Aemilius Paulus. Upon
his adoption by P. Cornelius Scipio, the son of the con-
queror of Hannibal, he retained the name Aemilianus to
designate his descent. He was born about 185 B.C., and
first gained distinction while fighting at Pydna under his
father in 168 B.C. In his earher years his fondness for

literary pursuits caused the Scipios to fear that he would
not uphold their reputation as a military family but he ;
volunteered for service in Spain in 151 B.C., when that ser-

vice was unpopular, and endeared himself to the army by
his personal courage. In 149 B.C. he saved the army in
Africa when the incompetency of its commander threat-
ened its destruction. Such enthusiastic letters concerning
Scipio's abihty were sent to Rome by the soldiers then in
Africa, that Scipio was elected consul in 147 B.C., though
he had not attained the legal age. His siege and capture
of Carthage, in 146 B.C., gave him the new surname, Afri-
canus, to which Minor was added to distinguish him from
the elder Africanus. When censor, in 142 B.C., following
14
INTRODUCTION
the example of Cato, whom he had taken as his model, he

made vain efforts to suppress luxury and extravagance,
and to check the passion for foreign conquests which the
destruction of Carthage had aroused anew. In 134 B.C. he
was chosen consul, though not a candidate, and assigned
to Spain to take charge of the siege of Numantia, which
had been dragging on for years. For his capture of
Numantia, in 133 B.C., he received a splendid triumph and
the cognomen Numantinus.
Scipio married the sister of Ti. Gracchus, but did not
sympathize with him in his agrarian reforms. His declara-
tion that Gracchus was justly slain lost for him the favor
of the plebeians, which heretofore he had enjoyed, and
caused the aristocrats to consider him their champion. In
129 B.C. he proposed to abrogate the lav/ of Ti. Gracchus
by taking the execution of it out of the hands of the three
commissioners, Fulvius Flaccus, Papirius Carbo, and C.
Gracchus. Carbo denounced Scipio in the severest terms,
charging him with being the enemy of the people. There
had been a particularly stormy session of the senate, and at
its close, Scipio, intending to prepare a speech for the next
day, was escorted home by a throng of Latins and Italians

whose lands were threatened by the law of Gracchus. The
next morning Scipio was found dead in bed. Contempo-
raneous opinion was divided as to the manner of his death,
whether from natural causes or at the hands of an assassin.
Scipio was the principal speaker in Cicero's de Re Piihlica.
8. The Scipionic Circle. Early in life Scipio became
interested in the study of Greek literature, under the direc-
tion of the historian Polybius. Even in the midst of his
most active military operations he found time to improve
his knowledge of the Greek language, with which he was
better acquainted than any Roman of his day, except,
perhaps, his friend Laelius. At Rome there gathered
15
INTRODUCTION
around Scipio a company of distinguished scholars and

Hterary men who read and discussed in Greek the poetry
and philosophy of Greece. This company, called the
Scipionic circle, included Laelius, Philus, Manlius, Ter-
ence, Pacuvius, and Mummius, all of whom are mentioned
in the Laelms^ besides such men as Polybius, the historian,
Lucilius, the satirist, and Panaetius, the philosopher. Cor-
rectness of style was the aim of the men who composed
the Scipionic circle. Terence, in the prologues of his
plays, promises "pure Latin," a veiled thrust at the Latin-
inity of previous writers, and Lucilius criticises severely
the style of Ennius, Plautus, etc. The influence of this
literary club can hardly be overestimated. These men,
separating themselves from the common people, developed
a style of Latin eminently pure, which reached its highest
perfection in the hands of Cicero. Side by side with it
lived the language of the common people {sermo cotidi-
aims), which, having more vigor because it was less arti-
ficial, survived the Latin of the Ciceronian age, and still
exists in the Romance languages, French, Italian, Spanish,

etc. Scipio and Laelius had come under the influence
of Greek philosophers as early as 155 B.C., when a new
incentive to the study of philosophy was received at Rome.
Of the three systems introduced at that time, —
Academic,
Stoic, and Peripatetic, —
the greatest influence was exerted
by the Stoics. Panaetius of the Scipionic circle was a
teacher of Stoicism, and many passages in the Laelius
contain references to that system of philosophy. The
study of Greek philosophy, while unpopular for a time,
soon gained great headway at Rome. The Roman youth,
having tested the soundness of the Greek thought, could
not be satisfied with anything inferior.
9. Unpopularity of Greek Philosophy at Rome. When
Rome's conquest had extended to Greece and Asia Minor,
16
INTRODUCnON
the Romans came into contact with a new civilization.

The discipline of the soldiers relaxed as they acquired the
habits of the Orient, and the introduction of eastern ex-
travagance and vice into Rome stirred to action the men
of simpler habits, led by Cato the Censor. They protested
vigorously against everything Greek, even denying a resi-
dence at Rome to the Greek philosophers who came on a.
diplomatic errand in 155 B.C., because they presumed to
give lectures on philosophy to the Roman youth. Any
one who showed acquaintance with the philosophy or
even the language of the Greeks, gained the ill-will of
the majority of his countrymen. This is shown in the
Laelitis in many places. Cicero, fully understanding
the spirit of 129 b.c, makes Laelius feign ignorance of
the names of philosophers and philosophical systems with
which he was thoroughly acquainted, lest he lose popu-
larity by admitting his knowledge of them. Undoubtedly,
the purpose of the men who assembled at Scipio's house
to read and discuss Greek philosophy and literature was
unknown to the people. oi'js
10. Sources of the Laelius. Cicero made no attempt

to
create anything in his philosophical works. He tells us
that the Greek supplied the thought, while the words to
express it never failed him. In this way he enriched' the
vocabulary of the Latin language, and made the ripe
thought of the Greeks available for those who could not
read for themselves the language of Plato and Aristotle.
This is an important fact in the history of philosophy.
Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, and others were practically
unknown for centuries, but during all that time their phi-
losophy was active in shaping the world of thought through
the writings of Cicero, which were read almost without
interruption during the Middle Ages. -iuWd.
It is among the Greeks, then, that we find the soii'fces
price's AMicrriA — 17
INTRODUCTION
of Cicero's essay on friendship. Schools of philosophy, as

well as individuals, had their theories on this interesting
theme.
Empedocles (about 450 b.c), in trying to improve upon
the philosophical system of the Pythagoreans, who held
that number (perfect equality) was the power which united
and kept all things in systematic order, hit upon the theory
that love unites and hate separates. Heraclitus before
him had held that unlikeness is the uniting force, i.e. that
*'the unlike poles attract." Socrates exalted friendship,
and his follower Plato tried to harmonize the theory of
the Pythagoreans and that of Heraclitus, but confused love
and friendship (Ernst Curtius, Der Fretmdschafts begriff
der Alteii).
Xenophon {Memorabilia, 2, 4-10) lays down certain
principles which Cicero mentions in the Laelius, e.g. no
friendship without virtue it is the best of our blessings, etc.
;
Unquestionably Cicero had read this treatise, and certain

phrases, having clung in his memory, came to him uncon-
sciously when he began to write about friendship. He
was certainly familiar with Xenophon's writings, and had
quoted him at length in the Cato Maior only a few weeks
previous to the writing of the Laeliiis.
We cannot be sure that Cicero read Plato at the time he
composed the Laelius, though he paraphrases him at length
in the Cato Maior. Cicero does present, however, several
sentiments which correspond to the views of Plato e.g. :
in § 3 he is following closely the introduction of the

TheaetetiLs. Neither can we be certain that Cicero read
Aristotle or used his works in connection with the com-
position of this essay, though Reid and others have pointed
out certain ideas which the Laelius and the Nicomachean
Ethics have in common.
The only direct evidence bearing upon this topic from
18
INTRODUCTION
ancient writers is that given by Aulus Gellius. In Nodes

Att. I, 3, 10, when speaking of the irepi îkia^ of The-
ophrastus, he says, Etini Hbrum M. Cicero videtur
legisse, cum ipse qiioqiie Hbrum de amicitia coniponeret.
Both Seneca and Plutarch give the passage from Theo-
phrastus, which Cicero translates literally in § 85. The
parallel passages are : ov <î\ovvTa Sec /cpivetv aWa Kpivavra
(f)iXelv; cum iitdicaris diligere oportet, 71071 ctim dilexeris
iiidicai'e. 'The affections should follow the judgment, not
the judgment the affections.'
In all probability Cicero had read other treatises on
friendshipwhose names and authors are unknown to us.
These must have unconsciously influenced both his trend
of thought and his diction in the Laeliiis. Those who
wish to make a careful study of this topic should consult
M. L. Dugas, V Amîtie antiqite d' apres les moeitrs popti-
laires et les theoides des pJdlosophes, Paris, 1894, and Monet,
Laelins de Amicitia (Introduction), Paris, 1895.
II. Style of the Laelius. Previous to the last period of
Cicero's literary activity there was no vocabulary in the
Latin language to express the philosophical terms of the
Greeks. In spite of the fact that words never failed Cicero
in his transfer of Greek thought to Latin idiom, he felt
shades of meaning for which no Latin word existed.
Accordingly he had to resort to paraphrases, circumlocu-
tions, ellipses, and newly coined words. Cicero also tried
to give the essay an air of reality in the mouth of Laelius
by using archaic forms and expressions. Attention is called
to these in the explanatory notes, and also to the introduc-
tion of certain oratorical turns showing that Cicero could
not entirely conceal his own profession. He has aimed
to give the essay or dialogue a highly colloquial effect by
means of anacoluthon, pleonasm, and repetition yet with ;
this we must compare the studied effects in certain other

^9
INTRODUCTION
passages. The essay from a literary standpoint possesses

charm ; also much material for reflection if we study it
from the standpoint of ethics or philosophy.
12. Roman In the Laelius the subject of
Friendship.
friendship is not treated according to the ordinary under-
standing of that term. The friendship Cicero describes is
not that of romance, but rather that of one Roman gen-
tleman for another. Philosophical discussions for the most
part give way to practical rules for making and retain-
ing friends. Cicero depicts the spirit of his own day,
although he gives the words to Laelius. Who was better
able than Cicero to portray the ideal friendship of a Roman }
He had put to the test one and another of his friends, and
had experienced the false and the true in his relations with
men. In more than one passage Cicero's disappointment
in his pohtical friends can be detected but in the friend-
;
ship of Scipio and Laelius one sees also his great satisfac-
tion in the ideal Roman virtues of Atticus, integrity, virtue,
and loyalty {constautia^ virtus, fides).
13. Later Writings on Friendship. It cannot be stated
precisely to what extent Cicero's essay has affected subse-
quent writers on friendship. Doubtless, some who have
written at length upon this theme have at least read the
discussions of Cicero as well as those of Xenophon, Plato,
and Aristotle. The Laelius may have given to some their
inspiration to write on friendship. Certain writers discuss
this topic along the lines laid down in the de Aniicitia, and
establish the same principles. Others view friendship from
an entirely different standpoint, but we cannot say that
these had no intimate acquaintance with the Laelius. For
the most part, however, writers have differed from Cicero
in their discussion of friendship by giving it a more sym-
pathetic treatment. They have put into it more of the
heart and less of the intellect more of the spiritual and
;
:
INTRODUCTION
less of the practical. We must bear mind, too, that

in
Cicero wrote from a Roman point of view, and for a people
whose interests for the most part were self-centered ; Mon-
taigne, Emerson, and Black, in their discussion of friend-
ship, appeal to us more strongly because their point of
view is our own, and they emphasize the unselfishness of
true friendship.
Only a few of the writers on friendship, subsequent to
Cicero, need be mentioned. The arrangement for the most
part is chronological. Plutarch : Moral Essays, including
a chapter on the distinction between a friend and a flat-
terer,and one on the number of our friends. Montaigne

Essays,Vo\.\. Shakespeare: Sonnets. Milton: Lycidas.
Jeremy Taylor Measures and Offices of FriendsJiip. The
:
Rambler (64,99), ^^^^ Spectator {6S, 385), The Guardian

(126), TJie Idler (23, 41), The Mirror (90), Westminster
Reviezu (Vol. y^). Bacon Essays. Emerson Friendship.
: :
Tennyson: In Mcmoriani. Hugh Black: Friendship.

14. The Manuscripts of the Laelius. Of the numerous
manuscripts of the Laelius, scholars have selected nine
which for completeness and reliability stand preeminent.
They are: G {G?idianns in Wolfenbiittel), E {E?fnrtensis
in Erfurt), DV ( l/indobonenses in Vienna), BSM {Monacen-
ses in Munich), P i^Parisiujis in Berlin), and H {Harleianus
2682 in the library of the British Museum in London).
Editors disagree as to the relative value of these manu-
scripts. Halm, who never saw P and H, considered G the
most more recent editors are inclined to give P
reliable ;
the highest rank, though they by no means agree with

C. F. W. Miiller in preferring, as he sometimes does, its
readings to the consensus of the other manuscripts. In
classifying the manuscripts, scholars are agreed that BSV
belong to the same branch, and that G, though a century
or two older, is closely related to them. E and H are also
21
INTRODUCTION
closely related to each other. P and M resemble each

other, but their relation to BGSV, also to E and H, cannot
be determined.
15. Outline of the Laelius.
Chapter I. Dedication to Atticus.

II. -IV. Introduction to the Dialogue.
V.-XXVI. Discourse of Laelius on Friendship.
17-24. Its Value.
25. Transition.
26-35. Its Nature.
36-100. Its Laws.
XXVII. Conclusion.
1-5. Cicero tells Atticus how their patron Scaevola

happened to mention a quarrel between two men who had
been close friends. This suggested to Scaevola a conver-
sation about friendship which Laelius had with his two
sons-in-law, Scaevola and Fannius. Cicero renders this con-
versation freely in accordance with the request of Atticus
that he write something about friendship. As Cato seemed
best suited to speak of old age in the Cato Maior^ so Lae-
lius, whose relations with Scipio were ideal, seemed best
suited to speak on friendship. Cicero suggests to Atticus
that the whole speech of Laelius is but a reminder of their
own friendship.
6-16. Fannhis. The people consider you wise, Laelius,
according to the standard of the Stoics, and wonder,
because contrary to your custom you were absent from the
meeting of the augurs, whether you bear the loss of Scipio
as a Stoic should. Scaevola. I told them that considera-
tion for health prevented your attending.
Laelius. You are right, Scaevola, grief ought not to
interfere with duty ; but, Fannius, you are wrong in ranking
any one before Cato in wisdom. I acknowledge my grief
22
INTRODUCTION
at Scipio's death, but I am comforted with the thought that

after a brilhant career he has attained immortality. I
agree with our ancestors and with Socrates that the soul is
immortal. Therefore it is well with Scipio. The thought
that our friendship will be immortal is also a great comfort.
Fannius. Now that you have mentioned friendship, we
shall be pleased if you will tell us what you think about
friendship and the laws that govern it.
Laelius. I am unable to give you a philosophical dis-
cussion of the subject as the Greek philosophers might,

but I will do the best I can to help you to realize that
friendship deserves the highest consideration. It can
exist only between the good. This term has
its ordinary
signification, not given to it by the philosophers.

that
Friendship is stronger than relationship. It consists of
oneness of purpose, is based on virtue, and is our choicest
earthly possession. It enriches our blessings and lessens
our troubles. The loss of it would wreck the world. Its
power iseverywhere recognized.
25. When Laelius hesitates, Fannius and Scaevola urge
him to continue his interesting discussion.
26-35. Laelius. Friendship finds its origin, not in ad-
vantages sought, but in affection, the highest form of
which is found when man is bound to man because of
excellence of character. Virtue is admired even in an
enemy. Favors given and received strengthen, but do not
create, friendship,and the philosophers who ascribe friend-
ship to the desire for reward or pleasure are wrong.
Friendships tend to be broken by party fines in politics,
marriage arrangements, preferment in office, greed for
gain, and by the request of a friend for an improper service.
36-44. How far should one go in aiding a friend }
Warning examples of men who have made dishonorable
requests are introduced. These difficulties would not arise
23
INTRODUCTION
ifwe had to do with ideal men, but we must take men as

we find them. The best citizens place patriotism before
friendship. Leading citizens are violating this principle
and the outlook is serious. When men
begin to do wrong,
the time has come to leave them such a course preserves
;
the state. We should give advice and take it in a friendly

spirit.
45~55- The opinions of certain Greek philosophers are

refuted, viz. that close friendship should be avoided be-
cause of the resultant anxiety and that friendship is
;
sought for the sake of securing assistance. The former '
course would lead us to give up virtue as well, for that is

maintained only with a struggle, while deposed tyrants
have proved that friends for gain are not friends at all.
How foolish to delight in wealth with all that it affords
and not have the greater satisfaction of possessing true
friends
56-61. Three false opinions are refuted and Scipio's
criticism of Bias is introduced. Slight deviations from
strict rectitude are permissible.
62-66. Care istaken in the choice of friends, and
to be
only the well-tried should be accepted. Ambition is the
severest test of friendship ; change of fortune is the next.
Other tests of friendship are discussed.
6j, 68. Prefer tried friends to the untried, but do not
reject the untried they show promise.
if
69-76. How to secure a feeling of equality between

friends, should that state not exist. In helping a friend,
consider your own ability to give and his ability to receive
and appropriate. The friendships of maturer years are to
be preferred, though the friends of one's youth are not to
be neglected. Occasions may arise when for a friend's
sake we ought to give up his friendship.
76-100. Friendships of a lower plane must sometimes
24
INTRODUCTION
be broken, but great tact should be exercised that enmity

may not be engendered. The possibiUty of such a cessa-
tion of intimacy makes greater care necessary in forming
friendships. Considerations of advantage must not be
entertained. There can be no genuine friendship with-
out virtue. The affection should follow the judgment.
Friendship is the only relation of which the advantage
and importance are universally recognized. Friends must
be perfectly frank with each other, both speaking and hear-
ing the truth in a friendly spirit. Flattery, the greatest foe
of friendship, must be avoided. It injures most the man
who covets it, and is more dangerous when it is disguised.
1 01-104. Virtue alone forms and preserves friendship.
Laelius throughout his life had found this true. His inti-
macy with Scipio had proved his greatest blessing, and his
regret was that they could not pass away together. Virtue
and friendship are to be ranked above everything else.
25
References to Latin Grammars are indicated as follows :
-
A. &G Allen and Greenough.
B Bennett.
GL Gildersleeve-Lodge.
H. . o Harkness (Complete).
L Lane.
26
M. TVLLI CICERONIS LAELIVS
DE AMICITIA
I. I. Q. Mucius augur multa narrare de C. Laelio so-
cero suo memoriter et iucunde solebat nee dubitare ilium
§ I, For the title, cf. Introd. 3. they could indefinitely defer any
Note the personal nature and proposed action by declaring the
the historical and dramatic value auguries unfavorable, whereby the
of this introductory chapter. auspices of the magistrates were
1.Q. Mucius augur Quintus : made unfavorable, and they often
Mucius Scaevola. Cf. Introd. 6. used their power to further the
The Romans used few given names schemes of unscrupulous men.
and exercised little ingenuity in For the method of taking the
inventing others. Numerals (Quin- auspices, cf. Smith's Diet, of
tus, Sextus, etc.) were often adopted Greek ajid Roman Antiq. The
for the given name (^praenoineji). order Q. Mucins augur is usual.
The names for women were origi- Cf. ad pontificeju Scaevola^n
nally adjectives derived from the below. The chiasmus (" revers-
name of the gens, e.g. Terentia, ing the order of words in cor-
Tullia, Horatia, etc. Augiir, an responding pairs of phrases ")
important official in the Roman helps to distinguish one Scaevola
State who, from the flight, notes, from the other. — i. narrare: 'to
or action of birds, from the action tell in a free and easy way of mat-
of animals, and from the observa- ters of interest.' The choice of
tion of celestial phenomena, inter- this word gives the key for the
preted the signs as favorable or emotional quality of the introduc-
unfavorable for the project in hand. tion. Cf. the effect of logiti and
The board of augurs originally con- dicere. — i. C. Laelio : C= Gaius,
sisted of three members, but the not Caius.In early Latin the
number was gradually increased character C
represented both a k-
until there were sixteen at the sound and a ^-sound. Upon the
time of Julius Caesar. They had introduction of the Greek alphabet
great influence in the state, for the Romans felt the need of a new
27
§0 M. TVLLI CICERONIS
in omni sermone appellare sapientem ego autem a patre ;
ita eram deductus ad Scaevolam sumpta virili toga, ut, quoad
character to correspond to gamma. putatio. — 3. sapientem: cf Introd.
To represent this sound, C was still 6. — 3. autem: the weakness of this

used, but differentiated by a mark, adversative particle is shown by its
G. The archaic C is retained as postpositive position. It is often
an abbreviation for Gaius also; used by Cicero, as here, to call up
Cn. for Gnaeus. — 2. memoriter et something regarded as known to
iucunde with accurate recollec-
:
'
the reader or hearer, yet possibly
tion and
an entertaining way.'
in overlooked at the moment and so
Note the balancing of the two needing a word of recall, I had '•
terms, an oft-recurring touch of been, you know, entrusted,' etc. —

oratorical style. Memoriter looks 4. ita with this understanding
:
^ '
to the speaker ; iiictmde to the explained by ut discederein.

. . .
effect on the hearers. Cf. e me- — 4. deductus: 'entrusted' ; a

morial 'from memory,' and Plant. common practice in the education
Capt. 249, si poles ineimiritcr 7nemi- of the Roman youth. The pupil
nisse. —
2. solebat the placing of : heard his patron's speeches, lis-
solebat between the infinitives that tened to the advice he gave his
depend upon it is called coniunctio^ clients and, in short, learned how
i.e. the placing of a word or ex- to conduct himself in life from
pression between two words, both studying in his patron the elements
of which are immediately associ- that had contributed to his success.
ated with it. Cf. Cato Maior., § i, Cf. Tac. Dialogus, 34. This is a
Novienim moderatione7n animitui com_mon practice in England, and
et aeqiiitatem. — 2. nee dubitare : is often adopted by American stu-
noil dubitare^ 'not to hesitate,' is dents of law. —

4. ad Scaevolam:
regularly followed by the infinitive. i.e. Quintus Mucins Scaevola, augur.
Quill seldom follows this meaning. — 4. sumpta virili toga : the usual
Cf. L. 1987. —
emphatic
2. ilium: order {toga virilis) is inverted to
ioxeum. —
3. omni sermone 'every : make the age idea more promi-
conversation.' Sermo, dialogue '
'
nent. The age forassuming the
or ' conversation,' is a more digni- toga virilis varied from fourteen
fied term than colloquium, talk.' '
to sixteen at different times in the
Oratio is sometimes used almost history of the state. The cere-
synonymously with i-(?r;//^. Cf. Cato mony usually took place at the
Maior, § 62, Sed in ojuni oratioiie, feast of the Liberalia (March 17),
where Cicero is referring to the when the boy laid aside the purple-
dignified dialogue, Cato Maior. bordered toga {toga praefexta') of
Cf. Introd. 5, and § 5, tola dis- boyhood for the white toga {toga
28
—
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§i
possem et liceret, a senis latere numquam discederem ita- 5 ;
que multa ab eo prudenter disputata, miilta etiam breviter

et commode dicta memoriae mandabam fierique studebam
eius prudentia doctior. Quo mortuo me ad pontificem
picrd) of quod
manhood. Cf. § '^},^ putare, '
to trim,' as of trees and
sunimi pueroruin auiores saepe una vines), hence to strip a subject of
cum praetexta toga ponercntur I n . its verbiage, Ho settle.' Cf. § 3,
case a man became aedile, censor, Eiits disputationis sententias me-
or consul, he again assumed the moriae mandavi. — multa etiam
6.
purple-bordered toga. 4. quoad — . . . mandabam : many, too, of his

'
possem et liceret possem refers : pithy and happy sayings I used to

to circumstances directly affecting learn by heart,' Breviter is used
Cicero ; liceret, the old age and pro- with reference to the speaker com- ;
fessional engagements of Scaevola uiodc, with reference to the hearer.

made Cicero's privilege subject to Cf. mei}ioriter et iucundc, above.
considerable interruption. Cf. 7ue- 8. prudentia doctior : another sug-
moriter et iuciindc above. These gestive pair ; the young Cicero
verbs are subjunctive by attrac- hoped to be gainer because of the
tion i.e. they stand within or are
; unusual gift of intuition, or in-
dependent upon another subjunc- sight, which marked Scaevola all
tive clause of which they are re- his life prudentia {pro + videre')
;
garded as an integral part. Note '

foresight,' '
practical wisdom.'
here the relative richness of Cicero learned the theory and
Latin in verbs and of English in observed the practice of Scaevola.
abstract nouns. In English we — 8. Quo: 'and when he.' The
should say, 'consistent with my relative pronoun at the beginning
ability and his convenience.' — of a sentence referring to what
5. ut numquam discederem:
. . . precedes is regularly employed
the negative is generally found in where in English we use and with ' '
the introductory particle of negative a demonstrative. Cicero uses the

purpose clauses, e.g. ne . . . 11m- ablative absolute as a convenient
qiiain. Quoad . . . liceret softens substitute for conjunctions, be-
the statement. — 6. multa . . . cause, by expressing more concisely
dicta : note the substantival use of time, cause, condition, etc. , it avoids
the neuter perfect participles which, the repetition of introductory par-
nevertheless, as participles in form, ticles. —
ad pontificem Scaevo-
8.
maybe modified by adverbs. Dis- 1am : cf. Both were

Introd. 8.
putata was originally an agricul- named Q. Mucius Scaevola ponti- ;
turalterm {dis^ on both sides -|- '

' ficem and augur serve to dis-
29
§1-2] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
Scaevolam contuli, quern unum nostrae civitatis et ingenio

loet iustitia praestantissimum audeo dicere. Sed de hoc
alias ; nunc redeo ad augurem.
2. Cum saepe multa, turn memini domi in hemicyclio
tinguish one from the other. Ponti- trast or emphasis, e.g. nostrae is
fex, a member of the priestly col- in implied contrast with the rest
lege which had general supervision of the world, particularly Greece.
over religious matters. Down to Cf. § 7, Athenis iiniDn accepiinus.
the time of the Julian reform, the — II. alias: in the best prose, is
pontiifs exercised a great influence equivalent to alio tempore, not alio

in public life by regulating the loco or alio 9nodo, and usually
Roman calendar, thus extending refers to the future ; but cf. § 33,
or shortening the period of office where it refers to the present.
of any magistrate. They were II. nunc: is used when contrast in
consulted in private as well as time is desired, as here with alias
in public transactions. For their iam is the general word. Cf. § 13,
number, term of office, qualifi- gtme 7iiinc qnide?n deleta est., turn
cations, etc., consult Smithes Diet, florebat.
of Greek and Ro?nan Antig., also 2. Cum . . . turn :
'
while I
Mommsen's Hist, of Ro7ne, vol. i, have often heard him talk on many
chapt. 12. — 8. me . . . contuli: subjects, yet particularly I remem-
contrast this with a patre erain ber,' etc. The second of the cor-
deductiis above. After donning relative expressions is regularly the
the toga virilis he assumes the stronger. — i . saepe multa : sc. eiwt
responsibility for his own educa- dicere memini., implied from in ewn
tion. — g. unum . . . praestantis- . . . i7tcidere. — i . memini . . .
simum : the superlative may be in eum . . . incidere : I remem-

'
strengthened by the addition of ber his happening to mention that

utms^ preeminently,' usually with
' subject in his conversation.' Past
a genitive. Trans, 'the one most events actually witnessed may be
distinguished,' or, where the sense brought vividly before the mind
demands, ' one of the most dis- {repraeseiitatio^ by the use of 7Jie-
tinguished ' ; the former is its 77ii7ii with the present participle or
usual meaning. Cf. Verg. A. 2, infinitive. The perfect infinitive
426, cadit et Rhipeus iiistissimiis is also used with and is 7}ie77ii7ii
unus. — 9. nostrae civitatis

note : sometimes employed even when
that the possessive pronouns regu- the narrator is an eyewitness. —
larly follow the nouns they modify. I . hemicyclio : (t^/xikwAiov, a semi- '
When they precede, it is for con- circle.') A semicircular seat used

30
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§2
sedentem, ut solebat, cum et ego essem una et pauci admo-

dum familiares, in eum sermonem ilium incidere qui turn
fere multis erat in ore. Meministi enim profecto, Attice,
et eo magis quod P. Sulpicio utebare multum cum is tribu- 5
for conversation or for teaching the main word to the prefix, which
where the leader of the conversa- to a certain extent shapes the
tion or the teacher sat at the apex meaning of the compound and
of the curve or on one end where which originally took the accent.
all could see him. Such seats Cf. de + facio = deficio ; con +
were placed in private houses, and tango — contingo, etc. 4. Attice — :
in public or private grounds or cf. Introd. 4. Notice that in clas-

on covered walks. They may still sical Latin prose the vocative
be seen at Pompeii and have been never stands at the beginning of
discovered along public thorough- a sentence. Cf. §§ 6, 8, 9, etc.
fares, where they furnished a In poetry the vocative is often
resting place for travelers. In placed at the beginning of a sen-
heinicyclio sedeiitcjn continues the tence e.g. Verg. A. i, 8, Musa,
;
tone of § I, narra?'e. — 2. ego: miJii cans as me mora., quo 7iumine

in Latin the pronoun of the laeso. — 5. P. Sulpicio utebare :
firstperson regularly precedes the 'you were on very intimate terms

second or third. —
2. una: lit. 'in with.' P. Sulpicius Rufus, a cele-
one and the same place,' is usu- brated orator, was at first a sup-
ally followed by ciiui. Cf § 33, porter of the aristocratic party.
amoves saepe una (temporal) cnm Later, as tribune of the plebs in
Praetexta toga ponerejitur. — 2. ad- 88 B.C., at the instigation of the
modum : 7?iodus, '
limit,' '
to the Marian party, he proposed revolu-
limit,' 'in a high degree,' 'very'; tionary measures, such as the recall
to be taken with pauci. Adverbs of the exiles and the assignment
usually precede the words they of citizens to tribes. He was
modify. They gain strength by opposed by his former friend
being placed after the modified Pompeius the consul. When
words. —3. turn fere about :
' Sulla entered Rome, Sulpicius,
that time,' colloquial. Fere regu- who had resisted him, was put to
larly follows the word it modi- death. Atticus's cousin married
fies. —
4. profecto: {pro \factum, Sulpicius's brother (Nepos, Att.
'deed'). Cf. the affirmative collo- 2, i). Cicero {Brutus, 203) praises
quialism for a fact.' The vowel is
'
Sulpicius as an orator. He is one
reduced in rank (from a to ^) be- of the speakers in Cicero's de Ora-
cause some emphasis is drawn from tore. The nomen Rufus, * red,'
31
§2-3] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
nus plebis capital! odio a Q. Pompeio, qui turn erat consul,

dissideret, quocum coniunctissime et amantissime vixerat,
quanta esset hominum vel admiratio vel querela.
3. Itaque turn Scaevola cum in earn ipsam mentionem
was probably used in the first in- posal of laws and the holding of
stance to designate some one with elections. —
5. tribunus con- . . .
red hair or a ruddy complexion, sul : as such they were the official
whence it became a traditional leaders of the opposite political par-
name in the family. Cf. Flaccus, ties,inasmuch as the consul was tra-
Mop-eared' ; Cicero {eke?-, 'pea/ ditionally,though not always in fact,
' wart ') ; Caesar, ' hairy '
; Scae- patrician. This alienation is a typi-
vola, 'left-handed,' etc. With 6^?//- cal illustration of how the Roman
pkio utebare {jitebaris), cf. ''iiti man was merged into the Roman
aliqiio aniko, '
to avail one's self officer. — 6. capitali odio :
'
deadly
of (to enjoy) a man's friendship hatred.' Cf. capital punishment.
(to have a friend in him)'"; etc. Capital = facitius quod capitis
GL. 407, 3. —
5. is tribunus plebis : poena hiiticr {Fest. p. 37). As a
'he, as tribune.' Tribunes, as judicial term in civil procedure,
chiefs of the tribes, existed in the capitalis refers to the crimes which
state from the earliest times. As are punishable with the loss of civil
the breach between the patricians rights, e.g. citizenship. — 7. quo-
and plebeians widened, the patri- cum : generally refers to a definite
cians in 494 B.C. were forced to person qtticuin to an indefinite.
—
;
grant to the plebeians tribunes of Cf. § 22 qiticum. 8. vel admiratio

their own whose special duty it vel querela : 'surprise, shall I call it,
was to protect the plebeians against or sorrow.' Fi?/, ' take your choice',
the encroaching power of the patri- (velle 'to wish'), indicates unde-
cians. The person of the plebeian termined choice on the part of
tribune was sacred and inviolable, the speaker whereas aid gives the
;
and power was practically un-

his hearer a choice determined by the
limited. He was obliged to remain speaker. Admiratio in its original
in the city and keep his house open signification denotes the shock
day and night as a place of refuge arising from the unexpected qiie- ;
for any in need of protection. The rela gives expression to a deeply

tribunes appeared in the senate, seated emotion. In political crises
took part in its deliberations, and the enmity of such influential men
could veto the act of the senate or threatened disaster to the state.
of any magistrate, even the consul. 3. turn . . . incidisset : tt(?n not
They could also prevent the pro- correlative with the following cwn.
32
—
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§ 3
incidisset, exposuit nobis sermonem Laeli de amicitia habi-

tum ab illo secum et cum altero genero, C. Fannio Marci
filio, paucis diebus post mortem Africani. Eius disputa-
tionis sententias memoriae mandavi, quas hoc libro exposui 5
arbitratu meo ;
quasi enim ipsos induxi loquentes, ne '
in-
quam '
et 'inquit ' saepius interponeretur atque ut tamquam
a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur.
It refers to Scaevola's happening placed on a tag and fastened to

to mention the rupture between the piece of wood around which
Sulpicius and Pompeius noted in the book was rolled. Pliny men-
§ 2, and is taken up again in cum tions a rare case where a papyrus
. .incidisset^
. having happened, ' roll survived two hundred years.
I say, to mention/ In earn ipsam Parchment, made from the skins
mentiojiem = i?i eius dissensiotiis of animals, came into common use
mentionein. — 2. Laeli de amicitia : for books much later time.
at a
cf. Introd. 3. — secum et cum:
3. 6. arbitratu meo: cf. §1, nostrae
cf. § 2, qiioctim, and § 11, mecuin civitatis. The outline is Scaevola's,
et cum. — 3. C. Fannio cf. § i, C : but in the wording Cicero follows
Laeli., also Introd. 6. — 4. Afri- his own discretion. 6. quasi — . . .
cani: cf. This gives

Introd. 7. induxi; quasi., 'so to speak,' softens
the date of the imaginary conversa- the metaphor in ipsos induxi., whicli
tion. —
4. Eius disputationis this : here is borrowed from the stage,
word carries an implied comment i.e. to introduce an actor or charac-
on the discussion, that it was ter upon the stage. Cf. Hor. 6". i . 2,
orderly and complete. Cf. § i, 20-22, pater illcj Terenti fabula

disputata. — 5. sententias :
^
the que?n . . . inducit. — 7. inquit : in-
main points.'' — 5. quas: 'and troduces direct discourse, stands
these.' Cf. § i, quo. — hoc 5. within the quotation (or at its end),
libro : the preposition is omitted and is to be translated said he.' '
because the idea of means is felt to Cicero closely imitates in this sen-
predominate. In Cicero's time the tence the introduction of Plato's
book was a roll of paper made from Thcaetetus. Cf. Introd. 10. — 7. sae-
the papyrus (paper) plant. The pius :
'
too frequently.' Note that
pages were at right angles to its when the comparative is used with-
length, and were from nine to out an actual comparison, it is used
eleven inches wide. The roll was with reference to an absolute stand-
easily handled by unrolling and ard. The force is brought out by
rolling as one read. The title was '
too,' '
unusually,' etc. —
8. coram :
price's AMicrriA —3 33
§4] M. TULLI CICERONIS
4. Cum enim saepe mecum ageres ut de amicitia scribe-

rem aliquid, digna mihi res cum omnium cognitione tum
nostra familiaritate visa est. Itaque feci non invitus ut
prodessem multis rogatu tuo. Sed ut in Catone Maiore,
5 qui est scriptus ad te de senectute, Catonem induxi senem
'
face to face,' an adverb strength- Age, which was written late in the
ening a pj'aesentibus ; as a prepo- year 44 B.C., a few months before
sition it is used with persons only, the Laelius. Cf. Introd. 3. —
and is rare, except in law Latin, 4. Sed ut . . . Scaevola: for the
until the time of Tacitus. form of the essay, cf. Introd. 5.
4. mecum : cf. § 2, quociim. He accedes to the wishes of many,
The repetition of ciufi in this but he puts the words into the
sentence seems inelegant. Many mouth of one who can speak
like cases are found in Cicero. — authoritatively on friendship, as
I. mecum ageres: a pohtical Cato did on old age in the Cato
expression. Agere cinn populo Maior. —
5. qui est scriptus ad te :
{senatu, etc.), 'to bring a matter cf Cato Maior, § i, Nunc autem

before the people' (senate, etc.) visujn est ?nihi de senectute aliqiiid
for their approval, '
to plead ' or ad te conscribere ('compose').
'
negotiate.' Cf. § 96, agere ciuii 5. Catonem : Cato was a represen-
popiilo. — 2. cum . . . tum :
'
not tative Roman of the "good old
only' . . . 'but also.' Cf. § 2, times." In old age he retained, in
cum . . . ti/m. — 3. feci . . . ut pro- a high degree, his mental and phys-
dessem : Cicero frequently uses ical powers, and the words placed
this circumlocution, which is prob- in his mouth by Cicero would carry
ably derived from the common great weight with the Romans. He
speech. Cato Ma/or, § 42,
Cf. was born in 234 B.C. and, having
Invihis feci ut L. Flamiiiiu7n e held all the highest offices in the
senatti eicerem. For the form pro- state, died in 149 B.C. He was
desse77i, cf. Lindsay, Latin Lan- especially famous as censor, and
guage, p. 590. 3. non invitus — : was known as Cato the Censor.
the statement is made emphatic by Cicero represents him discussing
denying its opposite (litotes). old age with his young friends
4. rogatu tuo ablative of cause. : Scipio and Laelius in 150 B.C.
Tuo, cf. § I, nostrae civitatis. — the year before his death. His
4. Catone Maiore i.e. in the book. : principal writing was a treatise on
Cato Maior is evidently Cicero's agriculture (de Re Rustica), which,
favorite title for the essay on Old like Poor Richard's Almanac,
34
, ;
disputantem, quia nulla videbatur aptior persona quae de

ilia aetate loqueretur quam eius qui et diutissime senex
fuisset et in ipsa senectute praeter ceteros floruisset, sic
cum accepissemus a patribus maxime memorabilem C.
Laeli et P. Scipionis familiaritatem fuisse, idonea mihi lo
Laeli persona visa est quae de amicitia ea ipsa dissereret
abounded in maxims. He is said '

in comparison with all others '
to have begun the study of Greek ceteri, ' all the rest '
; reliqui, ' the
at — induxi
eighty. 5. : cf. § 3, part remaining,' implying a sub-
induxi. —
disputantem6. : cf. § i traction ; alii, '
others,' not ' the
disptitata. — persona the mask
6. : others.' — 8. floruisset: 'prospered,'
worn by an actor to enlarge and in material wealth. Cf. Cato Maior,
change his features, and perhaps § 8, Est, ut dicis, Cato ; sed fortasse
to give carrying power to his voice. dixerit quispiam tibi propter opes
By a transfer persona refers to the et copias et dignitatem tuam tolera-
character assumed (role), but biliorem senectutem videri,idautem
never to the individual himself. noji posse multis contingere (' hap-
Cf. § 93, in Gnathonis persona. pen'). — 9. patribus: 'fathers,'
Cicero is fond of introducing ref- not ancestors {maiores). Scipio
erences to the stage and to actors. died in 129 B.C., and Atticus and
Cf. pro Arch.
Quis nostrtun § 17, Cicero were born in 109 and
tain ani?no agresti acduro fuit, ut 106 B.C. respectively. Their
Rosci inorte nuper non conmiovere- fathers would well remember the
tur ? qui cum esset senex mortuus, close friendship of Scipio and Lae-
tanien propter excellentem artein lius. 9. —
maxime memorabilem :
ac venustatein videbatur omjiino " most primitives in -His and -bilis

inori non debuisse. 6. de ilia — have a comparative, but no super-
aetate about that period of life,'
:
'
lative." L. 359, also 360. Cf.
i.e. old age. — 7. qui diutissime § 28, amabilius, and § 51, ama-
. floruisset
. . note again the verb
: bilissimum. 11. dissereret — . . . dis-
forms for abstract nouns, 'whose putata . . . meminisset : disserere,
old age was of unusual length and '
to give a connected discussion of
remarkable attractiveness.' Cf. § i, a theme,' as we say, " He devel-
quoad possem, etc. Note the effec- ops his subject well " ; disputo, cf.
tiveness of the metaphor when the § I, disputata. The change in
beauty of bloom {pios) is predicated word is necessary because disserere
of old age. 8. —
praeter ceteros : lacks a perf. pass. part. ; dissereret
*•
beyond all others ' ;
prae ceteris, and meminisset are both imper-
35
§ 4-5] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
quae disputata ab eo meminisset Scaevola. Genus autem

hoc sermonum positum in hominum veterum auctoritate,
et eorum inlustrium, plus nescio quo pacto videtur habere
15 gravitatis itaque ipse mea legens sic afficior interdum ut

;
Catonem, non me loqui existimem.

