SSC/ RAILWAYS/ CET/ CDS/ NEET/ STATE PSC/ STATE

POLICE AND ALL ONE DAY EXAMS

By- Varun Awasthi

 International Boundaries
• 17th Parallel defined the boundary between North
Vietnam and South Vietnam before two were united.
• 24th Parallel is the line which Pakistan claims for
demarcation between India and Pakistan. This,
however, is not recognized by India
• 26th Parallel south is a circle of latitude which
crosses through Africa, Australia and South America.
• 30th Parallel north is a line of latitude that stands
one-third of the way between the equator and the
North Pole.
• 33rd Parallel north is a circle of latitude which cuts
through the southern United States, parts of North
Africa, parts of the Middle East, and China.
• 35th Parallel north forms the boundary between the
State of North Carolina and the State of Georgia and
the boundary between the State of Tennessee arid the
State of Georgia, the State of Albama, and the State
of Mississippi.
• 36th Parallel forms the southernmost boundary of
the State of Missouri with the State of Arkansas.
• 36o30′ Parallel boundary between the Texas and
the Oklahoma.
• 37th Parallel north formed the southern boundary of
the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
• 38th Parallel is the parallel of latitude which
separates North Korea and South Korea.
• 39th Parallel north is an imaginary circle of latitude
that is 39 degrees north of Earth’s equatorial plane.
• 40th Parallel north formed the original northern
boundary of the British Colony of Maryland.
• 41st Parallel north forms the northern boundary of
the State of Colorado with Nebraska and Wyoming and
the southern boundary of the State of Wyoming with
Colorado and Utah.
• 42nd Parallel north forms most of the New York –
Pennsylvania Border.
• 43rd Parallel north forms most of the boundary
between the State of Nebraska and the State of South
Dakota and formed the northern border of the historic
and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
• The Parallel 44o north is an imaginary circle of
latitude that is 44 degrees north of the Earth’s
equatorial plane.
• 45th Parallel north is often the halfway point
between the Equator and the North Pole. The 45th
parallel makes up most of the boundary between
Montana and Wyoming.
• 49th Parallel is the boundary between USA and
Canada
• Durand Line Pakistan and Afghanistan
• Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany
and Poland.
• Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between
four states in the United State.
• Marginal Line Russia-Finland border.
• Macmahon Line India and China.
• Medicine Line is border between Canada and the
United States.
• Redcliff Line – India & Pakistan
 UNESCO Heritage Indian Sites
• Cultural 32
• Agra Fort (1983)
• Ajanta Caves (1983)
• Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda,
Bihar (2016)
• Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
• Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria
Terminus) (2004)
• Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
• Dholavira: a Harappan City (2021)
• Elephanta Caves (1987)
• Ellora Caves (1983)
• Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
• Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)
• Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
• Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
• Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
• Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
• Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017)
• Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)
• Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)
• Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple,
Telangana (2021)
• Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
• Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
• Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005, 2008)
• Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
• Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan,
Gujarat (2014)
 UNESCO Heritage Indian Sites
• Red Fort Complex (2007)
• Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
• Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
• Taj Mahal (1983)
• The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an
Outstanding Contribution to the Modern
Movement (2016)
• The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)
• Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of
Mumbai (2018)
• Natural 7
• Great Himalayan National Park Conservation
Area (2014)
• Kaziranga National Park (1985)
• Keoladeo National Park (1985)
• Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
• Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National
Parks (1988, 2005)
• Sundarbans National Park (1987)
• Western Ghats (2012)
• Mixed 1
• Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)
• State Temple and Location

• Tamil NaduMeenakshi Temple at Madurai

• Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameshwaram
• Ranganathaswamy Temple at Tiruchirapalli
• Brihadeshwara Temple at Thanjavur
• Suchindram Temple at Kanyakumari
• Airavateswara Temple at Darasuram
• Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram
• Kanchipuram Temples at Kanchipuram
• KarnatakaVirupaksha Temple at Hampi
• Vitthala Temple at Hampi
• Gomateshwara Temple at Shravanbela Gola
(Rural)
• Andhra PradeshLord Venkateswara Temple at
Thirumala
• GujaratSomnath Temple at Saurashtra
• Dwarakadhish Temple at Dwarka
• Uttar PradeshKashiVishwanath at Varanasi
• MaharashtraShirdiSai Baba Temple at Shirdi
• Siddivinayak Temple at Mumbai
• Jammu and KashmirVaishno Devi Temple at
Katra
• Amarnath Cave Temple
• Uttarakhand Badrinath Temple
• Yamunotri Temple at Uttarkashi
• Gangotri Temple at Uttarkashi
• Kedarnath Temple at Garhwal area
• Odisha Jagannath Temple at Puri
• Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar
• Konark Sun Temple at Konark
• Punjab Golden Temple at Amritsar
• Rajasthan Ranakpur Jain Temple at Pali
• Madhya PradeshSanchiStupa at Raisen
• Khajuraho Temple at Khajuraho
• Kerala Padmanabaswamy Temple at
Thiruvananthapuram
• Bihar Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya
• Assam Kamakhya Temple at Guwahati
Major Ports of India
 State Lake
Kolleru Lake
Andhra Pradesh
Pulicat Lake
Chandubi Lake
Chapanala Lake
Assam
Haflong Lake
Son Beel Lake
Bihar Kanwar Lake
Hamirsar Lake
Kankaria Lake
Lakhota Lake
Gujarat
Sursagar Lake
Thol Lake
Vastrapur Lake
Brighu Lake
Dashair and Dhankar Lake
Kareri and Kumarwah lake
Khajjiar Lake
Macchial Lake
Manimahesh Lake
Himachal Pradesh Nako Lake
Pandoh Lake
Prashar Lake
Renuka Lake
Rewalsar Lake

