INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (CA 101)
Tomas Claudio Colleges
Criminology Department
Compiled by: John Patrick B. De Jesus
Philippine Criminal Justice System in the
Philippines
The system has 5 distinct but coordinated
components; namely:
 Law enforcement
 Prosecution
 Court
 Correction – (Weakest Pillar)
 Community
INSTITUTION – Is an established organization
CORRECTION:
 The act of correcting something.
 the act or process of punishing and
changing the behavior of people who have
committed crimes.
 Legal Definition: Branch of administration
of the criminal justice system charged with
the responsibility for the custody,
supervision, and rehabilitation of convicted
offenders.
Correctional Administration - The study and
practice of a systematic management of jails or
prisons or other institutions concerned with the
custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders
Penology - a branch of criminology dealing with
prison management and the treatment of
offenders
Penal Management - refers to the manner or
practice of managing or controlling places of
confinement as in jail or prisons while
Penal Administration is a program that prepare
individuals to plan and manage institutional
facilities and programs for housing and
rehabilitating prisoner in the public or private
sector.
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
 is an established organization punishing and
changing the behavior of people who have
committed crimes.
 Legal definition: it is an institution for the
confinement of a person who is found guilty
in the commission of their offense and for
those waiting for trial.
Correction as a Process
 It is the orientation of the criminal offenders
to prevent them from repeating their
delinquent action without the necessity of
taking punitive action, but rather an
introduction of individual measures for
reformation.
CORRECTIONS: Its role, objective, or purpose
 Corrections occupy the fourth pillar of the
criminal justice system, which is mandated
to provide effective and humane treatment,
reform, and rehabilitation programs by the
rules set forth by the Constitution of UN
Rules and Standard for the Prevention of
Crime and Treatment and Rehabilitation of
Offenders in the Philippines.
 The Bureau of Correction (BUCOR) and the
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
(BJMP) under the auspices of the
Department of Justice and Department of
Interior and Local Government, respectively,
are principally charged for the
implementation of the correctional services
operating within the domain of the criminal
administration.
The Early Code
Code of Hammurabi
 Provides the first comprehensive view of the
laws known for its harsh and cruel penalties
characterized by the “law of Talion” (eye for
an eye, tooth for a tooth).
 Hammurabi - King of Babylon the first
recorded codifier of laws.
Deuteronomy
 The fifth of the Holy Bible contains the
basis of the Jewish Laws these laws were
in the form of a covenant between God and
the people of Israel.
 Mosaic law begins with Commandments
but includes a significant number of
additional laws and rules set out in the first
five books of the Old Testament. In Jewish
law, these first five books (Genesis,
Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and
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Deuteronomy) are known as Torah,
synonymous with “law” to Jewish people.
Code of Dracon
 Draco, an Athenian Lawgiver known for the
severity of his punishment, formulated the
code that is considered the ultimate in
severity.
Code of Solon
 The appointed archon in Athens who
repealed all the laws of Draco except the
law on homicide.
 during his time, he was the one who first
proposed that a lawgiver had to make laws
that applied equally to all citizens and
 He also saw that the law of punishment
had to maintain proportionality to the crimes
for which offenders were convicted.
Twelve Tables of Rome
 It was written when Rome was in transition
from being a Kingdom to a Republic and
the foundation of all laws in Rome.
Code of Kalantiaw
 You shall not kill, neither shall you steal,
neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest
you incur the danger of death.
 All those who infringe this order shall be
condemned to death by being drowned in
the river, or boiling water.
Early forms of Punishment
 During the early development of
civilization, people believe that when a
person commits a crime he is possessed
by demons.
 The system is focused to cast out the
demon inside the person’s body. This was
the very cause he committed a crime. The
following methods were used:
Pungent Poison
 When an individual commits a crime, they
let the person drink a pungent poison to
drive away the evil spirit inside his body
which leads him in the commission of
crime.
Grotesques Mask
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (CA 101)
 They wear a grotesques mask and they
dance around the person who commits a
crime and order to drive out the spirit in his
body.