5. Sed ut turn ad senem senex de senectute, sic hoc
hbro ad amicum amicissimus scripsi de amicitia. Turn est
feet tenses. Meinini is a preteri- faction with the Cato Maior, cf.
tive verb, i.e. perfect in form but Introd. 5. In this section and
present in signification. Cf. odi the one following Cicero praises
and iiovi. — 12.Genus autem hoc himself, though somewhat more
sermonum = servwnes autem Jmius covertly than in the orations. —
generis. Sennoiiuin is genitive of 15. mea : sc. script a, referring to
definition. Cf. § 6, eogno?ne)i ia?n the essay on Old Age. — 15. legens :
habebat in senectute sapientis ; and the present participle can be used

§ 12, (2uo de genere 7nortis. The only of action that is exactly con-
figure is hypallage " interchange : temporaneous with the action of
of constructions." — 13. veterum : the main verb.
'men of former times.' Vetus, old, 5. Sed amicitia the Roman
. . . :
but still in existence (cf. veteran) ;

writers were fond of bringing into
antiquuSy old, having passed out close proximity words of similar
of existence, e.g. aîtigui, the '
derivation and sound. The figure
ancients priscus. old, existing
' ; is tautophony : similarity of sound.
before our time pristinus, old, ;
Sed is not adversative ; it marks
good old, having existed in our day. a transition back to the theme
But the distinction between these from which a digression was made
words, while generally correct, is at genus autem. Cf. its original
not always observed even among meaning, se-, 'apart'; hence here,
the writers of the best classical 'leaving this out.' i. ad senem
period. — 13. auctoritate :

'
influ- ... ad amicum cf. § 4, ad te. :
ence,' '
weight,' never authority in Atticus was sixty-five and Cicero
the sense of force.' ' 14. nescio quo sixty-two in 44 B.C., when the
pacto somehow
: so also nescio
'
'
; essays were written. — i. turn
quo modo. The verbal force is lost, . . . hoc libro : we should expect
as it usually is in similar adverbs, a nu7ic to be correlative with ttim,
e.g. videlicet (videre + licet^ , scili- and illo libro to correspond to hoc
cet {scire + licet), etc. — 15. itaque libro. Cf. turn . . . nunc below.
. . . existimem ; for Cicero's satis- Cicero uses tum thirty times as
36
:
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§ 5-6
Cato locutus, quo erat nemo fere senior temporibus illis,
nemo prudentior ; nunc Laelius et sapiens (sic enim est

habitus) et amicitiae gloria excellens de amicitia loquetur. 5
Tu velim a me animum parumper

Laelium loqui avertas,
ipsum putes. C. Fannius et Q. Mucins ad socerum veniunt
post mortem Africani ab his sermo oritur, respondet Lae- ;
Hus, cuius tota disputatio est de amicitia, quam legens te

ipse cognosces. lO
II. 6. Fannius. Sunt ista, LaeH; nee enim mehor vir
often as tunc. — 3. senior . . . pru- tions. The relation of the clauses

dentior sapiens
. . amicitiae
. . . . is shown by antithesis, that is, by
gloria excellens note the chias- : opposition or contrast of parts.
mus. Sapiens corresponds to The combination of the two is
prudentior, and a?mcitiae gloria called antithetical asyndeton. —

excellens to senior. Sapiejis, cf. 7. C. Fannius et Q. Mucins cf. :
Introd. 6. — 3. temporibus illis: Introd. 6. — 8. ab his sermo oritur :
cf. Introd. — 2. 4. prudentior: cf. 'they begin the conversation.' —

§ I, prndentia. — 6. Tu velim . . . 9. cuius de amicitia
. . .he de- :
'
avertas . . . putes :
' turn your livers the whole discourse about
thoughts,if you please, for a time friendship.' — g. te ipse cognosces:
from me, and imagine that Laelius You will be able to recognize your-
is speaking.' The subjunctive in self and, of course, all the rest will
avertas and putes expresses mild know you are described, ipse.,
command, which is further soft- in Cicero, usually agrees with the

ened by velim. Avertas and subject rather than the object
putes do not depend upon velijn; of the verb. me ipse
Cf. § 10,
neither is id to be supplied nor ; consolor. Note how much infor-
is it a form of conditional sen- mation is crowded into this dedi-
tence. Velim merely adds to the catory chapter. Cf. Cato Maior,
command I should like to have
'
Chap. I.
you.' It is a case of parataxis 6. In the Laelius., as in the Cato

coordinate construction standing Maior, one of the younger men
in juxtaposition. Cf. § 47, necesse introduces the conversation. In
est., and § 66, oportet. Cf., in Eng- the Laelius., however, the dialogvie
lish, "
I wish you would," where the opens abruptly, and its introduc-
connection between the sentences tion is less formal than in the Cato
is purely logical. Notice also the Maior. Cf. Cato Maior, § 4. —
asyndeton, omission of conjunc- I. Sunt ista: the statements you
'
37
§ 6] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
fiiit Africano quisquam nee elarior. Sed existimare debes

omnium oeulos in te esse coniectos unum ; te sapientem et
appellant et existimant. Tribuebatur hoc modo M, Catoni;
5 scimus L. Acilium apud patres nostros appellatum esse
sapientem sed uterque alio quodam modo, Acilius, quia
;
make, Laelius, are true.' Ista — to the common use of the Greek
quae dicis. Cf. Cato Maior, § 8, perfect tense. Note the Latin
Est 2it dicis, Cato, Iste, the de- form for a declarative noun clause.
monstrative of the second person, The English would say '
You are
is often used in conversation to yourself an object of general inter-
take up the thought of the pre- est.' Cf. § I, quoadpossem. — 4. et
vious speaker. Cf. §§ 8 and i6, existimant they not only give
:
also Cato Maior, § 8, Est isticd you that title but are sincere in
quidem, Laeli, aliquid, sed neqiia- thinking you so. 4. modo a rela- — :
quani in isto stmt ojniiia, there is ' tive term like nuper. Cf. our use
something in what you say, Laelius, of '
West ' or ' lately.' Cato died
but by no means is everything in- in 149 B.C., twenty years before
cluded in your statements.' Iste the date assigned to this supposed
is also often used in a contempt- conversation. — 4. M. Catoni : cf.
uous sense, especially by lawyers §4, Catoneni. 5. L. Acilium a — :
in court. Cf. §§ i8, 47 and Cic. contemporary of Cato who wrote

in Cat. I, 29, unins iisuram horae a commentary (Cic. de Leg. 2,
gladiato7'i isti ad vive7tdu?n non 59) on the Twelve Tables, the
dedissefn. Laelius is represented earliest written code of the Ro-
as having praised Scipio, and mans. —
6. uterque sc. sapiens :
Fannius concurs in the opinion. appellabatur. Cf. § 7, Te autetn,

— 2. quisquam: 'any one (who- '
etc. There is an implied compari-
soever) used chiefly in negative son between the wisdom of Acilius
and conditional sentences, and in and Cato and that of Laelius. —
interrogative sentences implying 6. alio quodam modo in a some- :
'
a negative. — 2. Sed . . . unum: what different way.' The use of

they gave Laelius the title of phi- qjwdain softens the statement alio
losopher (/<? sapientem existi- . . . . .modo, which Cicero consid-
.
niant), and were interested to see ers too strong. Cf. the use of
if he bore Scipio's death as a taniquani, quasi, ut ita dicam, etc.,
Stoic should. — 3. oeulos in te to soften metaphors. Cicero is
esse coniectos unum : oeulos esse here setting forth the reasons why,
coniectos, lit., 'have been (and still in each case, these men were called
are) fixed.' This use corresponds sapiens. Acilius's claim to the title
38
prudens esse in iure civili putabatur, Cato, quia multarum

rerum usum habebat multa eius et in senatu et in f oro ; '
vel provisa prudenter vel acta constanter vel responsa

acute f erebantur propterea quasi cognomen iam habebat
;
lo
in senectute sapientis.
7. Te autem alio quodam modo non solum natura et
moribus verum etiam studio et doctrina esse sapientem,
nee sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem, -.
{sapiens) was based on one accom- existimant, but becoming involved

plishment, his knowledge of civil in the long sentence he paused at
law ; Cato's rested on four circum- iudicatum, leaving Te, etc., without
stances his diversified experiences,
: syntax. The figure is called anaco-
his foresight, his tenacity of purpose, luthon (dv, not + a,KokovOov, fol-
^
'
'
and his ready repartee ; whereas lowing'): a change of construc-

Laelius's claim rested on broad tion which leaves the first part of
culture based on excellent innate the sentence broken or unfinished.
ability and character. —
7. multa- He recapitulates and makes hanc
rum rerum usum :
'
manifold expe- esse in te sapientia}}i the object of
rience.' Cf. Quint. Instil. Orat. existimant. — i. natura et moribus
12, II, 23, {Cato) idem snmmus . . . studio et doctrina : the first
imperator, idem sapiens, idem pair refers to character, the second

orator, idem historiae conditor, to culture ; natura, innate ' ability,'
idem iuris, idem rerum rusticarum ' natural endowments ' ; mores,
peritissimus ftiit. — 10. quasi cog- ' habits,' hence, ' character ' (cf.
nomen § 3,
: and § 6,
cf. quasi, " Habits make the man ") ;
siu-
quodam. Cf. Cato Maior, § 5, dium, '•
zeal,' '
industry,' in intel-
Quocirca si sapientiam ineam ad- lectual pursuits ; doct?'ina, the
mirari soletis {quae utinam digna resultant combining,
character,
esset opinio7ie vestra nostroque cog- perhaps, all the elements of the
nomine !) in hoc sumus sapientes. preceding terms. 3. vulgus — :
— 10. iam ... in senectute iam : often used of persons whose char-
to be taken with in senectute, '•
al- acters are so fixed that they do
ready,' asan old man, and before '
not readily receive instruction or
his death,' this title was given culture, and hence are not good
him. —
II. sapientis: cf. § 4, ser- judges of others' attainments. Cf.
monujn. Hor. C
3, I, 1-4, Odi profanum
7. Te autem: Cicero intended vulgus et arceo Virginibus . . .
this clause to be the object of puej'isque canto. The poet sings

39
'
qualem in reliqua Graecia neminem (nam qui septem ap-
5 pellantur, eos, qui ista subtilius quaerunt, in numero sapi-
entium non habent), Athenis unum accepimus, et eum
quidem etiam Apollinis oraculo sapientissimum iudicatum
hanc esse in te sapientiam existimant ut omnia tua in te
posita esse ducas humanosque casus virtute inferiores
lo putes. Itaque ex me quaerunt, credo ex hoc item Scaevola,
quonam pacto mortem Africani feras, eoque magis quod
proximis Nonis cum in hortos D. Bruti auguris commen-
to boys and girls whose charac- Here, in a figurative sense, it refers

ters he may shape. — 4. reliqua to the quibbling and hair-splitting
Graecia : in anticipatory contrast of the philosophers. Cf. § 3, sae-
to Athenis. should expect We pius. — 6. unum
implying by :
Athe7iis to precede. Reliqua is strong emphasis that he was the

here equivalent to cetera. Cf. only one. The Delphic oracle
§ 4, ceteros. 4. septem the— : pronounced Socrates the wisest
seven sages of Greece who flour- man because he did not deceive
ished about 600 B.C. The list himself by thinking he knew what
varies with different authorities, he did not know. The scholiast
but "those usually mentioned are : on Aristoph. Nnb. 114, says the
Cleobialus, tyrant of Lindus in decree was (toô% ô(f>oK\rj<i
:
Rhodes (' Moderation is the chief ao(f)(i)Tepo<s 8' Et'ptTri'Srys, dvSpcoj/

good ') Periander, tyrant of Cor-
;
8' a7rdvT(x)v ^(jiKpaT-qî (TOcf>u)TaTO<S'
inth ('Forethought in all things'); — 8. hanc esse . . . inferiores putes :
Pittacus Mitylene
of ('Know the Stoic belief that man, within
thine opportunity ') ; Bias of certain limits, is maker of his own
Priene in Caria (' Too many happiness and that he should not
workers spoil the work ') Thales ; be disheartened by defeat or disap-
of Miletus ('To be surety brings pointment. 10. hoc. Scaevola: . .
ruin') Chilon of Sparta ('Know

;
'Scaevola here,' accompanied by
thyself) Solon ;
of Athens a gesture. — 11. quonam: ^la/n is
(' Nothing in excess,' i.e. observe intensive and serves, as it were, to
moderation)." Harper's Diet, of italicize or underscore qno. Cf.
Class. Lit. and Antiq. — 5. ista : § 8, quidem. — eoque sc. quae-
11. :
viz. their sayings. — 5. subtilius runt. — 12. proximis Nonis the :
{sub + telaj ' warp') . Probably it regular day for the meeting of the
referred originally to picking apart augurs. ProximuSy ' nearest,' gets
the cloth to learn its composition. its meaning '
last ' or '
next ' from
40
: ;
tandi causa, ut adsolet, venissemus, tu non adfuisti, qui

diligentissime semper ilium diem et illud munus solitus
esses obire. 15
8. Quaerunt quidem, C. Laeli, multi, ut est a

Scaevola.
Fannio dictum, sed ego id respondeo, quod animum ad-
verti, te dolorem, quem acceperis cum summi viri tum
amicissimi morte, ferre moderate nee potuisse non com-
moveri nee f uisse id humanitatis tuae ;
quod autem Nonis 5
the context. — 12. hortos ^grounds,'

: on the emphasized word or expres-
a place especially favorable for sion. Quidem and Jie ^//Z- . . .
watching the sky, observing birds, not

dem.,'' . . . even,' serve merely
animals, etc., and for consulting to emphasize. Cf. § 7, quonajn. —
together about the phenomena I. C. Laeli: the use of the prae-
observed. Meissner suggests that nomen adds formality. Cf. § 100,
they were merely practicing.'' ' C. Fanni et tu, Q. Muci. — 2. ani-
Cf. commejitari, to prepare a ' mum adverti = animadverti. Cf.
lesson for recitation,' i.e. to prac- §§ 27 and 99. — 3. dolorem often :
tice it. — 12. D. Bruti auguris : D. used, as here, to refer to grief; also
Junius Brutus, consul in 138 B.C. of pain, dolor capitis., '
headache '
Cf. C\c. pro Arch. 11, 27 Dice- dolor lateris, "

pleurisy,' etc. Cf.
mus qiiidein Bridus, suimiius vir et § 71, dolere, '
to feel hurt,' and §11,
hnperator., etc. He received the maerore fimeris. 3. cum — . . .
cognomen Gallaecus from his vic- viri tum: cf. § 2, cum tu7n. . . .
tory over the Gallaeci in Spain. — For the co7iiu7tctio, cf. § i, solebat,
14. diem . . . obire : 'to keep an ap- — 4. moderate: cf. § 2, ad7/iodu77i.
pointment.' In his philosophical The Stoics believed that giving

writings Cicero does not use die7n expression to the emotions was
obire in the sense of diem sit- degrading. Cf. Cic. Tusc. Disp.
pre7nn7tt obire., '-
to die.' Munus 4, 42. Cf. § 10, Ego si . . . 77te7itiar.
obire., '•
to transact the business on — 4. nee potuisse
humanitatis . . .
hand.' Note the zeugma, a figure tuae still

: you could not help
^
in which one verb is made to stand being moved, and it was not con-
for two. — 14. solitus esses :
' though sistent with your generous nature
you had been in tlie habit.' not to be moved.' Ncc {potuisse)
8. Quaerunt quidem multi . . . is slightly antithetical. Hu77ta7ii-
^they do ask many questions.' tatis tuae is a predicate character-
Quide/n is usually not to be trans- izing genitive. Cf. § 10, sed se
lated ; its force is shown by stress ipsiu/i a7na7itis est. — 5. quod :
^
as
41
§ 8-9] M. TVLLl CICERONIS
in collegio nostro non adfuisses, valetudinem respondeo

causam, non maestitiam fuisse.
Laeliiis. Recte tu quidem, Scaevola, et vere ; nee enim
ab isto officio, quod semper usurpavi, cum valerem, abduci
lo incommodo meo debui, nee ullo casu arbitror hoc eonstanti
homini posse contingere ut uUa intermissio fiat offici.
„ 9. Tu autem, Fanni, quod mihi tantum tribui dicis quan-

tum ego nee agnosco nee postulo, facis amice ; sed, ut
to the fact,' as Fannius says, that ' rapere, '

to take upon one for one's
you were not present,' etc. "As advantage disadvantage ')
or ;
Fannius says" is implied in ad- hence, assume or ' meet an obli-

'
'
fuisses, a kind of indirect dis- gation.' Render I ought not on '
course. (2iiod is probably in origin account of my own personal com-

an adverbial accusative. 6. vale- — fort to have been kept from that
tudinem health,' a so-called vox
:
'
duty which I have always met when
media, i.e. its meaning, 'good my health permitted.' 10. casu:
health,' or '
lack of health,' is de- 'calamity' {cadere, 'to fall').
termined by the context or by such 10. hoc: explained by the clause ?/^
modifying adjectives as bona, mala, . . .

offici.
— 10. nee . . . offici: re-
tenuis, etc. Cf. faciims, 'deed.' peats in general terms the principles
Usually, where no modifying adjec- of Stoicism mentioned in § 7. —
tives are employed
with these 10. constant! homini to a man of :
'
words, they are to be taken in an firm character.' The qualities of

unfavorable sense. —8. Recte tu the ideal Roman character were
quidem sc. respondes.
: Qjiidem gravitas constantiaqiie. Cf. §
emphasizes the whole sentence. — 99, graviores constantioresque .
—
8. nee enim . . . officio: note the 11. contingere: generally used of
unflinching loyalty to duty so char- what is beneficial, here the reverse ;
acteristic of the typical Roman, e.g. accidere, usually used of what is for
Regulus. Cf. Horace's ode (C. 3, one's disadvantage. Cf. § 10, nihil
3),''Firmness of Purpose on the viali accidisse Scipioni puto ; and
Just Side." Laelius uses officiinn, casu above.
'
duty,' ' obligation,' when speaking 9. autem: 'too.' Qi.l^, Recte
of his serving on the board of tu quidem, Scaevola. — i . tantum
augurs ;
but Fannius uses a more tribui = taiitam laudem tribui. Cf
complimentary term for the same § 6, hoc. — 2. agnosco : agnoscere
service in § 7 (^miimts). — 9. isto: always denotes subjective knowl-
cf § 6, ista. — 9. usurpavi {itsu + edge, e.g. to have a belief cognos- ;
42
; —
mihi videris, non recte iudicas de Catone aut enim ;
nemo, quod quidem magis credo, aut si quisquam, ille

sapiens fuit. Quo modo, ut alia omittam, mortem fili 5
tulit memineram Paulum, videram Galum, sed hi in

!
pueris, Cato in perfecto et spectato viro.
cere denotes objective knowledge. Paulus, at Pydna, and afterwards as

Cf. § 100, {Virtus^ qiiae cuin se a jurist. He died in
152 B.C., when
extulit et osteiidit siiicjn limie7i et praetor-elect. Cato Maior, §
Cf.
idem aspexit agnovitqiie in alio. 84, Queni ego 7neum casiwi fo7'titer
— 2. facis amice = bene facis^ you '
ferre visus su7n 77ie ipse conso-
. . .
are very kind.' It sometimes labar existi7)ia7is 71071 lo7igi7iquu7)i

means 'I thank you.' — 2. ut mihi i7iter 710S digressii7n et discessu77i
videris : the Latin prefers in such fore. In this passage Cato's mourn-
cases the personal construction ing for the death of his son suggests
the English idiom requires the im- Cicero's grief at the death of his
personal. Cf. Cato Alaior, § 2, Sed daughter TuUia. Cf. Introd. 2.
miki, cum de senectute vellein ali- 6. memineram Paulum : L. Aemi-
quid scribere, tii occurrebas digims lius Paulus (230-160 B.C.) was con-
eo mnnere quo nterque nostrnin sul in 182 and 168 B.C. and censor
communiter iiteretur, 'when I was in 160. His greatest exploit was
planning to write something about the defeat of Perseus, king of Mace-
old age it occurred to me that you,' donia, at Pydna, in 168 B.C. The
etc — 4. quidem cf. § 8, qiiidem. : triumph celebrated in 167 was the
— quisquam cf. § 6, quisquam^
4. : most splendid Rome had yet wit-
and § 54, miro7% si queinqnam ami- nessed. (Cf. histories of Rome.)
cu7n habere potiiit. — 5. ut alia Two of Paulus's sons, aged respec-
omittam : a parenthetical clause of tively twelve and fourteen, died,
purpose alia., proofs of his wis-
;
' the one five days before, the other
dom.' Cf. the English expressions three days after the triumph. Cf.
" to be brief," " to continue." Hor. C. I, 35, 1-4, O diva {For-
Cicero often uses this expression t7t7ia')^ . . . praesens . . . s7ipe7-bos
even when specifying alia or its ve7'tere fu7ierib7is tri7i7)iphos. Hor-
equivalent, e.g. in Cat. 3, 8, 18, Nam ace evidently had in mind Paulus's
ut ilia omittam., visas nocturno tem- sad experience. Me77ii7ierajn, I re-
pore ab occidente faces ardoremqiie called (when Cato's son died) the
caeli, etc. — 5. mortem fili tulit: case of Paulus, and had already seen
Cato's son, M. Porcius Cato, gained (before Cato's son died) Galus's
under
distinction, first as a soldier, sorrow. Cf. § 4, 7neminisset. —
his father-in-law, Lucius Aemilius 6. videram Galum : Sulpicius Ga-
43
§ lo] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
10. Quam ob rem cave Catoni anteponas ne istum

quidem ipsum quern Apollo, ut ais, sapientissimum iudi-
cavit huius enim facta, illius dicta laudantur.
; De me
autem, ut iam cum utroque vestrum loquar, sic habetote.
lus, consul i66 B.C., predicted an parva qnadam declinatione et, id

eclipse of the moon before the battle aiunt, corpore effngil In this
of Pydna, in which he served as passage he apologizes for a gladia-
military tribune. Cicero says he torial expression. 3. huius — . . .
knew more Greek than any other illius : hie denotes that which is
man of his time, and speaks often nearer the writer or speaker, or
of his fortitude at the death of his nearer on the written page ; ille,
son, who died at an early age, i66 that which is more remote. But
B.C. — 6. hi in pueris : sc. castivi when the former of two ideas is
tiilerunt. In, ' in the case of.' Cf more important and hence upper-
§ 24, in re ficta ; § 26, m re bofia ;
most in the writer's mind, hie
§ 63, /;/ parva pecunia. — 7. per- designates the former and ille,
'
'
fecto et spectato mature and fa- :

' '•
the Cato is uppermost in
latter.'
vorably known.' Cato's son was the writer's mind, and Socrates is
forty years old when he died, and introduced merely to compare him
had proved his worth in the war with Cato. Cf. Cato Maior, § 68,
against Perseus. At senex ne quod sperat qitideni
10. cave . . . anteponas ne habet. At est eo nieliore condi-
. . quidem cave, with or with-
, : cione qna7n adidescens, quod id,
out 7ie, and the subjunctive is a less quod ille sperat, hie consectdus est
formal prohibition than noli with ille vidt din vivere, hie din vixit.
the infinitive. Cave is a general — 3. facta . . . dicta: this antithesis
prohibition in this case and is is common in every language. Cf.
equivalent to cave ne. A general €pya, /xr/ eVr;. — 3. De me :
' con-
negation is not destroyed by a cerning my own case.' 4. ut — . . .
following;/^ . . . quidem, non niodo, loquar Laelius has replied in in-

:
or 7tec . . . nee. — 2. ut ais: verse order to the addresses of

Cicero, when using a proverb, dis- Fannius and Scaevola, and now
claiming authority for a statement, addresses them both. The paren-
or apologizing for the introduction thetical purpose clause, ?// loquar,
of an inelegant expression, often prepares the way for the plural in
introduces nt with some form of habetote. Cf. Cato Maior, § 6,
the verb aio. Cf. Cat. i, 6, 15, Atqui, Cato, gratissi?mi?n nobis,
Quot ego tuas petitiones ita coniec- id etiani pro Scipione pollicear, fe-
tas, id vitari posse Jion viderentur, ceris. — 4. sic habetote: sic here
44
; — ;:
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§ lo
III. Ego si Scipionis desiderio me moved negem, qiiam 5
id recte faciam, viderint sapientes ; sed certe mentiar.

Moveor enim tali amico orbatus qualis, ut arbitror, nemo
umquam erit, ut confirmare possum, nemo certe f uit sed ;
non egeo medicina, me ipse consolor et maxime illo solacio

quod eo errore careo quo amicorum decessu plerique angi 10
Solent. Nihil mali accidisse Scipioni puto, mihi accidit, si
looks forward. Habetote in the dition i^si . . . negeni) . Certe, '

at
sense of consider belongs rather
'
' any rate sometimes certainly
' ;
' '
to the colloquial language. Cf. certo, '

certainly,' and used only
§ 74, eos habere necessarios, and with scire. Cf. below, ue//io certe
§91, sic habenditni est. The fu- /liit, '

atany rate no one has (ever)
ture imperative of habere (' con- been such a friend.' For the
sider''), scire and inemini is used thought, cf. § 8, moderate. Vide-
for the present. — 5. desiderio: rint is perfect subjunctive. —
' grief for the loss of,' i.e. the long- 7. Moveor: sc. desiderio. The
insf one feels for friends or rela- position of this verb indicates the
tives from whom one is separated, strong feeling of Laelius and his
or for something once possessed. resentment of the imputation that
It often refers to the loss one feels he is indiiferent to Scipio's death.
at the death of a relative or friend. — 9. ipse : cf. § 5, ipse. — 10. errore :
Cf. the English want.' 5. quam ' — viz. that death is an evil. He be-
id recte separating qiiani from
: lieved that the soul was immortal,
recte attracts attention to quain and consequently that their friend-
and even more to recte. This is a ship would continue forever. —
favorite device with Cicero and is 10. quo amicorum decessu quo :
called traiectio or hyperbaton. ablative of cause decessu combines ;
— 6. viderint sapientes ; sed certe the ideas of both the causal ablative
mentiar :
^ it is for the philosophers and the ablative of time when.
(Stoics) to determine, but (however 10. plerique :
'
very many,' or peo- '•
they may decide) I, at any rate, ple generally,' not '

most people '
should be falsifying.' The con- {plurimi). 11. accidisse Scipioni —

struction as a whole is broken . mihi accidit note the chias-
. . :
quam . . . sapientes is parentheti- mus. Cf. § I, Q. Mucins angur

cal. Sed implies an ellipsis and . . . pontificetn Scaevolam . Cf.
serves to connect the conclusion § 8, contingere. — 1 1. si quid accidit
{inentia}'^ withboth the preceding merely '•
if any evil has happened,'
parenthetical clause and the con- a hint that we do not know the
45
§ lo-ii] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
quid accidit autem incommodis graviter angi nori

; suis
amicum sed se ipsum amantis est.
II. Cum illo vero quis neget actum esse praeclare .-*
Nisi enim, quod ille minime putabat, immortalitatem optare

vellet, quid noii adeptus est quod homini fas esset optare .''
qui summam spem civium, quam de eo iam puero habue-

5 rant, continuo adulescens incredibili virtute superavit, qui
nature of death, but that it is prob- sents the matter as still in sus-
ably a blessing to him who is pense. The point of view is
dead, though a grief to his friends usually the present. . . . The point
—
;
in this case, to Laelius. 12. in- of view may be the past. In that
commodis: intentionally contrasted case the protasis is found in the
with mail. Note the euphemistic Imperfect, very rarely in the Plu-
way in which he refers to the perfect Subjunctive, and the apod-
effect on him-
of Scipio's death osis has corresponding forms."
self. —
13. amantis: governs both GL. 596, I, 2. Velle generally
a7)iiaitn and se ipsum. Cf. § 8, implies a plan or purpose in the
hiwiaiiitatis. wish ; optare, mere wish or desire,
11. Cum illo . . . praeclare possible orimpossible of fulfill-
but in his case who will deny that
'•
ment ; sperare, wish implying the
itwas a life well spent? Cf. agere ' possibility of fulfillment. 2. quod —
bene {rnale) cian aliquo^ to treat '
. putabat
. . the antecedent of :
some one well (badly) ^ ; cf. also quod is the thought in ijmnortali-
§ 96, agere ciaii popiilo. Actiun tatem vellet. 3. fas esset op-
. . . —
esse praeclare is possibly a theat- tare that heaven opens to human
:
'-
rical term the play has been a

:
' aspiration.' Cf. § i, quoad posse7n,
brilliant success,' for Cicero often etc. Fas {fari, 'to speak '), /.<?.
compares life with a drama. Cf. that which can be mentioned while
Cato Maior^ § 64, // 7?tihi videntiir sacrifice is being made hence, ;
fabulam aetatis peregisse nee tain- '

right,' from a religious standpoint,
quam inexercitati histriones in or in the eyes of the gods. Cf.
extreino actii corruisse. — 2. Nisi nefas and favete lijiguis. his,
. . . vellet: 'unless he intended eyes of men.
'right,' in the 4. de —
to wish for exemption from death.'* eo iam puero habuerant iam be- :
Vellet is imperfect subjunctive belongs grammatically with habue-

cause it gives an ideal condition rant. Puero is the emphasized
from the past standpoint. " The word. Cf. § 10, quani id recte.
Ideal Conditional Sentence repre- For the thought, cf. Nepos, Milts
46
— —
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§ II
consulatum petivit numquam, factus consul est bis, primum

ante tempus, iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene
sero, qui duabus urbibus eversis inimicissimis huic imperio
non modo praesentia verum etiam futura bella delevit.
Quid dicam de moribus facillimis, de pietate in matrem, lo
liberalitate in sorores, bonitate in suos, iustitia in omnes ?
I, I. — 5. continuo adulescens . . . resisted her armies long and suc-

superavit : continuo, ^ immediately,' cessfully. —
verum etiam 9. . . .
'
straightway ' ; continenter^ ' con- delevit i.e. it seemed as if there
:
tinuously.' Scipio, when seven- were none left to resist Rome's

teen years of age, under the power. 10. Quid dicam de what :
'
command of his father, L. Aemi- shall Iabout ? sayCf. quid '
lius Paulus, distinguished himself loquar de., why should I men-'
at the battle of Pydna (168 B.C.). tion ? The former is a 'kind of

'
— 7. ante tempus :
^
before the legal amplification the latter, a kind of;
age' (forty-three). A man elected omission or ellipsis. 10. moribus —

to the consulship when forty-three facillimis :
'
most genial ways.'
years of age was said to have at- 10. de pietate in matrem : Scipio
tained it a7ino suo. Scipio was supported his mother Papiria, who
elected consul in 147 and 134 B.C., was, without any assigned reason,
when thirty-eight and fifty-one years divorced by Aemilius Paulus. Pie-
of age. — 7. sibi suo tempore: 'at tate., 'filial devotion.' — 11. libe-
a time favorable to himself,' i.e. ralitate in sorores :one was married
circumstances were such that he to the son of Cato the Censor,
had a chance to distinguish him- and was left a widow ; the other,
self,but he preserved the state to Aelius Tubero, a worthy man
only with the greatest difficulty. who seems to have been burdened
Sidi is dative of reference. Sidi with " poor relations." Cf. Plu-
suo gives a colloquial fullness of tarch's Aonilius Paulus. After the
expression found often in Plau- death of his mother, Papiria, Scipio
tusand Terence. 8. sero: Mate,' — gave the amount of her support to
and by implication, too late.' Cf. '
his sisters. — 11. bonitate in suos :
sero sapiiint Phryges. — 8. duabus cf. Cic. Paradox, § 48, Si cetisenda

. . . inimicissimis : Carthage, de- nobis atque acstitnanda res,
sit,
stroyed in 146 B.C., and Numantia, idru7n iande?n piuris aestiine?nus

in 133. Carthage threatened the Pecujiiajn Pyrrhi . . . an liberali-
commercial and maritime suprem- tate ?n Africani, qui eius heredit atis
acy of Rome, and Numantia Q. Maximo fratri partem suam
47
§ II-I2] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
nota sunt vobis. Quam autem civitati carus fuerit, maerore

funeris indicatum hunc paucorum anno-
est. Quid igitur
rum accessio iuvare potuisset ? Senectus enim quamvis
i5non sit gravis, ut memini Catonem anno ante quam est
mortuus mecum et cum Scipione disserere, tamen aufert
earn viriditatem in qua etiam nunc erat Scipio.
^ 12. Quam ob rem vita quidem talis fuit vel fortuna vel
gloria ut nihil posset accedere, moriendi autem sensum
celeritas abstulit quo de genere mortis difficile dictu est
;
concessit? —
maerore funeris:
12. inorieiidi below. Cf. § 8, quidem.
maeror, 'whether concealed
grief/ — I. vel . . . vel : cf. § 2, vel . . .
or shown outwardly Indus refers ; vel. Some would consider Scipio's

particularly to the outward mani- achievements the result of chance
festation of the feeling, e.g. by (^fortuna)., while others would
dress, attitude, etc. For the dis- consider that he won and de-
play of grief at a Roman funeral, cf. served all his fame {gloria). For-
fimiis, Smith's Diet, of Greek and tujta and gloria are ablatives of
Roman Antiq. Cf. also § 4, ser- specification. — 2. accedere: i.e.
nwnuni. — 13. Quid . . . potuisset to his fame or fortune. — 2. mori-

the condition is impHed in pauco- endi . . abstulit
. cf. Cato Maior, :
ru7n annoru7Ji accessio — si diiiiins § 74, sensus moriendi aliquis esse

vixisset. Quid is an ad verbi al accu- potest. After a particularly stormy
sative. — memini15. disserere: . . . day in the
senate, in 129 B.C.,
Scipio and Laelius were the hearers Scipio, intending to prepare a
in the Cato Maior. Cicero tries speech for the next day, was ac-
here to give the semblance of reality companied home by the senate
to that conversation. For the and a great number of men inter-
tense of disserere., cf. § 2, incidere. ested in proposed agrarian
the
Cato the Censor died in 149 B.C. law. The next morning, how-
Mecit7n et cum., cf. § 3, secuni et cum. ever, he was found dead in his
— 17. nunc: used instead Q){ turn bed. Some thought he had been
which might refer to Scipio's con- murdered and others that he died
dition at the time of the conversa- a natural death. The fact that no
tion (150 B.C.). Scipio had died investigation was made lends cre-
only a few days before Laelius is dence to the former opinion. The
supposed to make this remark. party in power did not wish to
12. quidem: emphasizes w'/« to know the cause of his death.
show more clearly its contrast with 3. mortis: cf. § 4, sermonum. —
48
4 —
quid homines suspicentur, videtis ; hoc vere tamen Hcet

dicere, P. Scipioni ex multis diebus, quos in vita celeberri- 5
mos laetissimosque viderit, ilium diem clarissimum fuisse

cum senatu dimisso domum reductus ad vesperum est a
patribus conscriptis, populo Romano, sociis et Latinis,
pridie quam excessit e vita, ut ex tam alto dignitatis
3. difficile dictu est nothing

: i.e. be accompanied down
respect, to
definite was known about or he it, from your house to the forum, to
hesitated to confirm or refute pub- be accompanied back home again,
lic rumors. In § 41 he speaks more to be consulted.' 7. ad vespe- —
plainly. Cf. Cic. de Fato, § 18, rum: 'at nightfall.' Sub vespe-
Sic si diceretur 7noriet2ir noctu in ruiUy 'towards evening,' or 'just
cubictdo sico vi oppressus Scipio, after nightfall,' gets its meaning
vere diceretur ; id enini fore dice- from the context. — 8. patribus
retur quod esset futurujH. Cicero conscriptis, populo Romano, sociis
evidently believed that Scipio was et Latinis : patres conscriptis the
murdered. —
4. quid homines sus- expression originally was patres
picentur, videtis : people suspected et conscriptis probably referring
that he was poisoned by his wife, to the admission of certain ple-
Sempronia, or by partisans of C. beians into the senate as coti-
Gracchus, M. Fulvius Flaccus, and scripti. Later the distinction was

C. Papirius Carbo, whom Scipio lost and all were called Fathers
had opposed in the senate the last Conscript (Senators). Populo
day of his life. —
5. celeberrimos :
Romano, only the partisans of
'most festive'; lit. 'most attended Scipio ;
sociis et Latinis, taken to-
by crowds.' In Cicero, celeber gether as one of the three groups

is not applied to persons. 7. do- — mentioned. Cicero, in a series of
mum reductus both as a protec-
: terms, leaves out all conjunctions
tion and a sign of respect. The (asyndeton), or puts them all in
homes of the leading citizens were (polysyndeton), or joins the last
on the Esquiline hill. Cf. Cato two by -que. Had sociis and Lati-
Maior, § 63, Haec enim ipsa sunt nis formed separate groups, Cicero
honorabilia quae videntur levia would have omitted et. 9. alto —
atque coimnunia : salutari, appeti^ dignitatis gradu the metaphor
:
decedi., adsurgi^ deditci, reduci^ con- of a ladder, on whose topmost

stdiy to be greeted, to be courted,
' round Scipio stood that day so ;
to have way made for one in the near heaven did the Romans rank
throng, to have people rise out of attainment of civic supremacy.
price's AMICITIA — 49
logradu ad superos videatur deos potius quam ad inferos

pervenisse.
:
IV. Neque enim assentior iis qui haec nuper dis-
13.
serere coeperunt, cum corporibus simul animos interire

atque omnia morte deleri; plus apud me antiquorum aucto-
ritas valet, vel nostrorum maiorum, qui mortuis tam religiosa
5 iura tribuerunt, quod non f ecissent prof ecto si nihil ad eos
10. deos = qui dii sunt, in apposi- — 3. antiquorum auctoritas Uhe :
tion, and explanatory of superos; authority (example) of the an-

not to be taken with inferos, re- cients.' Cf. § 4, veteriun and
ferring to manes, 'shades/ Lae- auctoritate. — 4. nostrorum maio-
lius's eulogy closes with a veritable rum: cf. § I, nostrae civitatis. —
deification of Scipio. The Ro- 4. religiosa: 'full of reverence';
mans traditionally believed that translate as an adverb, '
reveren-
every good man went to the lower tially,' with tribuerunt. — 5. quod
world, where the soul was at peace. non fecissent . . . si . . . arbitra-
It was believed that some were rentur sometimes
: in clauses con-
translated to the realms of the trary to reality in past time the
gods without dying. Cf. Livy, i, imperfect subjunctive is used.
16. When so used it represents a con-
13. iis : the Epicureans, whose tinued state of mind. So here had
materialistic philosophy was intro- they not always cherished the opin-
duced into Rome about 150 B.C. ion ? We
should expect the imper-
— I. haec: explained by the in- fectwhere we find tribuerunt, but
finitives interire and deleri. — the perfect is used as if the fathers
I. nuper: cf. § 6, niodo. — 2. cum had assigned these funeral rites by
corporibus . . . deleri : the Latin a single act of legislation, andy^m-
prefers the plural (generic) when sent follows naturally. By the
reference is made to souls {animi^ time arbitrarentur is reached the
or bodies {corpora), they are i.e. writer realizes ofthe necessity
mentioned collectively. Cf. Cato representing the continuity of the
Maior, § 80, animos, duni in cor- observance of these rites and re-
poribus essent, and § ']'], Sed, credo sorts, even in a past contrary to
deos immortales sparsisse animos fact, to the imperfect tense. ' They
in corpora htiniana. Ex corpore gave them funeral rites (single
below is used adverbially, and is past act), which they would not
about equivalent to for as, "'away.' have done (single and definite
Deleri, 'to be brought to an end.' past act) had it not been their
50
I
—
eorum qui in hac terra fuerunt

pertinere arbitrarentur, vel
magnamque Graeciam, quae nunc quidem deleta est, turn
florebat, institutis et praeceptis suis erudierunt, vel eius qui
Apollinis oraculo sapientissimus est iudicatus, qui non turn
hoc, turn illud, ut in plerisque, sed idem semper, animos 10
hominum esse divinos, iisque, cum ex corpore excessissent, f
reditum in caelum patere, optimoque et iustissimo cuique

expeditissimum.
conviction (and therefore a lasting dem deleta est deleta, an exag- :
state of mind) that,' etc. Cf. Cato geration of Cicero, for even in his
Maior^ § 19, luun igitur^ si ad day the cities of Magna Graecia
centesiitiiun anniini vixisse/, senec- were extant, though of less impor-
tiitis eum suae paeiiiteret ? For tance than in former centuries.
the thought, cf. Cato Maior, § 82, 7. turn florebat :
'
but at that time
Nemo U7nqiiaui inihi^ Scipio, per- was prosperous,' antithetical asyn-
suadebit ant patreni tmim Pauliini deton. —8. institutis et praeceptis :
. .ant inultos p?'aestaiitis viros,

. 'by political and philosophical
quos eminierare non est necesse, principles.' — 8. erudierunt: note
tanta esse co7iatos, q2iae ad pos- the metaphor. — 8. vel eius: i.e.
teritatis meinoriam pei'tinerent Socrates. Cf. § 7. — 9. tum hoc,

nisi ani?no cernerent posteritatein turn illud : in his search for truth
ad se ipsos pertinere; and pro Socrates adopted the position of
Arch., § 29. —
6. qui in hac terra an inquirer, and so might be found
fuerunt the Pythagoreans, who
: at timeson exactly opposite sides
had a school of philosophy at of the same argument, his desire
Crotona in the fifth century B.C. being to obtain truth through the
They were alien and transient comparison of views. 10. sed idem —
residents in contrast to Jtostrornm semper: sc. dicebat. 10. ani- —
inaioru7ti above. Cato Maior, Cf. mos : cf. aun corporibus above. —
§ 78, Aiidiebam Pythagoravi Py- II. esse. . . patere: explanatory of
thagoreosque, incolas paene nostros, idem. Reditu jn, note the force of
qui essent Italici philosophi qnon- re. —
13. expeditissimum: note the
dani nominati, numqnani dnbi- metaphor. Throughout this sec-
tasse, quin ex nniversa inente tion Cicero is using the same au-
divina delibatos anijnos kabere- thorities he followed in the Cato
mns, never doubted that we have
'
Maior, §§ 78-83, or is continuing
minds derived from the jrreat soul the same line of thought. Cf,
pf the universe,' 7. nunc qui- — Introd. 5,
SI
14. Quod idem Scipioni videbatur, qui quidem, quasi

praesagiret, perpaucis ante mortem diebus, cum et Philus
et Manilius adesset et alii plures, tuque etiam, Scaevola,
mecum venisses, triduum disseruit de re publica ; cuius dis-
5
putationis f uit extremum fere de immortalitate animorum,
quae se in quiete per visum ex Africano audisse dicebat.
Id si ita est, ut optimi cuiusque animus in morte facillime
evolet tamquam e custodia vinclisque corporis, cui censemus
14. videbatur: 'seemed true,' Polybius, etc., as well as from his

i.e. the reasons for believing the own political experience, in pictur-
soul immortal. — i. qui quidem: ing an ideal state. — 3. adesset:
'he who.' Quidem strengthens singular because they formed one
the relative qui that it may be company. Cf. Caes. B. G. i, i,
carried over the many clauses to I, Garu?nna

Gallos ab Aquitanis
triduu7n disseruit. Cf § 8, qui- /lumen, a Belgis Matrona et Se-
dem. —
2. praesagiret: -as if he quana dividit. Cf § ic), probetur.
had a premonition.' Cf Cic. de — 4. triduum: /.^. during parts of
Divinatione, i, 65. Is igitur qui three days. — 4. disputationis : cf.
ante sagit qua??i oblata res est § 5, disputatio. — 5. fere : with ex-
dicitur praesagire^ id est., futura tremum. Cf § 2, turn fere. —
ante scire. —
2. Philus et Manilius : 6. quae: a sort of apposition with
L. Furius Philus was consul in extremum, and plural because it
136 B.C., and M'. Manilius in 149 refers to the thoughts contained
B.C. Both were men of culture in the latter part of the de Re
and members of the Scipionic Publica {extremiun fere). Cf.
circle. Cf. Introd. 8. They appear Cato iMaior, § 7, ijiterfui querelis
as speakers in Cicero's treatise on . quae
. . deplorare solebant.
. . .
—
the state {de Re Publica')., the last 6. in quiete : in so7n7io. — 6. Afri-
book of which contains, among cano the elder Africanus.
:
7. —
other discussions, the discussion of optimi cuiusque animus in morte
the immortality of the soul {Soni- '
all good men's souls at death.' —
niu7n Scipionis) . Of the six books 8. tamquam e custodia vinclisque
composing this treatise scarcely a corporis : cf. § 3, quasi. Vi7iclis
third part is Cicero wrote it

extant. (vinctdis), this contraction is
in dialogue form, and introduced as called syncope : the omission of

the principal speakers Scipio Afri- a letter or letters within a word.
canus Minor and Laelius. He Vi7ic7d7i77i, 'bond,' denotes a stricter
drew largely from Plato, Aristotle, confinement than custodia. Cf.