Seruvalsar and Manimahesh Lake

 State Lake
Badkhal Lake
Beauty lake
Blue Bird Lake
Brahma Sarovar
Haryana
Karna Lake
Sannihit Sarovar
Surajkund
Tilyar Lake
Dal Lake
Manasbal Lake
Mansar Lake
Jammu and Kashmir Pangong Tso
Sheshnag Lake
Tso Moriri
Wular Lake
Agara Lake
Bellandur Lake
Hebbal Lake
Kempambudhi Lake
Lalbagh Lake
Ulsoor Lake
Karnataka
Dalavai Lake
Devanoor Lake
Karanji lake
Kukkarahalli lake
Lingambudhi Lake
Pampa Sarovar
 State Lake
Ashtamudi Lake
Kuttanad Lake
Maanaanchira, Kozhikode
Manakody Kayal
Padinjarechira, Thrissur city
Paravur Kayal
Kerala
Punnamada Lake
Shasthamkotta lake
Vadakkechira, Thrissur city
Vanchikulam, Thrissur
Vellayani Lake
Vembanad Lake
Bhoj Wetland
Lower Lake
Moti lake
Madhya Pradesh Sarang pani lake
Shahpura lake
Tawa Reservoir
Upper Lake
Meghalaya Umiam Lake
Manipur Loktak Lake
Palak dïl
Mizoram
Tam Dil
 Gorewada Lake
Khindsi Lake
Lonar Lake
Mehrun Lake
Pashan Lake
Powai Lake
Maharashtra
Rankala Lake
Salim Ali Lake
Shivasagar lake
Talao Pali
Upvan Lake
Venna Lake
Anshupa Lake
Odisha Chilika Lake
Kanjia lake
Harike Lake
Punjab Kanjli Lake
Ropar Lake
Debar Lake
East Calcutta Wetlands
Jore Pokhri
Mirik Lake
West Bengal
Rabindra Sarobar
Rasikbil
Santragachhi Lake
Senchal Lake
 State Lake
Ana Sagar Lake
Balsamand lake
Dhebar Lake
Jaisamand Lake
Jal Mahal, Man Sagar lake
Kaylana Lake
Nakki Lake
Rajasthan Pushkar Lake
Rajsamand Lake
Ramgarh Lake
Talwara Lake
Sambhar Salt Lake
Fateh Sagar Lake
Rangsagar lake
Uday sagar Lake
Gurudongmar Lake
Khecheopalri Lake
Sikkim
Lake Tsongmo
Lake Cholamu
Alwal Cheruvu Lake
Durgam Cheruvu (Secret Lake)
Himayat Sagar
Hussain Sagar
Telangana
Osman Sagar
Safilguda Lake
Saroornagar Lake
Shamirpet Lake
 State Lake
Berijam Lake
Chembarambakkam Lake
Kaliveli Lake
Kaveripakkam Lake
Kodaikanal Lake
Tamil Nadu Ooty Lake
Perumal Eri
Red Hills Lake
Sholavaram Lake
Singanallur Lake
Veeranam Lake
Amakhera Lake
Barua Sagar Tal
Belasagar Lake
Bhadi Tal
Uttar Pradesh Chando Tal Lake
Keetham Lake
Nachan Tal
Ramgarh Tal Lake
Sheikha Jheel
Skeleton Lake (Roopkund Lake)
Bhimtal Lake
Dodital
Uttarakhand
Nainital Lake
Naukuchiatal
Sat Tal
Major Deserts of World
Major Deserts of World
 Tribes of India
• AssamKhasis, Chakma, Dimasa, Gangte, Garos, Hajong,
Chutiya
• BiharGond, Birjia, Asur, Savar, Parhaiya, Chero, Birhor,
Santhals, Baiga
• ChhattisgarhNagasia, Biar, Khond, Agariya, Bhattra, Mawasi,
Bhaina
• GoaVarli, Dubia, Siddi, Dhodia, Naikda
• GujaratPatelia, Bhil, Dhodia, Bamcha, Barda, Paradhi,
Charan, Gamta
• Himachal PradeshSwangal, Gujjars, Lahaulas, Khas,
Pangwala, Lamba, Gaddis
• Jammu and KashmirBalti, Garra, Sippi, Bakarwal, Mon,
Gaddi, Purigpa, Beda
• JharkhandGonds, Birhors, Savar, Mundas, Santhals, Khaira,
Bhumji
• KarnatakaGond, Patelia, Barda, Yerava, Bhil, Koraga, Adiyan,
Iruliga,
• KeralaMalai, Aarayan, Arandan, Uralis, Kurumbas, Arandan,
Eranvallan
• Madhya PradeshKharia, Bhils, Murias, Birhors, Baigas,
Katkari, Kol, Bharia, Khond, Gonds
• MaharashtraWarlis, Khond, Bhaina, Katkari, Bhunjia,
Rathawa, Dhodia.
• Andhra PradeshAndh And Sadhu Andh, Bhil, Bhaghata,
Dhulia,rona, Kolam, Gond, Thoti, Goundu, Kammara,
Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Sugalis, Kattunayakan, Jatapus,
Manna Dhora
 Tribes of India
• ManipurThadou, Aimol, Maram, Paite, Chiru, Purum,
Kuki, Monsang, Angami
• MeghalayaPawai, Chakma, Raba, Hajong, Lakher,
Garos, Jaintias Khasis
• MizoramDimasa, Raba, Chakma, Lakher, Khasi,
Synteng, Kuki, Pawai
• NagalandNagas, Angami, Sema, Garo, Kuki, Kachari,
Mikir
• OdishaGadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons,
Rajuar, Santhals.
• RajasthanBhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas(Minas),
Patelia, Sahariya.
• SikkimBhutia, Khas, Lepchas.
• Tamil NaduAdiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar,
Kanikar, Kotas, Todas.
• TelanganaChenchus.
• TripuraBhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia,
Lushai, Mizel, Namte.
• Uttarakhand Bhotias, Buksa, Jannsari, Khas, Raji,
Tharu.
• Uttar Pradesh Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu.
• West Bengal Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya,
Rabha, Santhals, Savar.
• Andaman and Nicobar Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese,
Shompens.
Mountain Ranges of the World