Banishment
 When a person commits a crime, he will be
rejected by the community for him to
influence others to commit crime, if he
refuses to depart in his community he will
be killed.
Stoning
 A form of execution where the condemned
person is pelted with the stone until his
death.
Burning at Stake
 A form of execution where the condemned
person is tied in a pole and then set on fire
alive.
Feeding on the Lion
 A form of execution where the condemned
person is thrown in lion`s den and eaten
alive by lions.
Gallows/Hanging
• Public hanging of condemned person
practiced in England.
Garrote
 An iron collar attached upon a scaffold the
condemned person is seated on an
improvised chair with both hands and feet
tied and the neck clamped by the iron collar
the iron collar is slowly tightened until the
condemned person dies.
Guillotine
 A device used for beheading condemned
persons develop by Dr. Joseph Ignacio
Guillotin, a member of the French National
Assembly.
Musketry/Fire Squad
 The condemned person is blindfolded with
hands tied at the back and shot in public by
a firing squad composed of several
shooters.
Public humiliation
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 It gives an opportunity of the numbers of
the community to take its vengeance.
Offenders are sent to the stocks or pillory
found themselves captive and on public
display.
 They will be heckled and spit upon by
passer-by. Other citizen might gather to
throw tomatoes and rotten eggs.
MODERN THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT
RETRIBUTION theories
 Punishment as payment of misdeed.
 Contends that the offenders must be
punished for the crime he committed
because he deserves it.
DETERRENCE theories
 It is commonly believed that punishment
gives the offender a lesson: it shows others
what would happen if they violate the law.
REHABILITATION theories
 Treatment by means of therapy, vocational
training, educational training and counselling
to help convicted offenders to change and
adjust to society after service of sentence.
INCAPACITATION theories
 Controlling the behavior of an offender so
that he or she is incapable of offending
again.
REINTEGRATION theories
• The process of preparing convicted
offenders with their re-entry into the
community after service of sentence.
HISTORY: DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
First Prison in Europe
 In 1166 A.D. Assize of Clarendon (Constitution
of Clarendon) constructed the first facility
designed only for public imprisonment. This
facility was known as Gaol (known as jail today).
The gaol was being managed by the Shire
Reeve.
New Gate Gaol of London
 The famous gaol in Europe was the New Gate
Gaol of London. The New Gate is dark and
gloomy in its cells poorly ventilate water supply
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (CA 101)
and most of the prisoner during the time could
easily get diseases due to its condition.
Prisoners don’t have any bed they just lay down
on the pavement.
Prison system in America
the Pennsylvania System
• William Penn, the governor of the state of
Pennsylvania.
• confinement of prisoner in single cell at day
and night or permitted inmates to work in
their cell even while working prisoners were
not allowed to communicate with one
another.
The Auburn System
 Adopt the silence labor of Pennsylvanian
system
 Auburn introduced the congregate prison in
silent system.
 Younger offenders were permitted to work
and eat in groups but they were not allowed
to talk each other.
MODERN PRISON SYSTEM
Mark System or Progressive Humane System
 Introduce by Alexander Maconochie
Superintendent of Norfolk Island Penal
Colony in Australia system which punishment
of one’s crime committed was still maintained
but, a process of reform were provided to the
offenders.
 Prisoners were encouraged for good behavior
for them to gain incentives that would lead to
their early release. This concept was called
the “Mark System” which became the
forerunner of Good Conduct and Time
Allowance and Parole System and
Maconochie gained the title “Father of
Parole”.
Irish system (Ticket of leave)
 In 1854, Sir Walter Crofton established the
Irish System concept of the ticket-of-leave
system. Where offenders could earn their
early release by stages:
 First stage, Stage solitary confinement for
nine months for certain prisoners with
reduced diet
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 Second stage, they were assigned to spike
island where they work on public works
projects.
 Third stage, prisoners were assigned in
field units in which they worked directly to
the community projects with unarmed
guards supervising them.
 Fourth stage, prisoners worked in the
community without supervision, moving
freely between prisons and the community.
 Fifth stage, prisoners who were able to
follow the stages successfully were
awarded the “ticket of leave”.