52
.
cursum ad deos f aciliorem f uisse quam Scipioni ? Quocirca

maerere hoc eius eventu vereor ne invidi magis quam amici 10
sit. Sin autem ilia veriora, ut idem interitus sit animorum

et corporum nee ullus sensus maneat, ut nihil boni est in
morte, sic certe nihil mali sensu enim amisso fit idem, ;
quasi natus non esset omnino, quem tamen esse natum et

nos gaudemus et haec civitas dum erit laetabitur. 15
Cato Maior, § 8r, Ex quo intelle- Cf. Cato Maior, § 85, Sin mortuus,
gitiir qiiales fut2i?'i sint^ cum se 7it quidem minuti philosophi cen-
plane corporis viiiculis relaxave- sent, nihil sentiam, Jton vereor, ne
rint. — 8 . e custodia vinclisque cor- hunc errorem yneum philosophi
poris, cui censemus cursum notice : jHortui irrideant,i.e. if I am not
the alliteration. This is not so conscious after death, they, too,

common or so elaborate in the will not be conscious and cannot
classical as in the ante-classical make fun of — my philosophy.
period of Roman literature. Cf. 13. sensu amisso an ablative
. . . :
Cato Maior, § 38, Ita sensi77i sifie absolute with conditional — force.
sensu aetas senescit. Censemus, 14. quasi natus . . . esset : quevt
instead of the usual censetis. — makes it clear that the subject of
10. maerere hoc eius eventu: 'to natus esset is some pronoun {is,
grieve at such a fate as his/ subject ille^ referring to Scipio. The

of sit. — 10. Vereor ne : in such rule of the sequence of tenses re-
cases = '
I think,' '
I am sure.'' quires the perfect subjunctive, but
— 10. invidi : adjective used as a the sense of unreality, which is
substantive. Cf. Cato Maior, prominent here, leads to the use

§ 47, Cupidis e?ti?n reruin taliujn of the pluperfect. " The tenses in
odiosiwt fortasse et inolestuin est conditional sentences of compari-
carere. Cf. § 8, humanitatis. — son follow the rule of sequence
11. ilia: sc. sunt', refers to haec rather than the ordinary use of
(§13) and is explained by the the conditional. But occasion-
clause ut . . . sit. A verb in the ally the sequence is violated out
indicative is often omitted in short, of regard to the conditional."
impassioned clauses and in prov- GL. 602 and Rem. i. — 15. gau-
erbs. Cf. § 79, praeclara rara. demus . . . laetabitur : in general,
In the classical period a verb in gaudere refers to the sensation;
the subjunctive in such cases must laetari, to its outward expression.
be expressed. 12. ut nihil boni — . . In this passage the distinction is
sic certe nihil mali: grim humor. not observed.
53
§ i5l M. TVLLI CICERONIS
15. Quam
ob rem cum illo quidem, ut supra dixi, actum
optime est, mecum incommodius, quern fuerat aequius, ut
prius introieram, sic prius exire de vita. Sed tamen recor-
datione nostrae amicitiae sic fruor ut beate vixisse videar,
5 quia cum Scipione vixerim, quocum mihi coniuncta cura de
publica re et de privata fuit, quocum et domus fuit et militia
communis et, id in quo est omnis vis amicitiae, voluntatum,

studiorum, sententiarum summa consensio. Itaque non
tam ista me sapientiae, quam modo Fannius commemo-
10 ravit, fama delectat, falsa praesertim, quam quod amicitiae
15. Quam . . . optime est : for 4. videar: sc. mihi., 'I think.'
the thought, cf. § 11. — 2. quem With the passive of videre a dative
fuerat aequius :
" Certain verbs and isalways expressed or understood.
verbal expressions denoting ability, — 5. quia vixerim: subjunctive
. . .
duty, propriety, necessity, and the by attraction because dependent

like, mostly with an infinitive, are upon the result clause ut . . .
regularly put in the indicative, even videar. — 5. cum . . . quocum . . .
when the action of the infinitive is quocum : notice that Cicero avoids
not performed.^' This L. 1495. the further repetition of qiiocu7Ji
fact is due to the meaning of such at tlie close of this sentence.
expressions. They do not need 5. de publica re refers to their :
the subjunctive to bring out the official life, i.e. their administra-
modal idea. The pluperfect carries tion of affairs ; re publica., ' the
it back before the death of Scipio, state.' — 6. domus . . . militia com-
i.e. at that time it would have '
munis i.e.:they visited often in
been,' etc. — 3. recordatione : ine- each other's homes, and perhaps
inoria^ unconscious act of memory ;
shared the same tent when Laelius
e.g. to think of Cicero as a charac- was an officer under Scipio in the
ter in history ; recordatio, con- war against Carthage. For the
scious effort in recalling ; e.g. to thought, cf. § 103. — omnis vis
7. :
call to mind dates and events in '

every vital principle ' ;power
w'i", '
Cicero's Recordatio also ex-

life. actively exerted ; rohir., power '
presses emotional satisfaction in of resistance,' '

'
latent power.' —
the act of recalling. Cf. Cato 7. voluntatum . . . sententiarum :
Maior^ § 9, 7nultor?/mq?(e bene fac- the plural of abstract nouns implies

tortwi recordatio iiicimdissinia est. particular manifestations of that
For the case, cf. § 2, Sidpicio. — quality. Cf § 23, dissensionibus
54
: — —
nostrae memoriam spero sempiternam fore, idque eo mihi

magis quod ex omnibus saeculis vix tria aut
est cordi
quattuor nominantur paria amicorum quo in genere ;
sperare videor Scipionis et Laeli amicitiam notam posteri-

tati fore. 15
Fanniiis. 16. Istuc quidem, Laeli, ita necesse est. Sed

quoniam amicitiae mentionem fecisti et sumus otiosi, per-
gratum mihi feceris, spero item Scaevolae, si quem ad
§ 35, ^/j-aV//'^, etc. — g. modo : cf. Ita is a ratification of what Laelius
§ 6. — 10. falsa praesertim — prae- has said. —

i. Sed quoniam marks :
sertim cum falsa sit. — 11. idque the turn from the eulogy of Scipio
eo mihi magis est cordi :
'
and this to the discussion of friendship.
pleases me all the more.'' Mihi is 2. otiosi :
'
free from public busi-
dative of reference. Cor., the seat ness.' The Roman citizen con-
of the feelings ; cordi est aliciii^ '
it sidered himself busy (occi/patits)
lies at one's heart,^ ' is pleasing,' or only when engaged in the busi-
'•
dear '
; Cicero an
cordi was to ness of state ; at other times he
indeclinable adjective. 12. vix — : was free (oiiosits) to engage in
'but.' —
13. paria amicorum the : other pursuits. Cf. § 86, et ii.,
pairs are Theseus and Pirithous,

: qui su2im negotiuin geriint otiosi.,
Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes where siiujii negotiuin {nec-otium),

and Pylades, Damon and Pythias private business, is intentionally
(Phintias). quo in genere— 13. . . . contrasted with otiosi. — 3. feceris
fore tautological, simply repeat-

: . . . si . . . disputaris : translate
ing amicitiae fore above. . . . by the simple future. Latin is
Redundancy is characteristic of more exact in its use of tenses

the spoken as contrasted with the than English. The future perfect
written language. — 14. sperare vi- in both the clauses denotes that
deor sc. ;;/////.
: I flatter myself
'
their time is contemporaneous.
with the hope.' Disputaris {iiisputaveris)., cf. § 14,
16. Istuc ... ita necesse est tamquam corporis. Cf. Cato
. . .
'
yes, what you say {ist2(c), Laelius, Maior. § 6, Atq2ii, Cato., gratissi-
is true.' Cf. § 6, ista. *'
A posi- mum nobis feceris, si multo
. . . . . .
tive answer is expressed by some ante a te didiceriinus, quibus facil-

emphatic word of the question, linie rationibus ingravescenteni ae-
repeated with such change as the tatemferre possimus ; also Introd.
context may require."" L. 15 12. 5. 3. quem ad modum 'as.' :
—
55
§ 1 6-1 7] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
modum soles de ceteris rebus cum ex te quaeruntur, sic

5 de amicitia disputaris quid sentias, qualem existimes, quae
praecepta des.
Mihi vero erit gratum atque
Scaevola. ; id ipsum cum
tecum agere conarer, Fannius antevertit. Quam ob rem
utrique nostrum gratum admodum feceris.
V. 17. Laeliiis. Ego vero non gravarer, si mihi ipse
confiderem ; nam et praeclara res est et sumus, ut dixit
Fannius, otiosi. Sed quis ego sum ? aut quae est in me
facultas ? doctorum est ista consuetudo, eaque Graecorum,
4. soles : cf. § 2, tit solebat.— 4. cete- around which the chariots were
ris : cf. § 4, ceteros. — 5. quid driven several times. Cf. Hor. C.
sentias, qualem existimes, quae I. I, 4-5, iuvat 7/ietaqtie fervidis
praecepta des : these three clauses evitata rotis. 9. utrique nostrum — :
constitute the topics for the de- '^

With nouns, qiiisqiie, '
each,'
velopment of the discussion ;
quid '•
every,' and liter que, '•
each,' ' both,'
sentias^ 'your estimate' of friend- generally agree as adjectives, but
ship, /.^.its value, §§ 17-24 ;
qjialem with pronouns they are generally
existimes, nature, §§ 26-35
i.e. its 1
used substantively and take the
quae praecepta des, i.e. its laws, §§ partitive genitive, though in the
36-100. Cf. Cato Maior, § 15, Ete- case of uterque, agreement is not
nim cn?n cojnpiector aiiiino, quat- uncommon." H. 442,4. — ad- g.
tuor reperio causas, citr se7iectus modum : cf. § 2, ad77iodu77i. — 9. fe-

misera videatur. Cf. Introd. 5. ceris : sc. si de a77iicitia disptttaris.
Note the verbs used to express 17. ipse : cf. § ^,ipse. — prae- 2.
abstract ideas. Cf. § i, quoad pos- clara res est et sumus . . . otiosi
set. —
7. Mihi vero ' yes, indeed, : 'the subject is unusually {prae)
so far as I am concerned.' Cf. the good,' etc. Note the chiasmus.
subordinated mihi (^pergratitm Cf. Q. Mucins augur.
§ I, —
7nihi feceris) above. — 8. tecum 3. quis ego sum a formula of :
agere : cf. § 4, 7necu7]i ageres. — modesty. The tone of the whole

8. antevertit : the metaphor is from section is natural and in keeping
the chariot race, one driver turning with its colloquial nature. 3. quae —
before {a7it evert ere') another the . facultas
. . what fitness have :
'
posts {77tetae) at the ends of the I ' (for discussing this subject) ?
low wall {spina) which divided — 4. doctorum . . . Graecorum

the course longitudinally and eaque, '
and that too,' is emphatic,
56
:
ut iis ponatur de quo disputent quamvis subito magnum 5

;
opus est egetque exercitatione non parva. Quam ob rem

quae disputari de amicitia possunt, ab iis censeo petatis
qui ista profitentur; ego vos hortari tantum possum ut
amicitiam omnibus rebus humanis anteponatis ; nihil est
enim tam naturae aptum, tam conveniens ad res vel 10
secundas vel adversas.
18. Sed hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis amicitiam esse
taking up the idea of aspersion in tive subjunctive, âsk them, that's

ista consiietudo. Graecoruni is a my advice.' For the parataxis, cf.
substantive. By implication, Lae- § 5, veliin. Censer e, 'to be of the

lius says he is neither a philoso- opinion,' after deliberation sen- ;
pher nor a Greek. The Sophists tire, 'to have an impression,' e.g.
professed to be able to argue on to think it is so. Cf. § \%, sentio.

either side of any question without — 8. ista : i.e. quamvis snbito dis-
preparation. The study of the pidare posse. — vos hortari tan-
8.
Greek language and Greek philoso- tum possum : Laelius does not
phy was unpopular with the masses intend to discuss the jDhilosophy
at Rome in Laelius's time, and of friendship, but merely to give
Cicero makes Laelius disclaim some practical hints about it. —
familiarity with their practices and g. omnibus rebus humanis :
'
earthly
even with their names. 4. ista: — blessings.' The colloquial charac-
'
what you propose.' Cf. § 6, ista. ter of the discourse appears in this
— 5. ponatur: sc. id, * topic' — violation of the strict laws of com-
5. quamvis subito: '''
qtianivis or parison ; Laelius ought to say om-
quam vis is used as an indefinite nibus ceteris rebus. 10. naturae —
adverb, 'as much as you please,' aptum . conveniens ad res
. .
and is often joined with an adjec- with aptiis, the dative is more com-
tive or other adverb to take the mon than ad with the accusative ;
place of a superlative." L. 1903. nouns denoting persons are always

— 6. opus
undertaking
: opus,
^
'
; in the dative. Cf. § 29, ad amici-
a task or a finished product e.g. a ; tiam esset aptissimns. With con-
work of art opera, the labor that
; veniens, the dative is far more
produces the work of art ; labor, common than ad and the accusa-
drudgery, painful toil. — 6. non tive. Note the chiasmus.
parva cf. § 4, non invitus.
: — 7. ab 18. Sed Laelius interrupts
: his
iis censeo petatis : censeo is intro- train of thousjht to determine the
ductory, and petatis is the impera- bounds of friendship before at-
57
§ i8] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
non posse ad vivum reseco, ut illi qui haec subti-

; neque id
lius disserunt, fortasse vere, sed ad communem utilitatem
parum negant enim quemquam esse virum bonum nisi

;
5 sapientem. Sit ita sane ; sed earn sapientiam interpretan-

tur quam adhuc mortalis nemo est consecutus, nos autem
ea quae sunt in usu vitaque communi, non ea quae fingun-
tur aut optantur, spectare debemus. Numquam
ego dicam
C. Fabricium, M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium, quos sapientes
tempting to define friendship it- quajn, for id sapientiam quod. The

self. —
I. sentio cf. ^ ly, ab : eis change of gender due to attrac-
is
censeo pet atis. — i . nisi in bonis : tion. "The demonstrative pro-

i.e. no friendship without virtue. noun is commonly attracted into
Cf § 14, ijividi, and § 65, ?iisi inter the gender of the predicate." GL.
boiios. —
2. neque id ad vivum 21 1, n. 5. —
6. mortalis nemo nemo :
reseco i.e. I: do not overdo the — nullus. In Cicero, iJiortalis (sub-

matter, as the philosophers do who stantive) is generally used only
go to the bottom of such questions ;
with nemo^multi, o?Ji?ies,cu?icti ; by
and their theory, while good, is not earlier writers mortales is used for
very practical. The metaphor is homijies. Nemo is sometimes used
taken from surgery possibly from ;
apparently as an adjective. 7. in —
cutting the finger-nails. Vivufn, usu vitaque communi 'in practical
:
'quick,' cf. " quick and dead." and every-day life,' i.e. practical as
Neque = sed non. — 2. subtilius opposed to theoretical (quae Jin-
disserunt corresponds to ad vi-
: guntur aid optantur^ wisdom.
viun reseco above. Cf. § 7, sub- 9. C. Fabricium : Gains Fabricius
tilius. —
3. ad communem utilita- Luscinus, one of the most popular
tem :
' for practical purposes.' The heroes in Roman history, was
utilitarian and practical side of equally successful in war and diplo-
the Roman appears repeatedly in macy. He resisted all attempts of
this dialogue in contrast with the Pyrrhus to bribe him, and, when a
theoretical and speculative views traitor made overtures to poison
of the philosophers and the Greeks. Pyrrhus, he, without hesitation, in-
— 4. nisi sapientem. Sit ita sane; formed Pyrrhus of the plot. He
sed eam sapientiam : notice the fought against Pyrrhus (281-275
repetition of the sibilant. Cf. § 14, B.C.), and was one of the peace
e custodia. Sit ita sane, ^granted,' commissioners sent to treat with
i.e. that no one is ,2;ood except the him. While at Pyrrhus's court he
wise, 'yet,' etc. Earn sapientiam was astounded at the doctrine o/
58
; :
nostri maiores iudicabant, ad istorum normam fuisse sapi- 10

entes. Quare sibi habeant sapientiae nomen et invidiosum
et obscurum concedant ut viri boni f uerint.
; Ne id quidem
facient, negabunt id nisi sapienti posse concedi.
19. Agamus igitur pingui, ut aiunt, Minerva. Qui ita
Epicurus. Cato Maior, § 43.

Cf. tinguish it from M. (Marcus).
As censor in 275 B.C., he expelled Cf. § I, C. Laelio. — g. Ti. Corun-
a senator for having ten pounds of canium fought successfully against

:
silver plate. To show him the Pyrrhus and the Etruscans. He

greatest possible respect, the state was the first plebeian pontifex maxi-
buried him within the pomerium, mus (254 B.C.), and was even more
although that was forbidden by famous as a jurist than as a general.
the law of Twelve Tables.
the Cf. Cato Maior, § 27, Sex. Aelius
Fabricius and Curius are men- . Ti. Coruncanius

. . P. Crassiis . . .
tioned together in § 28. Cf. also . . . qiioriini iisque ad extrenitun
§ 39.
— 9. M'. Curium : the most spirit 11 1)1 est proved a prudeutia. —
distinguished of the Curii was 10. nostri maiores : cf. § i, nostrae
ofiven the cognomen Dentatus be- eivitatis. — 10. istorum: in a slight-
cause he was born with teeth. He ly contemptuous sense. Cf. § 6,
was consul in 290, 275, and 274 ista, and Cic. iii Cat. i,
nnius 29,
B.C. and censor in 272. Cf. Cato usuraifi horae gladiatori isti ad
Maior^% 55, Ctirio ad fociim sedenti vive7idui)i 710 n dedissei/i. 11. sibi —
viagmim auri pondiis Samtiites habeant a formula of divorce
:
cu7n aitulissent, repiidiati s7iHt among the Romans was titas res
noil eni7n habere prae-

auriini tibi habeto. — 11. invidiosum: i.e.
claru?n sibi videri dixit sed iis, qui

^ it exposes one to the iiividia of
haberent atirtwt^ i?jipera?'e. He the vast majority who cannot attain
conquered the Samnites in the to that title. 12. concedant ut — . . .
third Samnite war. Pliny (A^. H. fuerint the perfect subjunctive here
:
16, 38, 185) says that his integrity denotes an admitted fact. Conce-
was such that he was able to swear dere\\\i\\ the infinitive gives permis-
that he had touched nothing of all sion to do something. Note the
the spoil he had taken except a antithetical asyndeton. — 12. Ne id
beech cup with which to sacrifice. quidem : cf. § 8, quidem.
Originally M was written /\A/, which 19. pingui, ut aiunt, Minerva
was gradually reduced to M. The Minerva gave skill and wisdom.
apostrophe is a trace of the fifth To act pingui Miiterva is to act
stroke of the earlier form, and is clumsily. Pi7igiiis, ' fat,' '
dull,'
retained in M\ (Manius) to dis- and teimis, 'thin,' 'keen,' are
59
se gerunt, ita vivunt ut eorum probetur fides integritas,

aequitas liberalitas, nee sit in iis ulla cupiditas, libido,
audaeia, sintque magna eonstantia, ut ii fuerunt modo quos
5 nominavi, hos viros bonos, ut habiti sunt, sic etiam appel-
landos putemus, quia sequantur, quantum homines possunt,
naturam optimam bene vivendi ducem. Sic enim mihi
perspicere videor, ita natos esse nos ut inter omnes esset
societas quaedam, maior autem ut quisque proxime acce-
applied to Minerva ( = wit, by used the indicative he would

metonymy). The Romans be- have asserted an absolute truth ;
lieved bodily and mental activity to whereas the subjunctive, without

be inseparable. Cf. Pliny, Epist. implying anything as to the truth
I, 9, 4, corport vaco, amis fidtiiris or falsity of the statement sequim-
atiimiis siistinetiiry I have leisure ' tur 7iatiira7}i opti77ia77i diice77i^
for exercise, by means of which merely states that a feeling for
mental activity is kept up also
''
;
the truth of it led them to think
Hor. S. 2, 5, 14, Hac precete (Her- as they did. — quantum pos- 6. . . .
cules) 07' 0: pingue pecns domino sunt parenthetical

: hence, the ;
facias et cetera praeter ingejiiiim indicative. — naturam 7.du- . . .
( =. Mineri'am, wit ') Vt aiimt, '

. cem : this is the Stoic tenet, o/xo-
cf. § 10, 7it ais. — 2. probetur fides AoyovjU,eVo>9 tp\v rrj cfivacL. The
integritas, aequitas liberalitas philosophers of the New Academy
Moyalty and uprightness, justice (which Cicero seems to follow)
and generosity.' The related words also adopt this principle, but in-
are to be taken in pairs as indi- terpret 7iat7ira to mean 'natural
cated. Probetur^ cf. § 14, adesset. inclination,' not 'reasoning from
— 3. cupiditas, libidio, audaeia: nature,' as did the Stoics (Monet).
* avarice, passion, and arrogance.' Cf. Cato Maior,
§ 5, Q710 circa si
These expressions, in a general sapie7itia77i 77iea77i ad77iira7'i soletis
way, are contrasted with fides^ {quae 7di7ia77i dig7ia esset opi7iio7ie
etc., above. — 5. ut habiti sunt vestra, Tiostroqiie cog7to77iine l^ i7i
. . . putemus : cf. Cato Maior, hoc S71771HS sapie7ites, q7wd 7iatu-
§ 20, Apud Lacedaei?ionios qiii- ra7}i opti777a77i duce77t ta77iq7ia77t
dein ii, qui ajnplissi7nu7n 7nagis- detwt seq7d7777ir eiq7ie pare77t7is

tratiuji geru7it, 7d stmt, sic etia77t ('and obey her'). — 8. videor: cf.
no77ti7ia7itnr se7ies. — 6. quia se- §15, videar. — ^. ita: cf. § i, ita.
quantur : gives the reason of the — 9. societas: 'fellowship.' Cf.

subject of piite7fms. Had Cicero Aristotle, Polit. i. i, avOpwiroi;
60
— — ;
deret. Itaque cives potiores quam peregrini, propinqui 10

quam alieni ; cum
enim amicitiam natura ipsa peperit
his
sed ea non satis habet firmitatis. Namque hoc praestat
amicitia propinquitati, quod ex propinquitate benevolentia
toUi potest, ex amicitia non potest; sublata enim benevo-
lentia amicitiae nomen tolHtur, propinquitatis manet. 15
Quanta autem
20. vis amicitiae sit, ex hoc intellegi
maxime potest, quod ex infinita societate generis humani,
quam conciliavit ipsa natura, ita contracta res est et ad-
ducta in angustum ut omnis caritas aut inter duos aut inter
paucos iungeretur. 5
<f>v(TeL ttoXltlkov ^wov. — 9. maior bits) oaio fxov iyyvripo) idTe yivei
. . . potiores: magis (of degree), {amicitiam natura ipsa peperit).
*more,' z'.e. more of one than of — 13. benevolentia Cicero adopts :
another, something of both ;

po- the ewoia of Aristotle, rendered
tiiis (of preference), ^rather,' i.e. here by bejievolentia, as an essen-
one rather than the other, exclu- tial characteristic of true friendship.
sive of each other. But this dis- — non potest: the Latin, con-
14.
tinction is not observed here. trary to the English idiom, requires
10. cives : sc. inter se societatem the repetition of the verb potest.
habent. — 10. peregrini : {^per + Note the antithetical asyndeton.
ager.) 'field') one who has come — 15. amicitiae nomen : cf. § 4, scr-
from foreign parts, 'a foreigner.' monum. — 15. propinquitatis : the

Low 'L2iim, pelegrinus ; French, /<?- adversative particle is omitted be-
lerin ; and hence owx pilgrim. For cause of the antithesis in the verbs.
the vowel reduction, cf. § 2, pro- 20. Quanta ... sit ' what
a :
fecto. — II. alieni : not related by mighty factor friendship is.' Vis.,
blood. never means aliens in
It cf. § 15, w>. —
3. ita contracta . . .
the sense of foreigners. Cf. pere- in angustum the narrower the

:
gri7ii "S^QiVQ.. — II. his: i.e. cives circle of friendship the stronger
2indi propinqui. Cf. § 10, hiiins. — are its ties. Res., ''relation,' i.e.
12. ea : refers to amicitiam. For a friendship. 4. omnis caritas:

parallel to this whole sentiment, '
every manifestation of affection,'
cf. Plato, Apology.^ 30, tomto. kol or, more simply, 'all affection.'
V€(DT€pW KOL TTpea(3vTepW, OTO) (IV Laelius is speaking of the almost
Tvy)(dvo} iTOirj(T<i), kol ^tVo) kol selfish interchange of affection be-
dcTTo), fxaXXov Se tols dcrrots {civi- tween friends, caritas, generally
61
y
VI. Est enim amicitia nihil aliud nisi omnium divina-
rum humanarumque rerum cum benevolentia et caritate
consensio qua quidem haud scio an excepta sapientia
;
nihil melius homini sit a dis immortalibus datum. Divitias

lo alii praeponunt, bonam alii valetudinem, alii potentiam, alii
honores, multi etiam voluptates. Beluarum hoc quidem

extremum, ilia autem superiora caduca et incerta, posita
non tam in consiliis nostris quam in fortunae temeritate.
Qui autem in virtute summum bonum ponunt, praeclare illi
expresses sentiment controlled by the possessor. The dative with esse

the intellect,"/.^, by reason and merely says that a thing exists for
judgment. 4. inter paucos— : a person and only implies owner-
'among few.' — 6. Est enim: ship. — II. hoc . . . ilia: take up
explains why genuine friendship in chiastic ox^^x divitias . . . volup-
is so rare, viz. the conditions are tates. Cf. § 10, /utiiis . . . illius.
so difficult. — 7. rerum :
'
inter- — 12. extremum: \\z. praeponere
ests.' — 8. consensio: cf. § 15, id voluptates. Cf. § 14, ilia. — 12. ca-
in quo . . . consejisio. — 8. haud duca : {cadere^ '

to fall ') used of
scioan : 'perhaps.' In Cicero it leaves, fruit, etc. ;
'
inclined to
always refers to what is probable, fair ; hence, 'fleeting,' ' transitory.'
and introduces a subjunctive. Cf. Cf. § 102, res hunianae fragiles
§§ 43 and 51. 10. bonam — . . . caducaeqiie stmt; also Cato Maior^
valetudinem : cf. § 8, valctudi- § 5, sed tauten necesse fuit, esse
7iein. — II. honores: 'civil offices,' aliqitid extreiJiiini et., ta^nqiiajn in
as usual. — 11. etiam: regularly arborwn bacis terraeqiie friictibtis.,
precedes the word or expression matiiritate tempestiva quasi vie-
which it on the
modifies. (2uogi(e, twn et cadticiun ; qiiod ferendiim
other hand, has no independent est 7}iolliter sapienti. — 1 2. posita . .
existence, but attaches itself to an in fortunae temeritate dependent :

'
important word as an enclitic. It upon a fickle fortune.' Cf. Hor.

probably should be pronounced C. 3, 29, 49-52, Fortuna saevo
as a part of the preceding word, laeta negotio et \
ludui?i insolen-
like the attached enclitic -qtie. tem ludere per'tinax., trans7niitat
—
\
II.Beluarum: sc. est. Cf. § 8, incertos honores. \

nunc ?mhi, nunc
humanitatis time. The genitive alii benigna. 'Fortune smiling
here expresses an inborn charac- now upon me, now upon some
teristic, which is an organic part of one else,' etc. — 14. in virtute
62
;:
quidem, sed haec ipsa virtus amicitiam et gignit et continet 15
nee sine virtute amicitia esse ullo pacto potest.

21. lam virtutem ex consuetudine vitae sermonisque
nostri interpretemur nee earn, ut quidam docti, verborum
magnificentia metiamur, virosque bonos eos, qui habentur,
numeremus, Paulos, Catones, Galos, Scipiones, Philos
his communis vita contenta est eos autem omittamus qui ; 5
omnino nusquam reperiuntur.

22. Talis igitur inter viros amicitia tantas opportunitates
cf- § 7, virtute. — 14. summum tendit patria coniiminis, vobis se,
bonum a philosophical term of

: vobis vita7n omnitwi commendat.
. . .
the Greek ethical writers, about — 2. quidam : the indefinite adds

equivalent to 'the chief end of the idea of reproach, i.e. only cer-
man.' — 14. praeclare illi : sc. fa- tain men do it, viz. the Stoics.
ciunt. Cf. § 33, rede tit qiiidein. — 3. metiamur: carries out the
— 15. et gignit et continet: cf. metaphor in norma, § 18. 3. vi- —
§ 100, virtus . . . et coiiciliat aini- rosque bonos : cf. § 1 8, negant
citias et conservat. Continere, '
to enim qnemqnani esse virnni boniini
hold together,' 'maintain,' taking nisi sapiente?n. -qne — anteni.
the place oi cons ervare. 16. esse — : Cf. Harper's Lat. Diet, -qne, 6.
'exist.'Cf. § 27, quae est. Esse, Cf. aXAa. — 4. Paulos, Catones, etc.
'tobe alive'; vivere, 'to live' and '
men like Paulus, Cato,' etc. The
get some enjoyment out of life. generic plural occurs also in Eng-
Cf. Martial, i, 15, 11, itoji est, crede lish idiom, e.g. we cannot all be
niihi, sapientis dicere vivani ' ' ; . . . Gladstones or Bismarcks. 4. Pau- —
vive ho die. los, etc. cf. § 9, PanliDU ; § 4,
:
21. lam :
'
to proceed.' — i. con- Catonein ; § 9, Gahwi ; In trod.
suetudine . . . nostri : i.e. accord- 7, Scipio ; § 14, Philns. — 5. his
ing to our common experiences in . . . contenta est :
'
they satisfy
real life, as opposed to the philo- the requirements of common life.'
sophical theories ; and in plain — 6. reperiuntur: reperire, 'to

speech in contrast with the gran- find,' by searching or accidentally;
diloquence {verborum magnificoi- invenire, '
to find,' accidentally.
tia) of the philosophers. — i. vitae: 22. Talis igitur : talis refers to
vita is seldom used in the plural in the definition of bo7ii viri just
classical Latin prose. Cf. Cic. iji finished, and igitur carries the
Cat. 4, 9, 18, vobis supplex manus thought back to § 17, where the
63
habet quantas vix queo dicere. Principio qui potest esse

vita *
vitalis,' ut ait Ennius, quae mutua bene-
non in amici
volentia conquiescit ? Quid dulcius quam habere quicum
5 omnia audeas sic loqui ut tecum ? Qui esset tantus fructus
in prosperis rebus, nisi haberes, qui illis aeque ac tu ipse
gauderet? adversas vero ferre difficile esset sine eo qui illas
gravius etiam quam tu ferret. Denique ceterae res quae
sequence was interrupted by Sed what conjugations and

to settle to
hoc. I —
opportunitates. advan- :
'-
declensions verbs and nouns
tages ' ; for the force of the plural, should belong. For several gen-
cf. § 15, volimtatH?n ; also § 23, erations the Romans appealed to
co7nmoditates and §51, utilitatuin. him as an authority on usage and
— 2. qui how,' from quis^ is a
:
'-
form. Ennius was a teacher at
locative used chiefly as an adverb Rome, and, though a close friend
{—quo modo') 'how?' 'by what of the Scipios, lived in humble
means?' Cf. ^//zV^J"^/ below. Qiii., circumstances. A bust, said to be
also a locative, from qiti^ qtiae^ that of Ennius, has been found
quod, is used as a relative ( = qtco, and beneath it the epitaph which
qua, and quibus) with whom,' etc. '
he himself wrote. It is as follows :
— 3. vita vitalis :
' life that is worth Ne7no vie dacrumis decoret 7iec
the living.' The English loses the ftmera fletu \faxit. Cur? Volito
tautophony (cf. § 5, sed amicitid) vivus per era virum. {Dacru?ms
which is retained in the Greek is the archaic spelling for lacrumis.)
(I3lo<; and the German
^tcoTos), Ennius, like most of the ante-
(das Leben Lebenswerf) 3. En- . — classical writers, was fond of alliter-
nius born in 239 and died in
: ation. — 4. conquiescit : the verbal
169 B.C. He was called "The ending -sco denotes the beginning
Father of Latin Literature," and and continuance of an action.
was the first to write dactylic Such a verb is called an inceptive
hexameter in Latin. He com- {incipio, 'I begin') or inchoative
posed a great epic (Annales), verb. Cf. § 29, exardescit. — 4. qui-
" The History of the Roman Peo- cum . . . tecum : cf § 2, quocuin. «
ple," of which only six hundred 5. Qui esset: 'how could there
lines in fragmentary form have be ? ' — 6. prosperis : the usual ex-
come down to us. By reducing pression is secundis rebus. Cf.
the language to verse he deter- secundas res in this section.
mined, for the most part, the 6. illis : ablative of cause. — 8. ce-
length of syllables, and did much terae : cf. § 4, praeter ceteros. —
64
5 : :
t/
LAELIVS DE AMICITlA [§ 22
expetuntur opportunae sunt singulae rebus fere singulis,

divitiae, ut utare, opes, ut colare, honores, ut laudere, volup- lo
tates, ut gaudeas, valetudo, ut dolore careas et muneribus

fungare corporis ; amicitia res plurimas continet ;
quoquo
te verteris, praesto est, nullo loco excluditur, numquam in-
tempestiva, numquam molesta est; itaque non aqua, non

igni, ut aiunt, locis pluribus utimur quam amicitia. Neque 15
ego nunc de vulgari aut de mediocri, quae tamen ipsa et

delectat et prodest, sed de vera et perfecta loquor, qualis
eorum qui pauci nominantur fuit. Nam et secundas res
splendidiores facit amicitia et adversas partiens communi-
cansque leviores. 20
9. singulae . . . singulis : always {eras ibo'). — 13. numquam intem-

refers to articles or characteristics pestiva : cf. § 4, 7ion invitiis. Dis-
taken one at a time. It is never tinguish carefully miinqtta7n from
used in the singular. — 9. fere : cf. niisqiiaiii ; also itniqiiani from 7is-
§ 2, Ui7n fere. — 10. divitiae : = quam. — 14. non aqua, non igni
copiae, only 'material wealth.'' — necessaries of life. Certain philos-
10. includes everything that
opes : ophers believed fire and water to
helps one on in the world politi- ;
be the source of every form of life
cal influence, wealth, station, per- and matter. The formula for send-
sonal magnetism, etc. 10. hono- — ing into exile is aqua et igni in-
res cf. § 20,
: honores. 11. valetudo — terdicere. Note the anaphora,
sc. bona. Cf. § 8, valetudinem. — nmnqiiain . . . nw/iqim/n, non . . .
11. dolore: cf. § 8, dolorem. — non, etc. — 15. ut aiunt cf. § 10,
:
12. amicitia. . . continet: 'friend- ?// ais. — 15. locis: 'occasions.'

ship is all-embracing.' Cf. § 23, Locus in the ablative is gen-
comuioditates. — 13. verteris sub- : erally used without a preposi-
junctive because of the indefinite tion. Cf. § 47, jnidtis locis. —
subject, you, i.e. any one. Classical 16. mediocri : which ranks between
Latin is more exact than the Eng- the friendship of the vulgusTuwA that
lish in the use of tenses hence ; of the sapient es. — 17. prodest : cf.
the perfect here denotes completed ^ 4,, prodessefn. —

17. loquor: sc.
future time, wherever you shall
'
tali. — 18. pauci nominantur: cf.
have turned.' In English we say, § i^,ex omnibus saeculis vix tria

*
I am going to-morrow.' The aut quattuor nominantur paria
Latin uses the future, I shall go '
'
a?nicorum.
price's AMicrriA — 65
VII. 23. Cumque plurimas et maximas commoditates

amicitia contineat, turn illanimirum praestat omnibus, quod
bonam spem praelucet in posterum nee debilitari animos
aut eadere patitur. Verum enim amieum qui intuetur,
5 tamquam exemplar aliquod intuetur sui. Quocirca et ab-
sentes adsunt et egentes abundant et imbecilli valent et,
quod difficilius dictu est, mortui vivunt ; tantus eos honos,

memoria, desiderium prosequitur amicorum. Ex quo illo-
23. an unusual com-

Cumque : following sentence abse?itesads7tnt,
bination. {ita + que)
Cf. itdqiie etc. — 5. absentes adsunt: i.e. in
'and so' (to be distinguished from their vivid imaginings. Note the
itaqite, '
therefore ') . Principio, intentional contradiction of terms
§ 22, introduces the enumeration (oxymoron). Cf. Cato Maior^ § 16,
of the present advantages of ?;ientes deinentes.
. . 6. abun- . —
friendship ; cuuiqiie is slightly dant: {ab -{- uudare). Cf. "to
antithetical to principio and in- run to waste,'' also St. Paul, II
troduces statement to show
a Corinth, vi 10, "as having noth-
:
what friendship promises for the ing yet possessing all things
future. — I. cumque . . . turn: cf. (Reid). — 6. imbecilli: note how
§ 4, citjfi . . . tiiin. — 2. ilia: sc. the extent of this word has been
coininoditas. — 3. bonam spem prae- lessened. We use it only of the
lucet : the metaphor
from Phoe- is mentally weak. 7. difficilius dictu: —
bu,s Apollo (sun) sending ahead really 'harder to believe.' Cf. St.
his rays of light. Pr a clue ere is John vi 60, "This is an hard say-
:
rarely transitive. Cf. 'a ray of ing who can hear it? "
; 7. mor- —
hope.'' — 3. debilitari animos aut tui vivunt cf. II Corinth, vi 9, "as
: :
eadere: cf. § i, solebat. 5. tam- — dying, and, behold, we live

quam: cf. §3, quasi. 5. exem- — (Reid). —
7. tantus laudabilis:
plar: eximere, 'to take out,' e.g: a takes up only the last and greatest
sample, an example. Cf. § 80, paradox, mortui vivunt. Rever- '
vei'us a?nicus . . . est taviquam ence, fond recollection, and heart-

alter idem. — 5. tamquam ... sui felt longing (the subjects of '
i.e.he sees a second self if he is prosequitur^ are represented as

disposed toward his friend as he is attending the dead, as in a funeral.
toward himself, an ideal type of — Cf. § 15, recordatione ; § 10, desi-
friendship. Cf. " Thou shalt love derio. —
8. Ex quo videtur -.ût . . .
thy neighbor as thyself Taking . . . I'ideatur (result). Ex quo

this for granted he can say in the refers to the preceding clause as a
66
rum beata mors videtur, horum vita laudabilis. Quod si
exemeris ex rerum natura benevolentiae coniunctionem, nee 10
domus ulla nee urbs stare poterit, ne agri quidem cultus

permanebit. Id si minus intellegitur, quanta vis amicitiae
concordiaeque sit, ex dissensionibus atque ex discordiis
percipi potest. Quae enim domus tam stabilis, quae tarn
firma civitas quae non odiis et
est, discidiis funditus possit 15
everti ? Ex quo quantum boni sit in amicitia iudicari
potest.
24. Agrigentinum quidem doctum quendam virum car-
whole, not to desideritun. 8. illo- — nibus atque discordiis . . . odiis et

rum the dead.'
: ^ 9. horum: 'the — discidiis : cf. § 1 5, vohintatum ; also
living,' who honor themselves in Sail. /ug. 10, 6, Concordia pa?'vae

honoring the dead. 9. beata — res cresc?(Ht, discordia niaxiniae
mors . . . vita laudabilis : note the dilabuidur. Cf. St. Luke XI :
17,
chiasmus. — 10. exemeris : perfect "Every kingdom divided against
subjunctive. Cf. § 22, verteris. — itself is brought to desolation and ;
10. ex rerum natura :

'-
from the uni- a house divided against a house
verse.' Cf. de Rerum Natura, the falleth." —
15. funditus: adverb.
subject of Lucretius's didactic Cf. ajdiqintus., divinitus, penitus.
poem. — II. domus . . . urbs . . . agri — 16. quantum ... in amicitia:
. . . cultus: note the climax. — 11. Svhat a great blessing friendship is.'
ne agri quidem cultus : agri cultura 24. Agrigentinum quendam . . . :
is more common. Cf. Cato Maior, 'a certain inhabitant of Agrigen-
§ 54, nee consitiones ('planting') tum' (Empedocles). At the date

1)10 do delectant sedetia7n insitio7ies^ assigned by Cicero to this dialogue
('grafting'), quibus nihil invenit the study of Greek literature was
agri cultura sollertius (' requiring not popular with the masses at
greater skill ') . For a third variant, Rome. By using the indefinite
cf. Cato Maior, § 56, Num igitur quendam Cicero is careful to make
horum senecius
fuit iniserabilis Laelius speak as if his knowledge
qui agri cultione oblectant ?
se — were uncertain. Cf. § 45, quibus-
12. minus = a courteous 7io?i, :
— dam, and § 87, nescio quem. Agri-
12. quanta vis ... sit explanatory : gentum was a large and wealthy
of id. Cf. § 15, vis. 13. ex dis- — city on the southern coast of Sicily.
sensionibus potest note the . . . : Empedocles, who flourished about
double alliteration. 13. dissensio- — 440 B.C., composed a treatise
67
minibus Graecis vaticinatum ferunt, quae in rerum natura

totoque munclo constarent quaeque moverentur, ea contra-
here amicitiam, dissipare discordiam. Atque hoc quidem
5 omnes mortales et intellegunt et re probant. Itaque si
quando aliquod officium exstitit amici in periculis aut adeun-

dis aut communicandis, quis est qui id non maximis efferat
laudibus ? Qui clamores tota cavea nuper in hospitis et
amici mei M. Pacuvi nova fabula cum ignorante rege, uter !
(a title which Lucre-

Trept ^vcreo)<; theory. — 3. ea contrahere amici-
tiusused for his poem de Rcnun tiam : notice the possible am-
Natitra) in which he recognized biguity in the accusative-infinitive
the existence of four elements, construction between subject and
fire, water, earth, and air. Two object here amicitiam is the sub-
;
forces acted upon these elements, ject. the famous oracle de-
Cf.
love (^(.Aorr/9), which united them, livered to Pyrrhus Aio te, Aeacida,
:
and hate (retKos), which kept them Romanos vincere posse. — 5. mor-
apart. Cf. Lucr. i, 714-717, tales: = hoiniues. Cf. § 18, mor-
Et qui quattuor ex rebus posse om- talis. —
5. re: 'by experience.' Cf.
Cato Maior, § 85, Haec habuiy de
nia rentur,
senectutequae dicere>n, ad quam
Ex igni ter?'a atque anii7ia^ pro-
utinam perveniatis, ut ea quae ex
crescere, et imbri^
Quorum Acragantinus cumprimis me audistis, re experti probare
Euipedocles est.
possitis. —
8. cavea nuper cavea, :
applied to the whole body of the

(Acragas, the original Greek theater divided into banks of seats
name of Agrigentum). — i. qui- designated ijna, media, and sum7na
dem :
' for example,' used to illus- cavea, of which theima was occu-
trate the general truth stated pied by the nobility, the media
at the close of § 23. 2. vaticina- and summa by the lower classes.
tum: "sang in inspired strain" Pacuvius was about eighty years
(Reid) ; vates, an inspired poet. old at the time this dialogue is
2. in rerum natura explained by

: supposed to have taken place. It
toto mundo. — 3. constarent . . . is not likely that his literary
moverentur: the stationary and activity continued up to that age,
the moving include everything. so Jiuper is probably loosely used.
Cf. de Rerum Natura, i, 265-328, Cf. § 6, modo. —

9. M. Pacuvi a :
for a part of Lucretius's atomic Roman tragedian, the nephew of

68
;
Orestes esset, Pylades Orestem se esse diceret, ut pro illo 10
necaretur, Orestes autem, ita ut erat, Orestem se esse per-

severaret. Stantes plaudebant in re ficta ;
quid arbitramur
in vera facturos fuisse ? Facile indicabat ipsa natura vim
suam, cum homines, quod facere ipsi non possent, id recte
fieri in altero iudicarent. 15
Hactenus mihi videor de amicitia quid sentirem potuisse

dicere si quae praeterea sunt (credo autem esse multa),
;
ab iis, si videbitur, qui ista disputant, quaeritote.

Fan7ims. 25. Nos autem a te potius ;
quamquam etiam
ab istis saepe quaesivi et audivi non invitus equidem ; sed
aliud quoddam filum orationis tuae.
Ennius, born at Brundisium about quid sentias. — 18. si videbitur : =

220 B.C. The play is the "Dulo- si piacebit. — 18. qui ista dispu-
restes," which has the same theme tant: cf. § 17, de quo disputent
as the ipJiigenia in Taiiris of Eu- also § I, disputata. — 18. quaeri-
ripides. The allusion is to the tote : future because of the refer-
incident where Pylades insists ence to future time in videbitur.
that he is Orestes that he may On the use of tenses, cf. § 22,
die in Orestes's stead. Cf. Cic. verteris. With this section Lae-
de Finibus, 5, 63, Pylades. Ego lius closes his discussion of the
sum Orestes. Orestes. I?ujno eiiini first general division of the theme
vero ego sum, inquam, Orestes. suggested by Fannius, § 16, quid
Both. A?nbo ergo una necarier sentias {de amicitia). The re-
(= necari) precaviur. — 9. igno- marks of Fannius and Scae-
rante rege : Thoas, king of the vola in § 25 lead in a natural
Taurians. — 13. Facile: 'spontane- way to the discussion of the
ously,' by compelling the spec-
i.e. second topic suggested by Fan-
tators to rise and applaud. — nius in § 16, qualetn (amicitiani)
14. facere non possent they
. . . : existimes.
applauded the act of another which 25. potius : sc. quaerenuis.
they themselves were not privileged Cf. § 19, maior. — 2. non invitus
to perform. — 16. Hactenus: used equidem : cf. § 4, non invitus.
—
in closing a discussion or in pass- 3. filum : this metaphor is common
ing to a new topic. Cf. § 55, hac- to all languages. Cf. " the thread
tenus. — 16. quid sentirem : cf. § 16, of the discourse." — 3. orationis
69
25-26] M. TVLLl CICERONIS
Scaevola. Turn magis id diceres, Fanni, si nuper in hor-

5 tis Scipionis, cum
de re publica disputatum, adfuisses. est
Qiialis turn patronus iustitiae fait contra accuratam oratio-
nem Phili
Fanniiis. Facile id quidem fuit iustitiam iustissimo viro
defendere.
lo Scaevola. Quid ? amicitiam nonne facile ei qui ob earn
summa fide, constantia iustitiaque servatam maximam
gloriam ceperit ?
VIII. Laeliiis. 26. Vim hoc quidem est adferre. Quid

enim refert qua me ratione cogatis ? cogitis certe. Studiis
tuae : cf. § i , sermoiie, and sno. — quial "well?" 'Well, would it

4. diceres ... si adfuisses : Fan- not be easy,' etc. Cf. the use of
nius was one of the hearers in tlie Tt in the Greek. 10. amicitiam — :
de Re Publica. He may not, how- sc. defendere est. — 10. ob eam . . .
ever, have heard all the discussion. servatam : ob and propter with the
Cf. § \\.,tridnujn. Cicero's words accusative denote a remoter cause,
in the mouth of Scaevola seem to whereas more immediate cause is
justify this conclusion. — 5. de re denoted by the ablative (cause or
publica : cf. § 14, de e publica. 7'
— means). Cf Verg. A. i, 2, 3,
6. patronus : i.e. patj'onus causae., imdtuDi ille et terr is iactatus et
one who came into court to plead alto vi superiun saevae ineiuorejn
the cause of another, whereas ad-
I
luiwiiis ob ira?n. — 11. fide, con-

vocatus is one who merely lent his stantia iustitiaque : cf. § 12, sociiset
presence to support tlie cause of Latinis. — 11. servatam maximam

another. 6. —
accuratam (âd + : gloriam : notice the bringing to-
euro)., 'carefully prepared.' — gether of words with like endings
7. Phili: cf § \A,.PJdlus. 8. ius- — (homoeoteleuton, o/xotov, 'like' +
titiam iustissimo defendere in . . . : rekevTov, 'ending'). Cf. § 26, a
apposition with id. senem
Cf. § 5. . . . causa.
senex de senectute. Defendere {de, 26. Vim . . . adferre :
' to in-
'
down,' 4- the obsolete verb fen- timidate.' This expression is al-
dere, to strike '), 'to do something
'
most proverbial. Cf Caesar's cry
in defense of;' lueri, 'to look out as the conspirators pressed around
for,' not necessarily to do anything. him, Suetonius § 82, ista quidem vis
— 10. Quid in this common use
: est, something like 'this is a regular
approximates closely to the collo- assault.' Vis is here used as a legal

70
;
enim generorum, praesertim in re bona, cum difficile est,
turn ne aequum quidem obsistere.