• 1. Cordillera de Los Andes

• Location: Western South America
• Highest Point: Mt. Aconcagua
• 2. Rockies
• Location: Western South America
• Highest Point: Mt. Albert
• 3. Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush
• Location: South Central Asia
• Highest Point: Mt. Everest
• 4. Great Dividing Range
• Location: Eastern Australia
• Highest Point: Mt. Kosciusko
• 5. Trans-Antarctica Mountains
• Location: Antarctica
• Highest Point: Mt. Vinson Massif
• 6. Tien Shan
• Location: South Central Asia
• Highest Point: Mt. Pike Poveda
• 7. Altai
• Location: Central Asia
• Highest Point: Mt. Gora Velukha
• Our Changing Earth
• 8. Ural Mountain Range
• Location: Central Russia
• Highest Point: Mt. Gora Nordnaya
Mountain Ranges of the World

• 9. Kamchatka
• Location: Eastern Russia
• Highest Point: Mt. Klucheskaya Sopka
• 10. Atlas
• Location: North-West Africa
• Highest Point: Mt. Jewel Taubcal
• 11. Verkhoyansk
• Location: Eastern Russia
• Highest Point: Mt. Gora Mass Khaya
• 12. Western Ghats
• Location: Western India
• Highest Point: Mt. Anaimudi
• 13. Sierra Madre Oriental
• Location: Mexico
• Highest Point: Mt. Orijava
• 14. Zagros
• Location: Iran
• Highest Point: Mt. Zad Kuh
• 15. Elburz
• Location: Iran
• Highest Point: Mt. Damavand
• 16. Scandinavian Range
• Location: Western Norway
• Highest Point: Galdhopijen
• 17. Western Sierra Madre
• Location: Mexico
• Highest Point: Nevado de Kolima
• Mountain Ranges of the World