Sir Walter Crofton
 Irish system, penal method originated in the
early 1850s by Sir Walter Crofton. Modeled
after Alexander Maconochie’s mark system,
it emphasized training and performance as
the instruments of reform.
 The Irish system consisted of three phases:
a period of solitary confinement; a period of
congregate work, in which the prisoner
advanced to higher levels by credits, or
“marks,” earned for industry and good
behavior; and, finally, a period in
“intermediate prisons” with minimal
supervision, during which the prisoner
demonstrated his dependability and
employability in the outside world.
 Release was conditional upon the
continued good conduct of the offender,
who could be returned to prison if it seemed
advisable. Prisoners deemed eligible for
release were issued “tickets of leave” and
put under the supervision of an inspector
who verified employment status and
conducted periodic visits to their new
places of residence. With its emphasis on
conditional release and its use of tickets of
leave, the Irish system influenced the
development of parole.
The Elmira Reformatory
 In 1876, the first reformatory institution was
opened in Elmira, New York. The Elmira
reformatory was under the direction of
Zebulon Brockway.
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (CA 101)
 Zebulon Brockway introduced enlightened
approaches to the prisoners but still
maintains a strong mind of the prisoners.
These include:
 Classification of prisoners according to their
behavior.
 A regular exercise
 Vocational training
IMPORTANT Personality IN PENOLOGY
John Howard
 Was one of the prisoners to advocate a
change of punishment.
 Howard who former prisoner and was
released through parole became the first
English prison reformer as he was then
appointed sheriff of Bedford Shire a local
gaol in England.
 Howard visited other prison in England and
America and after evaluating the conditions
of the prisoners, he came up with prison
concepts that:
 prisoners must be segregated according
to sex age, and gravity of their offense;
 the jailer or staff must be pain to prevent
extortion to prisoners;
 a chaplain and a medical officer must be
employed to address the spiritual and
medical needs of the prisoners;
 prisoners should be provided with
clothing and food;
 liquor should be prohibited in jail;
 Howard then coined the word
“Penitentiary” a concept that rejects hard
labor as a form of punishment.
Early Forms of Punishment in Primitive Time
 We cannot negate the truth that society is
judged, by how it treats their prisoners and
that the methods employed in the past were
harsh in terms of treatment of its prisoners.
 The absence of prisons and jails or even
courts and trials to hear the sides of the
offenders is difficult in order achieve fair
judgement.
 The torture, floggings, and public
humiliations that characterized correction of
the past conflict with today’s concept of the
worth of life and human dignity.
The Medieval Punishment
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 Blood Feuds – ancient culture develops
the idea of justice based on vengeance,
retribution and compensation.
 When a crime is committed, the victim is
expected to dole out justice with his own
hands.
 Punishment was carried out by the victim
personally, along with help provided by
one’s family.
 The offender will seek refuge to his family
and friends; as a result of this system,
blood feuds developed.
 Lex Taliones – it is important to remember
that these formulations were codes, not
laws.
 Functionally, the system of social control
was quite simple. On a practical basis,
personal retribution by the victim was still
the dominant methods of control.
 In fact, the Law of Retaliation (Lex
Taliones) against the offender is reflected in
the code of Hammurabi.
 like ancient forerunners medieval
Europeans were very brutal in the
exercised of punishment such as: knives,
Axes, Whip, Barnacles, Collars and Cuffs
were commonly used to inflict punishment
along with confinement in cold, dark, damp,
vermin – infested dungeons.
The three brutal and ruthless medieval forms
of punishment are:
1. Iron Maiden – is a box – like device with the
front half hinged like a door so that a person
could be place inside; when the door was
shut, protruding spikes both back and front
entered the body of the victim.
2. The rack – a kind of a device that drags apart
the joints in the feet and hands.
3. The tower of London – originally built as a
fortress for defense of the city. This is a
famous symbol for such a cruel punishment.
It was there that an even more torturous
contraption was developed. Where the rack
stretched its victims, this machine
compressed the body of the victims; it is more
dreadful and more complex than the rack.