Saepissime igitur mihi de amicitia cogitanti maxime 5
illud considerandum videri solet, utrum propter imbecillita-

tem atque inopiam desiderata sit amicitia, ut dandis recipi-
endisque meritis quod quisque minus per se ipse posset, id
acciperet ab alio vicissimque redderet, an esset hoc quidem
proprium amicitiae, sed antiquior et pulchrior et magis a 10
natura ipsa profecta alia causa. Amor enim, ex quo amici-

tia nominata est, princeps est ad benevolentiam coniungen-
dam. Nam utilitates quidem etiam ab iis percipiuntur saepe

qui simulatione amicitiae coluntur et observantur temporis
term. Cf. § 15, vis. — 2. certe: something near one, and by impli-
cf. § 10, certe. — 2. Studiis . . . cation always associated with one,
obsistere :
'
to hold out against the i.e. '
a characteristic' Cf. §§ 47, 91,
urging.' — Saepissime to be 5. : proprium. —
10. antiquior et pul-
taken with the sentence as a whole, chrior :
'
farther back and nobler.'
not with cogitanti or co7isideran- Antiq?(ior, in time and cause pid-
—
;
dum . . . solet alone. 5. mihi: c/ter, 'beautiful' in a moral sense,

cf. § 15, videar. — 6. illud: 'the e.g. a beautiful character. 11. a —
point, truth, question/ etc., looks natura causa from nature her-
. . . :
'
forward and is taken up in the self.' Note the homoeoteleuton.

clauses utniin an. 6. im- . . . — Cf § 25, scri'atam, etc. — 11. Amor
becillitatem : cf. § 23, inibccilli . . . amicitia : amicitia., merely a
also § 25, od earn. The philoso- particular kind oi amor. They are
phy is — inopiam
Epicurean. 7. : synonyms in § 100, sii>e amor sive
cf. § 22, opes. — desiderata 7. : cf. amicitia. —
ex quo the ablative 11. :
§ 10, desiderio. — meritis: 8. of source is used with and without

'favors.' — quod: antece- 8. its a preposition. In expressing de-
dent is the following id. The in- scent, however, the preposition is
version gives prominence to the generally omitted (except with
interdependence of men. 8. mi- — 7nater) ; but cf. § 27, e.x' se natos. —
nus. Cf. § 23, minus. — 9. hoc: 12. princeps : princeps est ad betie-
refers to td . . . reddet-et. — 9. volentiam coniungendam; 'îsi der
quidem . . . sed : cf. û-eV . . . 8e, erste Trieb'''' (Strelitz). — 13. etiam :
'while' . . . 'yet.' — 10. proprium: with ab iis. Cf. § 20, etiam. —

(perhaps from prope, 'near'), 14. simulatione . . . causa : note
71
15 autem nihil fictum est, nihil simulatum et,

causa, in amicitia
quidquid est, id est verum et voluntarium.
27. Quapropter a natura mihi videtur potiiis quam ab
indigentia orta amicitia, applicatione magis animi cum quo-
dam sensu amandi quam cogitatione quantum ilia res utili-
tatis esset habitura. Quod quidem quale sit, etiam in
5 bestiis quibusdam animadverti potest, quae ex se natos ita
•
amant ad quoddam tempus et ab iis ita amantur ut facile
earum sensus appareat. Quod in homine multo est evi-
dentius, primum ex ea caritate quae est inter natos et paren-
tes, quae dirimi nisi detestabili scelere non potest deinde ;
10 cum similis sensus exstitit amoris, si,aliquem nacti sumus
cuius cum moribus et natura congruamus, quod in eo quasi

lumen aliquod probitatis et virtutis perspicere videamur.
the unusual chiasmus — noun, geni- that beat as one." — 3. cogitatione :
tive, verb . . . verb, genitive, noun. 'calculation.' — 3. ilia res: 'rela-

Temporis causa, ^
just for the time tionship.' —
4. Quod quidem quale
being,' i.e. for present gain. Aini- sit: an unusual alliteration. Cf.
citiaeand tcn7poris are genitives of §16, qiialem existi?nes. — 5. ani-
definition. Cf. § 4, sermonuin. — madverti cf. § 8, ajiiimwi
: . . .
14. coluntur . . . observantur . . . advertere. 5. —

ex se natos: cf.
fictum . . . simulatum : pairs of § 26, ex quo. —
6. ad quoddam
synonyms. The repetition is for tempus an extension of the ad-

:
emphasis. — 15. et, quidquid: et \% verbial phrase ad tempus., 'tem-

often equivalent to sed after nega- porarily.' Cf. § 53, ad tempus
tive sentences. also Cic. de Nat. Dear. 2, 129, us-
27. potius quam : potiiis entirely q7ie ad eum fiiieiJi dum possint se
excludes the idea that weakness is ipsi defendere. —
aliquem 10. si :
the source of friendship magis ;

. . stronger and more
than si definite
qtiani in the following clause ad- —
quem. 11. congruamus: we should
mits the possibility that the judg- expect nostri congruant. This
ment may assist in the formation short-cut comparison is called
of friendships, but in a less degree brachyology. —
11. quasi lumen cf. :
than feeling. Cf. § 19, viaior . . .

§ 3, quasi also § 100 (inrtus^ quae
-.^
potiores. — 2. applicatione animi: cum se extulit et ostendit suum lu-

'spiritual union.'' Cf. "two hearts men. — 12. videamur : sc. nobis. Cf.
72
: — ;
28. Nihil est enim virtute amabilius, nihil quod magis

adliciatad diligendum, quippe cum propter virtutem et pro-
bitatem etiam eos, quos numquam vidimus quodam modo
diligamus. Quis est qui C. Fabrici, M'. Curi non cum cari-
tate aliqua benevola memoriam usurpet, quos numquam 5
viderit ? quis autem est qui Tarquinium Superbum, qui Sp.
Cassium, Sp. Maelium non oderit ? Cum duobus ducibus
de imperio in Italia est decertatum, Pyrrho et Hannibale
§ I ^yvidear. We should expect the in Rome in 439 B.C. he bought

simple ^\xh]\\nc\.\ve perspicia?nus or corn in Etruria and sold it to the
perspicere videmur. Cicero com- poor in Rome at a low price, or
bines the two constructions. distributed it gratuitously. He
28. amabilius cf. § 4, viaxinie
: was accused of aiming at kingly
inemo7'abile)n. — quippe cum =
2. : power, and Ahala, sent to arrest
aim — C. Fabrici:
(causal). 4. cf. him, slew him upon his refusing
§ 18, C Fabricitun. — M'. Curi:
4. to go to Rome. Probably both he
cf. § 18, J/'.Oirhwi. — memo- 5. and Sp. Cassius were martyrs to
riam usurpet: 'cherish the mem- a good cause. Cicero writes from
ory.' Cf. § 8, iisurpavi. — 6. viderit the point of view of the patricians,
subjunctive in a concessive clause. and in the orations refers often
— autem: cf. § i, aictein.
6. — to these men as a warning to those
6. Tarquinium Superbum Tarquin : who are ambitious for power. —
the Proud, according to tradition, 7. oderit : for the tense, cf. § 4.
—
the last of the kings, was banished 8. est decertatum: 'we fought to
from Rome in 509 B.C. because the bitter end ' {tie) . Cf. Caes. B.
of his arrogance and lawlessness. G^. 3. 21, I, pitgnatiun est, '
the bat-
Rex ever after was a hated term tle raged.' Cf. § 9, 2it niihivideris.
among the Romans. —
6. Sp. Cas- — 8. Pyrrho: one of the greatest
sium: Spurius Cassius Vecellinus generals and princes of history.
was consul in 502, 493, and 486 B.C. He was born 318 B.C., and was
He was distinguished for having killed 272 In 280 and 279
B.C.
secured the passage of the first B.C. he defeated the Romans at the
agrarian law at Rome, losing head of the invading Greeks from
thereby the favor of the patricians, Epirus. When warned by the
by whom he was accused, and in Romans of a plot to assassinate
485 B.C. put to death. 7. Sp. — him, he in gratitude released all the
Maelium: the richest of the ple- captured Romans. 8. Hannibale:
beian knights. During the famine The greatest general against whom
73
ab altero propter probitatem eius non nimis alienos animos

lo habemus, alterum propter crudelitatem semper haec civitas
oderit.
IX. Quod si tanta vis probitatis est iit earn vel in
29.
iis quos numquam vidimus vel, quod maius est, in hoste
etiam diligamus, quid mirum est, si animi hominum move-

antur, cum eorum, quibuscum usu coniuncti esse possunt,
5 virtutem et bonitatem perspicere videantur ? Quamquam
confirmatur amor et beneficio accepto et studio perspecto
et consuetudine adiuncta, quibus rebus ad ilium primum
motum animi et amoris adhibitis admirabilis quaedam ex-
Rome fought. To avoid falling § 13, ciun corporihiis. — 4. usu in

:
'
into the hands of the Romans whom actual experience.' — 4. possunt

he had so often defeated in battle, . . . videantur : possiuit, indicative
he committed suicide by taking because standing in a clause which
poison in 183 B.C. The charge of is a circumlocution for a genitive
cruelty is made by most Roman explanatory of eoriivi., e.g. civiuin;

writers, but he compared favorably videantur., subjunctive by attrac-
wdth the Roman generals in this tion because the clause is felt to
respect. —ab altero: Pyrrhus.
9. depend closely upon moveantur. —
Note the anaphora in the word- 5. Quamquam: 'and yet,' correc-
order. —
9. non nimis 'not very.' : tive of the preceding, lest any one
29. Quod si: '
now if,' makes a infer that virtutem et bonitatem
general reference to a previous perspicere is the only source of
statement, and adds a further one strong friendship. — 6. studio . . .
based formally on a hypothetical consuetudine : studium^ ' inclina-

assertion.— i . vel in iis : 7'^/, ' even.' tion,' to be friendly ; consuetudo,
Cf. § 28, etiam eos,quos nmnquani 'familiar intercourse,' to develop
vidiinus. — 3. etiam by its un-
: and test friendship. — 8. motum
usual position empha.sizes in hoste. animi et amoris motiun animi con- :
Cf. § 20, etiam. — 3. quid mirum stitutes one idea, which is explained
est, si animi . . . moveantur : q2iid by the genitive of definition in
niiriini si is usually followed by amoris. It repeats in substantive
the indicative ; the subjunctive is form the verbal idea of animi . . .
used to avoid the positive asser- 7noveantur above. 8. animi et —

tion that the employment of the in- amoris adhibitis admirabilis cf. § :
dicative would imply. Animi.) cf. \\^ e custodia. — 8. adhibitis . . .
74
ardescit benevolentiae magnitudo. Guam si qui putant ab

imbecillitate proficisci, ut sit per quern adsequatur quod 10
quisque desideret, humilem sane relinquunt et minime

generosum, ut ita dicam, ortum amicitiae, quam ex inopia
atque indigentia natam volunt. Quod si ita esset, ut quis-
que minimum esse in se arbitraretur, ita ad amicitiam esset
aptissimus; quod longe secus est. 15
30. Vt enim quisque sibi plurimum confidit et ut quisque

maxime virtute et sapientia sic munitus est ut nullo egeat
suaque omnia in se ipso posita iudicet, ita in amicitiis ex-
exardescit: in § 27 the metaphor this is also shown by atque, 'and

in lumen is that of light as a well- especially,' which throws emphasis
known cause of attraction to living on the word or statement that fol-
creatures here it is the reality of
; lows. —
13. natam volunt (which) :
the which added fuel causes to

fire, '
they will have it is born.' Cf. § 48,
blaze up with more intensity. Cf. volunt. Cf. Verg. A. i, 625, 626 :
—
§ 22, conqiiiescit. — 10. ut sit: sc.
Teucros insigni laude
aliquis. — 10. per quern : with per
ipse /lostis
fe?'ebat,
and the accusative a person is
sometimes used as instrument. — seque ortuni antiqua Teucroriun a
stirpe volebat.
11. quisque: "In a complex sen-
tence, consisting of a main and rela- '
He (Belus) would have it that he
tive sentence, quisque is usually was born of old Trojan stock.' —
expressed but once, and then in 13. Quod si: cf. (Juod si -î the be-
the unemphatic relative sentence. ginning of § 29. 14. ad amicitiam —

In English the equivalent of quis- . aptissimus cf. § 17, tani na-
. . :
que goes with the main sentence.'^ turae aptuni. —

15. quod longe secus
L. 2396. — II. desideret :

'
feels the est which is far from the case.'
:
'
need of.' —
12. generosum, ut ita 30. Vt . . . ut: the introduc-
dicam: strictly speaking ^(?;/^.';7v//;// tion of successive clauses by the
applies only to persons, hence the same word is the simplest form of
modifying phrase. Cf. § 13, 7-cli- anaphora. — 2. nullo : the genitive
giflsa ; also § 14, tajjiquani^ and § and ablative of nullus are gener-
27, quasi. Cf. Preston and Dodge's ally used for the genitive and abla-
P7'ivate Life of the Romans., pp. 20 tive of nemo. Cf. the old rhyme,
ff. — 12. inopia atque indigentia: Of nenu) let me never see Netninis
'•
the second is the stronjier term ; and nemine.'''' 3. suaque in se— . . .
75
petendis colendisque maxime excellit. Quid enim ? Afri-

5 canus indigens mei ? Minime hercule ac ne ego quidem !
illius sed ego admiratione quadam virtutis eius, ille vicis-

;
sim opinione fortasse non nulla, quam de meis moribus

habebat, me dilexit *"auxit benevolentiam ; consuetudo. Sed
quamquam utilitates multae et magnae consecutae sunt,
lonon sunt tamen ab earum spe causae diligendi profectae.
31. Vt enim benefici liberalesque sumus, non ut exigamus
ipso posita : -qiie^ best translated mores (plu.), 'character.' Cf.

'but.' Cf. § 18, fteqtie, and § 26, § 54, mores. — 8. dilexit; auxit
et {qiiidqjdd est) . Cf. § 7, omnia placing the verbs together gives
tiia iji te mei: sc.
posita. — 5. the impression of one action fol-
erat = indigebat. The omission lowing another in rapid succession.
of the verb in impassioned speech Livy and Tacitus use this arrange-
is common. Cf. § 42, Qitis poten- ment in rapid narration. For the
tior? With indigens., Cicero uses thought, cf. § 29, cons7ieiudine adi-
both the ablative and the genitive ;
uncta. — 9. multae et magnae:
of the ablative five cases are cited, '
many great advantages.' Note the
of the genitive, nine. Indigens between the English and
difference
erat., ''In Latin, as in Greek, these the Latin idiom. In such cases
resolved forms occur chiefly in the Latin never omits the con-
philosophical language, and there nective except when the combined
is generally some shade of mean- idea of a substantive with an
ing which would not be conveyed attributive adjective is qualified
by the synthetic form" (Stock). by one or more adjectives, eg.
— 5. hercule: a favorite expletive multae naves lottgae, many battle- '
among the Romans. — 6. sed ego: ships.' 10. earum: i.e. utilitates.
sc. eimi dilexi. — 6. virtutis eius :

—
10. causae diligendi profectae:
for one genitive dependent upon "the attachment originated"

another, cf. § 37, illius furor is. (Sidgwick).
Virtutis., cf. § 4, sermonuins and § 31. non ut exigamus gratiam
37, virtidis. — 7. opinione a vox : i.e. no bargaining in favors exi- ;
media. The opinion is here bona gere, 'to call in a loan when due.'
from the context. Cf. § 8, vale- Cf. Cic. de Nat. Deor. i, 122,
tiidinein. — 7. opinione . . . non quam {amicitiam) si ad fruûm
nulla : note Laelius's modesty. Cf. nostrtim referemus no7i erii
. . .
§ 4, non invitus. 7. moribus — ista ajnicitia, sed jnercatura quae-
76
—
gratiam (neque enim beneficium faeneramur sed natura

propensi ad liberalitatem sumus), sic amicitiam non spe
mercedis adducti sed quod omnis eius fructus in ipso amore
inest, expetendam putamus. 5
32. Ab ad voluptatem omnia re-

his qui pecudum ritu
ferunt longe dissentiunt, nee mirum nihil enim altum, ;
nihil magnificum ac divinum suspicere possunt qui suas

omnes rem tam humilem tamque
cogitationes abiecerunt in
contemptam. Quam ob rem hos quidem ab hoc sermone 5
removeamus, ipsi autem intellegamus natura gigni sensum
da7n utilitatum stiaru7)t. 2. benefi- — however, often misrepresented.

cium faeneramur put a kindness :
'
The context here shows that the
out at interest.' Note the language lower forms of pleasure are meant.
of commerce. Cf. § ']'j^ meo no- Cf. Cato Maior, § 39, Ntdlaui
mine. —
3. amicitiam: to be taken capitaliore?n pestem qnam vohtpta-
with expetendam (êsse). 4. fruc- — tem co7'Poris hominibus dicebat a
tus in ipso amore inest : 'its reward nati(7â data77i, etc. 2. nihil . . .
is in the affection itself.' Cf. " Vir- altum . . . magnificum . . . divi-

tue is its own reward." For the num rem tam humilem
. . . . . .
repetition of the preposition, cf. § contemptam the emphasis by posi- :
84, i7i qua . . . tjisunt^ and § 94, tion is strengthened by the sharp
ad vanitatem accessit. Cf. Cic. in antitheses and by the anaphora.
Cat. I, 5, 13, Exire ex iirbe iubet Co7de7npta/7i, the participle, is used
constd ho stem. in sense of co7demptabilis,
the
32. Ab his : i.e. from the fore- which was not in use in Cicero's
going statements. His is neuter time. Cf. Cato Maior, § 27, Quae
plural. —
I. pecudum: distinguish vox potest esse co7ite77iptior qna77i
pecus^ -oris from peciis, -ndis. Cf. Milo7iis Croto7uatae? — 3. suspicere
§ \Z^ pecudetn. The English deriv- cogitationes abiecerunt

. . . :
'
raise
ative ' pecuniary ' goes back to the their eyes . . . have let their
time when men reckoned vakies thoughts sink.' — 6. natura = 7tatu-
by cattle. —
ad voluptatem
i. . . . 7'aliter. — 6. sensum diligendi . . .
referunt Epicureans.
: the Cf. benevolentiae caritatem : chias-
§§ 20, 21, 45. The Epicureans mus. Sens 7177 1 dilige7idi is a sub-
used volnptas in its higher and stantive form of the verb diligere,
better sense, placing intellectual as a77tor is of amare. Cf. § 27,
above bodily pleasure. They are, se7isii ania7idi; also § 100, amare
11
diligendi et benevolentiae caritatem facta significatione pro-

bitatis. Quam qui adpetiverunt, applicant se et propius
admovent ut et iisu eius, quern diligere coeperunt, fruantur
loet moribus sintque pares in amore et aequales propensio-
resque ad bene merendum quam ad reposcendum, atque
haec inter eos sit honesta certatio. Sic et utilitates ex
amicitia maximae capientur et erit eius ortus a natura quam
ab imbecillitate gravior et verier. Nam si utilitas amicitias
15 conglutinaret, eadem commutata dissolveret; sed quia
natura mutari non potest, idcirco verae amicitiae sempiter-
aiitem nihil est aliud nisi euiii ip- ionship' inores, cf. § 30, moribus.
;
su7n diligere^ quern aims. Cf. § 20, — 9. diligere coeperunt cf. § 30, :
benevolentia et caritate. — 7. facta dilexit. — 10. pares . . . et aequales :
. . . probitatis :
^
when signs of the affection of the one is equal to
worth have been displayed.'' — that of the other in quantity and
8. Quam qui adpetiverunt: 'and quality. Par generally indicates
if any have sought tliis/ viz. quantity ; aequalis, quality. Cf.
benevolentiae caritatem. The per- § 56? pariter aequaliterque. —
fect is used in the statement of a 10. propensioresque . . . reposcen-
general truth with the force of a dum :
'
more inclined to grant a
present, any seek this. Cf.
i.e. if favor than to ask one.' Cf. § 26,
Cato Maior, § 2, Cui qui parcat^ dandis recipiendisque meritis. —
'and if any one obeys her' {philo- 12. haec : i.e. the disposition to give
sophia) and § 64, quibus qui
; rather than to receive ; attracted
splendide usi su)it, 'and if any into the gender of certatio. Cf. §
have made {i.e. make) good use i'^., eaui sapientiani . quam. . .
—
of these {auctoritatis praemiis^
' 12. et . . . et : 'on the one hand
— 8. applicant . . . et propius ... on the other.' — 13. a natura
admovent : a hysteron proteron . . . ab imbecillitate : have the
(ucrrepov Trporepov), i.e. stating force of conditional clauses. —
the second of two acts before the 14. gravior: 'more honorable.' Cf.
first. Cf. "putting the cart before gravitas, 'dignity.' — 15. congluti-
the horse," the effect before the naret . . . dissolveret : cf. Cato
cause, etc. Cf. § 27, appiicatione Maior, § 72, td aedificium ide?n
utagis a?ti?m. — g. usu . . . fru- qui construxit,
destruit facillime
antur . . . moribus : coniunctio. sic optime quae
homijieni eade?n
Cf. § 23, aniinos. Vsu, 'compan- conghdinavit natura dis solvit, —
78
nae sunt. Ortum quidem amicitiae videtis, nisi quid ad

haec forte vultis.
Fafmius. Tu vero perge, Laeli; pro hoc enim, qui minor

est natu, meo iure respondeo. 2(
33. Scaevola. Recte tu quidem. Quam ob rem audiamus.

X. Laelius. Audite vero, optimi viri, ea quae saepis-
sime inter me et Scipionem de amicitia disserebantur.
Quamquam quidem nihil difificiUus esse dicebat, quam
ille
amicitiam usque ad extremum vitae diem permanere. Nam 5

vel ut non idem expediret, incidere saepe, vel ut de re pub-
lica non idem sentiretur mutari etiam mores hominum ;
saepe dicebat, alias adversis rebus, aHas aetate ingraves-
17. ad haec: sc. respondere. The 33. Recte tu quidem cf. § 8. :
remarks of Fannius and Scaevola — 2. optimi viri at the corre- :
are skillfully woven into the essay sponding point in the Cato Maior
as a whole. Ortuni implies that (§ 39)? Cato addresses Scipio and
Laelius has conducted his hearers Laelius in the same way. Cf.
to the fountain-head of friendship, Introd. 5. — 3. inter me et Scipi-
and Fannius's reply {p^f'g^) signi- onem : cf. § 2, ego. — 4. Quam-
fies a desire to have him continue quam :
'
and took yet.' Scipio
to lead them. The latter part of exception to Laelius's position as
his speech {Pro hoc iiieo iure
. . . to the continuance of friendship.
respondeo) is taken up by Scae- Cf § 2(^, quauiqitain. — 6. expedi-
vola in Recte tu quidem. The ret .. . sentiretur : expediret, sc.
address to Laelius {audiaimis) is ntrique. Note the metaphor. Sen-
taken up in the reply {audite vero). tiretur, sc. ab 2itroque, i.e. they
Thus we see the dovetailing of the would not agree over politics. The
whole structure. For the dialogue imperfect is demanded because
form, cf. Introd. 5. — 19. pro hoc ijicidere, dependent upon dicebat,
enim cf § 7, credo, ex hoc ite?n
: represents a past tense. Cf § 75,
Scaevola. —
20. meo iure: âs I saepe inagnae res.
incidunt —
have a right to do'; lit. 'by virtue 8. alias alias adverbs explana-
. . . :
of my right.' The ablative is the tory of saepe, which belongs with

figurative use of the ablative of ?nidari. — 8. ingravescente : Hmder
means. Afeo, cf § i, socero suo the growing burden of years'; a
and fiostrae civitatis. picture word showing the stoop of
79
cente. Atque earum reriim exemplum ex similitudine

locapiebat ineuntis aetatis, quod summi puerorum amores
saepe una cum praetexta toga ponerentur.
34. Sin autem ad adulescentiam perduxissent, dirimi
tamen interdum contentione vel uxoriae condicionis vel
commodi alicuius, quod idem adipisci uterque non posset.
Quod si qui longius in amicitia provecti essent, tamen saepe
5 labefactari, si in honoris contentionem incidissent pestem ;
enim nullam maiorem esse amicitiis quam in plerisque

pecuniae cupiditatem, in optimis quibusque honoris certa-
age. 9. Atque— aetatis: 'he . . . befactari : dependent upon the

used to take as an illustration of twice repeated dicebat above. —
these statements the analogy of boy- 2. contentione uxoriae condi- . . .
hood.' Atqite^ as often, introduces cionis 'in rivalry over a marriage

:
a particular case under a general engagement.' Vxoriae, cf. § 4, ser-

statement. — 10. capiebat : Laelius 7no?ium, § funeris, and be-
and 1 1,
inserts a statement of his own in low Jwnoris contentioneni. 2. vel —

the midst of the indirect discourse commodi alicuius : serves to extend
containing Scipio's sentiments. the previous statement from the
Capiebat states the fact and qiwd particular to the general aid is ;
. . . ponerentur gives Scipio's rea- more frequently employed to intro-

son for it. — 10. summi: 'deepest.' duce such statements. 3. quod — :
— II. una cum: cf. § 2, 7ina, — '

because.' — 4. provecti essent : the
11 . praetexta toga : cf .
§ i , virili metaphor is from sailing. Cf. § 85,
toga. —
ponerentur: instead of
II. in fncdio cursu aitiicitias . . . dis-
the more common deponerentur ruijipimiis.) also V^x^. A. 3, 72,
since remove one's clothes is
'
to '
provehimur portu. 5. labefac- —
commonly expressed by deponere. tari: sc. earn. 'Met with heavy
34. Sin autem sin generally : seas carries out the metaphor of
'
implies preceding condition.

a provecti. Cf. Val. Flacc. 8, 357,
The contrast here, however, is not fluctu puppis labefacta. 5. si in —
between the clauses introduced by honoris incidissent
. . . :
' if they
sin and a preceding clause, but happen to be candidates for the
between the statements amores same office.' 6. in plerisque: —
ami praetexta toga ponerentur 'among men in general,' in con-
and ad adulescentiam {amores^ trast to in opii7?iis quibusqiie.^
perduxissent. i —
dirimi ... la- .
'
among men with political aspira-
80
men et gloriae ; ex quo inimicitias maximas saepe inter

amicissimos exstitisse.
35. Magna etiam discidia et plerumque iusta nasci, cum

aliquid ab amicis quod rectum non esset postularetur, ut
aut libidinis ministri aut adiutores essent ad iniuriam ;
quod
qui recusarent, quamvis honeste id facerent, ius tamen
amicitiae deserere arguerentur ab iis quibus obsequi nol- 5
lent. autem qui quidvis ab amico auderent postulare,

Illos
postulatione ipsa profiteri omnia se amici causa esse factu-
ros. Eorum querela inveterata non modo familiaritates
exstingui solere sed odia etiam gigni sempiterna. Haec ita
multa quasi fata impendere amicitiis ut omnia subte-rfugere 10
non modo sapientiae sed etiam felicitatis diceret sibi videri.
tions.' In optimis qidbitsqtie^ plu- — 3.quod qui recusarent = cum :
ral,because the pairs of friends are ii, qui id (^ministri aut ad-
to be considered. 8. ex quo inimi-— iutores fieri) recusarent. — 5. obse-
citias .exstitisse:
. .ex quo = qua qui: 'accommodate.'. — 6. quidvis:
ex re depending upon the whole {quid., 'anything,' + vis (velle),
preceding idea quod si gloriae. . . .
'
you wish ') anything whatever.' '
Cicero may have had in mind — 6. ab amico profiteri: note . . .
Caesar and Pompey. /ni;/iicitias, the double alliteration and the

plural, because Cicero was thinking assonance : similarity of sound. —
of concrete cases of friends who be- 9. exstingui : carries out the meta-
came estranged. Exstitisse is used phor in § 22, splendidiores, and
instead of the subjunctive, because § 29, exardescit. — 10. fata : a
the clause is coordinate, not sub- strong word which Cicero often
ordinate. Cf. § 45, qtia possit. . . . softens by the use of qiiasi, prope,
35. discidia 'dissensions.'' Cf.
:
paene, etc. ; so also fatalis. Cf.
§ 23, discidiis, from discindere. — Cic. /// cur ego non laeter
Cat. 4, 2,
I. plerumque iusta: cf. § 61, id meu?n consulatum ad salute?n
minus iiistae ainiconini vohintates populi Romani prope fatalem ex-
adiiivandae sint. 2. ut ... ad — stitisse? Cf. also, Phil. 3, 29,
iniuriam explanatory of quod
: quae nos ferre . . . co'egit . . . vis
rectum non esset postularetur. ^
quaedam pa ene fatalis. — 10. omnia
Note the change of construction subterfugere subject of videri. :
and the chiastic arrangement. Subterfugere corresponds to the

price's amicmia —6
XL 36. Quam
primum videamus, si placet, ob rem id
quatenus amor in amicitia progredi debeat. Numne, si
Coriolanus habuit amicos, ferre contra patriam arma illi
cum Coriolano debuerunt ? num Vecellinum amici regnum
5 appetentem, num Maelium debuerunt iuvare ?
37. Ti. quidem Gracchum rem publicam vexantem a Q.
Tuberone aequalibusque amicis derelictum videbamus. At
C. Blossius Cumanus, hospes familiae vestrae, Scaevola,
picture i7npendere. Cf. § 32, sns- 37. Ti. . . . Gracchum : the em-
picere . . . abieceritnt. — 11. sapi- phasis on the name shows the im-
entiae . . . felicitatis : sc. esse. Cf. portance, as Cicero thought, of the
§ 8, Munanitatis. illustration. Gracchus was
Ti.
§§ 36-100 contain Laeliusls
36. born and took part in
in 163 B.C.,
discussion of the third and main the siege of Numantia. Later he
division of his subject, viz. § 16, came to Rome, and espoused the
quae praecepta des. i placet — . cause of the people. In a riot,
sc. vobis. — 2. Numne . . . de- which followed his proposition to

buerunt they certainly ought
:
'•
distribute among the recipients of
not .ought
. they ? . Cf. Cic. ' land in Italy the wealth which
de Nat. Deor. i, 31, 88, Quid? Attains, king of Pergamum, had
Deuin ipsuni iiunine vidisti? — bequeathed to Rome, Gracchus
3. Coriolanus: a Roman patrician was killed. Cicero continually
who, according to tradition, when judges the Gracchi from the stand-
banished, in 491 B.C., because of point of an aristocrat. i. Q. —
his interference with the distribu- Tuberone the grandson of L.
:
tion of corn, led an army of Vol- Aemilius Paulus, and the nephew
scians against Rome. After all of Scipio Africanus Minor. He
other attempts to turn him from was called " the Stoic," from his
hispurpose had failed, he was in- knowledge of that school of philos-
duced by the Roman matrons, ophy and his manner of life. He
under the leadership of his wife opposed both Ti. and C. Gracchus,
and mother, to spare the city. and is one of the speakers in de-
Cf. Livy, 2, 33-40 also Shake- ; crop's dialogue, de Re Publica. Cf.
speare's play Coriolanus. — 4. cum §101. —
2. aequalibusque amicis :
Coriolano : more emphatic than 'and (other) just as good friends.'

cujn eo. — 5. Vecellinum . . . — 3. C. Blossius it is said that he
:
Maelium: cf. § 28, Sp.Cassitwi instigated Ti. Gracchus to bring

and Sp. Maelitiin. forward the agrarian law. After
82
: :
cum ad me, quod aderam Laenati et Rupilio consulibus

deprecatum venisset, banc ut sibi ignoscerem,
in consilio, 5
causam adferebat, quod tanti Ti. Gracchum fecisset ut,

quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putaret. Tum ego :
'
Etiamne, si te in Capitolium faces ferre vellet ?
'
'
Num-
quam '
inquit '
voluisset id quidem ; sed si voluisset, paruis-
sem.' Videtis, quam nefaria vox Et hercule ! ita fecit vel 10
plus etiam quam dixit non enim paruit ille

; Ti. Gracchi
the death of Ti. Gracchus he was — g. inquit: cf § 3, inqjiani. —

accused of participating in his 8. si . . . vellet: an ideal condi-
plans, and fled from Rome. He tion viewed from the past stand-
belonged to an old and distin- point. Cf § \\,Nisi
. . . . vellet.
guished family of Cumae, and — 9. id quidem: id = tale //i rem.
was a philosopher. — 4. aderam Cf. § 8, quidem. — 9. paruissem
... in consilio : 'sat with ... in the Plutarch, Ti. Grac. 4, says that
commission,' an explanatory clause Blossius added, " For he never
in parenthesis. —
4. Laenati: P. would have commanded it, if it had
Popilius Laenas. As consul, in not been for the people's good."
132 B.C., he wasassigned the Cicero does not hesitate to make
prosecution of the accomplices of his quotations fit the case in hand
Ti. Gracchus. Because of his by leaving out anything that might
cruelty he was forced into exile, hurt his cause. Both Laelius and
and banished in his absence by the Cicero belonged to the aristocratic
law of C. Gracchus, which called party, and saw little good in the
to account those who had put to popular party of their respective
death a Roman citizen without times. Videtis — vox you10. . . . :
'
trial. He was allowed to return catch meaning, my what a sac- —

to Rome after the death of C. rilegious sentiment' (that was).
Gracchus. — 4. Rupilio a friend
: Nefaria {iie \- fas)., cf. § w^fas ;
of Scipio and Laelius, who as col- vox., sc. erat. The clause is not
league of Laenas in the consulship dependent (except logically) upon
of 132 B.C. was tried with him for 7'idetis. For the parataxis, cf. § 5,
cruelty. —
quod 6. fecisset . . . til . . . putes. Cf § 96, j/iemi-
•
that he had esteemed Ti. Grac- nistis, quam . . . 7'idebatur. —
chus so highly.' Tanti \st\\Q geni- 10. ita fecit vel plus quam dixit:
tive of indefinite value ;
quanti^ a good example of the Latin use
7nagni, parvi. piuris^ and ininoris of verbs where the English prefers
are used in the same construction. nouns, '
his actions went even be-
83
temeritati sed praefuit, nee se eomitem illius furoris sed

dueem praebuit. Itaque hae amentia quaestione nova per-
territus in Asiam prof ugit, ad hostes se contulit, poenas rei
15 publicae graves iustasque persolvit. Nulla est igitur ex-
cusatio peccati, si amici causa peccaveris ; nam cum con-
ciliatrix amicitiae virtutis opinio f uerit, difficile est amicitiam
manere, si a virtute defeceris.
38. Quod
rectum statuerimus vel concedere amicis,
si
quidquid velint, vel impetrare ab iis, quidquid velimus, per-

f ecta quidem sapientia si simus, nihil habeat res viti sed ;
loquimur de iis amicis qui ante oculos sunt, quos vidimus
yond his words.' Cf. § i, quoad 7ion. ' There is no particle of pal-
posse?n, etc. — 12. praefuit: BIos- liation at all.' — 16. peccaveris . . .
sius is said to have prompted Ti. defeceris : notice the exactness in

Gracchus to the course he took, the use of tenses in Latin. Cf.
and on the day of his death urged § 22, ve7'teris. — 16. conciliatrix . . .
him to disregard a number of bad opinio : note the chiasmus. Virtu-

omens. —
12. eomitem: •follower.'' tis, cf. § 4, sermonum, also, § 30,
Cf. § 96, eomitem ; also Cic. /;/ Cat. virtutis.
1, 3, 7, satellitem audaciae. — 12. il- 38. Quod si . . . statuerimus . . .
lius furoris : cf. § 30, virtittis eius. si simus . . . habeat whole : the
— 13. amentia: causal ablative, thought is dependent upon the
giving the reason for Blossius's idea in perfecta qiiidevi sapientia
fate. —
14. ad hostes to Aristoni- : si siums., i.e. if we should attain
cus, who had seized the terri- that perfect wisdom, there would
tory Attains had willed to the be no harm in having decided it
Roman people. Cf. above, Ti. proper to grant every request of
Gracc/ui?7i. Upon the death of our friends, or to ask anything of
Aristonicus, after his defeat by the them. But he believes the Stoic
Romans in 130 B.C., Blossius com- ideal unattainable certainly, he ;
mitted suicide. —
15. Nulla: has says, no one ever attained to it.
great emphasis here. A negative Cf. § 18, qiiajii adhtic mortalis
at the beginning of a sentence is nemo est consecutus. — 4. qui ante
emphatic an adjective separated
; oculos quos novit vita: note
. . .
from its noun is emphatic. Both the ever widening circle and the
rules apply to iiidla here more- ; corresponding strengthening of
over, the word is stronofer than statement, — climax. Quos . . .
84
— ;
aut de quibusmemoriam accepimus, quos novit vita commu- 5

nis. Ex hoc numero nobis exempla sumenda sunt, et eorum
quidem maxime qui ad sapientiam proxime accedunt.
39. Videmus Papum Aemilium Luscino familiarem
fuisse (sic a patribus accepimus), bis una consules, collegas
in censura ; turn et cum iis et inter se coniunctissimos fuisse
M'. Curium, Ti. Coruncanium memoriae proditum est. Igi-
tur ne suspicari quidem possumus quemquam horum ab 5
amico quippiam contendisse, quod contra fidem, contra ius

iurandum, contra rem publicam esset Nam hoc quidem
in talibus viris quid attinet dicere, si contendisset, im-
cojJi7?iunis includes them all in a cf. § 18, Ti. Corimcanium. — 4. Igi-
sort of summary. — 6. Ex hoc nu- tur : generally post-positive in

mero : = ex horum numero. — classical Latin. In post-classical
7. qui . . . accedunt: those who Latin it is regularly first in its sen-
are nearest to the Stoics' ideal of tence. When igitur introduces a
wisdom. Cf. § \C),viros bonos . . . logical conclusion in syllogistic
quia sequaiitur, quantum homines form, it may stand at the begin-
possunt^ naturam optimam bene ning of the sentence. Here it
Vivendi ducem. serves to connect the thought in

39. Videmus : i.e. in the rec- general, and does not refer to any
ords. which is
Cf. § 38, vidimus., particular word or proposition.
used more restricted sense.
in a This use is rare. Cf. §§ 40, 42,
I. Papum Aemilium Q. Aemilius : igitur. — 6. contendisse :
'•
ear-
Papus was the colleague of C. nestly begged.' — 6. contra fidem :
Fabricius Luscinus in the consul- *

against his principles.' — 8. in
ship of 282 and 278 B.C., in the talibus viris : cf. § 9, in pueris
censorship of 275 B.C. Such in- § 41, in Scipione. —
8. quid attinet
version of proper names is com- dicere: note \\\q praeteritio ; pre-

mon among the Roman writers, tending to pass over or to be un-
especially in Livy and Tacitus. willing to state something, which
Cf. Cato Maior., § 48, Turpione is then stated emphatically. Cicero
Ambivio. —
2. a patribus from :
'
is fond of this rhetorical ruse. Cf.
our ancestors.' Cf. § 4, a patribus. ad Att. 8, 3, 3, Omitto ilia Vetera.,
— 3. tum: 'besides,' not tempo- quod istuju in rem publica7n ille
ral here. —
4. M\ Curium cf. § 18, : aluit, auxity armavit., ille legibus
—
M\ Curius. 4. Ti. Coruncanium : per vim et contra auspicia feren-
85
petraturum non f uisse ? cum illi sanctissimi viri fuerint,

loaeque autem nefas sit tale aliquid et facere rogatum
et rogare At vero Ti. Gracchum sequebantur C. Carbo,
C. Cato, et minime turn quidem C. frater, nunc idem acer-
rimus
dis aucior, ille Galliae idterioris cent Gracchan troubles, he com-

adiiinctor . . . Sed id haec omit- mitted suicide. — 12. C. Cato:
tani^ quid foedius, etc. — 8. si grandson of Cato the Censor and
contendisset . . . fuisse : in the of Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus.
direct discourse the condition is In his youth he was a follower of
contrary to reality in past time Ti. Gracchus, and attained the
thepkiperfect subjunctive standing consulship in 114 B.C. He mis-
in both clauses. As subject and governed Macedonia, and later
object, supply quisqtiam and quip- took up his residence in Spain to
piaifi from the preceding sentence. escape prosecution for desertion
— 9.sanctissimi: 'most honor- to Jugurtha. 12. et minime — sc. :
able.' —
10. rogatum: =cum?'oga- seqiiebatur.Et serves to connect
tus sit. —
II. At: denotes the C. Carbo and C. Cato taken to-
sharpest kind of contrast, and is gether, and Gains frater. Cf.
often used when a new subject, or § 12, sociis et Latinis. — 12. turn
a new phase of the subject under . . . nunc : Gains was at most
discussion, is introduced. The twenty-six years old at the time
implication is that the relationship of his brother's death, and accord-
here mentioned is not true friend- ing to Plutarch only twenty or
ship. — Carbo C. Papirius
II. C. : twenty-one. His youth accounts
Carbo, an able, but wholly unprin- for his inactivity at that time.
cipled man, was one of the three Nunc refers to the time of the
commissioners to put into effect dialogue, 129 B.C. — 12. C. frater:
the agrarian law of Ti. Gracchus. Gains Gracchus began his public
As tribune of the plebs in 131 B.C., career as tribune in 123 B.C. In
he violently opposed the aristoc- 122 he worked successfully against
racy; but in 121 B.C., after the the election of Opimius, who was
death of C. Gracchus, he suddenly elected the following year. A
deserted the plebeian party, and murder gave the senate a pretext
as consul in 120 B.C. undertook to arm Opimius with extraordi-
the defense of Opimius, who had nary power, and he crushed the
murdered C. Gracchus. When party of Gracchus. Gracchus him-
brought to trial in 1 19 B.C., on the self did not raise his hand against
charge of participating in the re- his country, but fled across the
86
:
XII. 40. Haec igitur lex in amicitia sanciatur, ut neque

rogemus res turpes nee faciamus rogati. Turpis enim ex-
cusatio est etminime accipienda cum in ceteris peccatis,
turn si quis contra rem publicam se amici causa fecisse
fateatur. Etenim eo loco, Fanni et Scaevola, locati sumus, 5
ut nos longe prospicere oporteat futuros casus rei publicae.

Deflexit iam aliquantum de spatio curriculoque consuetude
maiorum.
41. Ti. Gracchus regnum occupare conatus est, vel regna-
vit is quidem paucos menses. Num quid simile populus
Tiber, where he employed a slave statecraft ; not merely the three

to kill him. participants in the dialogue. It
40. Haec : is explained by the probably also refers to the age
following /// clause, which also for our lot has been cast in an age
summarizes the argument of §§ 35- when duty calls to a sharp lookout
39. —
I. ut neque nee in- . . . : for political dangers in the course
stead of the usual /// neve . . . we are taking. — 6. longe: used
neve or iie ant . . . aut. — 2. fa- here with reference to space ; the
ciamus rogati : cf. § 39, facere positive in a figurative sense very
rogatutn. — 2. Turpis : with 7'es rarely refers to time. — 7. de spa-
refers to acts which are themselves tio curriculoque : often used with-
wrong ; with exciisatio it refers to out any appreciable distinction.
a lack of principle in the person Trans, 'from the straight course.'
who makes the excuse. Trans, Cf. Cic. Orat., § 12, ex Academiae
''tis a poor excuse.' — 3. ceteris: spatiis exstitisse ; ilia (i.e. spatia)
cf. § 4, ceteros. For the proleptic enim sunt curricula Cato ; also
use, cf. § 7, reliqiia Graecia, and Maior, § 83, nee vero veliin quasi
§ 16, </(? ceteris I'ebus. — 5. eo loco decurso spatio ad carceres a cake
. . . locati : for the assonance, cf. revocari. With spatiuni compare
§ 35, ab ainico . . . profiteri. Eo cTTo.hiov. Metaphors from the race-
— tali. Locus is often used in the track are common in all literature.
sense of 'vantaoê ground,' a mili- Cf § loi.
tary or gladiatorial expression. 41. Ti. Gracchus: cf. §37 —
Cf. Cic. in Cat. 3, i, i. Loco ille I. vel regnavit quidem: vel =
is
tnotus est, cum est ex nrbe dcpulsiis. vel potius; quide/n emphasizes is,
— 6. nos : the optimates who pos- thus carrying its force back to the
sessed superior qualifications for subject of conatus est. Cf. § 8,
87
Romanus audierat aut viderat? Hunc etiam post mortem

secuti amici et propinqui quid in P. Scipione effecerint, sine
Slacrimis non queo dicere. Nam Carbonem, quocumque
modo potuimus, poenam Ti. Gracchi propter recentem
sustinuimus de C. Gracchi autem tribunatu quid expectem,
;
non Hbet augurari. Serpit deinde res; quae procUvis ad
quidejn. 4. —
P. Scipione not : Gracchus occurred four years be-
Africanus Minor, the friend of fore the date of this dialogue. —
Laelius, but P. Cornelius Scipio 7. sustinuimus: to attempt the
Nasica Serapio, tlie murderer of punishment of Carbo immediately
Ti. Gracchus. He was accused after thedeath of Ti. Gracchus,
by the tribune of the plebs and would have aroused to greater
thrown into prison. The senate frenzy the plebeians who were
sent liim as legatus to Asia, " a already deeply stirred by the
form of honorable exile'' (Reid), murder of Ti. Gracchus. 7. de —
though his priestly office {^poiiti- C. Gracchi . . . tribunatu
Cicero, :
fex, cf. Cic. /;/ Cat. i, 3) would writing in 44 B.C. and dating the
have protected him in Italy. — supposed conversation back to 129
4. sine . . . dicere : as Scipio was B.C., can well place this predic-
a member of the senatorial party tion in the mouth of Laelius.
(optimates), Cicero (or Laelius) is The younger Gracchus had, as
moved to tears sym-by political early as 129 B.C., shown qualities
pathies. The ancients thought it which indicated that he would
no disgrace to give way to their be a candidate for the tribunate.
emotions and did not attempt to He held the office of tribune
conceal them by conventionalities. in 125 B.C. For the device of
Cf. Verg. A. 2, 6-8, Oais taliafando " prophecy after the event," cf.
\
Mynnidonuin Dolopuniveaitt diiri Cato Maior, § 18, where Cicero,

7mles Vlixi \
teuiperet a Iacri77iis ? writing in 44 B.C. and dating his
also 1 , 92, 93. Exteniplo Aeneae sol- dialogue back to 150 B.C., four
vtmtur frigore membra ; ingemit. years before the overthrow of
On the other hand, they showed Carthage, has Cato express the
the greatest fortitude in enduring hope that the razing of that city
pain or grief in order to spare the might fall to the lot of Scipio, who
feelings of others. 5. non queo — : had actually destroyed Carthage
cf. § 22, vix —
qtteo. 5. Carbo- more than a hundred years before
nem : cf. § 39, Carbo. — 6. recen- the passage was written. 8. Ser- —
tem poenam : the death of Ti. pit .. labitur
. the metaphor of a
:
—
perniciem, cum semel coepit, labitur. Videtis in tabella

iam ante quanta sit facta labes, primo Gabinia lege, bien- 10
nio autem post Cassia. Videre iam videor populum a

senatu disiunctum, multitudinis arbitrio res maximas agi.
Plures enim discent quem ad modum haec fiant, quam quern
ad modum iis resistatur.
42. Quorsum haec Quia sine sociis nemo quicquam

?
tale conatur. Praecipiendum est igitur bonis ut, si in eius
stream, or of rolling a stone down of their influence in the comitia

hill, is common. The subject of and courts. — 11. Videre . . . agi:
these verbs is res, '
the democratic to conceive past or future events
movement.' Cf. Livy's Praefatio, as occurring in the present is com-
§ 9, latente deinde paulatiin disci- mon ; the figure is termed re-
plina vebit desidentes prijiio mores praesentatio. — 12. multitudinis :
seqiiatur anuno, deinde tit niagis = used for the sake of

vulgi,
jiiagisqtie lapsi suit, titni ire eoepe- variety, with perhaps an invidious
rint praecipites, donee ad haec tone. Cf. "mob rule."" — 14. iis:
teinpora, quibus nee vitia nostra i.e. the revolutionizing laws. Verbs
nee rejnedia pati possttfmis, per- governing the dative are used only
ventiini est. — g. in tabella: ^ in impersonally in the passive and
the matter of voting.'' The posi- retain the original dative used with
tion of these words outside their the active form.
clause gives them strong emphasis. 42. Quorsum haec : sc. dixi. Cf.
Cf. Cato Maior, § 28, Orator 7net no Cato Maior, § 13, Quorsns igitur
ne langiiescat. — 10. Gabinia lege : haec tarn inulta de Maximo ? This
as tribune in 139 B.C., A. Gabinius formula is used to explain a di-
secured the passage of the first gression and to make the return
lex tabellaria, which substituted to the main theme easy. Laelius,
the ballot for a viva voce vote in in §§ 39-4 1) had digressed to treat
the choosing of magistrates. — of political friendships from the
II. Cassia: L. Cassius Longinus, historical point of view. — i. sine
tribune in 137 B.C., secured the sociis : stronger than amicis ; e.g.
extension of the ballot to the those bound by political ties as
indicium popjtli which regulated well as the ties of friendship.
trials in the criminal courts {qnaes- 2. Praecipiendum est igitur bonis :
These laws were violently

tio7tes). in chiastic order with improbis
opposed by the optimates because a?(te?n poena statuenda est below.
they deprived the nobility of much The contrast is twofold ;
'
a word
89
modi amicitias ignari casu aliquo inciderint, ne existiment

ita se alligatos ut ab amicis in magna aliqua re publica
5 peccantibus non discedant ; im2:)robis autem poena statu-
enda est, nee vero minor iis qui secuti erunt alterum, quam
lis qui ipsi fuerint impietatis duces. Quis clarior in Grae-
cia Themistocle, quis potentior ? qui cum imperator bello
Persico servitute Graeciam liberavisset propterque invidiam
loin exsilium expulsus esset, ingratae patriae iniuriam non
tulit, quam ferre debuit, fecit idem, quod xx annis ante
apud nos fecerat Coriolanus. His adiutor contra patriam
inventus est nemo ; itaque mortem sibi uterque conscivit.
of counsel is needed for conscien- potentior : for the omission of the

tious citizens ...
unscrupu- for verb, cf. § 30, niei. —
8. The-
lous fellows a rigid enforcement mistocle : the celebrated Athenian

of penalties.'' 2. ut —
ne ex- . . . general whose strategy won for
istiment " 7it 7ie, though used at
: the Greeks the battle of Salamis
all periods (not by Caesar, Sallust, (480 B.C.), in which the fleet of
or Livy), is chiefly found in older Xerxes was destroyed. 8. bello
Latin ; afterwards ne alone took Persico the Second Persian War,

:
its L. 1947.
place.'' Archaisms 480 B.C. g. propter — expul- . . .
survive longest in the language of sus in 471 B.C. Themistocles was

:
decrees, laws, prayers, rituals, etc., accused of treasonable correspon-

and Laelius is here practically pro- dence with the Persian king and
posing an enactment. Cf. §§ 43, fled from Greece. 9. invidiam:
60, 65. 2. —
eius modi: i.e. the cf. Nepos, Them. 8, Tanien non
kind described in § 37, to which effitgit civiiDu suornin invidiain. —

in § 18 he denies the name of II. fecit idem i.e. ad Jwstis se con-
:
friendship, sentio, nisi in bonis titlit. For the antithetical asynde-

djuicitiani esse non posse. — 6. se- ton, cf. § 5, 7)elijn. Coriolanus
cuti erunt : for the exactness in waged war against Rome in
tense usage in Latin, cf. § 22, ver- 490, Themistocles against Greece
teris. — 7. impietatis : as the state in 470 B.C. 13. itaque —
con- . . .
was founded under religious aus- scivit : itaque — igiiur. The story
pices, he who plots for its over- of suicide is, in the case of each,
throw, as the democrats are accused without proof Cf. Nepos, Them.
of doing, is guilty of an act of sac- 10, De cnins niorte i7inltiniodis
rilege (Jmpietas). — 7. Quis . . . apud pierosque scriptum est ; sed
90
! ; —
LAELIVS DE AiMIClTlA [§ 43-44
43- improborum consensio non modo excusa-

Quare talis
tione amicitiae tegenda non est sed potius supplicio omni

vindicanda est, ut ne quis concessum putet amicum vel hel-
ium patriae inferentem sequi quod quidem, ut res ire ;
coepit, baud scio an aliquando futurum sit. Mihi autem 5

non minori curae est, qualis res publica post mortem meam
futura, quam qualis hodie sit.
XIII. 44. Haec

prima lex amicitiae sanciatur, ut
igitur
ab amicis honesta petamus, amicorum causa honesta facia-
mus, ne exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur studium ;
710S eu?ide;n potissiiinu/i TJiucydi- is stated negatively in ordaining

dein auctoreui probaj/ius, qui ilium what one must not do. It is
ait M
agues iae nwrbo tnortuuui. stated positively in this section.
Cf. also Liv}^ 2, 40, 10, Apud Fa- 2. honesta never 'honest' as the
:
biuni longe antiquissiunnn auc- term is used in English only ;
tore)n 7isque ad soiectuteni vixisse what is honorable is to be asked.