• 18. Drackensberg
• Location: South East Africa
• Highest Point: Dwanayentalenyana
• 19. Caucasus
• Location: Russia
• Highest Point: Mt. Elbrus (Western Peak)
• 20. Alaska Range
• Location: Alaska, USA
• Highest Point: Mt. McKinley (Southern Peak)
• 21. Cascade Range
• Location: USA-Canada
• Highest Point: Mt. Rainer
• 22. Apennine
• Location: Italy
• Highest Point: Mt. Corno Grande
• 23. Appalachian
• Location: Eastern USA-Canada
• Highest Point: Mt. Michel
• 24. Alps
• Location: Central Europe
• Highest Point: Mt. Blanc
• 25. Serra Madre del Sur
• Location: Mexico
• Highest Point: Mt. Tiopec
 unesco world heritage sites in india
• Agra Fort (1983)
• Ajanta Caves (1983)
• Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at
Nalanda, Bihar (2016)
• Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
• Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria
Terminus) (2004)
• Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
• Elephanta Caves (1987)
• Ellora Caves (1983)
• Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
• Great Living Chola Temples (1987,2004)
• Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
• Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
• Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
• Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)
• Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017)
• Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)
• Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019)
• Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
 unesco world heritage sites in india
• Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
• Mountain Railways of India (1999,2005,2008)
• Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
• Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (2014)
• Red Fort Complex (2007)
• Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
• Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
• Taj Mahal (1983)
• The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding
Contribution to the Modern Movement (2016)
• The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)
• Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018)
• Natural (7)
• Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014)
• Kaziranga National Park (1985)
• Keoladeo National Park (1985)
• Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
• Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National
Parks (1988,2005)
• Sundarbans National Park (1987)
• Western Ghats (2012)
• Mixed (1)
• Khangchendzonga National Park (2016)
 unesco world heritage sites in india
• Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal (1998)
• Mattanchery Palace, Ernakulam, Kerala (1998)
• Group of Monuments at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh
(1998)
• Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh (1998)
• Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab (2004)
• River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra
River in Assam (2004)
• Namdapha National Park (2006)
• Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (2006)
• Neora Valley National Park (2009)
• Desert National Park (2009)
• Silk Road Sites in India (2010)
• Santiniketan (2010)
• The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda
Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar (2010)
• Mughal Gardens in Kashmir (2010)
• Delhi - A Heritage City (2012)
• Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate (2014)
• Cellular Jail, Andaman Islands (2014)
• The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways (2014)
• Iconic Saree Weaving Clusters of India (2014)
• Dholavira: A Harappan City (2014)
 unesco world heritage sites in india
• Apatani Cultural Landscape (2014)
• Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam (2014)
• Monuments of Srirangapatna Island Town (2014)
• Chilika Lake (2014)
• Padmanabhapuram Palace (2014)
• Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala (2014)
• Sites of Saytagrah, India’s non-violent freedom movement (2014)
• Thembang Fortified Village (2014)
• Narcondam Island (2014)
• Moidams – the Mound-Burial system of the Ahom Dynasty (2014)
• Ekamra Kshetra – The Temple City, Bhubaneswar (2014)
• The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom (2014)
• Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal (2014)
• Mountain Railways of India (Extension) (2014)
• Chettinad, Village Clusters of the Tamil Merchants (2014)
• Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi (2014)
• Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole-Badami- Pattadakal
(2015)
• Cold Desert Cultural Landscape of India (2015)
• Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand
Trunk Road (2015)
• Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area (2016)
• Garo Hills Conservation Area (GHCA) (2018)
• The historic ensemble of Orchha (2019)
SI Units
 Vedic Period Facts
• The Aryans were a semi-nomadic pastoral people.
• The original homeland of the Aryans is a matter of debate with
different experts suggesting different regions from where they
originated.
• Some say they came from the area around the Caspian Sea in
Central Asia (Max Muller), while others think they originated from
the Russian Steppes. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was of the opinion that
the Aryans came from the Arctic region.
• The Vedic Age started with the Aryan occupation of the Indo-
Gangetic Plains.
• Meaning of the word Arya: Noble.
• They spoke Sanskrit, an Indo-European language.
• They led a rural, semi-nomadic life as compared to the Indus Valley
people who were urbanised.
• It is believed that they entered India through the Khyber Pass.

• Political structure:
• Monarchical form of government with a king known as Rajan.
• Patriarchal families. Jana was the largest social unit in Rig Vedic
times.
• Social grouping: kula (family) – grama – visu – jana.
• Tribal assemblies were called Sabhas and Samitis. Examples of
tribal kingdoms: Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus and Purus.
• Social structure:
• Women enjoyed a respectable position. They were allowed to take
part in Sabhas and Samitis. There were women poets too (Apala,
Lopamudra, Viswavara and Ghosa).
• Cattle especially cows became very important.
• There was no child marriage.
• Social distinctions existed but were not rigid and hereditary.
 Vedic Period Facts
• Economic structure:
• They were pastoral and cattle-rearing people.
• They practised agriculture.
• They had horse chariots.
• Rivers were used for transport.
• Cotton and woollen fabrics were spun and used.
• Initially, trade was conducted through the barter system but later on,
coins called ‘nishka’ were in use.
• Religion:
• They worshipped natural forces like earth, fire, wind, rain, thunder, etc.
by personifying them into deities.
• Indra (thunder) was the most important deity. Other deities were Prithvi
(earth), Agni (fire), Varuna (rain) and Vayu (wind).
• Female deities were Ushas and Aditi.
• There were no temples and no idol worship.
• Later Vedic Period or Painted Grey Ware Phase (1000 BC – 600 BC)
• During this time, the Aryans moved eastwards and occupied western and
eastern UP (Kosala) and Bihar.
• Political structure:
• Kingdoms like Mahajanapadas were formed by amalgamating smaller
kingdoms.
• King’s power increased and various sacrifices were performed by him to
enhance his position.
• Sacrifices were Rajasuya (consecration ceremony), Vajapeya (chariot
race) and Ashwamedha (horse sacrifice).
• The Sabhas and Samitis diminished in importance.
• Social structure:
• The Varna system of social distinction became more distinct. This
became less based on occupation and more hereditary.
• The four divisions of society in decreasing social ranking were:
Brahmanas (priests), Kshatriyas (rulers), Vaishyas (agriculturists, traders
and artisans), and Shudras (servers of the upper three classes).
• Women were not permitted to attend public assemblies like Sabhas and
Samitis. Their position in society diminished.
• Child marriages became common.
• Sub-castes based on occupation also emerged. Gotras were
institutionalised.
 Vedic Period Facts
• Economic structure:
• Agriculture was the chief occupation.
• Industrial work like metalwork, pottery and carpentry work also was
there.
• There was foreign trade with far off regions like Babylon and
Sumeria.