The whole body is bent that some blood
exudes from the tips of the hands and feet.
4. Banishment and Exile – serious offenders
were transported to banishment or exile.
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (CA 101)
 Banishment was considered an appropriate
response to misbehavior even in modified
form, for small children.
 E.g., cutting of all communication to his
parents (fox, 1998).
What is Correction?
 A branch Criminal Justice System
concerned with the custody, supervision,
and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
 It is the field of criminal justice
administration, which utilizes the body of
knowledge and practices of the government
and the society in general involving the
processes of handling individuals who have
been convicted of offenses for purposes of
crime prevention and control (Tugbo,
1998).
1870-1880 the Golden Age of Penology
History of Correction
Origin of the Word Prison
 The word prison has found its roots from
the Greco Roman word “Presidio” from
word Pre means before and Sidio means
inside.
 The coined term “Presidio” is synonymous
to a “fence, cave, and or dungeon.
 The word presidio started in the reign of
King Hammurabi of Babylon in 1729 BC.
Development of Prisons
 Early punishment in the form of execution
was barbaric.
 This included offenders being thrown to
prisons with wild animals, staked out in the
with eyelids propped-open, stoned,
disemboweled, dismembered, flogged, and
even crucified.
Walnut Street Jails
 Walnut Street Prison was a city jail and
penitentiary house in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania from 1773 to 1838.
 It is considered as the first penitentiary in
the US.
 They were sometimes allowed to read in
their cells, but for the most part they sat in
solitude.
 The Quakers saw this solitary confinement
not as a punishment but as a time for
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reflection and remorse. That was the
reason the inmates were not put to work.
Labor, said penitentiary proponents, would
preoccupy the inmates and keep them from
reflecting on their crimes.
 The Walnut Street Prison became in part
the model for what became known as the
"Pennsylvania System" of prison design
and philosophy.
WALNUT STREET PRISON
 In 1821 a prison was opened in the small
upstate New York town of Auburn.
 That prison, which relied on individual
cellblock architecture, required inmates to
work 10 hours per day, six days per week.
 A number of prison reformers believed that
by making the inmates work in an
atmosphere free of corruption or criminal
behavior, they would build new sets of
values.
 The work would rehabilitate them because
it would give them a sense of purpose,
discipline, and order. This system became
known as the "Auburn System,"
Two Rival Prison Systems in the US
 Auburn system (also known as the New
York system and Congregate system) is a
penal method of the 19th century in which
persons worked during the day in groups
and were kept in solitary confinement at
night, with enforced silence at all times.
 Pennsylvania system, (Solitary System)
a penal method based on the principle that
solitary confinement fosters penitence and
encourages reformation. Prisoners were
kept in solitary confinement day and night
where they lived, slept, received religious
instructions and read the bible.
 Silence also strictly observed.
SING SING PRISON
 In full Sing-Sing Correctional Facility,
maximum-security prison located in
Ossining, New York. In use since 1826, it is
one of the oldest penal institutions in the
United States.
 It is also among the most well-known in the
country, especially notable for its harsh
conditions in the 19th and 20th centuries.
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (CA 101)
 Whippings and floggings were
commonplace punishments at Sing-Sing.
Frequently used was the cat-o’-nine-tails, a
cruel whipping contraption whose lashes
were often tipped with metal or barbs; its
use was finally abolished by the New York
State legislature in 1848.
 In addition, while Lynds was warden,
inmates were expected to refrain from
making noise, which included talking. With
the advent of the electric chair in 1891,
Sing Sing became notorious for
The School of Penology
 Classical School (Free-will) - Advocated by
Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham
(Doctrine of psychological hedonism)
 Individual calculates pleasure and pain in
concordance to his actions and regulations.
 Neo-classical School (Child and Insane
should be exempted from punishment)
 Positivist or Italian School (Determinism)
Advocated by Cesare Lombroso “Father of
Modern Criminology”
 It opposed the “doctrine of free will”.
 Person who committed a crime should not
be punished instead they must be treated
as a sick person.