' '
eundeiJi (Coriolanus) iuveuio. — 2. causa : note that causa., '

for
43. talis . . . consensio : he the sake of,' regularly follows the
avoids calling' the relation de- word or words that depen'd upon
scribed in § 37, friendship. Cf. § it. The same is true of gratia.
18. —
2. potius: cf § ig, potiores. These are ablatives of cause and
— 2. supplicio: a stronger word are used as they were post-posi-
if
than poeua in § 42. 3. ut ne —

cf : tive prepositions with the genitive
§ 42, ut ne. — 4. quod quidem : case. —

3. ne quidem cf § 8, . . . :
quod^ 'and this,' viz. helping a 7/e . quidem.

. . 3. studium: —
friend who is making war upon his 'enthusiasm,' to such a degree that
own country. Quideui, cf § 8, we shall be zealous in finding ways
quidem. — 4. ut res ire coepit : cf. to help our friends. Cf La Fon-
§41, cum semel coepit., Libit ur. — taine, Les Deux Amis., for the
5. haud scio an ... sit prob- :
'
same sentiment, —
ably will some day come to pass.'
Cf § 20, haud scio an., also § 51. Quîn ami veritable est une douce
Cicero's despair for the state after chose
Caesar's assassination is plainly II cherche vos besoins au fond de
discernible in tliis sentence. votre-coeur
44. Haec pareatur
. sum-
. . : II vous epargne la pudeur
marizes §§ 40-43, where the law De les lui dccouvrir vous-7nhne.
91
semper adsit, cunctatio absit verum dare ; consilium

5 audeamiis libere. Plurimum in amicitia amicorum bene
suadentium valeat auctoritas, eaqiie et adhibeatur ad monen-
dum non modo aperte sed etiam acriter, si res postulabit, et
adhibitae pareatur.
45. Nam quibusdam, quos audio sapientes habitos in
Graecia, placuisse opinor mirabilia quaedam (sed nihil est
quod illi non persequantur argutiis) : partim fugiendas esse
nimias amicitias, ne necesse sit unum sollicitum esse pro
5 pluribus ; satis superque esse sibi suarum cuique rerum,
— 4. adsitabsit the play upon

. . . : Xov^ ^lAi'a? OvrjTov'^ avaKptvaaOat.
words not so sharply brought
is — I. habitos: note the implica-
out as in the Cato Maior, § 33, isto tion of the past tense. 2. opinor —
bono utare (= titaris^^ diwi adsit ' I am under the impression' almost
CU771 absit, ne reqiiiras where the as weak as I fancy.' It adds to
'
effect is heightened by the chiastic the vagueness of quibusdam. —

arrangement. Cf. amicitia aini- 2. mirabilia quaedam = : 7rapa8o|a.
coriivi below, and § 5, ad senem — 2. sed implies an ellipsis.
:
senex, etc. — 5. libere . , . acriter: Supply : you may think it strange

note the emphatic position of li- that they took delight in discuss-
bere, phirimitm^ auctoritas, aperte ing paradoxes, 'but,' etc. — 3. ar-
and acriter. Cf. § 2, adinoduni. gutiis: 'shrewd discussions,' in
Libere, '
frankly,' lit. '
as one free- an uncomplimentary sense. Cf.
man to another.' — 6. auctoritas: 'sharp practices.' 3. partim: —
cf. § 4, auctoritate. — 7. si res pos- implies another pa7'tim. Its place
tulabit : to be taken only with is supplied by alios antem in § 46.
acriter. i?!?.?, '

occasion.' — 8. ad- Anacoluthon is not uncommon in
hibitae pareatur : cf. § af\,iisresis- Cicero in the dialogues it adds
;
tatnr. to the general colloquial effect. —

45. quibusdam : cf. § 24, qiien- 4. nimias: 'too close.' — 4. pro
dajn. Laelius speaks contemptu- pluribus : i.e. for himself and for
ously of the views of the Epicureans his friend. — 5. sibi: dative of ref-
(cf § 13) and the Cyrenaics which erence. It belongs in such con-
he discusses in §§ 45 and 46 respec- nection to the fullness of expression
tively. The thought is inspired of colloquial speech and is often so
by the Hippolytus of Euripides, used by Plautus and Terence. Cf.
253 ff. X^^v yap /xerptas ds aXXrj- " It's more than you can do to
92
, ;
alienis nimis implicari molestum esse; commodissimum

esse quam laxissimas habenas habere amicitiae, quas vel
adducas, cum velis, vel remittas caput enim esse ad beate ;
vivendum securitatem, qua frui non possit animus, si tam-

quam parturiat unus pro pluribus. 10
46. Alios autem dicere aiunt multo etiam inhumanius

(quern locum breviter paulo ante perstrinxi) praesidi adiu-
mentique causa, non benevolentiae neque caritatis, amici-
tias esse expetendas ; itaque, ut quisque minimum firmitatis
look after your own business." Aristippus, a follower of Socrates,

— 6. alienis : cf. § 22, illis. — who founded a school at Cyrene in
7.habenas habere cf. the English : the fourth century B.C. They were
idiom "The ties of friendship." more materialistic than the Epi-
Note the tautophony. Cf. § 5, etc. cureans (cf. § 26) in ascribing
— 8. caput: ' chief requisite.' Cf. friendship to a conscious need.
§ maxijuutn est.
69, — 9. securi- The Epicureans left at least good
tatem: 'freedom from anxiety.' will {benevolentid) to friendship.
Seyfifert says Cicero uses this word — I. dicere aiunt: Cicero usually
to translate cvOvixla {' cheerful- avoids such combinations as dicere
ness ') as used by Democritus, the dicujit. Cf. § 53, dixisse ferunt.
airaOeia (''absence of emotion') of — I. multo etiam inhumanius :
the Stoics, and rjSovrj

enjoyment ') (' ''with far less of fellow-feeling.''
of Epicurus. Cf. Verg. A. i, 289, Cf. § 50, inhumana. — 2. quem
290, /n^nc (Aeneas) /7/ (Venus) locum :
'
a point which.' Cf. Cato
o//m caeloaccipies secura. g. qua — Maior, nunc quidem vires
§ 27, nee
. . . possit : qua — et ea ; cf §
. i desidero adulescentis (is eimn erat
giio. This clause is therefore logi- I0C21S alter de vitiis se?iectutis) .
—
cally coordinate with caput . . . 2. paulo ante perstrinxi : in §§ 26-
esse and might have had the same 30. Perstringere, 'to touch a
construction instead of being sub- branch or a stem,' perhaps in
ordinated. Cicero in such cases order to pick the fruit or flower
varies his usage. Cf § 34, ex quo hence to touch upon a theme,'
'
. . . exstitisse. — 9. tamquam : cf. 'to mention.' 3. benevolentiae —

§ 3, quasi. . . . caritatis : depend upon causa
46. Alios : in contrast with pa}'- implied from the causa expressed.
tim, § 45. The Cyrenaics, who Cf. § 44, causa. 4. expetendas: —
are also called Hedonists (rfSovy, expeterCy ' to seek from deliberate
^ pleasure '), were the disciples of choice '
; appetere, '
to seek eagerly
93
5 haberet minimumque virium, ita amicitias appetere maxime

ex eo fieri iit mulierculae magis amicitiarum praesidia quae-
rant quam viri etinopes quam opulenti et calamitosi quam
ii qui putentur beati.
47. O praeclaram sapientiam ! Solem enim e mundo
tollere videntur, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt, qua nihil a
dis immortalibus melius habemus, nihil iucundius. Quae
est enim ista securitas ? Specie quidem blanda sed
Sreapse multis locis repudianda. Neque enim est con-
sentaneum ullam honestam rem actionemve, ne sollicitus
and impetuously/ 4. ut — . . . dition, 'if it reveals to us such a state

haberet Cicero follows the law of
: of things.' For the omission of the
sense, which often outweighs mere verb, cf. § 14, ilia. — i. mundo:
technical considerations of tense from vncndifs, -a, -um^ 'neat,'
sequence, and uses the imperfect ' ornate.' The adjective raised to
instead of the present because di- the rank of a substantive is used
cere aiiint is equivalent to dixisse here of the orderly arrangement
aiiint. He thinks of the Cyrenaics of the heavenly bodies. It often
as having already given expression translates theGreek Koa/xos, 'uni-
to their beliefs. — 6. mulierculae : verse.' Cf. § 23, ex reriiDi natiira.
'unprotected women.' The dimin- — 3. Quae combines qua?tti, of :
'
utive expresses here the idea that what worth ? and qitalis^ what is '
'
women were independent thanless the nature of ? ' — 4. ista securitas :
men. In literature they were some- cf. § 6, ista-, § 45, sectiritaton. —

times typified by the vine clinging 4. Specie ablative of specifica-
:
to the elm or poplar. Cf. Hor. tion, in contrast with reapse. —

Epode, 15, 5, 6. arti?is atque hed- 5. reapse :
'
in experience,' reapse
era procera adstringitur ilex \
for re eapse. Ipse is composed of
lentis adhaerens bracchiis and is and the emphasizing -pse: thus
Cattilhis, 62, 54-56. at si forte the original form of the pronoun
eadem vitis est idmo cojiiiincta was ispse, eapse idpse., and of this ^
viarito . . . sic vi?'go. — 7. calami- archaic form certain parts survive

tosi : 'unfortunate.'' Cf. § 13, in the classic language. Ipse
religiosa. finally followed the analogy of ille
47. praeclaram sapientiam : in gender-formation and declen-

an ironical exclamation containing sion. — 5. locis :
'
circumstances.'
the conclusion of a suppressed con- Cf. § 22, locis. — 6. honestam : cf.
94
—
sis, aut non suscipere aut susceptam deponere. Quod si
curam fugimus, virtus fugienda est, quae necesse est

cum aliqua cura res sibi contrarias aspernetur atque oderit,
ut bonitas malitiam, temperantia libidinem, ignaviam f orti- 10
tudo ; itaque videas rebus iniustis iustos maxime dolere,

imbellibus fortes, flagitiosis modestos. Ergo hoc proprium
est animi bene constituti, et laetari bonis rebus et dolere
contrariis.
48. Quam ob rem si cadit in sapientem animi dolor, qui
profecto cadit, nisi ex eius animo exstirpatam humanitatem
arbitramur, quae causa est cur amicitiam funditus tollamus
ne aliquas propter eam suscipiamus molestias ? Quid
e vita,
enim interest motu animi sublato non dico inter pecudem 5
et hominem, sed inter hominem et truncum aut saxum
§ 44, honesta. — 7. si fugimus : Audires idulatus (' shrieks ''^

feini-
'
if we are to avoid/ a general iiaruiii Verg. A. 4, 401,
; also
truth. — 8. necesse est of neces- :
'
inigrantis cernas, 'you could see
sity.' Necesse est, like credo, them moving.' 12. modestos: —
opinor, etc., andis parenthetical cf. § 8, moderate. 12. proprium: —
merely ratifies the statement quae cf. § 16, propriutn, also § 91.
. oderit by adding it must be

. ,
'
13. bonis rebus : ablative absolute,
so.' Vt is not to be supplied. It not dependent upon laetari, which
is a case of parataxis. Cf. § 5, is here used absolutely.
velim, and § 66, oportet. — g. cum 48. cadit in sapientem : cf. the
aliqua cura: 'regretfully,* i.e. it is English idiom, '' It falls to my lot."
almost foreign to the nature of — I. animi dolor : cf. § 29, animi,
virtus to hate, even to hate the and § 8, dolor on. — 2. profecto :
bad. — 9. oderit : cf. § 4, vtcuiiiiis- cf. § 2, exstirpatam

profecto. — 2.
set. — 10. temperantia . . . forti- humanitatem Laelius speaks of

:
tude : cf. § I, Quiiitus Mucius, the apparent absence of feeling on

augur. — II. videas: 'you can see,' the part of the Stoics. Exstirpa-
potential subjunctive which, in its tam, cf. the English, '^ uprooted."
strictest interpretation, is almost — 3. tollamus e vita cf. § 47, :
entirely limited to verba scntiendi solem e mujido tollcre. 4. aliquas —

and to imaginary second and third . .suscipiamus molestias
. suffer :
'
persons ; e.g. Pliny, Epi. 6, 20, 14, some inconveniences. 5. pecu- —

95
aut quidvis generis eiusdem ? Neque enim sunt isti audi-

endi qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam
volunt ;
quae quidem est cum multis in rebus, turn in ami-
lo citia tenera atque tractabilis, ut et bonis amici quasi diffun-
datur et incommodis contrahatur. Quam ob rem angor
iste, qui pro amico saepe capiendus est, non tantum valet
ut tollat e vita amicitiam, non plus quam ut virtutes, quia
non nullas curas et molestias afferunt, repudientur.
15 XIV. Cum autem contrahat amicitiam, ut supra dixi,
si qua significatio virtutis eluceat, ad quam se similis ani-
mus applicet et adiungat, id cum contigit, amor exoriatur

necesse est.
49. Quid enim tam absurdum quam delectari multis
dem : cf. § 32, pec2tdum. — 7. isti : 10. bonis . . . incommodis = rebits

the Stoics. — Cf. § 6, ista. secundis . . . rebus adversis. —
8. quasi ferream: 'unyielding as 13. non plus an . . . repudientur :
steel.'' 27, quasi lumen.

Cf. § — elliptical expression for non plus
9. volunt § 29,
: volunt. —
cf. quam ciirae 7nolestiaeque quas vir-
9. quae but this,' antithetical.
:
' tutes afferunt tantum valent ut
— 9. cum multis = aim multis aliis. z'irtutes ipsae repudientur. —
— 10. tenera atque tractabilis 'soft : 14. non nullas : cf. § 4, non invitus.
and malleable.' These adjectives — 15. contrahat has as subject the
:
continue the metaphor in fer?'ea?n clause si . , . eluceat. 15. supra —

above. — 10. diffundatur . . . con- = a?tte. Cf. §§ 27, 29, 32. Supra
trahatur : the subject is virtus. applies more properly to written
Cf. the English idioms " large- than to spoken language. — 16. si-
hearted" and "small-hearted." milis animus kindred :
' spirit.'
The metaphor of the preceding — 17. id cum contigit : repeats the

part of the sentence continued is thought of the clause si . . , elu-
in this reference to the expansion ceat. — 18. necesse est :
' it must be
and contraction of metals under so.' Cf. § 47, necesse est, and § 5,
the influence of heat and cold re- velim.
spectively. Compare contrahatur 49. Quid : cf. § 14, ilia, and § 30,
with contrahat below though each ; mei. — I. delectari . . . rebus . . .
may be rendered contract,' their '

animante delectari note the
. . . :
meanings are entirely different. — chiasmus and antithetical asynde-

96
.
inanimis rebus, ut honore, ut gloria, ut aedificio, ut vestitu

cultuque corporis, animante virtute praedito, eo qui vel
amare vel, ut ita dicam, redamare possit, non admodum
delectari ? Nihil est enim remuneratione benevolentiae, 5
nihil vicissitudine studiorum officiorumque iucundius.

50. Quid, si illud etiam addimus, quod recte addi potest,
nihil esse quod ad se rem ullam tarn alliciat et tarn trahat
quam ad amicitiam similitudo ? concedetur profecto verum
esse, ut bonos boni diligant adsciscantque sibi quasi pro-
pinquitate coniunctos atque natura. Nihil est enim appe- 5
ton. — 2. rebus : cf. § 22, illis. —3 esse^ etc. — 3. similitudo : sc. mo-
animante a living being,' man,'
:
'
' riim, 'character.' Cf. "like seeks
hence masculine gender. When like," " birds of a feather," etc. Cf.
applied to the lower animals it is also Cato Afaior, § 7, pares cum
usually feminine. — 4. ut . . . reda- paribus facillime congregantur. —
mare : redamare was coined to 4. bonos diligant = boni inter
. . .
translate avrtcîXeiv, ' to love in se diligant. Cf. § 5, ad sene?n,

return.' It is a a-noi, Aeyd/xevov in and § 28, diligamus. 4. propin- —
Cicero and does not occur again till quitate atque natura
. . natu- . :
'
Macrobius and Symmachus, about ral tie.' The figure is hendiadys

400 A.D. Cf. § 29, ut ita dicam. — (€v 8ia 8i;otv) :
" the use of two
4. admodum : cf. § 2, admodiun. nouns, with a conjunction, instead
— 6. vicissitudine :
'
interchange.' of a single modified noun." —
— studiorum officiorumque with
6. : 5. enim : regularly the second word
oratorical stylehe dwells on both in the sentence. It may stand
sides of the one idea, the prompt- thirdif the words preceding cannot
ing '
affection ' and the resulting be easily separated, or if the sec-
'acts ' of service. ond word, as here, is a non-signifi-
50. Quid : sc. hoc vobis uide- cant element. Cf. § 98, enim, and
tur. 'What do you think of this § 100, with note. — 6. similium:
(the following) statement ? ' This neuter of the adjective used as a
anticipatory question is common substantive. Cf. § 14, ijtvidi, also
in Cicero, especially in the ora- § 23, animos, and § 82, similcm
tions. It may be rendered con- sui. —
5. appetentius rapacius: . . .
ventionally by our ' again.' — i. si ' more eager in desire '

. . .
. . . addimus :
'
if I make the fur- 'quicker to appropriate the inner '
:
ther statement.' Illnd^ i.e. 7tihil disposition and the outward act. —
price's AMICITIA — 7 97
§ 50-50 M. TVLLI CICERONIS
tentius similium sui nee rapacius quam natura. Quam ob

rem hoc quidem, Fanni et Seaevola, constet, ut opinor,
bonis inter bonos quasi necessariam benevolentiam, qui est
amicitiae fons a natura constitutus. Sed eadem bonitas
lo etiam ad multitudinem pertinet. Non enim est inhumana
virtus neque immunis neque superba, quae etiam populos
universos tueri iisque optime consulere soleat quod non ;
faceret profecto, si a caritate vulgi abhorreret.

51. Atque etiam mihi quidem videntur, qui utilitatum
causa fingunt amicitias, amabilissimum nodum amicitiae
tollere. Non enim tam utilitas parta per amicum quam
amici amor ipse delectat, tumque illud fit, quod ab amico
8. bonis inter bonos = bonis inter from obligations' {jnunus), to
se. Cf. bonos boni above. Bonis others or the state. — 12. tueri: cf.
sc. esse ; dative of possession. — § 25, defejidere. — 12. consulere :
8. quasi necessariam : (ne + cedere, with the accusative, '

to consult '
Ho yield'), 'unavoidable/ almost with the dative, ' to consult for the
equivalent to the strong expres- interests of.' — 12. quod : its ante-
sion fatalis, hence the qnasi. Cf. cedent is the preceding relative
§ 35? quasi fata. — 8. qui est . . . clause. — 13. a . . . abhorreret: the
fons : qui refers to benevolentiam., repetition of the preposition of the
but is attracted into the gender verb is common. Cf. § 84, in qua
of fons. Cato Maior^ § 35,
Cf. . . . insunt. — 13. vulgi: 'for man-
(2nam flit inibeeillus P. Africani kind in general.' Cf. § 7, vulgus.
filius ! (2nod ni ita ftisset, alte- 51. Atque etiam cf. § 29, :
rn?n illnd exstitisset lumen civitatis. atque., and § 26, utilitates tem- . . .
Cf. also Cic. Phil. 5, 39, Pompeio poris eausa. i. mihi quidem — :
enim patre, quod imperi populi 'in my opinion at least.' Cf. § 8,

Romaiii lumen fiit, exstincto. — quide^n. 2. —
fingunt: the Cyre-
9. Sed corrects the impression
: naics. Cf. § 46. — 2. amabilissi-
that might be gained from the pre- mum : cf. § 4, maxime memorabi-
ceding sentence : that good-will le?n. — 3. per amicum through :
'
{benevolentia or bonitas^ is re- the instrumentality of a friend.'

stricted to the good {boni) .
— This use is the nearest approach
10. etiam : cf. § 26, etiam. — 10. in- to the use of person as means
humana : cf. § 48, humanitate?n. or instrument. — 3. amicum quam
— II. immunis: 'selfish,' lit. 'free amici amor : note the tautophony.
98
—
est profectum, iucimdum, si cum studio est profectum ; 5
tantumque abest, ut amicitiae propter indigentiam colantur,

ut ii qui opibus et copiis maximeque virtute, in qua pluri-
mum minime alterius indigeant, liberalissimi
est praesidi,
sint et beneficentissimi. Atque baud sciam an ne opus sit
quidem nihil umquam omnino deesse amicis. Vbi enim 10
studia nostra viguissent, si numquam consilio, numquam

opera nostra nee domi nee militiae Scipio eguisset Non ?
igitur utilitatem amicitia sed utilitas amicitiam secuta est.
Cf. § 5, ad senem. — 4. tumque : sidi adiurnentiqiie caitsa. — 8. al-

i.e. aun auior exarsit. — 4. ab amico terius indigeant :
'
they (taken by
est profectum has been bestowed :
'
twos) do not feel the need of each
by a friend'; lit. 'has proceeded other.' Cf. § 30, inei. — 9. At-
from a — friend.' 5. cum studio : que . . . amicis and yet per-:
'
'spontaneously.' — 6. tantumque haps it is not even desirable that

abest : lit. '
so far from being true friends never have any wants at all.'
is it,' is by two
regularly followed Optis usually signifies '
need,' but
clauses of result introduced by ut, sometimes has a weaker force.
the first of which (unreal) is the Nihil . . . deesse translates the
subject of the impersonal verb Greek avTapKY}<;, 'self-sufficient.' —
while the secondis the real result. g. haud sciam an cf. § 20, /la/^d :
" This use, very rarely personal, scio an. The subjunctive adds to
begins with Cicero, and is common the uncertainty of the statement.
in his writings and in Livy, not in — Vbi
10. studia nostra viguis- . . .
Caesar, Sallust, or Tacitus." L. sent :For would my affection

'
1969. "Notice especially the im- have had any room at all to de-
personal tantiun abest., afiiit (rarely velop ? Note the emphatic Vbi.
' —
aberat) . . . ut . . . id. The phrase 12. nee domi nee militiae: these
originates with an abstract ablative negatives, which are particulariz-
dependent on a personal abs2{7n, ing and not absolute, serve to
which abstract ablative is afterward strengthen the preceding negative
expanded into a consecutive clause lUDnquain. Militiae., a locative
with ?//." GL. 552; Rem. i. form. Trans, 'abroad.' It is sig-
6. propter indigentiam merely a : nificant that the term for abroad '
'
variant for utilitatis causa above. is a military expression, ' in the

— 7. opibus et copiis : ablative of field ' ; it shows clearly that there
cause. Cf. § 22, opes. — 7. pluri- was a time when a Roman's chief
mum est praesidi : cf. § 46, prae- business abroad was fighting.
99
XV. 52. Non ergo erunt homines deliciis diffluentes

audiendi, si quando de amicitia, quam nee usu nee ratione
habent cognitam, disputabunt. Nam quis est, pro deorum
fidem atque hominum qui velit, ut neque diligat quemquam !
5 nee ipse ab ullo diligatur, circumfluere omnibus copiis atque

in omnium rerum abundantia vivere ? Haee enim est
tyrannorum vita nimirum, in qua nulla fides, nulla caritas,
nulla stabilis benevolentiae potest esse fiducia, omnia semper

suspecta atque sollicita, nullus locus amicitiae.
Quis enim aut eum diligat quem metuat, aut eum a
53.
quo se metui putet? Coluntur tamen simulatione dum-
52. ergo . . . difQuentes : note sapieiitiain ! The insertion of this

the double alliteration. Diffluen- affirmation indicates the strong
tes^ lit. '
flowing apart,' '
dissolv- feeling entertained by Laelius on
ing,' hence 'weakened.' Laelius the point he is about to make. —
speaks of the Epicureans and 4. ut :
'
on condition that.' Cf.
Cyrenaics mentioned §§ 45 in Plautus, Afen. 216, 217, neque, ut te
and 46. — 2. nee usu nee ratione : perdani, inereatn deorum divitias
'neither from practical experience mihi, nor would'-
I take (lit. 'earn')
nor from 3. theory.' — habent the wealth of Heaven on condition
eognitam Cicero occasionally em-
:
that I lose you.' — 4. diligat . . .
ployed habere with the perfect vivere note the double chiasmus
:
participle as we find it used in in the arrangement of these clauses.
the modern languages, French, — 6. omnium rerum a pleonastic :
ItaHan, etc. In Cicero's time genitive of definition. Cf. dereru7n

habere doubtless retained much natura. — 7. nimirum in qua . . .
of its own force, but by later potest esse ' in which and — little
—
:
writers was gradually reduced wonder ! — there can ' etc.
in importance, until the parti- 8. stabilisbenevolentiae objective :
ciple contained the leading idea genitive, stabilis agreeing with

and habere became an auxiliary benevolentiae. 8. omnia semper, —
verb. Cf. § 97, explorahim habeas. etc. : for the antithetical asynde-
— 3. pro . . . fidem: interjections ton, cf. § 5, til velim, etc.
in oreneral do not affect the case of 53. Quis . . . putet : Lord cites
the words associated with them, e.g. I Joh7i iv : 1 8 :
" There is no fear in
O di iiuDwrtales ! and O rem p2ib- love, but perfect love casteth out
licainl Cf. § 47, O praeddrdm fear."«r:,2. tamen: implies quam-
. ;:
taxat ad tempus. Quod si forte, ut fit plerumque, cecide-

runt, turn intellegitur quam fuerint inopes amicorum.
Quod Tarquinium dixisse ferunt, turn exsulantem se intel-5
lexisse quos fidos amicos habuisset, quos infidos, cum iam
neutris gratiam referre posset.
Quamquam miror, ilia superbia et importunitate si
54.
quemquam amicum habere potuit. Atque ut huius, quern
mores veros amicos parare non potuerunt, sic multo-
dixi,
rum opes praepotentium excludunt amicitias fideles. Non

enim solum ipsa Fortuna caeca est sed eos etiam plerumque 5
quam ; sc. though such instances ^But when the casks are drained
may be found. 2. simulatione — dregs and all, the unfaithful rabble
. V tempus cf. § 26, qiii simu-
. : and the lying courtesan desert,
latione a7nicitiae coluntur et ob- and friends, too treacherous to
servant ur temporis causa. Dh?/i- bear equally the yoke of adversity,
taxaty but merely/ also written
'
scatter hither and thither.'' Com-
dum taxat, "a sentence adverb." pare.
The word is composed of diwt " Die Freundschaft, die der Wein
( = dwn?nodo) + taxat, a sigmatic gemacht,
aorist subjunctive of a verb of
Wirkt, wie der Wein, nur eine
uncertain origin and significa- Nacht."
tion. — 3. ceciderunt : i.e. when
— gratiam referre show
7. :
'-
to
the were driven from
tyrants
power. —
5. Quod: refers to the
one's
thing in return
gratitude
'
by doing some-
gratiam dcbere^
last clause of the preceding sen- ;
tence. —
5. Tarquinium cf. § 28, :
'to have reason
gratiain habere, to feel gratitude' '
for gratitude';
Tarquinium. Cf. "A friend in

need is a friend indeed." 5. di- — gratia s age re, to thank.'
54. Quamquam
'
: cf. § 51, atque.

xisse ferunt 46, dicere aiunt
— 6. habuisset
: cf. §
: i.e. '
they had
— I . ilia . . . importunitate :
'
that
traditional . . . overlêaring dis-
deserted him in his need.' Cf.
Hor. C. I, 35, 25-28 :
position.' — 2. ut huius ... sic
multorum : note the emphatic po-
'
At volgus infidum et ineretrix sition of these phrases. — 3. mo-
retro res : cf. § 30, moribus. — opes:
4.
Periura cedit, diffufîunt cadis cf. § 22, opes. — 4. excludunt

Cum faece siccatis amici, 'prevent the possibility of.' —
Ferre iugum par iter dolosi."" 5. Fortuna caeca est. Cf. Cic. Phil.
lOI
efficit caecos quos complexa est ; itaque efferuntur fere

fastidio et contumacia nee quicquam insipiente fortunate
intolerabilius fieri potest. Atque hoc quidem videre licet,
eos qui antea commodis fuerint moribus, imperio, potestate,
loprosperis rebus immutari, sperni ab iis veteres amicitias, in-
dulgeri novis.
55- Q^î<^ autem stultius quam, cum plurimum copiis,
13, 10, quis hoc vestnun non videt, formally conferred on an officer of
quod Fortuna ipsa^ quae dicitur the state for military purposes,
caeca, vidit ? Note the vivid per- whether at home or abroad (jne-
sonification in the whole sentence. rutn iuiperiiun), or was annexed
— 6. efferuntur fere fastidio : note by custom to the office of the chief
the aUiteration and the position of administrator of public justice for
fere. Qi. % 2, turn fere. — 7. con- the purpose of preventing, correct-
tumacia : note the etymological ing, and punishing wrongs." Amos,
force of this word ; how it pictures Roman Civil Law., p. 46. Other
the iujlated self-importance of the officers of the republic received
newly rich. — 7. insipiente fortu- only the civil rights of their posi-
nato :
'
fortunate fool.' — 8. fieri : tions, the potestas. The former
= esse. — 8. hoc : explained by officers were said to be niagistra-
the following infinitive clauses. tus cum imperio. Cf. § 59, poten-
— 8. quidem: cf. § 8,quidem. — tiam. — 10. prosperis rebus : for
9. commodis . . . moribus: 'ap- the more common rebus secundis.
proachable natures.' The genitive Cicero evidently changed the order
of description is more common and selected prosperis to force an
where qualities mentally discerned alliteration. It should be noted
are described, e.g. vir surnmae that the Romans sought for simi-
virtutis ; when physical charac- larity ofsound, whether found at
teristics are described, the ablative the beginning, in the middle, or at
is generally used, e.g. ancora unco the close of a word. 11. novis — :
inorsUy ' an anchor with its bent sc. amicitiis. Cf. § 41, iis resi-
fluke.' Yet any attempt to estab- st at ur.
lish a rigid distinction in use 55. Quid . . . stultius: sc. est.
invariably breaks down. — im- 9. Cf. § 30, 7/iei. — cum plurimum
I .
perio novis
. . . : note the asyn- . . . possint : 'when people are
deton. g. —
imperio, potestate : abundantly supplied with.' — i. co-
" the z?nperiu?n was the faculty of piis, facultatibus, opibus : cf. § 22,
direct command, which was either opes. Facultatibus refers to the
102
facultatibus, opibus possint, cetera parare, quae parantur

pecunia, equos, famulos, vestem egregiam, vasa pretiosa,
amicos non parare, optimam et pulcherrimam vitae, ut ita
dicam, supellectilem ? etenim cetera cum parant, cui parent, 5
nesciunt, nee cuius causa laborent (eius enim est istorum

quidque, qui vicit viribus), amicitiarum sua cuique perma-
net stabilis et certa possessio ut, etiamsi ilia maneant, quae ;
sunt quasi dona Fortunae, tamen vita inculta et deserta ab

amicis non possit esse iucunda. Sed haec hactenus. lo
ability to secure the necessaries of supellectilem., '

furnishing,' as if it
life.Note the asyndeton. Cf. § 54, were a house. Cf. § 49, ut ita
and equos vasa below. . . . — 2. pos- dicam., also Cyms's sentiment in
sint . . . parare . . . parantur pecu- Xenophon, Mem. 4, 2, i, The best
nia : this section is particularly adornment a man can have is well-
noteworthy for its alliterative pas- adorned friends. — 6. nesciunt:
sages, which indicate a somewhat note the position in the sentence.
elaborate style of composition. Cf. Cf. § I, solebat. — 6. eius . . . viri-
below cetera cmn qui nesciunt nee bus : 'for each of those possessions
cuius causa ; eius enim est ; est — falls to the man who is physically
istorum ; —
quidque qui ; vicit — superior.' Istorum refers to equos
viribus. Cf. § 54, imperio pot estate. . . . vasa in a tone of contempt.
— 2. cetera : cf. § 4, ceteros. — Cf. § 6, ista. Vicit viribus., cf.
3. pecunia . . . egregiam : these Verg. A. 2, 50, 7'alidis viribus, and

exceedingly primitive words date 2, 494, Fit via vi ; also Cato Maior,
back to the period when men were § 1 7, fion 7nribus aut velocitate, and
engaged in herding cattle. Pecu- Livy, 9, 16, 12, vigor e . . . viribus
a quo pecunia unii'crsa,
nia., ''''pecus excellens. V seems to be the
quod in pec ore pecunia tum consi- favorite alliterative letter in Latin
siebat pastoribus.'''^ Varro, Limûa when the idea of struggle or of the
Latijia, 5. Egregiam {g^^-'^y exertion of great strength is to be
Mierd'), 'chosen from the herd'; expressed. For further examples,

hence 'surpassing,' 'excellent.' — cf. vis., in Harper'' s Lat. Diet. —
3. famulos: 'household slaves.' 7. amicitiarum possessio: 'but . . .
Cf. fa7?iilia., ' the household,' in- in the case of friendships each
cluding the slaves. — 4. amicos: man's possession is perpetual and
antithetical asyndeton. — 4. ut ita secure.' Cf. amicos., above. —
dicam : softens the metaphor in 10. hactenus : cf. § 24, Hactenus.
03
XVI. 56. Constituendi autem sunt qui sint in amicitia

fines et quasi termini diligendi. De quibus tres video sen-
ten tias ferri, quarum nullam probo, unam, ut eodem modo
erga amicum affecti simus, quo erga nosmet ipsos, alteram,
5 ut nostra in amicos benevolentia illorum erga nos benevo-
lentiae pariter aequaliterque respondeat, tertiam, ut, quanti
quisque se ipse ab amicis.
facit, tanti fiat
57. Harum trium sententiarum nulli prorsus assentior.

Nee enim ilia prima vera est, ut, quem ad modum in se
56. Laelius, having finished quality to the affection of the other.
the discussion of the ideas of the Cf. Cic. in Cat. 2, 11, 24, tirbes
Epicureans and Cyrenaics (§§ 45- coloniarimt respondebiint Catilinae
55) about friendship, returns from tumidis silvestribus. — 6. quanti
his digression to take up the . . . tanti : cf. § 37, tanti. Cf.
topic mentioned in § 36, qiiateims Pliny, Epi. i, 3, 5, Tti modo eni-
a?nori7i amicitia progredidebeat. — tere ut tibi ipse sis tanti quanti
I. Constituendi autem sunt: sc. videberis aliis si tibi fiueris, ' only
fines. We should expect the im- try to be of as much worth to your-
personal construction Constituen- self asyou shall seem to others if
du7n est qui fines sint. For the you have (first) proved your worth
thought, cf. § 36. — 2. fines . . . to yourself.'
termini fines is often used in
: 57. Harum . . , sententiarum:
a figurative sense, termini (lit. cf. § 25, siDJima . . gloriajn. —
'boundary stones "^) is seldom used I. nulli prorsus i.e. no one
figuratively, hence quasi. Cf. § 3, of these can I accept without
quasi. — 2. sententias ferri: 'are modification. Prorsiis., 'outright,'
advanced,' as theories . Sententiani 'straight ahead,' 'prose,' in con-
ferre generally means 'to vote,' trast with versus., 'verse' (verier e.,
'to judge' by voting. 3. unam: 'to turn,' applied originally to the
sc. video quae hortetur. — 4. alte- turning of the plow at the end of
ram : regularly in an enumeration the field). From the analogy be-
for secundus, -a, -7i?n. Cf. Cato tween the turning of the plow and
Afaior, § 15. — 6. pariter aequali- the turning back at the end of a
terque : cf. § 32, pares . . . verse the agricultural term became
aequales. — 6, respondeat: respo7i- a literary term and was applied to
dere, 'to be a match for,' that is, a line framed according to fixed
the affection of the one
should laws. — 2. Nee enim: <?;«>;/, 'for
correspond exactly in quantity and instance.' This use of erwn is
104
— —
quisque sit, sic in amicum sit animatus. multa enim, Quam

quae nostra causa numquam faceremus, facimus causa ami-
corum precari ab indigno, supplicare, turn acerbius in ali- 5
!
quern invehi insectarique vehementius; quae in nostris rebus

non satis honeste, in amicorum fiunt honestissime ; multae-
que res sunt in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa
detrahunt detrahique patiuntur, ut iis amici potius quam
ipsi fruantur. 10
58. Altera sententia est quae definit amicitiam paribus

officiis ac voluntatibus. Hoc quidem est nimis exigue et
clearly established and is to be an attack and follow it up.'

distinguished from its use in the 7. satis : 'altogether,' 'very.' Later
succeeding sentence, Qim?n 7nulta writers, Tacitus, Livy, etc., fre-
enim. —
4. nostra causa facere- . . . quently use satis in this sense.
mus, facimus causa amicorum note : 7. fiunt
sujit. 7. multaeque
: = —
the chiasmus within a chiasmus, . . .'and so there are many
sunt :
i.e. the verbs with the modifying circumstances.' 9. detrahunt de- —

phrases form a chiasmus while the trahique cf. § 5, ad senem.
:
—
extremes themselves are chiasti- 9. potius quam ipsi : 'to their own
cally arranged. Aniicoriun is ir- entire exclusion.' Cf. § 19, poti-
regularly placed after causa to ores.
bring about this artificial arrange- 58. est quae definit: 'is the
ment. For the style, cf. § 55, one that restricts.' Cf. § 56, in
possint .par are. The possessive
. . amicitia fines, etc. — 2. Hoc sc. :
pronouns are regularly attracted facere. The infinitive clause thus

into agreement with causa instead formed is the subject of est, while
of depending upon it in the geni- nimis . . . amicitiam is the predi-
tive case. — 5. precari . . . suppli- cate. — 2. nimis exigue et exiliter
care : sc. aliqidd. Note the coii- ad calculos : 'too close and exact
iunctio in ab ijidigno. Cf. § i, a reckoning.' Exigiius and exilis
solebat. The infinitives explain are from the same root ; exilis for
Quam m7tlta above. They are exiglis, being lengthened to
the /
again taken up in the following compensate for the omission of the
quae. — 5. acerbius . . . vehemen- significant letter of the root. Cal-
tius : cf. § 3, saepius. Note the culi, 'pebbles,' were used by the
chiasmus to heighten the effect. ancients on their counting boards
6. invehi insectarique: 'we make {abaci). The name is applied to
105
exiliterad calculos vocare amicitiam, ut par sit ratio accep-

torum et datorum. Divitior mihi et affluentior videtur esse
5 vera amicitia nee observare restricte, ne plus reddat quam
acceperit ; neque enim verendum est, ne quid excidat, aut
ne quid in terram defluat, aut ne plus aequo quid in amici-
tiam congeratur.
59. Tertius vero ille finis deterrimus, ut, quanti quisque
se ipse faciat, tanti fiat ab amicis. Saepe enim in quibus-
the boards also, and finally even synonyms is the stronger. —

to the abstract action of account- 5. reddat acceperit cf accepto-
. . . :
ing. — datorum: 'that

3. ut . . . riim et datorum above. 6. neque —
the account of debits and credits . . . verendum est : i.e. if the
may balance.' Cf. § i , dicta. Note friendship be a true one. The
that Laelius throughout this sec- following clauses introduced by ne
tion is using terms drawn from are expressions used in weighing
mercantile life. Constare (for the by means of balances. 6. ne —
par sit of this passage) is the quid excidat: 'that anything will
technical word used of balanc- fall out,' of the pans of the bal-
ing an account {ratio). Cf. Pliny, ances, thereby causing me to lose.