• Religion:
• Prajapati (creator) and Vishnu (preserver) became important gods.
• Indra and Agni lost their significance.
• Importance of prayers diminished and rituals and sacrifices became
more elaborate.
• Vedic Literature
• The word ‘Veda’ originated from the root ‘vid’ which means spiritual
knowledge/subject of knowledge/means of acquiring knowledge.
• The four Vedas are: Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva.
• Rig Veda was composed during the Early Vedic Age. The other three
were written in the Later Vedic Age.
• Rig Veda – this is the oldest religious text in the world. It contains
1028 hymns and is classified into 10 mandalas.
• Yajur Veda – this deals with the ways to perform rituals.
• Sama Veda – deals with music. Indian music is said to be originated
from Sama Veda.
• Atharva Veda – contains spells and magical formula.
• Other Vedic texts were the Brahmanas (explains the meaning of
sacrifices); Upanishads (also called Vedantas, 108 in number, source
of Indian philosophy); and Aranyakas (books of instructions).
• The great Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana were also
composed during this period.
 Indian Tribes

Andhra Pradesh: Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata, Bhil, Chenchus

(Chenchawar), Gadabas, Gond, Goundu, Jatapus, Kammara,
Kattunayakan, Kolawar, Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora, Pardhan,
Rona, Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Nakkala, Dhulia, Thoti, Sugalis,
Banjara, Kondareddis, Koya, Mukha Dhora, Valmiki , Yenadis,
Sugalis, Lambadis.
Arunachal Pradesh: Apatanis, Abor, Dafla, Galong, Momba,
Sherdukpen, Singpho, Nyishi, Mishmi, Idu, Taroan, Tagin, Adi,
Monpa, Wancho
Assam: Chakma, Chutiya, Dimasa, Hajong, Garos, Khasis, Gangte,
Karbi, Boro, Borokachari, Kachari, Sonwal, Miri, Rabha, Garo
Bihar: Asur, Baiga, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Gond, Parhaiya, Santhals,
Savar, Kharwar, Banjara, Oraon, Santal, Tharu
• Chhattisgarh: Agariya, Bhaina, Bhattra, Biar,
Khond, Mawasi, Nagasia, Gond, Binjhwar, Halba,
Halbi, Kawar, Sawar,
• Goa: Dhodia, Dubia, Naikda, Siddi,Varli, Gawda.
• Gujarat: Barda, Bamcha, Bhil, Charan, Dhodia,
Gamta, Paradhi, Patelia, Dhanka, Dubla, Talavia,
Halpati, Kokna, Naikda, Patelia, Rathawa, Siddi.
• Himachal Pradesh: Gaddis, Gujjars, Khas, Lamba,
Lahaulas, Pangwala, Swangla, Beta, Beda Bhot,
Bodh.
• Jammu and Kashmir: Bakarwal, Balti, Beda,
Gaddi, Garra, Mon, Purigpa, Sippi, Changpa,
Gujjar.
• Jharkhand: Birhors, Bhumij, Gonds, Kharia,
Mundas, Santhals, Savar, Bedia, Ho, Kharwar,
Lohra, Mahli, Parhaiya, Santal, Kol, Banjara.
• Karnataka: Adiyan, Barda, Gond, Bhil, Iruliga,
Koraga, Patelia, Yerava, Hasalaru, Koli Dhor,
Marati , Meda, Naikda, Soligaru.
• Kerala: Adiyan, Arandan, Eravallan, Kurumbas,
Malai arayan, Moplahs, Uralis, Irular, Kanikaran,
Kattunayakan, Kurichchan, Muthuvan.
• Madhya Pradesh: Baigas, Bhils, Bharia, Birhors,
Gonds, Katkari, kharia, Khond, Kol, Murias, Korku,
Mawasi, Pardhan, Sahariya
• Maharashtra: Bhaina, Bhunjia, Dhodia, Katkari,
Khond, Rathawa, Warlis, Dhanka, Halba, Kathodi,
Kokna, Koli Mahadev, Pardhi, Thakur
• Manipur: Naga, Kuki, Meitei, Aimol, Angami, Chiru, Maram,
Monsang, Paite, Purum, Thadou, Anal, Mao, Tangkhul,
Thadou, Poumai Naga.
• Meghalaya: Chakma, Garos, Hajong, Jaintias Khasis, Lakher,
Pawai, Raba, Mikir.
• Mizoram: Chakma, Dimasa, Khasi, Kuki, Lakher, Pawi, Raba,
Synteng, Lushai
• Nagaland: Angami, Garo, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir, Nagas, Sema,
Ao, Chakhesang, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Rengma, Sangtam,
• Odisha: Gadaba, Ghara, Kharia, Khond, Matya, Oraons,
Rajuar, Santhals, Bathudi, Bathuri, Bhottada, Bhumij, Gond,
Juang, Kisan, Kolha, Kora, Khayara, Koya, Munda, Paroja,
Saora, Shabar, Lodha.
• Rajasthan: Bhils, Damaria, Dhanka, Meenas(Minas), Patelia,
Sahariya, Naikda, Nayaka, Kathodi.
• Sikkim: Bhutia, Khas, Lepchas, Limboo, Tamang
• Tamil Nadu: Adiyan, Aranadan, Eravallan, Irular, Kadar,
Kanikar, Kotas, Todas, Kurumans, Malayali,
• Telangana: Chenchus.
• Tripura: Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Halam, Khasia,
Lushai, Mizel, Namte, Mag, Munda, Riang,
• Uttarakhand: Bhotias, Buksa, Jannsari, Khas, Raji, Tharu.
• Uttar Pradesh: Bhotia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Kol, Raji, Tharu,
Gond, Kharwar, Saharya , Parahiya, Baiga, Agariya, Chero
• West Bengal: Asur, Khond, Hajong, Ho, Parhaiya, Rabha,
Santhals, Savar, Bhumij, Bhutia, Chik Baraik, Kisan, Kora,
Lodha, Kheria, Khariam, Mahali, Mal Pahariya, Oraon,
• Andaman and Nicobar: Oraons, Onges, Sentinelese,
Shompens
 Major Active Volcanoes of the World
• Popocatepet
• Location: Altiplano de Mexico
• Height (Metre): 5451
• Ana
• Location: Karakotoa , Indonesia
• Height (Metre): 155
• Date of Last Eruption: 1929
• Mt. Cameroon
• Location: Monarch, Cameroon
• Height (Metre): 278
• Date of Last Eruption: 1959
• Guallatiri
• Location: Andes, Chile &
• Height (Metre): 6060
• Date of Last Eruption: 1960
• Fuego
• Sierra Madre, Guatemala
• Date of Last Eruption: 1962
• Surtsey
• Location: South-east-Iceland
• Height (Metre): 173
• Date of Last Eruption: 1963
• Agung
• Location: Bali Island, Indonesia
• Height (Metre): 3142
• Date of Last Eruption: 1964
• Tupungatiti
• Location: Andes, Chile
• Height (Metre): 5640
• Date of Last Eruption: 1964
• Lascar
• Location: Andes, Chile
• Height (Metre): 5641
• Date of Last Eruption: 1968
•
 Ancient Books & Authors
Name of Ancient Books Author
Akbar-Namah Abul Fazal
Amarkosa Amarshmha
Prashnottarmalika Amoghavarsha
Aryabhatiya Aryabhatta
Surya Sidhanta Aryabhatta
Buddha Charitam Ashwaghosha
Babar Namah Babar
Tuzk-e-Babari Babar
Brahmasutras Badrayana
Harsha Charita Bana Bhatt
Kadambari Bana Bhatt
Natya Shastra Bharata Muni
Kiratarjuniya Bharavi
Swapanvasdattam Bhasa
Prithviraj Raso Chand Bardai
Dashakumaracarita Dandin
Kavyadarsa Dandin
Shah Namah Firdausi
Humayun Namah Gulbadan Begum
Guru Grahanth sahib Guru Arjun Dev
 Ancient Books & Authors
Name of Ancient Books Author
Nagananda Harshavardhana
Priyadarsika Harshavardhana
Ratnavali Harshavardhana
Tuzk-i-Jahangir Jahangir
Geet Govinda Jaidev
Rajtarangini Kalhana
Abhigyanam Shakuntalam Kalidasa
Kumarasambhavam Kalidasa
Malavikagnimitra Kalidasa
Meghdoot Kalidasa
Raghuvanshan Kalidasa
Shakuntala Kalidasa
Vikramorvashi Kalidasa
Arthashastra Kautilya
Padmavat Malik Mohammad Jayasi
Ashtadhyayi Panini
Mahabhasya Patanjli
Prem Vatika Raskhan
Sur Sagar Sur Das
 Ancient Books & Authors
Name of Ancient Books Author
Panduranga Mahatyam Tenali Ramakrishna
Ramayana Valmiki
Panchsidhantika Varharmihara
Brihat Samhita Varharmihara
Kamasutra Vatsyayana
Bhagavadgita Veda Vyas
Navratna Virsena
Devichandraguptam Vishakha Datta
Mudra Rakshasa Vishakha Datta
Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma
Vitamin/ Disease/ Source (All in
one chart)
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
Continents Static GK Data
 Continents Static GK Data