Modern concept of penology
 To change the attitude of the offenders, their
way of life so that when they return to the
mainstream in community, they will now
become a useful members of the society.
Purpose of confinement.
 A person is committed to prison
a. to segregate him from society; and
b. to rehabilitate him so that upon his
return to society he shall be a
responsible and law-abiding citizen.
Basic Principles of correction
The rules on the admission, custody and
treatment of inmates
a. seek to promote discipline and to secure
the reformation and safe custody of
inmates.
b. shall be applied impartially, without
discrimination on grounds of race, color,
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sex, language, religion or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or
other status.
c. shall be enforced with firmness but
tempered with understanding.
Definition of Terms
 Prison - an institution for the confinement of
persons who have been remanded (held) in
custody by a judicial authority or who have
been deprived of their liberty following
conviction for a crime.
 Inmate – refers to a national prisoner or one
sentenced by a court to serve a maximum
term of imprisonment of more than three
years or to a fine more than one thousand
pesos.
 Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL)/
Detainee – a person who is confined in
prison pending preliminary investigation, trial
or appeal; or upon legal process issued by
competent authority.
 Death Convict – refers to an inmate whose
death penalty is imposed by a Regional Trial
Court, which is affirmed by the Supreme
Court En Banc.
 Superintendent – refers to the one in
charge of prisons.
 Carpeta – refers to the institutional record of
inmates which consists of; Mittimus
Commitment order, Prosecutor’s
information, and the decision of the trial
court including the appellate court.
Status of Inmate as Affected by Appeal.
 Pending an appeal, the status of an inmate
shall not be changed. Whenever upon
appeal, the sentence of an inmate is
reduced to a maximum term of
imprisonment of less than three (3) years or
to a fine that does not exceed one
thousand pesos (P1,000.00).
 The inmate shall be transferred to the
custody of the Bureau of Jail Management
and Penology or the Provincial Government
concerned for service of sentence.
Origin of the Word Jail
 The term jail is derived from the Spanish
word, “Jaulo” which means cage.
 Etymologists attributed the word jail to have
originated from the Spanish term “Caula,”
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the French word of jail referred to as “Gaol”
pronounced G’eole.
 It is a place for the arrested for debt or crime
who were held in custody. In the 14th
century, the arrestees were even entrusted
to the knights of the Shire.
WHAT IS JAIL? (Legal definition)
 Is the building or place for the confinement
of arrested sentenced persons.
 It is usually made up of cells, which are
small rooms or enclosures where prisoners
are kept or confined (Macasiano, 1999).
Jail vs Prison
 Jail houses cater offenders faced with a
penalty of not more than 3 years (under
DILG)
 It is classified as Provincial jail, municipal
jail, and city jail.
Bureau of corrections – houses those offenders
who are finally convicted and are waiting for the
results of their appeal and those who are
convicted of more than three years. (Under DOJ)
Types of Jails
 Lock-up cell – is a security facility for the
temporary detention of persons held for
investigation (e.g., Suspects, Violators of
City ordinance).
 City jails, Provincial and Municipal jails –
house both offenders awaiting court actions,
those serving short sentences usually up to
3 years only, and juvenile offenders pending
for transfer to a social service agency
(Macasiano, 1999)
OBJECTIVES
 The broad objectives of the Bureau are the
following:
a. To improve the living conditions of
offenders in accordance with the
accepted standards set by the United
Nations; BJMP Comprehensive
Operations Manual Revised 2015.
b. To enhance the safekeeping,
rehabilitation, and development of
offenders in preparation for their
eventual reintegration into the
mainstream of society upon their
release; and
c. To professionalize jail services.
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CORE VALUES
 The BJMP’s officers and staff are guided by
the following core values:
a. Commitment – a strong sense of
dedication to the ideals of the
organization and to the public that it
serves;
b. Respect for Human Rights - to
promote and protect the rights of our
fellow human beings;
c. Efficiency/Competence - mastery of
important skills for delivery of quality
services;
d. Cooperation - willingness to share
efforts in implementing plans and
achieving goals; and
e. Teamwork - the combined effective
action of all personnel.

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