Epi. I, 9, I, Mir lint est qiiajii — 7. ne quid in terram defluat
sifig2(lis diebus in iirbe ratio aut 'that anything will be spilled on
constet aid constare videatur, the ground,' and lost. This may
pluribiis iunctisqiie non constet, refer to liquid measure {defluat). —
'
when you take your days one at a 7. plus aequo this form of brachy-
:
time in the city, it is strange how ology (/^paî^s, 'short,' and Xeyeii/,
the account balances or seems to to speak), in which a single abla-
balance, but does not balance if you tive of an abstract substantive
take the whole sum.' 4. Divitior — takes the place of a whole clause,
. .aifluentior
. Cicero uses dives.,
: while common in later writers, is
divitior.) divitissinins, instead of found in Cicero only with aequo
dis, ditior, ditissinnis. Dives was and opifiione. 7. ne quid — . . .
originally applied to a color, . . . congeratur: 'that too much

'golden,' hence 'rich.' Cf. Verg. will be placed (in the balances) on
A. Vbi pingiiein dives
6, 195, friendship's side,' making me pay
opacat ramiis hmniun., 'where the too dearly for it.
golden bough,' etc. Affluens de- 59. Tertius : note the change
notes greater wealth than dives. from sententia (cf § 57, prima.
The second in such pairs of and § 58, altera) to finis. Cf
106
;:
dam aut animus abiectior est aut spes amplificandae for-

tunae fractior. Non est igitur amici talem esse in eum
qualis ille in se est, sed potius eniti et efficere ut amici 5
iacentem animum excitet inducatque in spem cogitationem-

que meliorem. Alius igitur finis verae amicitiae constitu-
endus est, si maxime reprehendere Scipio
prius, quid
solitus sit, dixero. Negabat ullam vocem inimiciorem ami-
citiae potuisse reperiri quam eius, qui dixisset ita amare lo
oportere, ut si aliquando esset osurus ; nee vero se adduci

posse, ut hoc, quem ad modum putaretur, a Biante esse
dictum crederet, qui sapiens habitus esset unus e septem
impuri cuiusdam aut ambitiosi aut omnia ad suam potentiam
§ 56. — quanti I. tanti . . . : cf. used to say that no utterance." —

§ 37, tanti. — se ipse: 2. cf. § 5, 9. inimiciorem amicitiae cf. § 23, :
te ipse. — Saepe enim

2. : cf. § 57, absentes adsnnt. — 10. reperiri
enim. Note the double alliteration 'to be found by searching.' Cf.
in this sentence. —3. abiectior . . . § 21, reperiuntur. — 10. amare
fractior : cf. § 3, saepius. Spes oportere : sc. aliqueni., '
one,' from
fractior ^ cf. "broken hopes." — which the subject of esset osurns
4. Non corresponds ex-
est igitur : is to be supplied. — 12. quem . . .
sentence
actly, in its relation to the putaretur: they say.' The
'as
which precedes, to (§57) quaut English prefers the personal con-
imdta enim. 4. amici —
cf. § 8, : struction. Cf. the German expres-
hujnanitatis tnae. — 5. ille: refers sion 7}iaji sagt, and the French
to eiwi. Cicero avoids the repe- ojt ditj '
one says ' for '
they say.'
tition of is and the further accu- — 12. a Biante: cf. § 7,septem.
mulation of monosyllabic words. The saying, w? Sei cfaXciv co? /xiarj-
— 5. eniti et efficere = nitendo aovTa KOL fiLcreiv o>9 (îXrjcrovra is
efficere. Cf. § 50, propinquitate. assigned by Gellius to Chilon,
Note the alliteration. 6. iacen- — another of the Seven Sages. —
tem : despondent,' corresponds
'
14. impuri: 'low-minded,' a gen-
to abiectior above. 6. excitet in- — eral term explained by the expres-
ducatque the metaphor is that of
: sions, ambitiosi, an unscrupulous '
arousing a man from sleep and office seeker' (âmbo, 'on both
leading him off to new scenes and sides,' 'all around' -\- ire, 'to go,'
surroundings. Cf. §3, induxi. — ' to go around to solicit votes,' '
to
9. Negabat ullam vocem he : ' make a personal canvass ') and
107
15 revocantis esse sententiam. Quonam enim modo quisquam

amicus esse poterit ei, cui se putabit inimicum esse posse ?
quin etiam necesse erit cupere et optare, ut quam saepis-

sime peccet amicus, quo plures det sibi tamquam ansas ad
reprehendendum factis commodisque
; rursum autem recte
2oamicorum necesse erit angi, dolere, invidere.
60. Quare hoc quidem praeceptum, cuiuscumque est, ad
tollendam amicitiam valet; illud potius praecipiendum fuit,
ut eam diligentiam adhiberemus in amicitiis comparandis,

ut ne quando amare inciperemus eum, quem aliquando
5 odisse possemus. Quin etiam si minus felices in diligendo
omnia . . . revocantis^ 'a man Nauck has noted

dolere, invidere :
scheming for influence,' '

a policy here that each succeeding word
man.' — 14. potentiam : ârbitrary has one more syllable than the
or willful exercise of power.' Cf. preceding, thereby giving a more
§ ^\^ imperio potestate. 15. Quo- — forceful climax. He notes parallel
nam enim modo 'for how, pray' : cases in § 88, 7/^///, anquirat, de-
cf. § 7, qiionaui. — 16. cui . . . sideret, and § 78, iurgia, inale-
putabit : indicative because the dicta, contu77telia. For a similar
conditional force outweighs the phenomenon, with the syllable
idea of characterization. — 16. ini- arrangement reversed, cf. Verg.
micum : 'personal enemy '
; hostis, A. 5, 481, procumbit huini bos,
' public foe,' regularly used in where the diminishing number of
the plural — 17. necesse erit: i.e. syllables may be fairly interpreted
if you grant the proposition as- as an artistic device to convey
cribed to Bias. — 17. cupere et more forcefully the idea of the
optare : cupere., an impulsive, sudden collapse of the ox.
spontaneous desire ; optare, choos- 60. cuiuscumque : cf. § 8, hu-
ing, after deliberation, from a de- man itatis tuae, also § 59, ^ Biante
sire to get the best {optiinnni). esse dictum. — 2. potius: cf. § 19,
Cf. § —
II, velle. 18. sibi: refers potior. — 2. fuit : i.e. by some one
to the unexpressed subject of in the past {e.g. ourBias) for
cnpere and optare. — tamquam 18. : guidance. — 4. ut ne cf. § 42, ut :
cf. §quasi. —
3, ad reprehen- 18. 7te. — 4. amare inciperemus cf. :
dendum cf. the English colloqui-

:
§ 32, diligere coeperunt, and § 78,
alism, "he caught me up (criticised diligere incipiant. — 5. odisse : cf.
me) on that point." 20. angi. — § 4, meminisset. — 5. minus : = non.

108
fuissemus, ferendum id Scipio potius quam inimicitiarum

tempus cogitandum putabat.
XVII. 61. His igitur finibus utendum arbitror, ut, cum
emendati mores amicorum sint, tum sit inter eos omnium
rerum, consiliorum, voluntatum sine ulla exceptione com-
munitas, ut, etiamsi qua fortuna acciderit ut minus iustae
amicorum voluntates adiuvandae sint, in quibus eorum aut 5
caput agatur aut fama, declinandum de via sit, modo ne
summa turpitudo sequatur est enim quatenus amicitiae ;
Cf. § 23,minus. 7. tempus oc- — :

^
fortuna bona, fortuna mala, etc.
casion perhaps related to the

'
;
They were careful nat to give of-
Greek verb re/xi/etv, to cut.' ''
fense to fortuna 7nala by direct
61. His finibus. the plural. . : reference to her as mala, hence
is due to Laelius's reverting, after qua. Cf. Hor. C. i, 35, 20-24,
stating Scipio's opinion, to § 56, where, in the last two lines of the
fines et termini^ instead of § 59, ^\.2cs\z2i, fortuna mala is described
alius finis, where the digression as fortuna bona mutata veste,

began. — i. ut , . . sit : a substan- '
with her garments changed,' i.e.
tive clause explaining his finibus. from bright to dark hues. For a
Sint, subjunctive by attraction. — like euphemism, cf. manes, the '
2. emendati :
'
blameless.'' — 2. om- gentle spirits,' applied to the souls
nium rerum : explained by consi- of the departed whose favor the
liorum, voluntatum. Cf. § 20, Romans sought. — 4. minus iustae :
omnium re7'um.
. . . — 4. ut, euphemistic for ijiiustac, which
etiamsi ... sit 'we should turn : would be harsh if used of the vo-
from the path of rectitude.' Dc- luntates of friends. This figure is
clinare de via, to turn down '

the converse of litotes. Cf. § 4,
from the highway,' often in the non invitus. —caput agatur aut
6.
sense of Harrying at an inn {ck- '

fama caput,
: standing
' as a citi-
vorsoriunt). Cf. Cato Maior, § 84, zen,' 'citizenship fama, stand-
'
;
'
commorandi enitn natura devorso- ing as a man,' 'reputation.' Cf.

rium nobis, non habit audi dedit. — Cic. de Imperio Cn. Fomp. § 4,
4. qua fortuna euphemistic for : magnae res aguntur, ' great inter-
9nala fortuna. Cf. § 10, incom- ests are at stake.' Agatur, cf. § 1,
modis. Among the Romans sev- solebat. Cf. capitis deminutio,

eralgoddesses were included under Morey's Roman Law, p. 231. —
the title fortuna fors fortu7ia. — 7. est enim quatenus : sc. finis.
109
§ 6i-62j M. TVLLI CICERONIS
dari venia possit. Nee vero neglegenda est fama nee medi-
ocre telum ad res gerendas existimare oportet benevolentiam
lo civium quam blanditiis et assentando colligere turpe
;
est
virtus, quam sequitur caritas, minime repudianda est.
Sed (saepe enim redeo ad Scipionem, cuius omnis
62.
sermo erat de amicitia) querebatur, quod omnibus in rebus
homines diligentiores essent capras et oves quot quisque ;
haberet, dicere posse, amicos quot haberet, non posse dicere

5 et in illis quidem parandis adhibere curam, in amicis eli-
gendis neglegentis esse nee habere quasi signa quaedam et
notas, quibus eos qui ad amicitias essent idonei, iudicarent.
Sunt igitur firmi et stabiles et constantes ehgendi cuius ;
Mimit.' — 8. Nee vero . . . fama: sermo : i.e. whenever opportunity

i.e. in performing for our friends offered in this discourse he re-
acts of a somewhat doubtful verted to the subject of friendship.
{initius iitstae) character, we must — 2. omnibus in rebus sc. ceteris. :
have regard for our own reputa- — 3. diligentiores : sc. quam in

tions. Note the euphemism. amicis diligendis. 4. non posse —
8. nee mediocre cf. § 4, non hroi-
: dicere note the chiasmus with
:
tus. —
g. ad res gerendas for :
'
dicere posse. For the repetition of
realizing our ambitions' (lit. 'for posse., cf. § 19, non potest. 5. in —
public life'), a political term. illis quidem quidem emphasizes
:
Gerendas., instead of the usual illis and carries its force back to
agendas.) after the analogy of bel- capras et avis. — 6. quasi signa
luin gerere., to carry out the meta- quaedam et notas : these expres-
phor in telum. — 10. blanditiis et sions apply strictly to points of ex-
assentando the combination of
: cellence in sheep and goats and to
unlike grammatical elements in a brands employed to distinguish
similar construction is unusual in one flock from another hence ;
classical Latin here we should ex-

: quasi. Cf. § 3, quasi. — 7. idonei
pect either two nouns or two Cicero regularly uses ad with the
gerunds. But cf. § 74, venandi accusative after idoneus when the
a2(t pilae studiosi. — 11. virtus noun depending on idoneus refers
note the antithetical asyndeton. to an inanimate object, but the
62. Sed : interrupts the course dative when it refers to a person.
of his own meditations to revert to 8. firmi . . . stabiles . . . constantes
Scipio's discourse. — i. cuius omnis '-'finmis.)
'
resolute/ the firmness
no
" I — :
generis est magna penuria.Et iudicare difficile est sane

nisi expertum ; experiendum autem est in ipsa amicitia. 10
Ita praecurrit amicitia indicium tollitque experiendi pote-
statem.
63. Est igitur prudentis sustinere ut cursum, sic impe-
tum benevolentiae, quo utamur quasi equis temptatis, sic
amicitia ex aliqua parte periclitatis moribus amicorum.
Quidani saepe in parva pecunia perspiciuntur quam sint
which is not shaken by any attack ;

hold in check the progress of
stabilis, immovable,' that which
' friendship until its reliability is
cannot be changed (s-tare) ; co/i- proved. — 2. quo utamur : (^quo

stajis, ' changeless,' related ety- ut eo), a relative clause of purpose.
mologically to siabilis. These — 2. quasi ... sic : merely a varia-
qualities define the vir gravis tion for ut . . . sic above. —
3. ami-
according to the Roman ideal citia : governed by utauiur. —

(Monet). —
9. penuria: lit. 'lack- 3. ex aliqua parte :
'
in part,' a sen-
ing the necessaries of life,' a tence adverb. Cf. § 4, nescio quo
stronger term for poverty than '
' pacto. — 3. periclitatis note the :
paiipertas^ straitened circum-'

passive use of the perfect participle
stances ' ; but weaker than cgestas^ of a deponent verb. Cf. Caio
' dire distress.' — 10. expertum : Maior, § 4, eandem {senectute/n)
masculine accusative in predicate accusant adeptani. The passive
agreement with aliqiieui^ you,' ' construction is sometimes found
'any one,' the subject oi iudicare. with utorî fruor., etc. Cf. Cic.
— II. praecurrit amicitia iudicium : de Fin. i, 3, sapientia . . . fru-
i.e. we cannot rightly estimate our enda est., and in Verr.^ 2, 18,
friends' worth until we know them. omnia {bona ei) utenda tradide-
Lord aptly cites Emerson " we : rat. — 4. parva . . . perspiciuntur
talk of choosing our friends, but cf. § \\ê custodia. Perspiciuntur.,
friends are self-elected." 'are shown up,' i.e. betray them-
63. Est igitur : note the post- selves. Contrast the English im-
positive particles in this section. — personal construction, " It is seen
I. prudentis: cf § ZJuniianitatis. how trivial some people are." —
— I. cursum impetum . equis
. . . . . : 4. quam sint leves an explanatory :
carry out the metaphor in prae- clause characteristic of colloquial

currit of the preceding sentence. speech and found frequently in the
Just as we keep tight rein on a comedies of Plautus and Terence.
newly broken team, so we should The sense is complete before this
II
5 leves,quidam autem, quos parva movere non potuit, cognos-

cuntur in magna. Sin vero erunt aliqui reperti qui pecuniam
praeferre amicitiae sordidum existiment, ubi eos inveniemus,
qui honores, magistratus, imperia, potestates, opes amici-
tiae non anteponant, ut, cum ex altera parte proposita haec
losint, ex altera ius amicitiae, non multo ilia malint ? Imbe-
cilla enim est natura ad contemnendam potentiam ;
quam
etiamsi neglecta amicitia consecuti sint, obscuratum iri
arbitrantur, quia non sine magna causa sit neglecta ami-

citia.
64. Itaque verae amicitiae difficillime reperiuntur in iis
clause is added. '

Certain men refer to honores . . . opes. Ilia
are often shown up in a money- repeats haec emphatically to carry
matter.' 'How unreliable they it back over ex altera non rmdto.
are '
is added to prevent any mis- — 12. neglecta amicitia: 'at the
understanding. Cf. § 5, velim, also expense of friendship.' 12. ob- —
Plautus, Hfeji. 246, Ego illuDi scio scuratum iri " The supine in -tim
:
qjiain cams sit cordi vieo, and the followed by iri forms the future
archaic expressions in English passive infinitive as, eumexceptuni
:
" Consider the lilies of the field iri pnto, Att. 7, 22, i, 'I think
how they grow,'' and " I know there is a going to capture him,'
thee who thou art." — 5. leves . . . i.e. 'that he is going to be cap-
movere : cf. § 62, yf;-;/// et stabiles et tured.'Here iri is used imper-
constantes, and —
§ 40, loco. 6. Sin sonally and eii7?i is the object of
vero: cf. § 34, sin autem. — 7. sor- exceptnm.'''' L. 2273. Obscuratum
didum: the predicate oi pecimiam governs id, which refers to quam
praeferre amicitiae ; sc. esse. — si sint.
. . For this form peri-
.
8. honores, magistratus applied : phrases are generally substituted,

to office-holdino; in and jreneral e.g. fore with ut and the passive
especially to positions bestowed subjunctive. — 13. non sine : cf.
by the vote of the people. Cf. § 4, 71071 i7ivitus.

cttrsits honoriim. — 8. imperia . . . 64. reperiuntur : cf. § 21, reperi-
opes :
§ 54, i^nperio., potestate,
cf. untur. Strelitz notes that Cicero
and § 22, opes. —
9. ex altera parte : may be thinking of his own bitter
i.e. one pan of the balances.
in experiences in politics, particularly
Cf. § 58, lie quid excidat co7i- . . . his desertion by Pompey at the
geratur. 9. haec — ilia both . . . : time of his banishment from the
112
—
qui in honoribus reque publica versantur ; ubi enim istum

invenias qui honorem amici anteponat suo ? Quid ? haec
ut omittam, quam graves, quam difficiles plerisque videntur
calamitatum societates ad quas non est ! facile inventu qui 5
descendant. Quamquam Ennius recte :
Amicus cei'tiLS in re incerta cernittir^
tamen haec duo levitatis et infirmitatis plerosque convin-

cunt, aut si contemnunt aut in malis dese-
in bonis rebus
runt. Qui igitur utraque in re gravem, constantem, stabilem 10
se in amicitia praestiterit, hunc ex maxime raro genere

hominum iudicare debemus et paene divino.
XVIII. 65. Firmamentum autem stabilitatis constan-
tiaeque eius, quam in amicitia quaerimus, fides est ; nihil est
enim stabile quod infidum est. Simplicem praeterea et
city. — 2. reque publica: ''public fifth feet in this line spondees are
service,' cf. 'in the public eye.' substituted, as follows:
3. Quid: cf. § 50, Qidd.—^. ut v/^|w_|wj^| |_^|^_.
omittam: cf. § ()îit . . .omitta^n. — "A friend in
Cf. need is a friend
5. societates: plural because Lae- indeed/' for both sentiment and
lius has in mind particular in- sound. In re incerta = discrt'men,
stances. Cf. § 23, dissensicviibns^ 'crisis.' Ci. % ^t,, Tarqiiinium. —
etc. — 6.descendant 'condescend.' :
8. haec duo : the statements made
— 6. Ennius: cf. § 22, Ejtnms. — in the following clauses, i.e. in
7. Amicus certus in re incerta their own prosperity they forget
cernitur: the repetition of the (lit. 'overlook') their friends or
same sound is noteworthy. It is desert them in their hour of need,
one of the features of Ennius's writ- — 10. gravem . . . stabilem: cf.
ing. Cf. O Tite, tnte, Tati, tibi § 62, firtJii . . . constantes. —

tanta, tyrajinCj tnlisti, which is 11. maxime raro: the unusual form
quoted by thirteen Latin writers, emphasizes the superlative idea.
The line is an iambic senarius, a 65. — 2. fides: ' loyalty,' ' trust-
verse consisting theoretically of w'orthiness.' Note its emphatic
six iambi, but in the fourth and position. — 3. quod infidum est:
price's AMicrriA —8 113
communem isdem movea-

et consentientem, id est qui rebus
5 tur, eligi par est, quae omnia pertinent ad fidelitatem
neque enim fidum potest esse multiplex ingenium et tortuo-

sum, neque vero, qui non isdem rebus movetur naturaque
consentit, aut fidus aut stabilis potest esse. Addendum
eodem est, ut ne criminibus aut inferendis delectetur aut
locredat oblatis, quae pertinent omnia ad eam, quam iam
dudum tracto, constantiam. Ita verum illud, quod ini-
fit
tio dixi, amicitiam nisi inter bonos esse non posse. Est
enim boni viri, quem eundem sapientem licet dicere, haec
duo tenere in amicitia primum ne quid fictum sit neve :
15 simulatum aperte enim vel odisse magis ingenui est quam

;
fronte occultare sententiam deinde non solum ab aliquo ;
allatas criminationes repellere, sed ne ipsum quidem esse
for the mood, cf. § 22, coiiqiiiescit. upon.' sunt igitiir

Cf. § 62, con- . . .
— 3. Simplicem . . . communem siantes. —

becomes,' /.^. as
11. fit: '
. . . consentientem :
'
frank '
. . . a result of his argument. 11. in- —
•^congenial'. .'sympathetic.'' — . itio: cf. § 18. —
13. boni viri cf. :
4. rebus isdem moveatur ani- :

'
is § 8, hiinianitatis. — 13. quem . . .
mated by the same principles.' — dicere : sc. iniJii^ ' whom also I may
6. multiplex :
'
many sided,' the call wise.' For the thought cf.
opposite of simplex above, hence, § 18. — 14. duo tenere note the :
'
sly,' '
deceitful.' — 6. ingenium : lack of parallelism \x\. primum fol-
cf. § I, solebat. — 6. tortuosum lowed by a negative subjunctive
'wily.' — 7. naturaque consentit: clause and deinde followed by ex-
sc. non^ implied from the preceding planatory infinitive clauses in ap-
11011^ '
does not naturally harmo- position with dno. Such freedom
nize.' — 9. eodem: 'to the same in arrangement is characteristic of
purport.' — g. ut ne cf. §42, iit : colloquial speech and gives the
ne. — 9. criminibus: 'accusations,' essay a more conversational tone.
'
backbiting.' Cf. § 89, peccatis. Cf. § 7, te aiitein. 14. fictum sit — :
For the ablative, cf. § 22, illis. — cf. § 26, nihil fictum, etc. — 15. vel
9. inferendis . . . oblatis: note odisse :
'
even to hate if you will.'
the chiasmus. Ci'edat oblatis^ cf. Cf. § 4, memijiisset, and § 2, vel.

I Corinth. xiii:5, "Love . . . think- — 16. fronte : ' expression,' sc.
eth no evil." — 11. tracto: '
touched fid a. Cf. Verg. A. 4, 477, Spejn
14
: ::
suspiciosum, semper aliquid existimantem ab amico esse

violatum.
Accedat hue suavitas quaedam oportet sermonum
66.
atque morum, haudquaquam mediocre condimentum ami-
citiae. Tristitia autem et in omni re severitas habet ilia
quidem gravitatem, sed amicitia remissior esse debet et
liberior et dulcior et ad omnem comitatem facilitatemque 5
proclivior.
XIX. 67. autem hoc loco quaedam quaestio
Exsistit
subdifficilis, num quando amici novi, digni amicitia, veteri-
bus sint anteponendi, ut equis vetulis teneros anteponere
solemus. Indigna homine dubitatio ! Non enim debent
/route serenat. — 1 7. criminationes English colloquial expressions " a

cf. cri7ninibus above. — 17. re- sweet expression " and " a sour
pellere : 'discredit.'' — 17. ipsum : look." — 5. facilitatemque :
'
ap-
'
a man
himself/ for people in ' '
proachability.' — 6. proclivior: cf.
general. 18. aliquid— esse . . .

§41, proclivis.
violatum :
'
some wrong has been 67, Exsistit autem hoc loco
done,' explanatory oi suspiciosiuii. 'there comes up, however, at this
66. Accedat . . . morum: 'it is point.' Laelius's disinclination to
right that you add to this cheeri- take up this topic appears at the
ness in speech and lightness of very beginning of the Latin sen-
heart.' For the parataxis, cf. § 5, tence, but, in order to treat his
velim, also § 47, necesse est. Sua- subject thoroughly, he must settle
vitas, from the same root as the point. — 2. subdifficilis: 'con-
siiadere. — 2. haudquaquam . . . sidered somewhat difficult.' Sub in
amicitiae :
'
no small relish at the composition with an adjective gen-
feast of love.' Cf. § 4, iioii invitus. erally weakens the simple meaning
— 3. Tristitia . . . severitas: of that adjective. — 2. veteribus :
'
gloomy disposition ' . . .
' and cf. § 4, veteruni. — 3. equis vetulis
ever present sternness.' — 3. ilia '
poor old horses.' " Diminutives
quidem: cf. § 8, qiiidcni. — 4. re- may denote: (i) actual smallness ;
missior :
'
easier,' lit. '
more re- (2) imputed smallness: implying
laxed.' The word applies to a (^7) admiration, affection, or com-
bow that is unstrung. — 5. dulcior: passion {b^ contempt or irony,"
—
;
in antithesis to severitas, Cf. the L. 267-269. 4.homine a human :

'
15
5 esse amicitiarum sicut aliarum rerum satietates ; veterrima

quaeque, ut ea vina, quae vetustatem feriint, esse debet sua-
vissima ; verumque illud est, quod dicitur, multos modios
salis simul edendos esse, ut amicitiae munus expletum sit.
68. Novitates autem si spem adferunt, ut tamquam in
herbis non fallacibus fructus appareat, non sunt illae qui-
dem repudiandae, vetustas tamen suo loco conservanda ;
maxima est enim vis vetustatis et consuetudinis. Quin in

5 ipso equo, cuius modo feci mentionem, si nulla res impe-
diat, nemo est, quin eo, quo consuevit, libentius utatur quam
being,' a contemptuous thrust at F7indusqiie 7nendax, arbore nunc

any one who would advance such aquas
an opinion. He does not desig- Ciilpa7ite., 71U71C torre7itia agros
nate such a person by the term Sidera^ 7iii7ic hie77ies i7iiqiiasy
7vr, ^man.' — 5. satietates : cf. § 64,

societates. — 6. quae vetustatem '
and the deceitful farm (does not '
ferunt: 'which will bear aging/ worry the contented man) 'when'
i.e. those which do not become (at harvest time to explain its fail-
sour. Cf. Cato Maior^ § 65, no7i ure) the tree blames now the
'
ojn7ie viniun vetiistate coacescit heavy rains, now the constellations

(' turns sour '). — 7. verumque . . parching the fields, and now the
dicitur: 'and true is the proverb heavy wind storms.' 2. illae —
which says.' — 8. simul edendos: quidem : pleonastic repetition of
with reference to the time neces- 7iovitates with concessive force.
sary to ripen friendship. It is an Cf. § 66, ilia quide77i. — 3. suo :
almost universal sentiment that cf § I, 7iostrae. 4. maxima — . . .
people must eat {i.e. live) together consuetudinis an echo, if not a

:
before they can really know each conscious quotation in translation,

other. of Aeschylus's Pro77iet}ieus Bo7i7id,
68. Novitates new friend- 0'
:
'
39, TO ^vyytvi<i tol 8eii/6v -^
ships,' contrasted with vetustas ofxiXta, 'Relationship and inter-

below. — non fallacibus: i.e. in
2. course are verily a mighty band.'
spring an account is opened with — 4. vis vetustatis: the spell of
the growing grain which does not " auld acquaintance." 5. si — . . .
promise more than it can yield at impediat : i.e. if the horse is sound
harvest time. Cf. Hor. C. 3, i, and strong. — 6. quin eo : qimt =
30-32, qui 71071 ; eo, cf. illae quidc77i
116
' —
intractato et novo. hoe quod est animal, sed Nee vero in

in iis etiam quae sunt inanima, consuetudo valet, eum
locis ipsis delectemur, montuosis etiam et silvestribus, in
quibus diutius commorati sumus. 10
Sed maximum est in amicitia parem esse inferiori.

69.
Saepe enim excellentiae quaedam sunt, qualis erat Scipio-
nis in nostro, ut ita dicam, grege. Numquam se ille Philo,
numquam Rupilio, numquam Mummio anteposuit, num-
quam inferioris ordinis amicis, Q. vero Maximum fratrem, 5
egregium virum omnino, sibi nequaquam parem, quod is
above. — 6. quo : sc. iiti. — 7. in- ical sects, groups of students,

tractato et novo :
' unbroken and and troupes of actors. Grex^ lit.
as yet '
unknown ' to its owner. 'flock,' hence ut ita dicam. Cf.
— hoc quod
7. hoc is mascu- :
§ 3, quasi. — 3. Numquam : cf.
line and qiwd is attracted into § 30, ut. —3. Philo: cf. § 14,
the gender of animal. Cf. § 50, Fhilus. —
4. Rupilio: P. Rupilius
qui est . . . fons. — 9. ipsis : cf. obtained a triumph in 132 B.C. for
§ 22, illis. — 9. montuosis etiam : having successfully terminated the
love of nature was lacking in the Servile War in Sicily. Cf. §§ 37
Romans as a people. Only a few and 73. 4. Mummio: Spurius
of the Latin poets and more culti- Mummius, the friend of Scipio,
vated prose writers show any gen- was the brother of Lucius Mum-
uine appreciation for it. Cf. Hor. mius who destroyed Corinth in
C. I, I, 30-32, me geliditm nemiis 146 B.C. He was an aristocrat,
Nyj7ipharw7tqtie leves cum Satyiîs and as a conservative opposed the
chori secernunt populo., '
the cool establishing of schools of rhetoric
grove and the light dances of the at Rome. Cicero often mentions
Nymphs with the Satyrs separate him in the de Re Publica., e.g.
me from the masses.' 10. diutius — : I, 12, 18 ; 3, 34, 46, etc. — 5. Q. vero
cf. § 3, sae.pius. Maximum : eldest son of L. Aemi-
69. maximum: 'of the highest lius Paul us. He was adopted by
importance.' Cf. § 45, caput enim Q. Fabius Maximus, whose name
esse. — 2. excellentiae quaedam: he took. He fought under his
'superior personahtics.' Cf. § 64, father at Pydna and was detailed
societates. — 3. grege: ?>. the Sci- after the battle to bear the news of
pionic circle. Cf. Introd. 8. This the victory over Perseus to Rome.
word is often used of philosoph- He was consul in 145 B.C. —
117
anteibat aetate, tamquam superiorcm colebat suosque om-

nes per se posse esse ampliores volebat.
70. Quod faciendum imitandumque est omnibus, ut, si
quam praestantiam virtutis, ingeni, fortunae consecuti sint,
impertiant ea suis communicentque cum proximis, ut, si
parentibus nati sint humilibus, si propinquos habeant im-

5 becilliore vel animo vel f ortuna, eorum augeant opes iisque
honori sint et dignitati. Vt in fabulis, qui aliquamdiu
propter ignorationem stirpis et generis in famulatu fue-
6. omnino :
' in all respects/ gener- as is shown by the number of
ally followed by an adversative the pronoun. — 3. communicent
particle. Cf § 98, omnino . . . au- 'share with,' with especial refer-
teni. — 6. is : refers to Maximus ence to virtutis and i)igeni. —
after the remark
parenthetical 4. nati sint : take the subject from
egregiuvi . . were
. paiêni. If is omnibus. Cf. consecuti sint -ahov^.
omitted, it might be thought that — 4. imbecilliore : cf. § 3, sae-
tlie clause referred to the same per- pius, and § 23, imbecilli. — 5. animo
son as sibi. Cf § 59, qitalis ille. vel fortuna taken up in chiastic
:
— 8. per se : i.e. through his wealth order by opes and honori et digni-
or political and personal influence. tati. —
6. honori dignitati not . . . :
Cf § II, libcralitate in sorores, a source of pride, but a means of

boniiate in siios. — 8. ampliores : helping their less fortunate rela-
'
more prosperous.'' tives secure office and higher
70. ut . . . ut . . . Vt :
' that station. — 6. in fabulis: 'in the
(explanatory of (2itod) . . . ^so legends,' better than ' in the plays.'
that' (result) . . , 'As for example' Laelius refers to such stories as

—
(illustrative). 2. praestantiam : that of the birthand education of
'advantage.' — 2. virtutis . . . for- Romulus and Remus. Cf. Livy,
tunae : explain pe?' se above, i.e. I, 4, also § 100, fabulis. These
show in what respects one may legends, however, did enter into
help another. — 2. consecuti sint the plots of many plays presented
cf. § I, quoad posseni. imper- — 3. on the Roman stage. — 7. propter
tiant : bestow upon,' with es-
' ignorationem : on account of their
pecial reference to fortunae. — ancestry and race not being

3. ea : refers to the thoughts con- known. Cf. § 25, ob eam. —
tained in the objective genitives 7. famulatu: 'voluntary service.'
rather than praestantiam itself. Cf. servitus, ' servitude,' ' a state
18
— —
runt, cum cogniti sunt et aut deorum aut regum filii in-
vent!, retinent tamen caritatem in pastores, quos patres

multos annos esse duxerunt. multo profecto Quod est 10
magis in veris patribus certisque faciendum. Fructus

enim ingeni et virtutis omnisque praestantiae tum maxi-
mus capitur, cum in proximum quemque confertur.
XX. 71. Vt igitur ii qui sunt in amicitiae coniunctionis-
que necessitudine superiores, exaequare se cum inferioribus
debent, sic inferiores non dolere se a suis aut ingenio aut
fortuna aut dignitate superari. Quorum plerique aut que-
runtur semper aliquid aut etiam exprobrant, eoque magis, 5
si habere se putant, quod officiose et amice et cum labore

aliquo suo factum queant dicere. Odiosum sane genus
hominum officia exprobrantium quae meminisse debet ;
is
in quem collata sunt, non commemorare, qui contulit.
72. Quam ob rem ut ii qui superiores sunt submittere
of slavery.' —8 cogniti sunt et .. . 4. Quorum: antithetical. — 5. ali-

inventi : cognoscere^ to learn by quid : cf. § 23, ann/ios. — 6. offici-
studying and examining into a ose et amice with an obliging

:
'
question; ///T/^w/r*? generally refers and friendly spirit.' 8. of&cia ex- —

to a Miappening to discover.' probrantium who cast up to you
:
'
10. Quod: 'and this/ referring to their own courtesies. Officia s,nms
the thought of the preceding sen- up officiose et amice, etc., of the pre-
tence. —
II. patribus: cf. § 23, ceding clause. a subject — 8. is:
a7ii)nos. — 12. omnisque praestan- inserted after verb in this wayits
tiae 'and in short, of
: every seems, in many cases, to be an after-
advantage.'— 13. capitur. . .con- thought, by which the writer seeks
fertur : cf. § 23, absentes adsnnt. to make his meaning clearer. I '
71. igitur: -then'; cf. 'well,' mean the man on whom,' etc.
'now,' etc., as introductory and 8. is, in quem collata sunt: 'the
transitional particles. — 2. in . . . recipient.' — 8. (is) qui contulit:

necessitudine :
' in the close bond '
the doer.' — g. commemorare :
of friendship and relationship.' 'mention,' its original signification.

Coniufictio \\Q.re. = propifiquitas. 72. superiores ... se : note the
— 3. dolere: cf. § 8, doloreni. — alliteration. Submittere se, 'to
119
se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere.

Sunt enim quidam qui molestas amicitias faciunt, cum ipsi
se contemni putant quod non fere contingit nisi iis qui ;
5 etiam contemnendos se arbitrantur qui hac opinione non ;
modo verbis sed etiam opera levandi sunt.

Tantum autem cuique tribuendum, primum quantum
73.
ipse efficere possis, deinde etiam quantum ille quem diligas
atque adiuves, sustinere. Non enim neque tu possis,
quamvis excellas, omnes tuos ad honores amplissimos
5 perducere, ut Scipio P. Rupilium potuit consulem efficere,
fratrem eius L. non potuit. Quod si etiam possis quidvis
deferre ad alterum, videndum est tamen, quid ille possit
sustinere.
humble themselves.' — 2. inferio- require two illustrations intro-

res : may be nominative {debent duced by neque neque ; but . . .
se extollere^ or accusative {superio- for the second, the clauses intro-

res debent inferiores extollere). duced by /// are substituted. Evi-
The latter is the easier interpreta- dently the sentence not finished is
tion and is more strongly favored according to the plan of its in-
by the clause qui leva?idi sunt . . . ception. Cf. § 7, te autem. —
than is the former by the sentence 4. excellas :
'
may possess superior
sunt enim putant.. 3. ipsi
. . — advantages.' — 4. perducere: per,
in contrast with their friends' through the offices leading up to
opinion. — 4. contemni: 'patron- the consulship (amplissimos hono-
ized.' — 4. fere: 'usually.' Cf. res). Cf. Pliny, Epi. i, 14, 7,
§ 2, ttmi fere. — 4. contingit: cf. Quaesturam tribunatum praetu-
§ 8, contingere. — 5. contemnendos ram honestissime percucurrit. Cf.
se : 'deserve to be patronized.' — cursus honoru7n, the aedileship,
6. sed etiam opera 'but even by : quaestorship, praetorship, and,
tangible assistance.' finally, the consulship. — 5. ut:
73. cuique: cf. § 29, quisqtie. 'as for example.' — 5. efficere: 'to
— 2. deinde: cf. § 56, alteram. — bring about the election of.' —
3. sustinere: sc. possit., 'he is 6. eius : i.e. of P. Rupilius. —
capable of receiving.' 3. Non — 7. deferre . . . sustinere: the meta-
enim neque: the two rules laid phor is derived from the act of
down in the preceding sentence transferring a burden from {de)
120
:
74. Omnino iam confirmatisque

amicitiae corroboratis
et ingeniis et aetatibus iudicandae sunt, nee si qui ineunte
aetate venandi aut pilae studiosi fuerunt, eos habere neces-
sarios quos turn eodem studio praeditos dilexerunt. Isto
enim modo nutrices et paedagogi iure vetustatis plurimum 5
benevolentiae postulabunt; qui neglegendi quidem non
sunt sed alio quodam modo aestimandi. Aliter amicitiae
stabiles permanere non possunt. Dispares enim mores dis-
paria studia sequuntur, quorum dissimilitudo dissociat ami-
citias ; nee ob aliam causam ullam boni improbis, improbi 10
your own shoulders to those of vetustas. — 6. neglegendi: {iiec ^

your friend, who can just stagger legere, 'to choose'), 'pass over,'
along under {s2(b) the load. ' disregard,' often in a thoughtless
74. Omnino :
'
as a rule.' — manner rather than purposely.
I . corroboratis . . . aetatibus For the change in consonant from
the ablative absolute implies that c to g, cf. § 85, neglegentia, § 86,
one must hold his judgment in negothun. — 7. alio quodam : cf.
suspense until character has been § 6, alio quodam. — 7. aestimandi

formed and the habits settled. . . . possunt : note the double
For the thought, cf. § Gt,, Est igi- alliteration. — Aliter: i.e.iiwQ7.
tur ainicorwn ; also, " and

. . . do not wait until our characters
years that bring the philosophic are formed. — Dispares 8. . . .
mind.'' — 3. venandi aut pilae : distantia becomes

: Cicero's style
cf. § 61, blaiiditiis et assentando. labored when to add one more
— 3. habere : depends upon some dis- he introduces distantia, which
idea of obligation {e.g. oportet^ he uses nowhere else. The word
implied from i2idicandae sunt does not reappear till after the
above. — 5. paedagogi: (Trai?, Augustan age. If possible, ren-
' boy,' + ayeiv, '
to lead ') . At der dis- in each casG in the same
Rome the sons of rich people were way. 8. —
Dispares sequun- . . .
attended by a slave, often a young tur :

'
for unlike pursuits result
Greek captured in war, whose from dissimilarity of character.'
duty it was to accompany them to Stndia is the subject and ?nores
and from school, carry their book- the object of seqiiiinttir ; qnortim
bag and tablets, and protect them refers to uwres. — 10. nee : the
from the street gamins and one general negative non enforced is
another. — 5. vetustatis: cf. § 68, by the nee applied to the phrase

121
bonis amici esse non possunt, nisi quod tanta est inter eos,
quanta maxima potest esse, morum studiorumque distantia.
75. Recte etiam praecipi potest in amicitiis, ne intem-
perata quaedam benevolentia, quod persaepe fit, impediat
magnas utilitates amicorum. Nee enim, ut ad fabulas re-
deam, Troiam Neoptolemus capere potuisset, si Lycome-
5 dem, apud quem erat educatus, multis cum lacrimis iter
suum impedientem audire voluisset. Et saepe incidunt
magnae res, ut discedendum sit ab amicis quas qui ;
impedire vult, quod desiderium non facile ferat, is et in-

firmus est mollisque natura et ob cam ipsam causam in
loamicitia parum iustus.
76. Atque in omni re considerandum est et quid postules
ab amico et quid patiare a te impetrari.
XXI. Est etiam quaedam calamitas in amicitiis dimitten-
ob . . . nilam. Cf. § 51, nee dovii. that the city could not be captured
— quanta maxima potest: 'the
12. without his help. 6. impedien- —
greatest imaginable.'' Cf. Cato tem: 'trying to prevent.' The
Maior, § 41, tanta 7>ohiptate . . . present participle expresses an at-
quanta percipi posset niaxijfia. tempted action. 6. audire: 'listen —
75. —
2. quod persaepe qnod re- : to used also in the sense of give
'
;
'
fers to the thought contained in ne heed to,' obey,' with the dative
'
. . aniieornjji.
. 3. Nee enim: — case. Cf. oboedire {ob + ajidire^.
the correlative of nee is et saepe — 7. discedendum sit ab cf. the :
below. Eni/n^ cf. § 57, enini. — —

English idiom, "to break with."
3- ut redeam : cf. § 9, nt 7. quas qui = et si eas qnis.— :
alia omittain. — 4. Neoptolemus: 7. quas vult is willing to

. . . :
'
(veos, 'late,' TTToAe/xog, 'war'). allow these to stand in his way.' —

This was the name applied to 8. desiderium: cf. § \o, desiderio.
Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles and — 9. et : is correlative with et
grandson of Lycomedes, king of -que connects mollis with infi}'-
Scyros, because he took no part in mus. — 10. parum iustus: 'lacks
the war till near its conclusion. fairness.'
Ulysses persuaded him to take 76. Atque . . . impetrari : a
Achilles's place in the siege of brief summary of §§ 36-75, par-
Troy, as it had been prophesied ticularly of §§ 73-75. 3- Est: —
122
— :
dis non numquam necessaria ; iam enim a sapientium fami-

liaritatibus ad vulgares amicitias oratio nostra delabitur. 5
Erumpunt saepe vitia amicorum turn in ipsos amicos, turn

in alienos, quorum tamen ad amicos redundet infamia.
Tales igitur amicitiae sunt remissione usus eluendae et, ut
Catonem dicere audivi, dissuendae magis quam discinden-
dae, nisi quaedam admodum intolerabilis iniuria exarserit, 10
ut neque rectum neque honestum sit nee fieri possit, ut non

statim alienatio disiunctioque faciunda sit.
77. Sin autem aut morum aut studiorum commutatio

quaedam, ut fieri solet, facta erit aut in rei publicae partibus
dissensio intercesserit (loquor enim iam, ut paulo ante dixi,
non de sapientium sed de communibus amicitiis), cavendum
emphatic. — 4. necessaria :
'
un- company he keeps " and in Ger- ;
avoidable,' § 50, necessariain.

cf. man, Sage mir, 7nit wem du uni-
— 5. vulgares: 'friendships in gehst, und ich werde dir sagen
general,' i.e. not of the boni alone. wer du bist (Strelitz). 7. re- —
— oratio 5. nostra delabitur: de., dundet subjunctive of result. :
—
'
down,' i.e. to friendships on a I I neque
. neque nee . . . . . .
lower plane. Cf. § 100, ad leves neque neque sit is the

. . . . . .
amicitias defluxit oratio. These first member and nee fieri possit
statements mark the beginning the second. Cf. § 75, et que . . .
and close of the discussion of the . . . et. — 12. alienatio disiunctio-

friendships of people in general. que : 'estrangement and severing
Notice, however, that Laelius of relations.' 12. faciunda sit: —
hardly more than mentions amici- cf. § 14, adesset.
tiae vulgares in the twenty-five 11 . Sin autem: cf. § 34, Sin.
sections. Note the metaphors in — I . aut . . . aut . . . aut : cf.
delabitur, eriifiipimt., redundet., § 76, neque . . neque. nee. . . .
rejiiissioiie., eluendae, dissuendae, — I . morum aut studiorum cf. :
discindeiidae, and exarserit. — § 74, morum sttidiorimtque .

—
6. vitia : cf. § Z<^,peccatis. — Q. turn 2. in . . . partibus: i.e. in politics.
. . . turn :
'
now ' . . .
'
now,' — 3. ante dixi: i.e. in §76.
temporal. — 7. quorum : viz. lu'tia 4. communibus =
vulgaris (§ 76)
ift alienos. Cf. the sentiment in and le7>es (§ 100). Note the
English, " A man is known by the change from the limiting genitive to
123
5 erit, ne non solum amicitiae depositae, sed etiam ini-
micitiae susceptae videantur. Nihil est enim turpius quam

cum eo bellum gerere quocum familiariter vixeris. Ab
amicitia Q' Pompei meo nomine se removerat, ut scitis,
Scipio propter dissensionem autem, quae erat in re pub-
;
lolica, alienatus est a collega nostro utrumque egit Metello ;
graviter, auctoritate et offensione animi non acerba.

78. Quam ob rem primum danda opera est ne qua ami-
corum discidia fiant ; sin tale aliquid evenerit, ut exstinctae
potius amicitiae quam oppressae esse videantur. Cavendum
the adjective. Such changes show especially fortunate man. Having

the studied nature of the essay, held all the highest offices of the
and are far more characteristic of state,and administered them with
post-Augustan writers (Tacitus, distinction, he was carried to his
Livy, etc.) than of Cicero. 5. ami- — funeral pyre by his four sons, three
citiae . . . inimicitiae : note the of whom had been consuls, while
antithesis ; also in the verbs, de^ the fourth was a candidate for
' down,' and i-//-^^, 'up.' 8. Q. Pom- — the consulship at the time of his
pei : in the consular election for father's death. — 10. utrumque :
141 B.C. Q. Pompeius Nepos prom- refers to the actions indicated in

ised Laelius his support, announc- the verbs 7'e7noverat and alienatus
ing at the same time that he est. — II. animi: cf. § i,solebat.
himself would not be a candidate. 78. primum danda opera :
'
be-
When he had thrown Laelius's fore anything else we must see
friends off their guard he entered to it.' Cf. § 17, optis. — 2. dis-
upon a vigorous campaign, and cidia: cf. §23, discidiis. — 2. ut
was himself elected. As consul . . . videantur: depends upon
he began in 141 B.C. the siege of danda opera est. — 2. exstinctae
Numantia. — meo nomine: 'on 8. potius . . . oppressae: the dis-
my account,' a mercantile expres- tinction between these words is
sion. — collega the college
10. : in brought out in Cato Maior, § 71,
of augurs. — Metello Quintus 10. : Adidescentes mihi fnori sic viden-
Caecilius Metellus defeated the tiir 7it cum aquae inultitudiiie
Achaeans in 146 B.C., and received flauunae vis opp7'imittir (' is
the surname Macedonicus. He quenched ') senes antejn sic, id ;
was consul in 143 B.C. and censor S7ia sponte, nulla adhibit a vi, con-
in 131. He is mentioned as an siimptns ignis exstinguitiir (' the
124
. ;
;
vero ne etiam in graves inimicitias convertant se amicitiae

ex quibus iurgia, maledicta, contumeliae gignuntur. Quae 5
tamen si tolerabiles erimt, ferendae sunt, et hie honos veteri
amicitiae tribuendus, ut is in culpa sit qui faciat, non is qui
patiatur iniuriam.
Omnino omnium horum vitiorum atque incommodorum
una cautio est atque una provisio, ut ne nimis cito diligere 10
incipiant neve non dignos.