• Asia
• Asia is the world's largest continent of the seven
continents in size and population
• Asia covers one-third of earth's surface
• It has 30 per cent of world land area and 60 per cent
of population
• It contains the world's largest country, Russia, and the
world's two most populous countries, China and India
• Asia houses the highest point on earth - the summit of
Mount Everest, which is 29,028 ft. (8,848 m) tall
• The continent is home to the 10 highest peaks in the
world
• The Great Wall of China is the only man made
structure that can be seen from space
• Asia saw the birth of two great ancient civilisations -
Harappan civilisation and Chinese civilisation
• The religions of Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism,
Christianity first began in Asia
• The major animals found in Asia are -- reticulated
pythons, tiger, panda, yaks, Indian rhinoceroses
 Continents Static GK Data

• Africa
• Of the seven continents of the world, Africa is the second
largest
• The continents terrain was inhabitable and remained
unknown for thousands of years, earning it the name of
'Dark Continent'
• The world's longest river -- the Nile -- and the world's largest
desert -- the Sahara -- both are home in Africa
• The world's hottest place -- Ethiopia -- is in Africa
• The equator passes through the middle of the Dark
Continent and it receives direct sunlight throughout the year
• As per research evidence, Africa is the place where Homo
sapiens originated and then migrated to all the other
continents of the world
• More than 50 per cent of the world's gold and 95 per cent of
the world's diamonds come from the mineral rich continent
of Africa
• The world also gets 66 per cent of its chocolate from the
Dark Continent
• The major animals in Africa include -- cheetah, African
elephant, lion, zebra, Egyptian mongoose, giraffe, addax
 Continents Static GK Data