79. Digni autem sunt amicitia quibus in ipsis inest causa
cur diligantur. Rarum genus. Et quidem omnia praeclara
rara, nee quicquam difficilius quam reperire quod sit omni
ex parte in suo genere perfectum. Sed plerique neque in
rebus humanis quicquam bonum norunt, nisi quod fructuo- 5
sum sit, et amicos tamquam pecudes eos potissimum dili-
gunt ex quibus sperant se maximum fructum esse capturos.
fire having burned out, goes out'). make a sharper contrast with the
Cf. "The flame of love.'' — 4- vero : following digni antem.
*
but",' granting that friends must 79. quibus : dative of posses-
^fall out.' — 5. iurgia, maledicta, sion (Reid). — 2. Et quidem 'and :
contumeliae : note the climax in in fact,' " parenthetical and slight-

meaning and cf. § 59, ajigi dolere ly ironical and well suited to the
invidere. —5. Quae tolerabiles . . . tone of the dialogue" (Monet).
... ferendae: xoioxiocontujueliae. — 2. omnia praeclara rara note :
Cf. § ']'], coijimicnibiis . — 6. veteri the homoeoteleuton and tautoph-

amicitiae : cf. § 68, vetiistatis. — ony. Qi. % ^., ad . . . amicitia
7. qui faciat : cf. § 71, zj- . . . qui § 25, servatam ; and § 64, amictts
contulit. — 7. qui patiatur: cf. § 71, certus. For the omission of the
zV, in quein collata simt. — 9. Om- verb, cf. § 14, ilia. — 3. reperire:
nino . . . incommodorum om- : cf. § 21, reperitmtur. — omni 3.
nino, cf. § 74, ojnnino. Note the . . . perfectum: 'the highest
homoeoteleuton(cf. § 2c^,su;n;/iam, type of kind.' —
its quicqaiam 5.
etc.) and the repetition of O. /71- bonum norunt bontim has a quasi
:
commodorimtj '
unpleasantness.' — predicative force recognize noth- ;
'
10. ut ne : cf. § 42, nt ne. — ing as good, except what is profit-

1 1 non dignos : for indignos, to able.'
125
§ 8o-8i] M. IVLLl CICERONIS
80. Ita pulcherrima ilia et maxime natural! carent ami-

citia per se et propter se expetita nee ipsi sibi exemplo sunt,
haec vis amicitiae et qualis et quanta sit. Ipse enim se
quisque diligit, non ut aliquam a se ipse mercedem exigat
5 caritatis suae, sed quod per se sibi quisque carus est. Quod
nisi idem in amicitiam transferetur, verus amicus numquam
reperietur ; est enim is qui est tamquam alter idem.
81. Quod si hoc apparet in bestiis, volucribus, nantibus,
agrestibus, cicuribus, feris, primum ut se ipsae diligant (id
enim pariter cum omni animante nascitur), deinde ut requi-
rant atque appetant ad quas se applicent eiusdem generis
5 animantis, idque faciunt cum desiderio et cum quadam simi-
litudine amoris humani, quanto id magis in homine fit natura
80. Ita :
'
under such circum- selfish spirit. — 6. est enim: sc.
stances.' — I. maxime naturali : vents ainicits.

cf. § 4, 7naxiine 7/ieinorabileni.
— 81. hoc : explained by the
2. per se i.e. without any other
: clause ttt . . . hitmatii. — i . bes-
impulse. — 2. propter se : i.e. with- tiis : twice defined ; first, accord-
out any other motive, such as the ing to their abodes — air, wât^, or
reward it may bring. Propter se land ; and next according to their
is of equal value with per se. Cf. condition — domestic or wild.
'"'
of the people, by the people, and 3. pariter: cf. § 32, pares. — 3.
for the people.'' — 2. exemplo sunt animante § 49, aniinante.
: cf. —
men love themselves for love's 3. deinde ut, etc. the first refer- :
sake, yet they fail to understand ence to love between the sexes is
that this same unselfish spirit is introduced only in connection

the underlying principle of friend- with the animals {bestiae^. 4. —
ship and do not treat their friends appetant : cf. § 46, appet ere. —
as second-selves. Consequently, 5. desiderio: cf. § 10, desiderio.
theirs is not the true friendship. — — quadam 5. 24, qiien- : cf. §
3. ipse enim a se ipse cf. §
. . . : dam. —
5, magis: ani-
6. id i.e. if
ipse. — 4. mercedem profit.' :

' — mals have a natural affection
5. caritatis suae : sitae is here and display it toward each other,
equivalent to an objective geni- how much loftier is this affec-
tive ; 'affection for himself.' — tion in man who is endowed with
5. quod . . . idem : i.e. the same un- reason and judgment with which to
126
LAELIVS DE AMlClilA [§ 81-82
qui et se ipse diligit et alterum anquirit, cuius animum ita
cum suo paene unum ex duobus.

misceat ut efficiat
XXII. 82. Sed plerique perverse, ne dicam impudenter,

habere talem amicum volunt, quales ipsi esse non possunt,
quaeque ipsi non tribuunt amicis, haec ab iis desiderant.
Par est autem primum ipsum esse virum bonum, turn alte-
rum similem sui quaerere. In talibus ea, quam iam dudum 5
tractamus, stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homi-
nes benevolentia coniuncti primum cupiditatibus iis quibus
ceteri serviunt imperabunt, deinde aequitate iustitiaque
gaudebunt, omniaque alter pro altero suscipiet, neque
quicquam umquam nisi honestum et rectum alter ab 10
altero postulabit, neque solum colent inter se ac dili-
gent sed etiam verebuntur. Nam maximum ornamentum

amicitiae tollit qui ex ea tollit verecundiam.
control and direct it. — 6. natura: 5 similem sui : cf. § 50, siiiiiliuin
cf. § 32, natiira. — 7. anquirit : aii- sui 5. talibus : in anticipation of
quirere, ' to search with care,' i.e. Jiojuiues in the clause cum ho77ii7ies
following the judgment. With this below. — 5. iam dudum: cf. §65,
contrast reqiiirant above, which firinainentum stabilitatis, — 7. cu-
Cicero uses to describe animals piditatibus: i.e. those mentioned
searching from instinct. 8. paene — in §§ 6r, 62. — 8. aequitate: the
unum ex duobus : note that paene quality exercised by a referee who
softens the statement. Cf. §92, ut acts from a high sense of honor,
iimis quasi anwuis fiat expluribus^ but not necessarily in accord with
also our familiar "Two souls with the law. Cf. § 22, illis. — 8. iusti-
but a single thought/' etc. tiaque : the quahty exercised by a

82. perverse . . . volunt : an judge who decides in strict accord
error in judgment. — i. ne dicam : with the letter of the law. —
cf. § 9, ut alia ouiittam. — i. impu- 10. honestum postulabit cf.
. . . :
denter view of their retention

: in §§36-43. II. —
inter se = alter :
of the desire even after its base- alteruju here, and is used to avoid
ness is realized, i.e. they do not the further repetition of that phrase.
feel a sense of shame at harboring It is to be taken with the verbs
such a wish. —
4. Par est: 'it is colent., diligent., and verebjintur.
fitting.' Cf. § 6^, eligi par est. — Cf. § 23, animos.
127
83. Itaque in iis jDerniciosus est error qui existimant

libidinum peccatorumque omnium patere in amicitia licen-
tiam ; virtutum amicitia adiutrix a natura data est, non viti-
orum comes, ut, quoniam solitaria non posset virtus ad ea,

5 quae summa sunt, pervenire, coniuncta et consociata cum
altera perveniret. Quae si quos inter societas aut est aut
fuit aut futura est, eorum est habendus ad summum naturae
bonum optimus beatissimusque comitatus.
84. Haec est, inquam, societas in qua omnia insunt, quae
putant homines expetenda, honestas, gloria, tranquillitas
animi atque iucunditas, ut et, cum haec adsint, beata vita
sit et sine his esse non possit. Quod cum optimum maxi-
83. in iis . . . error: 4hey make trophe) to bring si and quos ( =

a fatal mistake.' Per?iiciosus, cf. alig?ws) together. Cf. § 78, ne
§ 13, religiosa. — 2. patere . . . qua. — 7. ad . . . bonum: 'toward,'
licentiam: 'in friendship the way etc. Sic77iimmi bonum, with this
open for.' Note how the meta-
lies sentiment cf. § 19, sequantur . . .
phor of mountain climbing is naturam optimain be?ie vivendi

wrought into the whole section. — ducem. —
8. comitatus (ctmi -\- ire') :
3. a natura personification. Cf.

: 'companionship in traveling.'
Cato Maior, § 39, Nidlain capitali- 84. inquam : cf. § 3, ijiquit.
—
oreift pestem quani vohiptatcni cor- I. in . . . insunt: cf. §31,/;« . . .
poris hominibus dicebat a natura inest. — 2. honestas . . . iucunditas :
datam ; also Caes., B. G. 5, 34, consists of three members, the last

a fortujia deseri. 4. solitaria — : of which is the entire phrase tran-
'single handed.' 4. ad ea — . . . qiiillitas . . . iucunditas . Cicero
pervenire the ambiguity of this
: gives here his idea of suvumim
statement is made clear in the fol- bonu?n, 'the highest good.' Ho-
lowing sentence by ad sujnmu?n 7testas = virtus. — 3. ut et . . . et :
naturae boniun. 5. quae summa — 'on the one hand' ... 'on the
sunt i.e. ideal perfection.
: 5. con- — other hand.' 3. beata vita sit: —
iuncta et consociata : the second is supremely happy.'
'life is 4. sine —
the stronger term. Cf. § 58, divi- his = cum haec 7ion adsint.
:
—
tior . . . affluejitior. — 6. altera : = 4. Quod cum: 'and since this,' re-
alterius virtute. — 6. quos inter: ferring to what precedes, not to
the usual order is reversed (anas- id. — 4. optimum maximumque :
128
:
mumque sit, si id volumus adipisci, virtuti opera danda 5
qua nee amicitiam neque iillam rem expetendam

est, sine
consequi possumus ea vero neglecta qui se amicos habere ;
arbitrantur, turn se denique errasse sentiunt, cum eos gravis

aliquis casus experiri cogit.
85. Quocirca (dicendum est enim saepius), cum iudi-
caris, diligere oportet, non, cum dilexeris, iudicare. Sed

cum multis in rebus neglegentia plectimur, tum maxime in
amicis et diligendis et colendis ;
praeposteris enim utimur
consiliis et acta agimus, quod vetamur vetere proverbio. 5
Nam implicati ultro et citro vel usu diuturno vel etiam

officiis repente in medio cursu amicitias exorta aliqua of-
fensione disrumpimus.
XXIII. 86. Quo etiam magisvituperanda est rei maxime
necessariae tanta incuria. Vna est enim amicitia in rebus
humanis, de cuius utilitate omnes uno ore consentiunt.
merely a variation for sununtiDi tinguished from^Z?^/<?r^. — 4. prae-

bomiui. —
5. virtuti opera danda est posteris: note the oxymoron. Cf.
'we must set our thoughts on vir- § 23, abseiites adsiint. When we
tue.' — 8. tum sentiunt: 'then
. . . have made our friends, we debate
at last realize the completeness of the desirability of having them as
their mistake.' Cf. § i, quoad pos- friends. Cf. "to lock the stable
sem. For the syncope, cf. § 14, after tlie horse is stolen.'' 5. acta —
vinclisque. — 9. experiri: for the agimus: q{.T^x. Phonn. \\(^^'- Ac-
thought, cf. § 53. ///;;/,' aiimt^ ne agas, 'Don't try
'•
85. saepius : ' over and over a case already tried,' a proverb —
again.' Cf. § 57, acerbhis ; § 62, borrowed from legal phraseology.
praecurrit amicitia iudicium ; and Cf. "Don't thresh over old straw."
§ 78, ne niutis cito diligere incipi- Note the oxymoron. —

5. vetamur:
ant. — I. iudicaris : cf. § 16, dis- ?,z.facere. — 6. implicati: 'united,'
pjttaris. — 2. dilexeris: cf. § 22, literally, 'entangled.' — 6. ultro et
verteris. — 3. cum multis in rebus : citro :i.e. on the one (the friend's)
'not only in many other respects.' side and on the other (our) side.
Cf. § 48, multis. — 3. neglegentia : 86. —
2. incuria : cf. § 85, negle-
cf. § 74, nei^legendi. — 3. plectimur: gcntia. — 2. Vna : cf. § 50, qui est
from piectere., which is to be dis- . . . fans. — 2. in rebus humanis:
price's amicitia —9 129
Qaamquam a multis virtus ipsa contemnitur et venditatio

5 quaedam atque ostentatio esse dicitur ;
multi divitias
despiciimt, quos parvo contentos tenuis victus cultusque
deiectat honores vero, quorum cupiditate quidam inflam-
;
mantur, quam multi ita contemnunt, ut nihil inanius, nihil

esse levius existiment itemque cetera, quae quibusdam !
lo admirabilia videntur, permulti sunt qui pro nihilo putent

de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt, et ii qui ad rem
publicam se contulerunt, et ii qui rerum cognitione doctri-
naque delectantur, et ii qui suum negotium gerunt otiosi,
. postremo ii qui se totos tradiderunt voluptatibus, sine ami-
15 citia vitam esse nullam, si modo velint aliqua ex parte libe-
raliter vivere.
87. Serpit enim nescio quo modo per omnium vitas ami-
' in the world.' — 3. unoore: 'unani- whom God with a sparing hand
mously.'' — 4. quamquam whatever : has given enough.'' 7. honores: —
men may think of uirfits, divitiae, cf. § 20, honores. — 11. ad unum:
hono?'es, ct cetera^ they all agree 'to a man,'' Cf. Verg. A. 5, 687,
about friendship. (2uainquain, ad nnnni Troianos.
exosiis — 12. re-
etc., is in antithesis to the clause rum cognitione doctrinaque: 'science

oimies . . . consentiunt and the and philosophy.' Cf. Lucretius,
clause onincs . . . ideui sentiunt. — de Rerum Natura i, 148, species
4. a multis : i.e. by the Epicu- ratioque. — 12. et ii qui . . . po-
reans. — 4. venditatio . . . osten- stremo ii qui: statesmen, schol-
tatio : 'asalesman's trick of showing ars, business men, pleasure-seekers.
his goods to the best advantage.'' — — 13. negotium . . . otiosi : cf.
6. tenuis victus cultusque :

'
frugal § 16, otiosi, and Cic. de Off. 3, i, i,
fare and plain living.'' Cf. Hor. C. nuniquani se vmitis otiosujn esse,
3, 16, 42-44- q?mm cu7n otiosus. Cf. also § 23,
Mjdta petentibus absentes adsunt. — 15. vitam esse
desnnt multa ; bene est cni dens nullam: cf. § 22, vita vitalis. —
obtulit 15. si modo: 'with proviso
this
parea quod satis est ?nann. only, that.'' — 15. aliqua ex parte:
'at all.'
'To those who covet much, much 87. Serpit : cf. § 41, serpit. —
is wanting; blessed is the man to I , nescio quo modo : cf. i^
4, 7iescio
130
: ::
citia nee iillam aetatis degendae rationem patitur esse

expertem sui. Quin etiam si qiiis asperitate ea est et im-
manitate naturae, congressus ut hominum fugiat atque
oderit, qualem fuisse Athenis Timonem nescio quern ac- 5
cepimus, tamen is pati non possit, ut non anquirat aliquem,
apud quern evomat virus acerbitatis suae. Atque hoc max-
ime iudicaretur, si quid tale posset contingere, ut aliquis
nos deus ex hac hominum frequentia tolleret et in soHtu-
dine uspiam collocaret atque ibi suppeditans omnium rerum, 10
quas natura desiderat, abundantiam copiam hominis om- et

nino aspiciendi potestatem eriperet. Quis tam esset fer-
reus qui eam vitam ferre posset, cuique non auferret fructum
voluptatum omnium solitudo ?
88. Verum ergo illud est quod a Tarentino Archyta, ut
opinor, dici solitum nostros senes commemorare audivi ab
quo pacto. — 3. expertem sui: familiarity with the Greeks. Cf.

'
uninfluenced.' — 3. asperitate :
§ 24, qucndam viruifi. — 5. acce-
the sound in a way conveys the pimus : cf. § 7, unuin accepiinus.
sense (onomatopoeia). Cf. 'rasp/ Accipere., '
to hear,' by report or
'roar,' etc. — 4. congressus ut tradition. — 6. anquirat : cf. § 8r,
strong emphasis for congressus. anquirii. —
apud quem evomat 7.
Cf. Caio Maior^ § 28, Orato?' inetuo ' in whose ear he may pour out.'
lie languescat. — 5.Timonem: 7. virus acerbitatis : cf. Acts viii
(T»7xo)v, 6 ixLcrdvOpoiTro<i) Timon

.
23, "gall of bitterness." — 8. tale:
lived in the fifth century B.C. In i.e. as follows. 9. hac hominum —
his youth he experienced ingrati- frequentia cf " far from the mad-
:
tude and disappointment in his ding crowd's ignoble strife." —

friends and, as a result, shut him- 12. ferreus . . , ferre . . . auferret
self off from the world, admitting cf § 64, /;/ 7'e incerta cer?iitur. —
no one to his society except the 13. cuique : -que connects ^;// with
reckless and changeable Alcibi- cut. — 14. solitudo note the em-
:
ades. Timon is the subject of a phatic position.

dialogue by Lucian, and his name 88. Verum : cf. § 87, congressus.
appears as the title of one of — Archyta famous as a philos-
I. :
Shakespeare's plays. 5. nescio — opher (Pythagorean), astronomer,

quern: Laelius again affects un- and mathematician, was seven
131
aliis senibus auditum : si quis in caelum ascendisset natur-

amque mundi et pulchritudinem siderum perspexisset, insua-
5 vera illam admirationem ei fore. Quae iucundissima f uisset,
si aliquem, cui narraret, habuisset. Sic natura solitarium
nihil amat semperque ad aliquod tamquam adminiculum
adnititur quod in amicissimo quoque dulcissimum est.
;
XXIV. Sed cum tot signis eadem natura declaret, quid

lovelit, anquirat, desideret, tamen obsurdescimus nescio quo
modo nee ea, quae ab ea monemur, audimus. Est enim
times elected governor of his native ''-

Jâijue les jar dins mais je vou- ^
city. He have dis-

is said to drais parnii
covered the principle of the screw Un doux et discret ami.''''
and the pulley. Cf. Cato Maior,

§§ 39-41. — I. ut opinor : cf. § 87, — 7. amat adnititur. . . : allitera-
nescio quern. — 3. auditum (esse) : tion. Adminiculum (ad, 'for/ +
'
has for its subject qi/od . . . soli- 7nan7ts, '
hand,'+ cane
-c?d?is), a '
tiwi, and for its governing verb or '

crutch ' ; hence, a support or '
'
cominemorare, which has for its '

helper \ — 7. semperque -que :
subject nostj'os senes. For the =

autem. Cf. § 20, etiani. —
vagueness of the tradition, cf. Cato 8. quoque cf. § 26, quoque.
:
—
Maior, § 43, Saepe midivi ex inaio- 8. dulcissimum: cf. the metaphori-
ribus iiaUi qui se pon'o prieros a cal use of 'sweet' in English.

senibus audisse dicebaut. Note the 9. natura ab ea cf. § 83,
. . . :
alliteration. — 3. ascendisset . . . a natura. 10. —

velit, anquirat,
perspexisset : these would be future desideret : note the climax. Cf.
perfect indicatives in the direct dis- §11, vellet ; § 81, anquirit ; and
course.— 5. illam: = illaruin § 10, desiderio. Note, also, the
rerum. — 5. admirationem :
^
won- syllabic climax. Cf. § 59, angi.,
derment.'' Cf. § 2, admiratio. — dolere, invidere. — 10. nescio quo
5. Quae . . . f uisset: Nauck seems modo : cf.quo pacto.
§ 4, nescio
right in assigning this sentence to — II. quae: accusative with mo-
Laelius on the ground that it would neimir. Verbs which in the ac-
have read " quain fore " had it tive govern two accusatives, one
been a part of the original saying. of the person and the other of
— 5. si aliquem cf. § 27, si ali- : the thing, retain the accusative
que77i. — 6. habuisset : M. Charles of the thing when used in the pas-
quotes La Fontaine sive. — II. Est: cf. § 76, Est.
—
32
:
varius et multiplex usus amicitiae, multaeque causae suspi-

cionum offensionumque dantur, quas turn evitare, turn ele-
vare, turn ferre sapientis est una ilia sublevanda offensio ;
est, ut et utilitas in amicitia et fides retineatur : nam et 15

monendi amici saepe sunt et obiurgandi, et haec accipienda
amice, cum benevole fiunt.
Sed nescio quo modo verum

89. est, quod in Andria
familiaris meus dicit
Obseqiihnn amicos, Veritas odium parit.
Molesta Veritas, siquidem ex ea nascitur odium, quod est

venenum amicitiae, sed obsequium multo molestius, quod 5
peccatis indulgens praecipitem amicum ferri sinit ; maxima

autem culpa in eo, qui et veritatem aspernatur et in fraudem
12. varius et multiplex : cf. § 92, and Laelius. — 3. Obsequium :
vartiis, etc. — 12. usus amicitiae : 1. 68 of the play — an iambic

'the experiences of friendship.' — senarius (cf. § 64). For the first
13. tum . . . tum . . . tum : cf. iambus, a dactyl is substituted,

§ 30, nt . . . ut . . . tity and § 76, for the third, a spondee, and for
tu?n . . . ttun. — 14. sapientis : cf. the fifth, an anapest, as follows :
§ 8, hiu7ianitatis . — 14. una ilia : \j \j \ \j I ^1 w I

w \j A.
explained by nam et, etc. — 15. in w . Obsequmin, fawning,' as
'•
—
I
amicitia : cf. § 23, aiiinios. Terence uses it in his play, while
15. nam: '

that is.' — 16. accipi- Laelius quotes it in the sense of
enda . . . fiunt : chiasmus. '
compliance.' — 4. Molesta cf. :
89. — 2. familiaris meus : P. Te- § 76, Est, and § 14, ilia. Cf., also,
rentius Afer, the writer of comedy, viaxinia below. — 4. siquidem :
brought out his first play, the ( = etTTcp), ' inasmuch as,' often writ-
Andria (' The Maid of Andros '), ten si qiiideui. — 6. peccatis pecca- :
in 166 B.C. Six of his plays are tiun, a thoughtless or indiscreet act,
extant. 159 B.C.,He died in whether small or large. 7. culpa — :
when about thirty years of age, carelessness, something that is

having been a member of the blameworthy. Vitioritm (1. 12),
Scipionic circle (cf. Introd. 8) vitium, an agricultural term, a
and an intimate friend of Scipio crook in a vine or tree that needs
133
obsequio impellitur. Omni igitur hac in re habenda ratio

ct diligentia est, primum ut monitio acerbitate, deinde ut
10 obiurgatio contumelia careat ; in obsequio autem, quoniam
Terentiano verbo libenter utimiir, comitas adsit, assenta-
tio, vitiorum adiutrix, procul amoveatur, quae non modo
amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est ; aliter enim cum
tyranno, aliter cum amico vivitur.
90. Cuius autem aures clausae veritati sunt, ut ab amico
correcting ; hence, in a figurative p. 196, Miill. Monitio, found

sense, a fault in character. Vice only here in Cicero, for the more
is usually too strong a word by usual admonitio 9. acerbitate . — :
which to translate vitiuui. Other cf. the use of this metaphor in

synonymous words are scelns, an : English, e.g. '
bitter feeling,' ' bitter
offense against society, against law words,' etc. — 11. comitas :
'
good
as well as morahty y<7«:/;///j, any ;
fellowship.' 12. non modo : "In-
surprising deed, usually referring stead of noji tnodo {solum)
'
nofi
to a bad deed ; crimen, an agricul- . . . sed ne . . . quidem, the Ictiier
tural term from center e^ to sift,' e.g. ' non is generally omitted, when
wheat from chaff, an examina- — the two negative clauses have
tion by which you try to get at the a verb in common, the negative
facts. When such an ex?imination, of the first clause being sup-
in a majority of cases, established plied by the second otherwise
;
the guilt of the person investi- both negatives are expressed."

'
gated, the transfer to charge '
GL. 482. R. I. Cf. Cato Maior,
and ' crime '
was easy. Nefas, § 34, Itaque non modo quod non
cf § II, fas. — 7. in fraudem : possumus, sed ne quantum possu-
'to his own injury.' This use of mus quidem cogimur. 'And so
the word is archaic. Cf Livy i, we are not only not asked to do
24, 5, rex respondit ; quod sine what we cannot, but we are not
fraude inea populiqiie Roniani called upon to do even as much as
Quiritiiwi fiat, facio ; also, Hor. we can.' —
13. aliter enim: i.e. if
C. S. 41, per ardentem sine fraude assentatio be present. — 14. aliter
Troiam. 8. — igitur cf. § 39, : cum : i.e. if comitas be present. —
igitur. 8. — habenda est . . . 14. vivitur: '
one lives.' Cf. Hor.
ci.%i4,adesset. — 9. monitio . . . C. 2, 16, 14, Vivitur parvo bene.
obiurgatio : obiurgatio post turpe '•
One lives well on a little.'
factum castigatio ; monitio vera 90. clausae veritati : clausae —

est ante com?nissum, Paul, ex Fesi., adversae ; hence the dative. —
134
— ; —
verum audire nequeat, huius salus desperanda est. Scitum

est enim illud Catonis, ut multa: 'melius de quibusdam
accrbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos qui dulces videan-
tur verum saepe dicere, hos numquam.' Atque illud 5
; illos
absurdum, quod ii, qui monentur, earn molestiam quam

debent capere non capiunt, earn capiunt qua debent vacare;
peccasse enim se non anguntur, obiurgari moleste fe-
runt quod contra oportebat, delicto dolere, correctione
;
gaudere. 10
XXV. 91. Vt igitur et monere et moneri proprium est
2. verum: = veritateiii. The neuter tive with the infinitive is some-

of the adjective in post-Augustan times used with verbs of joy, grief,
Latin gradually comes to be used surprise, or wonder." L. 2187.
as an abstract noun. Scitum — 2. 8. anguntur : is connected with a
. ut multa
. . That well-known :
'
root meaning to twist appear- '
'
;
saying of Cato is an apt one, as ing in the Greek dywv, 'a struggle'
(in fact) many' (of his are). wherein the contestants bend in
3. de quibusdam . . . mereri: exertion ; in the Latin angnis, the
bene de aliquo jnereri^ '
to put some thing that twists ('snake') ;
in the
one under obligation by doing a German Angst^ ' the state of mind
favor/ hence —
to do a favor.' '
that causes us to writhe.' — 9. quod
Trans. bitter enemies do certain
' contra :
'
whereas, on the contrary.'
men greater favors.' Acerbos^ Quod refers vaguely to what pre-
cf. § 89, acerbitate. Monet quotes cedes ; contra is an adverb. Cf.
La Fontaine :
'-^
Rien rCest si Cato Maior, § 84, — Cato, speaking
dangereux ignorant ami
qii'iiu of the early death of his son, says,
inieiix vaiidrait nn sage emtemiP Cnitts a me corpus est crematum^
Fables 8, 16. ^4. dulces: cf. — quod contra decuit ab illo meum^
acerbos in this sentence and § 88, '
whose body I burned, whereas, on
dulcissijHiun. —
4. videantur: note the contrary, mine ought to have
the implication of hypocrisy. — been burned by him.' g. opor- —
5. illud absurdum: explained by tebat . . . dolere . . . gaudere : cf.
quod ei^ 'that they,' etc. Cf. § 14, %%,usurpavi. — 9. correctione: cf.
ilia veriora. — 6. earn . . . eam : § 22, illis.
a weak demonstrative, hardly 91. et . . • et : when Cicero uses

stronger than '
the.' — 8. Peccasse : two forms, or two tenses, of the
cf. § 16, dispittaris. " The accusa- same verb, he usually introduces
f35
/
§ 91-92] M. IVLLI CICERONIS
verae amicitiae et alterum libere f acere, non aspere, alterum

patienter accipere, non repugnanter, sic habendum est nul-
1am in amicitiis pestem esse maiorem quam adulationem, I
5 blanditiam, assentationem quamvis enim multis nomini- ;
bus est hoc vitium notandum levium hominum atque falla-

cium ad voluntatem loquentium omnia, nihil ad veritatem.
92. Cum autem omnium rerum simulatio vitiosa est
(tollit enim iudicium veri idque adulterat), tum amicitiae
repugnat maxime delet enim veritatem, sine qua nomen ;
amicitiae valere non potest. Nam cum amicitiae vis sit in

5 eo, ut unus quasi animus fiat ex pluribus, qui id fieri poterit,
si ne in uno quidem quoque unus animus erit idemque sem-
per, sed varius, commutabilis, multiplex ?
them hy et . . . et. Cf. Caio Maior, chiasmus. Id=verum. Enim, ^ for

§ 2, et ferre et latiirtun, and § 3, ^/ instance.' Cf. Harper's Lat. Diet.
dixiifius inulta et saepe dice?mis. — enii7i II, B. — 2. repugnat : 'shakes
2. amicitiae : cf. § 26, amicitiae. — the fist {pjignns) in the face of;
2. libere f acere : 'to act frankly."' the strongest formal as wtW as effi-
— 2. aspere : cf. § 87, asperitate. — cient opposition. — 4. valere non
4. adulationem, blanditiam, assen- potest : cf. § 1 9, a?}iicitiae no7nen

tationem note that each succeed-
: tollitnr. — 5. unus quasi ... ex plu-
ing term is more elevated than the ribus : cf. § 81, ut efficiat paene
one preceding, a sort of anticlimax. umun ex dnobns. Note how the
Adiilatio, fawning,' used often of
' seeming paradox is modified by
dogs; blaiiditia (generally plural), quasi or paene. Plii^-ibus, used in
'
flattery,' 'caressing,' to gain favor the sense of dnobns. Cf. § 45, pro
assentation 'accepting another's pluribus. —
6. uno quidem quoque :
opinion often in a bad sense,

; 'each one.' In Cicero, imus qiiis-
—
'
' subservience
5 quamvis cf .
' . : qiie is often separated by other
§17, qiiai7ivis. 6. vitium: —
cf. § words into its component parts
^().,peccatis. — est notandum
6. . . . : (tmesis, Tc/xveiv, 'to cut'). The
cf. § 62, notas. — levium 6. : 'fickle.' figure is extensively employed by
Cf. Hor. C. 3, 9, 22, tu levior cortice the poets; cf. Hor. C. i, 9, 14, et
('cork'). quern fors dieru7n cumqiie dabit
92. vitiosa: cf. § it,, religiosa. lucro adpone, 'and each day that
— 2. tollit. . .adulterat: note the fortune brings, put down as gain.'
136
'
' :
Quid enim potest esse tarn flexibile, tarn deviiim

93.
quam animus eius qui ad alterius non modo sensum ac
voluntatem sed etiam vultum atque nutum convertitur ?
Negat qiiis, nego ; aity dio ; postrenio hnpcravi cgonict miJd

Omnia adsentdri^ 5
ut aitidem Terentius, sed ille in Gnathonis persona, quod

amici genus adhibere omnino levitatis est.
Earlier writers misunderstood the early dramatists. It consists of

use of this figure, as they took it seven and a half trochaic ( v^)
from the Greeks and separated feet. Numerous substitutions for
words that could not logically be the trochee are allowed ; eg., in
divided. The following striking these verses, the anapest (ww ),
example from Ennius
is saxo : spondee, tribrach( w v^ w), and dac-
cere conimiiiiiit brum. 7. varius, — tyl appear.
commutabilis, multiplex : varius^
'manifold,' as opposed to nuns;
cojnmutabilisy '-
changing,' in con-
trast to idem ; multiplex, '
deceitful,'
presenting all sorts of appearances, — 4. postremo : 'in short.' — 6. Te-
combining, in a sense, the mean- rentius : cf. § %(),fa}niliaris meiis. —
ings of the two preceding words. 6. ille: sc. dicit. — 6. Gnathonis:
93. flexibile . . . devium : note a parasite in the Eunuchus of Ter-
the changing metaphors. — 2. ad: ence. A parasite was a professional
'according to.' — 3. vultum: (= as- diner-out, who depended upon his
Pectus), 'expression.' Cf. "beck wit and shrewdness in flattering to
and call." — 3. convertitur : 'turns get an invitation for dinner or the
(himself), a middle voice. Cf. § 2, money with which to buy a meal.
utor ; also Verg. A. 2, 749, ciiigor He is a stock character in the come-
fulgentibus ar?ms, ' I buckle on my dies of Plautus and Terence, and the
flashing weapons.' — 4. Negat . . . wit of the parasite is sometimes the
aio :
'
Some one says " no," I say best the play affords. — 6. persona :
"no" he says " yes," I say "yes."

; cf. § 4, persona. — 6. quod ... est
The quotation is from the Eunnchus 'to receive (into one's friendship) at
of Terence, 252, 253. The meter all this sort of a friend, is charac-
is the trochaic septenarius, which, teristic of the thoughtless man.' —
next to the iambic senarius (cf. § 6. quod amici genus an inversion :
64), is most frequently used by the for a7nicum huius generis.
137
94. Multi autem Gnathonum similes cum sint loco, for-

tuna, fama superiores, horum est assentatio molesta, cum
ad vanitatem accessit auctoritas.
95. Secerni autem blandus amicus a vero et internosci
tarn potest adhibita diligentia quam omnia fucata et simu-
lata a sinceris atque veris. Contio, quae ex imperitissimis
constat, tamen iudicare solet quid intersit inter popularem,
5 id est assentatorem et levem civem, et inter constantem et
severum et gravem.
96. Quibus blanditiis C. Papirius nuper influebat in
94. Gnathonum: ^ these Gnathos Sinceris is contrasted \yi\\}[i fucata.

of comedy'' ; cf. § 21, Paulas^ and § The costly dye {murex) was often
50; siiiiiliiun. — i . loco fama : adulterated with fiiciis, producing
cf. § 12, pat rib us conscriptis^ etc. an imitation purple which gave the
Loco^ etc., are ablatives of specifi- flash of the genuine, but lacked its
cation. — 3. ad . . . accessit : cf. § rich coloring. The current ety-
31,/;/ . . . iiiest. — 3. auctoritas: mology of sincerus {sine + cera,
cf. § 4, aiidoritate. 'wax') is incorrect. — 3. Contio:
95. Secerni . . . internosci: se- a contracted form of conventio, an
cerni^ used figuratively here, refers assembly of people summoned by
to the act of separating the classes a herald at the bidding of a public
in accordance with general princi- officer or priest. — 3. quae . . . con-
ples, and intei'nosci to the further stat : the following tanien shows
examination of their fundamental that this is a concessive clause.
differences. — 2. adhibita diligen- 4. popularem
demagogue.' Cicero :
'
tia : ablative absolute expressing the optimate considered the lead-

means. — 2. fucata: (<^{;kos, 'rock ers of the people insincere. Cf.
lichen,' used as a red dye for woolen Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 9, 10, Intellectu7n
/;/
goods), '
dyed,' ' counterfeited,' a est, quid interesset inter levitateni
favorite word with Cicero. Cf. contionatoruniet aniniuni vere pop-
Hor. C. 3, 5, 28, laiia . . . medicaia ularem saluti popidi considentem.
dyed red.'
fuco,'' vôo\ 3. sinceris — Video de istis qui se popularis haberi
^pure,' 'unmixed'; lit. 'wholly volunt, etc. — 5. et inter constantem
separated' {sin, 'whole' [cL sim- . . . gravem : note the polysynde-
plex, simple
' singiili, one by ' ;
'
ton The preposition is repeated
one,' etc.] -I- cer, 'separate,' with for clearness. Cf. § 62, firmi,
which cf. § 89, centere, 'to sift'). etc.
138
:
aiiris contionis, cum ferret legem de tribunis plebis refici-
endis ! Dissuasimus nos ; sed nihil de me, de Scipione

dicam libentius. Quanta illi, di immortales, fuit gravitas,
quanta in oratione maiestas ut facile ducem populi Ro- 5 !
mani, non comitem diceres. Sed adfuistis, et est in mani-

bus oratio. Itaque lex popularis suffrages populi repudiata
est. Atque, ut ad me redeam, meministis, Q. Maximo,
fratre Scipionis, et L. Mancino consulibus, quam popularis
96. blanditiis: c(. § gi , d/auc/i- temnimiis ? Cf also Cato Maior, .
tiam. — I. C. Papirius,
39, C. cf. § § 22, Tum
senex dicitur eam fabit-
Carbo. In 131 B.C. Carbo, as trib- lam, quam in manibus habebat et
une, proposed a law permitting the proxime scripserat recitasse. Cf.
reelection of tribunes. Cf. Livy, § 102, in 7nanibus, 'at — hand.'
Epit. 59, 7it eundetn h'ibunujii plebi 7. popularis :
'
in the intercuts of the
qiiotieiis vellet creare lice ret, for a people.' Cf. § 95, populare?n. —
reference to this measure. Carbo's 8. ut . . . redeam : cf. § 9, utalia ojnit-
billwas defeated through the efforts tam. — 8. meministis . quam
. . . . .
of Scipio but a law was passed be-

; videbatur the clause : quam vide- . . .
fore 123 B.C. which permitted the batur does not depend (except logi-
out-going tribunes to be reelected cally) upon meministis. Cf. § 37,
when the number of new candidates videtisj quam nefaria vox! For the
was not sufficient. — 2. ferret legem parataxis, cf. § 5, tu . . . putes. —
ferre legem, to propose a law/ to ' '
8. Q. Maximo : cf. § 69, 0. Maximum.
introduce a measure.' 3. nos: — — 9. L. Mancino L. Hostilius Man- :
Scipio and Laelius spoke on the cinus commanded the fleet during
same side of the question. Cf. the the siege of Carthage in 146 B.C.
following de me. —
4. Quanta . . . On account of his readiness to ex-
maiestas :
'
what natural leader- plain to the people the pictures of
ship ' ; lit. '
how much greatness."' — the siege which he had caused to
5. ut facile . . diceres : while Scipio be painted and set up in the forum,
at thetime of his death was a recog- he gained their favor and was
nized leader, he was, nevertheless, a elected consul in 145 B.C. with Q.
private citizen. — 6. in manibus: Fabius Maximus Aemilianus. —
*extant,' i.e. on our library shelves, g. popularis lex popularis, ac- :
'
where it can be handled and read ceptable to the people.' Note

by any one. Cf. Cato Maior, § 12, the chiastic arrangement with lex
Est in manibus laiidatio, quam cum popularis above. The Licinian
legimiis^quemphilosopJiiun non con- law proposed to fill vacancies in the
[39
lo lex de sacerdotiis C. Licini Crassi videbatur ! cooptatio

enim collegiorum ad popiili beneficium transferebatur
atque is primus instituit in forum versus agere cum populo.
Tamen illius vendibilem orationem religio deorum immor-
talium nobis defendentibus facile vincebat. Atque id ac-
iStum est praetore me quinquennio ante quam consul sum
factus ; ita re magis quam summa auctoritate causa ilia
defensa est.
XXVI. 97. Quod si in scaena, id est in contione, in qua

rebus fictis et adumbratis loci plurimum est, tamen verum
valet, si modo id patefactum et illustratum est, quid in
amicitia fieri oportet, quae tota veritate perpenditur ? in
priestly colleges by the vote of the pio and Laelius. — 15. praetore me
people, rather than allow the priests . . . consul . . . factus sum : cf.
to continue to elect to membership Introd. 6. — 16. re: 'by its own in-
whomsoever they pleased {coopta- herent worth.' — 16, summa aucto-
tio) . — 10. C. Licini Crassi : tribune ritate: Laelius, as praetor, would
of the plebs in 145 B.C. 11. trans- — not have this influence, but at-
ferebatur a conative imperfect with
: tained it five years later, when
reference to the law proposed by elected consul. — 16. causa ilia :
Crassus, because the people did not '

that well-known case.'
secure this privilege {beneficiiufi) 97. scaena : (o-kt^vtJ), ' the pub-
until 104 B.C. —
12. in forum versus: lie stage I.e. the forum. Cf. Cic.
'turned toward the forum,' i.e. fac- Brut JIS, 2, 6, forum quod fuisset
ing. Versus is an adverb. Pre- quasi theatrujn illius iugeni. —
vious to 145 B.C., the orators faced I. in qua: i.e. scaena. Note the
the comitium, where the patricians repetition of the prepositional
assembled ; after that date, they phrases. — 2. adumbratis :
' shad-
faced the forum, the meeting place owy representations,' i.e. partial
of the people. Why Laelius intro- truths, the truth, but not the whole
duces the statement atque po- . . . truth.— plurimum
2. most
loci :
'
pulo is not clear. 12. agere cum — room.' — illustratum

3. : carries
populo the customary phrase, to
:
'
out the metaphor adumbratis. in
address the people on political or ' — tota veritate perpenditur
4. :
other subjects. —
13. vendibilem :
'
which measured by the
is entirely
literally 'salable'; hence 'accepta- truth.' Tota is nominative. For
ble,' 'popular.' — nobis: Sci-
14. i.e. the metaphor of weighing in bal-
140
;:: ;
qua nisi, apertum pectus videas tuumque osten- 5

ut dicitur,
das, nihil fidum, nihil exploratum habeas, ne amare quidem
aut amari, cum, id quam vere fiat, ignores. Quamquam
ista assentatio, quamvis perniciosa sit, nocere tamen ne-
mini potest nisi ei qui earn recipit atque ea delectatur.
Ita fit, ut is assentatoribus patefaciat aures suas maxime, 10
qui ipse sibi assentetur et se maxime ipse delectet.
98. Omnino est amans sui virtus optime enim se ipsa ;
novit, quamque amabilis sit, intellegit. Ego autem non de

virtute nunc loquor sed de virtutis opinione. Virtute enim
ipsa non tarn multi praediti esse quam videri volunt. Hos
delectat assentatio, his fictus ad ipsorum voluntatem sermo 5
cum adhibetur, orationem illam vanam testimonium esse

laudum suarum putant. Nulla est igitur haec amicitia,
cum alter verum audire non vult, alter ad mentiendum
ances, cf. § 58, iieqiie enim . . . Cf. Sallust, Catiline., 54, 5, esse
congeratur. — 4. in qua : refers to qtiam videri bonns malebat. —
ai?iicitia. — 5. ut dicitur : cf. § 10, 5. delectat . . .putant: note the
ut ais. —
6. exploratum habeas asyndeton. — 5. assentatio: for
cf. § 52, habent cog7iitam. Ex- the thought, cf. § 93. — 6. testi-
floratiiin^ literally, found out '
'
monium :
^
proof.' — Nulla
7. est
hence, ' reliable,' 'sure.'' — 6. amare igitur : jinllaj stronger than non.
. . . amari : the infinitives have IVam, na77tque and itaque are usu-
te for their subject and are in ap- ally placed first in a sentence
position with nihil. — 7. Quam- ejujn and igititr, usually in the
quam : ând yet,' — 11. ipse sibi second place, but may stand third
cf. § 5, ipse. when the first and second words
98. Omnino : cf. § 69, omnino. cannot be easily separated or
— 2. novit: cf. § 79, nonmt. — when the second is est. Cf. Cato
3. de virtutis opinione = de opini- : Maior^ § 5, Quid est enim ? Very
ojte,qiiam aliqitis de 7>iri7de sua rarely enim stands in the fourth
habet ; in § 37, inrtidis opinio = place when est in the third place is
opinio^ qnam aliqnis de virtide preceded by a short prepositional
alterins habet (Strelitz). — 3. Vir- phrase. Cf. § 100, /;/ ea est enim.
tute . . . volunt : a sly thrust at — 7. explained by the fol-
haec :
the weakness of human character. lowing clauses. 8. verum audire
141
paratus est. Nee parasitorum in comoediis assentatio

lofaceta nobis videretur, nisi essent milites gloriosi.
Magnds vero age re gratia s TJiais mihi?
Satis erat respondere magnas ingentes inquit. Sem- :

' '; ' '
per auget assentator id, quod is cuius ad voluntatem dici-

tur vult esse magnum.
99. Quam ob rem quamquam blanda ista vanitas apud
non vult : cf. § 90, veru/n audire clamatory. Cf. Verg. A. i, 37, 38,
iieqiieat. — parasitorum:
9. cf. ;j/t'//e i7icepto desistere victani^ nee
§ 93, Gnathonis. — faceta 10. : posse Italia Teitcrorum avertere

'witty.'' — essent milites
10. nisi 7'egein ? — 11. Thais a celebrated
:
gloriosi :
'
if there were no brag- Athenian hetaera who was famous
gart captains ' who coveted such for her wit, repartee, and beauty.
flattery. For the plural, cf. § 21, At her request, Alexander the
Paulas. Laelius refers to the Great is said to have set fire to the
Miles Gloriosus, a play of Plaiitus palace of the Persian kings. Her
in which the parasite satisfies the name became with the comedians
vanity of the captain by the most a designation for women of her
extravagant praise of his exploits class. —
12. 'magnas'; 'ingentes':
and and to the

valor, Euimchus of to represent the facts, 7nag?ias was
Terence, which also has a brag- strong enough, but to flatter
gart captain, Thraso. 11. Magnas — Thraso, Gnatho repeats the

vero, etc. : in this verse from the thought using a stronger adjective,
Eiinuchus Thraso is in-
(1. 391), ingentis. AIag?ms, mere bigness,
quiring of his parasite, Gnatho, by size, not a complimentary term
whom he had sent a present to unless made so by the context

his mistress, Thais, how she re- ingejis, not often seen, extraordi-
ceived the gift. In the first foot nary in its nature. Other syno-
of the iambic senarius (cf. § 64), nyms are grandis, something
:
a spondee is substituted for the which is good but going on to

iambus, and in the second foot, a something better {gradus), usually
dactyl, thus :
— a complimentary term vastus., ;
vast in a depressing sense, e.g.

_^|_v^w|v^/|w_|wZ|w_|. vast 11 ni mare.
— II. agere gratias : cf. § 53,,^^'^- 99. blanda ista vanitas :
' hol-
tiam referre. The infinitive is ex- low flattery.' Cf. § 91, blajiditiam,
142
:
eos valet qui ipsi illam allectant et invitant, tamen etiam

graviores constantioresque admonendi sunt, ut animadver-
tant, ne callida assentatione capiantur. Aperte enim adu-
lantem nemo non videt, nisi qui admodum est excors ; 5
callidus ille et occultus ne se insinuet, studiose cavendum

est ; nee enim facillime agnoscitur, quippe qui etiam ad-
versando saepe assentetur et litigare se simulansblandiatur
atque ad extremum det manus vincique se patiatur, ut is
qui illusus sit plus vidisse videatur. Quid autem turpius lo
quam illudi ? Quod ut ne accidat, magis cavendum est.
Vt me JiSdie ante onines comicos stultSs senes

Versdris atqiie inliisseris laiitissiime.
and § 6, ista. Note that the Eng- facillime : = difficillinie. Cf. nemo
lish idiom is the exact inverse of non above and the expression
the Latin. — i. allectant et invi- " You couldn't catch him very
tant • '
court and solicit.' Cf. easily."— 7. agnoscitur: cf. § 9,
Cato Maior, i S7i f(d quern frucn- agnosco. — 7. quippe qui :
''
The
diun non niodo non j-ctardat^ ve- causal relative is often intro-
rnin etiam invitat atque atledat duced by quippe^ naturally.' '
senectus. — 3. graviores constan- With quippe qui, the indicative

tioresque :
'
the more serious and only is used by Sallust, and is pre-
thoughtful.' Cf. § 62, firtni et ferred by Plautus and Terence.
stabiles et constantes ; and § 95, Cicero has, with one exception,
inter constantem. 3. animadver- — tlie subjunctive. lâcitus and
tant cf. §§ 8 and 27.
: 4. Aperte — Nepos have it always. Livy has
. nemo non videt
. . every one :
'
either mood. Not in Caesar."
plainly sees'; lit. 'no one fails to L. 1827. — 9. det manus : 'yields.'
see.' Cf. § 4, non invitus. — The vanquished gladiator threw up
4. adulantem: cf. §91, adulatio- hands to acknowledge his de-
his
ne/n. — 5. nisi qui admodum est feat and to appeal for mercy. 10. —
excors :
'
unless he is exceedingly plus vidisse to have had greater
:
'
stupid.' Cf. § 2, adjnodum. Co?', insight.' —

10. Quid autem turpius :
the supposed seat of intelligence ;

cf. § 30, mei. — II. ut ne : cf. § 42,
cf. aniens^ de?nens, and the ex- ut ne. — Vt
12. . . . lautissume
pressions " out of his head " and a clause of result dependent upon
*' beside himself." — 7. Nee . . .
'
What a shame it is,' or a similar
[43
:
§ lOO] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
100. Haec enim etiam in fabulis stultissima persona est

improvidorum et credulorum senum. Sed nescio quo pacto
ab amicitiis perfectorum hominum, id est sapientium (de
hac dico sapientia quae videtur in hominem cadere posse),
5 ad leves amicitias defluxit oratio. Quam ob rem ad ilia
prima redeamus eaque ipsa concludamus aliquando.
expression. — ante
12. more :
'
is substituted in the first foot, and
than.' — 12. comicos stultos senes : spondees, in the second, third, and
'foolish old men in the plays.' fifth feet in the second verse,;
Cicero quotes these words in the spondees are substituted in the

Cato Afaior, § 36, quos ait Caecilius first, third, and fifth feet, thus
comicos stidtos senes from Statins

Caecilius (about 219-166 B.C.),
who in canon of Volcacius
the
Sedigitus in Gellius is ranked first 100. etiam in fabulis :
'
on the
among the earlier writers of com- stage,' as well as in real life. Cf.
edy. Only a few fragments of his § 70, i?i fabulis. — i. persona : cf.
writings are extant, and this fact § 4, persona. — 2. improvidorum :
leads us to believe that in his wit (in, '

not ' 4- pro, '
before '
4- vi-
he was inferior to Plautus, and in dens)^ 'lacking foresight, dull.'
his style to Terence. But cf. Hor. — 2 . nescio quo pacto : cf. § 4,
Ars Poetica, 54, Vincere Caecilius nescio — de hac dico
quo pacto. 3.
gravitate^ Terentiiis arte. Old sapientia for the thought, : cf.
men were stock characters in the §§ 18 and 38. — in hominem 4.
early comedy. They were usually cadere posse can to the :

'
fall lot
represented as being deceived by of man.' — ad leves amicitias: 5.
a worthless slave, or a profligate = ad levitun amicitias, to the

son, or both acting in conspiracy. friendships of those who are not
— 12. me . . . versaris atque inlus- included in perfectorum Jiofinnum
seris lautissume :
^-
twisted me i^sapicntiwi) above. Cf. Hor. C.
round your finger and fooled me 2, I, 3-6, ludumque Fortunae
in fine style.' Inliisseris : inscrip- gravisque principum amicitias
tions show that the archaic forms . . . you treat of
tractas (Pollio), '
caiissa, nss7ts, etc., were used in the play of fortune and of momen-
Cicero's time, but only after long tous friendships,' e.g. the trium-
vowels. La2tt7ts {lavare^ 'to virate of Caesar, Pompey, and
wash'), 'washed'; hence, 'neat.' Crassus. Leves, cf. § 'j'], commu-
The verses are iambic senarii (cf. nibus. — 5. defluxit :
'
has de-
§ 64). In the first verse, a dactyl scended.' Note that de, in compo-
144
.
LAELIVS DE AiMICITlA [§ loo
XXVII. inquam, C. Fanni, et tu, Q.

Virtus, virtus,
Muci, et conciliat amicitias et conservat. In ea est enim

convenientia rerum, in ea stabilitas, in ea constantia quae ;
cum se extulit et ostendit suum lumen et idem aspexit lo
agnovitque in alio, ad id se admovet vicissimque accipit

illud, quod in altero est ex quo exardescit sive amor sive ;
amicitia utrumque enim dictum est ab amando amare

; ;
autem nihil est aliud nisi eum ipsum diligere, quem ames,
nulla indigentia, nulla utilitate quaesita quae tamen ipsa ;
15
efflorescit ex amicitia, etiamsi tu eam minus secutus sis.
sition with verbs, generally means next line contains another instance
' down from.' Cf. § 76, oratio nos- with vicissijii as a pivotal point.
tra delabittir. — 5. oratio: cf. § i, Lumen, cf. § 27, lumen aliquod
serfuotie. — 5. ad ilia prima : cf. probitatis et virtutis. The Latin
§ 18, Jiisi ill bonis atnicitiam esse language is particularly fond of
non posse, and § 66, for the same this metaphor, i.e. of light in the
statement. — 7. Virtus, virtus : the darkness. — 12. exardescit: cf. § 29,
repetition shows the strong feel- exardescit, and § 22, conquiescit. —
ing of Laelius, and the form of ad- 13. utrumque . quaesita . . : an
dressing his hearers impresses his explanatory parenthesis. 14. — dili-
thought still further. Cf. § 8, C. gere, quem ames : diligere indicates
Laeli. — 8. et conciliat amicitias et choice {legere, ^to choose') in
conservat : cf. § 20, virtus aiiiici- love and implies an act of the in-
tiarn et gignit et continet. Ami- tellect as well as of the heart
Note the
citias, cf. § 23, aiiimos. amare, implies all kinds of love — ;
assonance with convenientia and high and low —

but generally of the
constantia following. Cf. aspexit heart. The former is the superior
. . . accipit and ab amando . . . affection. Cf. (faXuv, 'to have a
below.
<27/'/'^;//, —
8. In ea est enim: friendship for,' and aya-n-av, to '
cf. § 98, nulla est igitur. Note the love' (for reasons), with ipav, "to
anaphora. Cf. § 30, ut ut. . . .
— love' as a passion. — 15. nulla
9. convenientia rerum: cf. §20, indigentia : ablative absolute. For
ojnnium . . . ro'iim . . . consensio. the thought, §§ 26, 27, 29,
cf. and
— stabilitas constantia:
9. . . . cf. 46. — 15. quaesita: belongs with
62, firmi constantes et stabiles et utilitate only. — 15. quae tamen :
— quae: virtus. — se
9. 10. . . . takes up the thought introduced
lumen : note the cliiasmus. The by virtjis. — 16. efflorescit: cf.
price's AMICITIA — ID I
45
::
§ loi] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
loi. Hac nos adulescentes benevolentia senes illos, L.

*
Paulum, M. Catonem, C. Galum, P. Nasicam, Ti. Gracchum,
Scipionis nostri socerum, dileximus, haec etiam magis elu-
cet inter aequales, lit inter me et Scipionem, L. Furium,
5 P. Rupilium, Sp. Mummium. Vicissim autem senes in
adulescentium caritate acquiescimus, ut in vestra, ut in
Q. Tuberonis equidem etiam admodum adulescentis;
P. Rutili, A. Vergini familiaritate delector. Quoniamque

ita ratio comparata est vitae naturaeque nostrae, ut alia ex
loalia aetas oriatur, maxime quidem optandum est, ut cum
exardescit and § 84, in

above ; Gracchum : the son-in-law of the
. . . For the thought,
ijisiint. elder Africanus and father of the
cf. §§ 30-32. 16. minus not — :
'
two famous tribunes, was consul
to any considerable extent a '
; in 177 and 163 B.C. and censor in
softened non. Cf. § 23, ?;nn?is. 169. He was used by Cicero as a
101. nos adulescentes . . . type of the Roman of sterner vir-
senes illos . . . dileximus : cf. Cato tues. — 3. Scipionis nostri socerum
Maior, § 10, Ego Q. Maximum . . . cf. Introd. — 7. 3. elucet : keeps
sejiem adidescens Senes
. . . dilexi. up the metaphor of § 100, ostendit
illos, '
those famous old men.' Cf. sutwi lujnen. — 4. inter me et
—
Introd. 8. i.Paulum
L. : cf. §9, Scipionem : cf. —
§ 2, ego. 4. L. Fu-
Paulum. — 2. M. Catonem : cf. § 4, rium cf. § : 14, Philus. — 5. P. Ru-
Catonem. — 2. C. Galum: cf. §9, pilium : cf. § 69, Rupilio. — 5. Sp.
Galum. — Nasicam: P. Cor-
2. P. Mummium : cf. § 69, Mtmzmio. —
nelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, 6. caritate acquiescimus :
^
take
the father of the Scipio mentioned pleasure in.' — 6. ut in vestra, ut
in § 41, was consul in 162 and 155 in Q. Tuberonis : sc. caritate.
B.C., censor in 159, and pontifex Note the variety of expression.
maximus in 150. He was a son- Cf. § 37, Q' Tuberone. 7. admo- —
in-law of the elder Africanus. dum : cf. § 2, admodu77i. 8. A. —
He received the agnomen (cf. Vergini : studied law with Rutilius
Harper's Lat. Diet.) Corcidum under Q. Mucins Scaevola. Cf.
(' little heart,' a term of endear- § I, (2- Mucins augur ; also Introd.
ment from eor in the sense of in- 6. —
8. Quoniamque oriatur . . .
telligence, as in excors, § 99),

*
and since the plan of our life and
because of his great sagacity in constitution has been so arranged
the nation's business. — 2. Ti. that a new generation is ever com-
146
LAELIVS DE AMICITIA [§ I0I-I02
aequalibus possis, quibuscum tamquam e carceribus emis-

sus sis, cum isdem ad calcem, ut dicitur, pervenire.
Sed quoniam res humanae fragiles caducaeque
102.
sunt, semper aliqui anquirendi sunt quos diligamus et a
quibus diligamur caritate enim benevolentiaque sublata
;
omnis est e vita sublata iucunditas. Mihi quidem Scipio,

quamquam est subito ereptus, vivit tamen semperque vivet ; 5
virtutem enim amavi illius viri, quae exstincta non est; nee
mihi soli versatur ante oculos, qui illam semper in manibus
habui, sed etiam posteris erit clara et insignis. Nemo um-
quam animo aut spe maiora suscipiet, qui sibi non illius
memoriam atque imaginem proponendam putet. 10
ing into existence.' — 11. aequali- rendi sunt cf. § 81, anquirit. —
—
:
bus : sc. in aetaie. Cf. Cato Maior^ 3. sublata: cf. § 14, adessct.
§ I o, senem adulesceiis ita dilexi, tit 4. Mihi : dative of reference with
aeqtialem. — 11. quibuscum . . . vivit and vivet. — 5. subito erep-
pervenire : quibuscum, cf. § 3, tus an allusion to the suspicions
:
seciwi ; tamquam, cf. § 3, tatji- entertained by Laelius as to the

quafu ; ut dicitur, cf. § 10, /// ais. manner of Scipio's death. Cf.
The which the course of
figure in § 12. — 5. vivit . . . vivet : cf. Cato
life is compared to a race has been Maior, § ']'], Ego vestros patres,
a favorite one in all times and in tu, Scipio, tuque, Laeli, viros cla-
all languages. Cf. Cato Maior, rissifnos mihique amicissimos, vi-
§ 83, nee vero veli?n quasi decurso vere arbitror et cam quidem vitam,
spatio ad car ceres a cake revocari. quae est sola vita fiominanda. For
Carceres, the stalls at the end of the thought, cf. § 13. — 6. ex-
the track from which the chariots tincta non est carries out the:
were started {emittere) at the be- metaphor in § 100, {Virtus^ osten-

ginning of the race. Cf. Verg. dit suum lu)}ten. — 7. illam . . .
A. 5, 145, effusi carcere cur r us. in manibus : he speaks of the char-

Calx, the chalk-line that marked acter (virtus) of Scipio almost as
_^the finishing point of the race. if it were a staff upon which to
102. Sed . . . sunt: 'but since lean and thus continues the meta-
human nature is weak and de- phor caducaeque above.
\n fragiles
pendent.' — 2. semper: z>. all our Not only has supported him, but
it
lives we must gain new friends all succeeding generations will get
as the old leave us. — 2. anqui- help and courage from the same
f47
—
§ I 03-104] M. TVLLI CICERONIS
103. Kquidem ex omnibus rebus quas mihi aut fortuna

aut natura tribuit, nihil habeo quod cum amicitia Scipionis
possim comparare. In hac mihi de re publica consensus,
in hac rerum privatarum consilium, in eadem requies plena
5 oblectationis minima quidem re

fuit. Numquam ilium ne
offendi, quod quidem senserim, nihil audivi ex eo ipse quod
nollem una domus erat, idem victus, isque communis,
;
neque solum militia, sed etiam peregrinationes rusticati-

onesque communes.
104. Nam quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper
source. Cf. § 96, /// inanibus. — tence, their unity, is emphasized.

9. maiora cf. § 3, saepius. also
: 7. una . . . idem . . . communes:
Cato Maior, § 24, qiiibiis abseiiii- note the variety of expression.
b?tSy immqMani fere Jilla in osî'o Victus, 'mode of life.'' — 8. peregri-
7)iaio7'a opera fiiijit. 9. qui — . . . nationes : i.e. they traveled to-
putet without thinking that he
:
'
gether. Laelius, for a man of his
should set Scipio's record before times, had traveled much. Cf. § 19,
him as an ideal.' peregrini. — 8. rusticationesque :
103. —
3. In hac fuit: cf. . . . i.e.they spent their vacations, or
§ 30, ;//... lit. Note the variety the heated season, together in the
of constructions in this sentence. country. Cf. Cic. de Oratore, 2, 6,
Rertun pn'vatanuji, — de rebus 22, La e Hum semper fere ctun Sci-
privatis. Cicero regularly uses pione solitum rusticari eosqtte in-
the genitive with the A.d!]. pienus. — credibiliter repuerascere esse solitos
5. Numquam: is strongly empha- cum rus ex urbe tamqiiam e vinclis
sized not only by its position but evolavissent also Hor. S. 2, i,',
also by the phrase ne . . . quidem. 71-74, Quin tibi se a vulgo et
Cf. § 5I; nee niilitiae ; and scaejia i?i seer eta rejnora7it\virtus
^ S, ne quidem. 6. quod
. . . — Scipiadae et mitis sapientia Laeli, \
quidem senserim at any rate so :

'
nugari cum illo (Lucilius) et dis-
far as I knew.'' " The subjunctive is cincti ludere, donee \
decoqueretur
used in parenthetical sentences of holus, soliti, '
the brave Scipio and
restriction." L. 1829. — 7. una . . . the wise and gentle Laelius,' etc.
communes note the structure of
: 104. cognoscendi . . . di-
this sentence, opening with una scendi ; the former relates to the
and concluding with communes. facts which they ascertained by
Thus the main idea of the sen- their investigations, and the latter
148
; ;
aliquid atque discendi ? in qiiibus remoti ab oculis populi

omne otiosum tempus contrivimus. Quarum rerum recor-
datio et memoria si una cum illo occidisset, desiderium
coniunctissimi atque amantissimi viri f erre nullo modo pos- 5
sem. Sed nee ilia exstincta sunt alunturque potius et

augentur cogitatione et memoria mea, et si illis plane orba-
tus essem, magnum tamen adfert mihi aetas ipsa solacium.
Diutius enim iam in hoc desiderio esse non possum. Omnia
autem brevia tolerabilia esse debent, etiamsi magna sunt. 10
refers to their further study of qua7ii oppressae. — 6. alunturque

the interrelation of these facts. . . . augentur : -que — sed. Cf.
Cf. § 86, rertwi cognitione doc- § 21, virosque. Alere., ^ to feed,'
trinaqtie. — semper aliquid
i. : cf. '•
to add to from without '
; augere,
§ I, solebat. — otiosum 3. : cf. § 13, '
to increase,' usually transitive
religiosa. — contrivimus: a very
3. cf crescere, 'to grow,' intransitive.
suggestive picture here. Com- The clauses ahmturqtie . . . mea
panionship in productive toil is are corrective in their relation to
one of life's sweetest pleasures. the first member of the correlative
Cf. Tpt^cLv jSlov = tej'ere vitain. — clauses nee . . . et. — 8. magnum :
3. recordatio et memoria : cf. § 15, note the emphasis. — 8. adfert:

recordatione. — 4. si . . . occidis- indicative because the consolation
set .. possem a mixed condi-
. : was with Laelius a reality, inde-
tion in which the conclusion refers pendent of the supposition si . . .
both to past and present time. In orbatus esseni. — 8. aetas: 'time

such cases the present, being the of life,' i.e. my advanced age. —
nearer and more essential, out- 9. diutius . . . non not much
:
'
weighs the past and the form de- longer.' — 10, brevia tolerabilia :
noting present contrary to fact is cf. § 64, amicus cert us y etc. Jyre-
used. Cf. § 25, diceres . . . si ad- 7'ia, 'of short duration.' Cicero
fids sem. — 4. occidisset: cf. § 14, is here hinting at the possibility
adesset. — 5. coniunctissimi atque of a meeting between Scipio and
amantissimi cf. § : 2, coiiiunctis- Laelius after the death of the lat-
sime et ainantissime. — 6. nee : cor- ter. He does not, however, speak
relative with et (si). — 6. exstincta with the same degree of assurance
sunt: note the metaphor. Cf. § 100, that he displays in the closing chap-
Virtus ostendit suiini liuneji
. . . ters of the Cato Maior about the
also § 78, exstinctae potius . . . life after death and the likelihood
149
§ I04] M. TVLLI CICERONIS LAELIVS DE AMICITIA
Haec habui de amicitia quae dicerem. Vos autem hor-

tor ut ita virtutem locetis, sine qua amicitia esse non potest,
ut ea excepta nihil amicitia praestabilius putetis.
of friend being able to recognize ii. hortor . . . ut . . . putetis: cf.
friend. Cf. Introd. 5. For the § 17, ego vos ho7-tari tantutn pos-
thought, cf. § 14. — II. Haec . . . siun^ ut amicitiam omnibus rebus
dicerem: cf. the closing thought hiunmiis anteponatis. — 12. loce-
of the Cato Maior, § 85, Haec tis :
^ exalt.'
habui de senectute quae dicerem. —
150
.
INDEX TO THE NOTES AND INTRODUCTION

(The figures refer to the sections)
abacus, 58. adulatio, 91.

ablative, absolute (cause), 47; (con- adverbs, 2, 4, 63, 88, 100.
dition), 14; (means), 95; (for acqualis, 32.
conjunctions), i. aequaliter, 56.
cause, 4, 10, 22, 37, 51. aequitas, 82.
description, 54. affluens, 58.
means, 3; (figurative use of), 32, agere, cum, 4, ii, 16, 96.
45» 49» 65, 68, 82, 90. agnoscere, 9, 99.
source, 26, 27. {cultus, 23.
specification, 12, 47, 94. cultura, 23.
time, 10. cultio, 23.
with indigere, 30. Agrigentinus, 24.
wîth locus, 47. Alcibiades, 87.
with miscere, 81. alere, 104.
abundare, 23. alias, I.
accidere, 8, 10. alienus, 19.

accusative, adverbial, 8, ii. <?/«', 4.
personal instrument with per, 2, aliquis, 27, 88.

29, 51. alliteration, 14, 18, 22, 23, 27, 29, 35
remoter cause with ob a.n<X pt'opte?', 52, 54, 55' 59,.63, 72, 74, 88.
25, 70. ^//^r, in an enumeration, 56.
with aptus, 17, 29. am are, 100.
with consukre, 50. ambitiosus, 59.
with conveniens, 17. amor, 26.
with passive verb, 88. anacoluthon, 7, 45, 65, 73.
Aciiius, L., 6. anaphora, 30, 70, 88, 100.
acta agerc, 85. anastrophe, 83.
and -bilis, compara- angere, 90.
adjectives in -His
and superlative of, 4, 28, 5 1 animans, gender of, 49, 81.
tive
compared irregularly for emphasis, animus, 48; plural of, 29,
64. animum adveriere, 8; as one word,
used as substantives, 14, 18, 50, 27, 99.
90, 98. anquirere, 81, 87, 88, 102.
adminiculujn, 88. antevcrtere, 16.
adniiratio, 2, 88. antiquus, 4, 13, 26.
admodwn, 2, 16, 44, 49, 99, loi. antithesis, 4, 10, 32, 48, 66, 71, 77, 86.
151
INDEX
appetere, 46, 81. celeber, 12.

aptus, 17, 29. censere, ly.
Archytas, 88. certe, 10, 26.
Arisiippiis, 46. ^^r/<?, 10.
Aristonicus, 37. ceteri, 4, 16, 22, 40, 55.
aspere, 91. chiasmus, i, 5, 10, 17, 20, 23, 26, 32,
aspej'itas, 87. 35, 37, 42, 47, 49, 52, 57, 62,
assentatio, 91. 65, 70, 88, 92, 96, 100.
assimilation, 27. Chiton, 7, 59.
assonance, 27, 35, 40. Cicero, Introd. i.
asyndeton, antithetical, 5, 12, 13, ] Cleobiilus, 7.
19, 42, 49, 53, 54, 55, 61, 98. climax, 23, 38, 59, 78, 88, 91.
tf/, 39. Cn. = Gnaeus, i.
atque, 29, 33, 51. cognoscere, 9, 70, 104.

Atticus, 2, Introcl, 4. colloquiaUsms,4, 1 1, 15, 16, 17,63,65,66.
attraction, of gender, 18. colloquium, i.
aiictoritas, 4, 13, 44, 94. co)Jit)iutabilis, 92.
auger e, 104. comparative, use of, 3, 7, 57, 59, 68,
augur, I, 7. 70, 85, 102.
«z</, 2; «^z^/ . . . aut . . . au^, 77. concedere, with subjunctive, 18; with
aiitem, I, 28. infinitive, 18.
conditions, contrary to reality, 13.
i5m.f, 7, 59. contrary to reality in indirect dis-
blanditia, 91, 96. course, 39.
Blossius, C, 37. ideal, ii, 37.
brachyology, 27. coniunctio, I, 8, 23, 32,
55, 57, 61, 65,
Brutus, D., augur, 7. 70, 71, 77, 82, 88, 100, 104.
constans, 62; hojuini, 8.
C= Gaius, I. constare, 58.
caducus, 20. consuetudo, 29.
calculus, 58. consulere, with Ace. and Dat., 50.
^^Zr, 10 1. confer ere, 104.
capitalis, 2. continenter, 1 1.
caput (citizenship), 61. contingere, 8, 72.
Car bo, C. Papirius, 39, 41, 96. contintio, 1 1.
car ceres, 1 01. contra (adv.), 90.

caritas, 20. contujnacia, 54.
Carthage, 11. cooptatio, 96.
Cassius Longinus, L., 41. copiae, 22, 55.
Cassius, Sp., 28, 36. rcr {cordi est alicui^, 15.
casus, 8. coram, adverb, 3; preposition, 3.
Gz/^, C, 39. Coriolanus, 36.
CVz/c», Alarcus Porcius, the censor, 4, corpus, plural of, 13.
6, 21, loi. correlatives, 2.
Porcius, Censoris filius,
Cf^/t), 7^/. 9. Coruncanius, Ti., 18, 39.
(7«/o Maior
{liber^, Introd. 5. Crassus, C. Licinius, 96.
causa, position of, 44, 46, 57. crescere, 104.
cave, in colloquial prohibition, K crimen, 65, 89.
with ne . . . quidem, 10. culpa, 89.
cavea, 24. repetition of, 4, II.
<://;;/,
152
INDEX
cum . . . ifum, 2, 4, 8, 23. ^^^^ (exist), 20.

cumque, 23. ei . . . et,with different forms of same
cup ere, 59. verb, 91.
Curius, M., 18, 28, 39. = sed, 26.
custodia, 14. etiam, 20, 26, 29, 50.
Cyrenaics, 45, 46, 51, 52. Eunuchus, 98.
euphemism, 10, 61.
dative, of possession, 20, 50, 79. ^jtr, 100.
of reference, 1 1, 15,45, 102. <?jr<:c'rj, 99.
with aptus, 17. exemplar, 23.
with audire, 75. exigere, 31.
with consulere, 50. exilis, 58.
with conveniens, 17. expetere, 46.
with the Pass, of verbs governing exstinguere, 78.
the Dat. in the Act., 41, 44, 54.
with videri, 15, 19, 26, 27. Fabricius, C, 18, 28.
fl'^, 100. fabula, 70, 100.
declinare, de via, 61. /acinus, 89.
deductus, i. faina, 61.
defender e, 25. famulatus, 70.
desideriton, 10, 23, 75, 81, 88. Fannius, C, 3, 5, 25, Introd. 6.
devorsorium, 61. /r/i-, II.
^2V;;z obire, 7. /?/«, 35.
diligere, 1 00, loi. /^;v, 14, 22, 54, 72.
diminutives, 46, 67. /d'r/ =
^^^^, 54, 57.
discendere, 104. filuni, 25.
discidiuin, 23, 35, 78. fines, 56.
disputare, I, 4, 24. firm us, 62.
disputatio, 3, 14. fiorere, 4.
diss erere, 4. for tuna, 61.
rti'zWj,
58. fraus, 89.
divitiae, 22. >r^7;-.', 95.
doctrina, 7.
doctus, I. G, introduction into Latin, I.
dolere, 71. Gabinius, A., 41.

dolor, 8, 22, 48. Galus, 9, 21, loi.
duhitare, with infinitive, I. gander e, 14.
dumtaxat, 53. gender, by attraction, 18, 32, 50, 68.
genitive, of delinition, 4, 6, ii, 12, 19,
egestas, 62. 26, 29, 30, 34, 37, 52.
egregius, 55. of description, 54.
ellipsis, II, 48. of indefinite value, 37, 56, 59.
emotions, among the ancients, 41. objective with fiducia, 52.
Enipedocles, 24. with proprium, 26, 47, 91.
emphasis, 10, 11, 26, 29, 32, 37, 41, 44, predicate possessive, 8, 10, 14, 20,
52, 54, 65, 76, 87, 88, 100, 103. 35, 59, 60, 63, 65, 88.
^w/;« (for instance), 57, 75. with indigere, 30.
position of, 50, 98, 100. with pleuMS, 103.
Ennius, 22, 64. with quisijue and uterque, 16.
Epicureans, 13, 26, 32, 45, 46, 52, 86. with similis, 82.
53
. .
INDEX
Gnatho, 93, 94. present with debui, etc., 8.

Gracchus, C, 39, 41. ingens, 98.
Gracchus, 7V., 37, 41. ininiicus, 59.
Gracchus, Ti., pater Gracchorum, loi, inopia, 26.
grajidis, 98. ?«</«///, 3, 37, 84.
gratia, position of, 44. interjections, 52.
r r^/.-rre', 53. internoscere, 95.
gr attain dehere, 53.
< invenire, 21, 70.
( habere, 53. inversion, 26.
gratias agere, 53, 98. />jt', agreement of, 5, 10, 17, 59, 80,97.
^r^;r, 69. irony, 47.
iste, 6, 8,
16, 17, 18, 47, 48, 55.
habere, auxiliary verb, 52, 97. itaque, position of, 23, 98.
hactenus, 24, 55. iucunde, I.
Hannibal, 28. itti-gia, 78.
haud scio an, 20, 43, 51. ius, II.
Hedonists, 46. iustitia, 82.
heniicycliuin, 2.
hendiadys, 50. labor, 17.
hercule {Jiercle^, 30. lacrimi, 41.
/zzV, 10, 19, 20. Laelitcs, C., Introd. 6.
h07H0, 67. Laenas, 37.
homoeoteleuton, 25, 26, 57, 78, 79. laetari, 14.
honestus, 44, 47. legeVI ferre, 96.
honores, 20, 22, 73, 86. /^;r tabellaria, 41.
hortus, 7. /zV^^r (book), form of, 3.
hostis, 59. Licinian law, 96.
hypallage, 4. litotes, 4, 17,22,25,30,48, 61, 63, 66,99.
hyperbaton, 10. /o<rz/5, 22, 40, 46, 47.
hysteron proteron, 32. longe, 40.

luctus, 1 1
z«w, I.
idoneus, 62. J/'., 18.
igittir, position of, 39, 89, 98. Alaelius, Sp., 28, 36,
ille, emphatic for is^ i. maeror, 1 1
position of, 10, loi. magis, 19, 27.

imbecillitas, 26. in agnus, 98.
imbecilhis, 23, 70. maledicta, 78.
iniviunis, 50. Mancinus, L. Hostilius, 96.
imperative, colloquial with cave, 10. Afanilius, 14.
future, 10, 24. manus dare, 99.
ifuperiuni, 54, 63. Maximus, Q. Fabius, 69, 96.
impersonal in Latin, 9, 28. meniini, present participle with, 2.
improvidus, 100. present infinitive with, 2, 11.
m (in case of), 9, 39. perfect infinitive with, 2.
indicative, instead of subjunctive, 15. tense of, 4, 9, 11.
indigere, with genitive, 30. menioria, 15, 23, 104.
inducere, 3, 4, 59. inenioriter, I.
infinitive, in exclamatory question, 98. mercantile expressions, 31, 58, 77, 86.
future passive, 63. metae, 16.
54
INDEX
metaphor, 4, 12, 13, 16, 18, 21, 23, 29, ncscio quo pacto, 4, 100.
33, 34, 3S, 40, 41, 48, 55' 5^, 59, <7?<<7 modo, 4, 87, 88, 89.
61, 62, 63, 66, 73, 76, 83, 87, 88, New Academy, 19.
89» 90» 93, 97,. 100, 102, 104. Nones, 7.
softened by quasi, 3, 27, 62. ;zf?;^ ?Jiodo, with an omitted negative, 89.
softened by tamquam, 14, 23. notare, 62, 91.
softened by ut ita dicani, 69, 97. nullus, for genitive and ablative of
Metellus, Q. Caecilius, 77. nemo, 30.
Miles GloriosHs, 98. Numantia, 1 1.
militiae, 51. number, singular for plural, 14, 19, 76,

Mijterva, 19. 89, 102, 104.
minus = non, 23,, 26, 60, 100. plural for singular, 13.
ffioderate, 8. plural (generic), 21.
modesius, 47. nunc, I, II.
jnodo, a relative term, 6, 15. nuper, a relative term, 6, 13, 24.
monitio, 89.
«z<7r^j, 7, 30, 32, 54. obi re diem, 7.
mortales = Aomines, 18, 24. olnurgaiio, 89.
Mucins, Q., augur, see Scaevola. f^/, a preteritive verb, 4, 28, 47, 60.
muliercula, 46. tense of, 65.
fjiultiplex, 88, 92. ojfficitim, 8.
Mui7imius, Sp., 69, loi. omnino, 69, 98.
ijiundus, 47. onomatopoeia, 87, 91,
munus, 7. opera, 17, 78.
opes, 22, 51, 54, 55, 63.
«<zw, intensive, 7, 59. opprimere, 78.
position of, 98. optare, ii, 59.
names, Roman proper, see ^. Mucins, optimi viri, 33.
augur, I. <7/«j, 17, 51.
inversion of, 39. oratio, i, 25, 1 00.
meaning of, 2. -cî/^, 13, 16, 29, 83, 92, 104.
namque, position of, 98. otiosus, 16.
narrare, i. oxymoron, 23, 59, 70, 85, 86.
Nasica, P. Cornelius Scipio, loi.
natura, 7; = naturaliter, 32, 81. Pacuvius, M., 24.
«^<r, 8. paedagogus, 74.
necessarius, 50. Papirius Carbo, C, see Carbo.
necesse esse, with infinitive, 45. Papus, Q. Aejuilius, 39.
necesse est, in parataxis, 47, 48. /rtr, 32, 82.
nefas, 1 1, 89. parasite, 93, 98.
negatives, one strengthening another, parataxis, 5, 17, 37, 47, 63, 66, 96.
74- pariter, 56, 81.
in purpose clauses, i. participle, conative present, 75.
neglegere, 74, 85. perfect of a deponent verb used in
negotium, 16, 86. a passive sense, 63.
nemo, genitive and ablative supplied use of present, 4.
by milIus, 30. particles, post-positive, 63.
Neoptolevius, 75. patres, 4, 39.
Nepos, Q. Pompeius, 77. patres conscripti, 12.
ne . .quideJH, 8, 44, 103.
. patronus {causae), 25.
55
INDEX
Paulus, I,. Aemilius, 9, 21, loi. Pyrrhiis, 28.
paupertas, 62.
Pythagoreans, 13.
peccalui}i, 89.
pecujiia, 55.
qtmmvis, 17, 91.
pecus, -oris, 32.
i'^^^^/, 3, 6, 27, 35, 48, 50, 56, 62, 92.
pecus, -tidis, 32, 48.
-^«^^, adversative, 21, 30, 88, 104.
penuria, 62.
^^<? = ^^^ci ;;/(?<-/(?, 22.
peregri7iatio, 103.
qui cum, 2.
pej'egriiiHs, 19.
Quid? 25, 64.
Periander, 7. quid jiiirutn, syntax with, 29.
plural, the generic, 13,
21, 94, 98. quidam, 21, 24, 45, 81.
of abstract nouns, 15, 22,
23, 34, 35, ^z^?V^/;/, 8, 9, 12,
14, 18, 37,41, 43, ri,'
64, 67, 68, 69. ^' "^ '""^'^
/t?^;/«, 43.
.54,62,66,68.
quidvis, 35.
polysyndeton, 12, 95.
Pompeitis, Q., see AV/^j, Q. Pompeius.
quin = (^z^? ;;^;^, 68.
quippe qui, moods with,
pontifex, i. 99.
quis or qui for aliquis, Z^.
potentia, 59.
quisquam, 6, 9.
persona, 4, 93, 100. quisque, in relative clause,
personification, 54, 83, 88. 29, 73.
substantive or adjective, 16.
perstriitgere, 46.
quocttm, 2.
Z. Furius, 14, 21, 25, 69.
/^zVzî-,
qtiodani, 6, 7, 74.
ptnguis, 19.
quod si, 29.
Pittacus, 7.
quonam, 7, 59.
potestas, 54, 63.
quoque, 20, 88.
/^/z^r, 19, 25, 27,
43, 57, 60.
praelucere, 23.
re apse, 47.
praeno7nen, 8.
recordatio, 15, 104.
praesagire, 14.
redamare {avr i<i>L\dv) 49.
praeteritio, 39. ,
religiosus, 13.
preposition, as enclitic, 3.
reliquus, 4, 7.
repetition of, 31, 50, gc,
84, 94, reperire, 21, 59, 64,
100. 79.
repetition, 26.
priscus, 4.
repraesentatio, 2, 41.
pristiiitis, 4.
requirere, 81.
prodesse, 4, 22.
respondere, 56.
profecto, 2, 48.
robur, 15.
prolepsis, 7, 40.
Pufus, 2.
pronouns, agreement of the
possessive Rupilius, P., 37, 69, loi.
with causa, 57.
Rutilius Pufus, P., loi.
position of the personal,
2, 33, loi.
position of the possessive, i,
i^, 18 Sages, the Seven, 7.
25, 32, 68.
sapiens, i, 5, Introd. 6.
position of the relative, i, 3. ^fl'^'zj,
propruis, 26, 47. 57.
scaena, 97,
prorsns, 57.
Scaevola, Q. Mucius, auûr, i. 4, e.
prosperis, 22. >^ ^' :>'
Introd. 6. ' -
proxi))itis, 7.
Scaevola, Q. Mucius, pontifex, I, In-
prudentia, i.
trod. 6.
pulcher, 26.
scelus, 89.
156
.
INDEX
scilicet, 4. supplicium, 43.

Scipio, P. Cornelius, Africanus Maior, supra = a/z/^, 48.
syncope, 14, 16, 84, 85, 90.
Scipio, P. Cornelius, Africanus Minor,
Introd. 7.
3, 12, 21, tainquani, 6, 14, 23, 45, 59, lOI.
Scipio Nasica, P. Cornelius, \\, loi. tanti, 37, 56, 59.
_
Scipionic circle, 69, Introd. 8. tantum, abesse, with two result clauses,
-SCO, 22, 29. 51-.
sece mere, 95. Tarquimus, 28, 53.
securitas, 45, 47. tautology, 15.
j^^, 5. tautophony, 5, 22, 25, 45, 50, 51, 57,
senarius, 64, 89, 98. 64, 79, 87, 100.
sentenliam ferre, 56. tempMs, 60.
sentire, 17. tense, conative imperfect, 96.
septe})i, 7, 59. exactness in Latin, 16, 22, 24, 37,
septenarius, 93. 42, 85.
servio, I. imperfect in contrary to reality in
servitus, 70. past time, 13.
:r?;z,34, 63, 77. perfect in a general truth, 32.
sine er us, 95. perfect subjunctive in a clause of
singuli, 22. result, 18.
si guide /n = e'lirep, 89. present in a general truth, 47.
socius, 42. sequence according to sense, 46.
Socrates, 7, 13. sequence, violated in conditional
Sophists, 17. sentences, 14.
sperare, il. Terentius, 89, 93, 98.
spina, 16. terjnini, 56.
stabilis, 62. Thais, 98.
Statins, Caecilius, 99. Thales, 7.
Stoics, 7, 8, 19, 38, 48. theatrical terms, 3, 4, 11, 59, 100.
*
studium, 7, 29. IVieinistocles, 42.
suavitas, 66. Tim on, 87.
^«/;, 67. Title of essay, Introd. 3.
subjunctive, attraction, i, 15, 29, 61. tmesis, 92.
command, 5. toga, I,
ZZ-
concessive, 18, 28. traiectio, 10.
potential, 47, tribunus, 2.
purpose, 63, 96. Tubero, Q., 37, loi.
parenthetical clause of purpose, 9, tueri, 25, 50.
10, 64, 75, 82. tum, 5.
restrictive, 103. tunc, 5.
result, 23, 76, 99.
with indefinite subject, 22, 85. tma, with cM7n, 2, TtZ-
subtilius, 7, 18. usurpare, 8, 28.
jw<^vesperuni, 1 2. ut (on condition that), 52.
Sulpicius, P., 2. ut aio, 10, 19, 22.
summum bonu))i, 20. ut ita dicam, 6, 29, 49, 55, 69, 97, loi.
JM<? tempore, 1 1 ut ne {ut ne), for the usual ne,
. . .
superlative, emphasized by unus, i. 42, 43, 60, 65, 78, 99.

of adjectives in -tV/i- and -î7?5, 4. uterque, 16.
57
INDEX
valetudo, 8, 20, 22. Verginius, P., loi.

va7'ius, 88, 92. versus, 57; adverb, 96.
vastus, 98. ve7'U}u =
veritaieiJi, 90, 98.
votes, 24. vesperum {ad, sub), 12.
e^^/, 2, 12. vetus, 4, 67.
= zv/ potitis, 41. vetustas, 68, 74.
(even), 65. videlicet, 4.
T^t"//^, II, 88; indicating will as well as vinctdum, 14.
wish, 29, 48. z^?>, 67.
vendibilis, 96. gravis, 62.
verbs, impersonal, 9, 28. Z'zV,15, 20, 23, 26.
inceptive, 22, 29, 100. ^/(7, 21.
omission of, in a proverb, 79. vitium, 76, 89, 91.
omission of, in impassioned short vivere, 20.
sentences, 14, 30, 42, 47, 49, 55, vocative, position of, 2.
99. voluptas, 32.

preteritive, 4, 28, 47, 65. vowel, reduction of, 2, 19, 74.
for abstract nouns, i, 4, 6, ii, 16, z^f;f media, 8, 30.
37. 84. vulgus, 7, 50.
158
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PA' Cicero, Marcus Tulllus.

6304 M. Tulli Ciceronis Laelius de
12 amicitia
1902
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CICERO DE AMICI'IlA

EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

CLIFTON PRICE, Ph.D.

Idem velle, atque nolle, ea demnui Jirma afmciiia est. — Sallust.

NEW YORK . : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO

EDWARD P. MORRIS and MORRIS H. MORGAN.

Entered at Stationers' Hall, London.

preparatory schools, and enough advanced matter for the

and numerous cross-references, in which the teacher of

The notes are full, — especially on the subjects in which

to observe for himself certain peculiarities in the language

Acknowledgment is made in the notes of the material

taken from other commentaries. Those of Reid, Strelitz,

and Monet were most frequently consulted.

Wooster, Professor Arthur L. Wheeler of Bryn Mawr

I. Cicero. Like most Roman writers whose works are

philosophical theories of the Greeks and the practical wis

and Quintus Scaevola, the pontifex maximus, who are men-

and personal observation.

vate life. In 46 B.C. he divorced his wife, Terentia, and

to see her again.Upon the death of his daughter, Cicero

probably late in the same year. Possibly there are politi-

cal allusions in t\\Q Lae litis ;

Coriolanus and Ti.Gracchus we may detect Antony and

4. Atticus. Following the precedent in the Cato Maior,

Cicero dedicated and sent the Laelius to his friend, Titus

to see in the friendship of Scipio and Laelius a reminder of

is probable that many of Cicero's books were given to the

public through Atticus as his publisher, for he kept a large

5.Dialogue Form. Evidently Cicero was well pleased

The dialogue is represented as occurring a few days after

In philosophy he was a Stoic, trained first by Diogenes,

Laelius is the chief speaker in the de Amicitia ; he also

dealing, abilities as an administrator, an orator, and a ju-

7. Scipio. In the de Ainicitia Laelius, for the most part,

father in 168 B.C. In his earher years his fondness for

volunteered for service in Spain in 151 B.C., when that ser-

the example of Cato, whom he had taken as his model, he

day, was escorted home by a throng of Latins and Italians

around Scipio a company of distinguished scholars and

exists in the Romance languages, French, Italian, Spanish,

the Romans came into contact with a new civilization.

10. Sources of the Laelius. Cicero made no attempt

of Cicero's essay on friendship. Schools of philosophy, as

Unquestionably Cicero had read this treatise, and certain

in § 3 he is following closely the introduction of the

ancient writers is that given by Aulus Gellius. In Nodes

this we must compare the studied effects in certain other

passages. The essay from a literary standpoint possesses

less of the practical. We must bear mind, too, that

terer,and one on the number of our friends. Montaigne

Rambler (64,99), ^^^^ Spectator {6S, 385), The Guardian

Tennyson: In Mcmoriani. Hugh Black: Friendship.

the highest rank, though they by no means agree with

closely related to each other. P and M resemble each

Chapter I. Dedication to Atticus.

1-5. Cicero tells Atticus how their patron Scaevola

at Scipio's death, but I am comforted with the thought that

cussion of the subject as the Greek philosophers might,

signification, not given to it by the philosophers.

ifwe had to do with ideal men, but we must take men as

the state. We should give advice and take it in a friendly

45~55- The opinions of certain Greek philosophers are