• Australia
• Australia is the world's smallest continent and is also known
as an 'island continent' as it is surrounded by water on all
sides
• The official name of Australia is the Commonwealth of
Australia
• The continent of Australia is often called Sahul, Australinea
or Meganesia to differentiate it from the country of Australia
• Australia lies entirely on the south of the equator and if
often called the country "down under"
• The name Australia comes from the Latin word 'australis'
meaning 'southern'
• Of all the continents in the world, Australia stands at the top
of wool production and import. This is because the sheep
population in the world's smallest continent is 14 times that
of its human population
• Austria is home to over 500 varieties of eucalyptus trees
• Two-thirds of Australia is desert land
• The world's largest coral reef -- the Great Barrier Reef -- is
around 2000 kilometres long
• The unique animals of Australia are -- kangaroo, emu,
platypus
 Continents Static GK Data

• Antarctica
• Antarctica is not only the coldest place on Earth but also the highest, driest,
windiest and emptiest
• 75 per cent of the world's ice and 70 per cent of the Earth's fresh water is
located in Antarctica
• It is also called the White Continent or the Frozen Continent
• Before 1840, Antarctic was called 'Terra Australis Incognita' which meant 'the
unknown southern land'
• Antarctica sees half a year of light and half a year of complete darkness -
summer months of December to February give 24 hours of light, while the
winter months of late March to late September are pitch dark the whole day
• Summer temperatures in the Frozen Continent are around -35 degree C in the
interior and 2 degree C at the coasts. In the winters, it is -70 degree C in the
interior and 2 degree C at the coasts
• Antarctica saw the coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was -
89 degree C
• Because of this sort of extreme temperature fluctuations, Antarctica is larger
in winters by around 14.2 million square kilometers than in summers due to
the ice formation around the periphery
• Nothing can rot in the icy waters of Antarctica
• There are no time zones on this continent
• The largest land animal in Antarctica is a 1.3 cm long insect known as Belgica
Antarctica
• The only permanent settlements in Antarctica are the research bases where
scientists from different countries come to do their work
• Penguins are home in Antractica and Adelie penguins are the most common
kind found here
 Continents Static GK Data

• Europe
• Europe and Asia are parts of the same major landmass -- Europe is separated
from Asia by the Ural mountains and the Caspian Sea
• The highest mountain in this continent is Mt. Elbrus
• The Balkan ranges, Pyrenees, Apennines, Cantabrian, and the Dinaric Alps are
some of the major mountains in Europe
• Europe is surrounded by water on three sides -- Mediterranean Sea in the
south, Atlantic Ocean in the west, and Arctic Ocean in the north
• The world's smallest country, the Vatican City, is in Europe
• Some of the major rivers of Europe include Danube, Elbe, Loire, Oder, Dnieper
and Don
• Finland, in Europe, is called the 'Land of Lakes' because melting ice sheets
have created a lot of lakes here
• The longest rail route in the world is the Trans-Siberian Rail Route located in
Europe which connects St Petersburg in the west and Vladivostok in the east.
• Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania and Albania are together called the Balkan states
• Spain and Portugal form Iberia together
• The Baltic states comprise Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
• Great Britain and Ireland form the two main island groups of Europe
• Ukraine's Steppe region is called the 'Granary of the world' or 'Bread Basket of
the world'
• Moscow is called the 'Port of Five Seas' as through its rivers and canals, it
connects to five seas
• Maize, barley, rice and oilseeds are the major foodcrops of the continent
• Three-fourth of the world's potatoes grow in Europe
• The Volga is the longest river in Europe
• The major animals of Europe are - hedgehog, roe deer, wild boards, blue tit,
the European tree frog
 Continents Static GK Data

• South America

• The world's largest river as per water volume and the second
longest (6440 km) -- the Amazon -- is in South America
• This continent houses the world's highest waterfalls -- the Angel
Falls
• The world's largest snake and the second longest -- the green
anaconda -- also resides in South America
• The highest volcanoes of the world -- Mt. Cotopaxi and Mt.
Chimborazo -- are found on this continent
• Brazil, the country which is the largest coffee producer in the world,
is in South America
• The major languages spoken on this continent are Portuguese and
Spanish
• The largest salt lake in the world -- Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni salt flats) --
is in South America
• The world's highest lake (3800 m) and South America's largest is
Lake Titicaca
• Aftethe r Himalayas, the Andes form the second highest mountain
range in the world. These young-fold mountains are located in South
America. Mt. Aconcagua (7,021 m) is the highest peak in the Andes.
 Continents Static GK Data

• North America

• North America has five time zones and is the only continent with
every type of climate
• North America was named after the explorer Americo Vespucci and
is also known as the "New World"
• Of the seven continents of the world, North America's population
density at 22.9 per square kilometre is the highest
• The largest fresh water lake in the world -- Lake Superior - is located
in this continent
• The world's third longest river - the Mississippi (3778 km) - is
located in North America
• When compared with the other continents, North America has the
highest average per-person income
• The average food intake of individuals is the highest on this
continent
• The world's largest economy, the USA, is a part of North America
• The world's largest producer of maize, what and soyabean is North
America
• The world's largest sugar exporter among the seven continents -
Cuba - also called the 'sugar bowl of the world' is located in North
America
• The world's smallest owl - the Elf - is found on this continent
• The moose and the elk, found in North America, are the first and
second tallest animals on the continent
• The other major animals of North America are --brown bears,
hummingbirds, bald eagles, brown bears, bullfrogs.
Chemical Formulas
Loksabha Speakers
Loksabha Speakers
President of India
Famous Newspaper of the World
Important Ports in India
Festivals of India
Festivals of India
 Important Articles List
• 1. Article No. 1:- Name and territory of the Union
• 2. Article No. 3:- Formation of new states and
alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing
states
• 4. Article No. 14:- Equality before the law
• 5. Article No. 16:- Equality of opportunity in matters
of public employment
• 6. Article No. 17:- Abolition of untouchability
• 7. Article No. 19:- Protection of certain rights
regarding freedom of speech, etc.
• 8. Article No. 21:- Protection of life and personal
liberty
• 9. Article No. 21A:- Right to elementary education
• 10. Article No. 25:- Freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice and propagation of religion
• 11. Article No. 30:- Right of minorities to establish and
administer educational institutions
• 12. Article No. 31C:- Saving of laws giving effect to
certain Directive Principles
• 13. Article No. 32:- Remedies for enforcement of
Fundamental Rights including writs
• 14. Article No. 38:- State to secure a social order for
the promotion of the welfare of the people
• 15. Article No.40:- Organisation of village panchayats
• 16. Article No. 44:- Uniform Civil Code for the citizens
• 17. Article No. 45:- Provision for early childhood care
and education to children below the age of 6 years.
 Important Articles List
• 18. Article No. 46:- Promotion of educational and economic interests
of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections
• 19. Article No. 50:- Separation of judiciary from the executive
• 20. Article No. 51:- Promotion of international peace and security
• 21. Article No. 51A:- Fundamental Duties
• 22. Article No. 72:- Powers of President to grant pardons, suspend, remit
or commute sentences in certain cases
• 23. Article No. 74:- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
• 24. Article No. 76:- Attorney-General of India
• 25. Article No. 78:- Duties of the Prime Minister as respects the
furnishing of information to the President, etc.
• 26. Article No. 110:- Definition of Money Bills
• 27. Article No. 112:- Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
• 28. Article No. 123:- Power of President to promulgate ordinances
during recess of Parliament
• 29. Article No. 143:- Power of President to consult Supreme Court
• 30. Article No. 148:- Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
• 31. Article No. 149:- Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-
General of India
• 32. Article No. 155:- Appointment of the Governor
• 33. Article No. 161:- Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to
suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
• 34. Article No. 163:- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor
• 35. Article No. 165:-Advocate-General of the state
• 36. Article No. 167:- Duties of Chief Minister with regard to the
furnishing of information to the Governor, etc.
• 37. Article No. 168:- Constitution of Legislatures in the states
• 38. Article No. 169:- Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in the
states
• 39. Article No. 170:- Composition of Legislative Assemblies in the states
• 40. Article No. 171:- Composition of Legislative Councils in the states
• 41. Article No. 172:- Duration of State Legislatures
• 42. Article No. 173:- Qualification for membership of the State
Legislature
 Important Articles List
• 49. Article No. 212:- Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the State Legislature
• 50. Article No. 213:- Power of governor to promulgate ordinances during recess of the
State Legislature
• 51. Article No. 214:- High courts for the states
• 52. Article No. 217:-Appointment and the conditions of the office of the judge of a High
Court
• 53. Article No. 226:- Power of high courts to issue certain writs
• 54. Article No. 239AA:- Special provisions with respect to Delhi
• 55. Article No. 243B:- Constitution of Panchayats
• 56. Article No. 243C:- Composition of Panchayats
• 57. Article No. 243G:- Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats
• 58. Article No. 243K:- Elections to the Panchayats
• 59. Article No. 249:-Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State
List in the national interest
• 60. Article No. 262:- Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-state rivers or river
valleys
• 61. Article No. 263:- Provisions with respect to an inter-state council
• 62. Article No. 265:- Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
• 63. Article No. 275:- Grants from the Union to certain states
• 64. Article No. 280:- Finance Commission
• 65. Article No. 300:- Suits and proceedings
• 66. Article No. 300A:- Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law
(Right to property)
• 67. Article No. 311:- Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil
capacities under the Union or a state.
• 68. Article No. 312:- All-India Services
• 69. Article No. 315:- Public Service Commission for the Union and for the states
• 70. Article No. 320:- Functions of Public Service Commissions
• 71. Article No. 323-A:- Administrative Tribunals
• 72. Article No. 324:- Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an
Election Commission
• 73. Article No. 330:- Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the
House of the People
• 74. Article No. 335:- Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts
• 75. Article No. 352:- Proclamation of Emergency (National Emergency)
• 76. Article No. 356:- Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states
(President’s Rule)
• 77. Article No. 360:- Provisions as to Financial Emergency.
All The Best For Exams!