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The 23 Auxiliary Verbs: Ing: For Example, Going) OR Past Participles (I Have Walked. I Have Gone.)
The 23 Auxiliary Verbs: Ing: For Example, Going) OR Past Participles (I Have Walked. I Have Gone.)
1. Twelve (12) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with the base form only (“base form” =
OK: I will go. You can go. He should go. We may go. They do go.
Not OK: I will going. You can gone. He should goes. We may went. They do going.
2. Seven (7) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with present participles (base form plus
ing: for example, going ) OR past participles (I have walked. I have gone.)
OK: I am going. He is going. He is gone. You are going. You are gone. She was going. She was gone.
We were going. We were gone. They will be going. They will be gone. It has been going. It has been
gone.
Not OK: I am go. I am went. He is goes. He was wenting. She will be goning.
Note: Been is the past participle of to be. But, none of the 7 verbs above combines with been. In fact,
only three auxiliaries combine with been: have, has, had. One of these three is always immediately in front
of been (for example: I have been sick. He has been sick. I had been sick.), except in the negative and
interrogative (for example: I have not been sick. (negative) Has he been sick? (interrogative)). Also
Note: Been cannot stand alone. For example: Not OK: I been here two years. OK: I have been here
two years. Not OK: I been living here two years. OK: I have been living here two years.
3. Four (4) verbs, when used as auxiliary verbs, combine with past participles only.
OK: I have gone. He has gone. I had gone. I was being robbed.
Not OK: I have go. I have going. He has go. He has going. I had go . I had going. I was being rob. I
Note: Being works best in the continuous form of passive voice, simple present and simple past only. For
example: I am being chased (simple present). I was being chased (simple past). Not OK: I will be being
chased. I have been being chased. I had been being chased. I will have been being chased. I am being
tired = Not OK. I am tired = OK. I was being lost = Not OK. I was lost = OK.
OK: I will go. I shall go. I can go. I would go. I should go. I could go. I may go. I might go. I must go.
Not OK: I will here. I shall there. I can this. I would that. I should him. I could her. I may them. I might it.
I must us.
Note: Many times every day you might hear people say: I do. She will. He does. We might. You should.
They might. I must. It could. It seems like the auxiliary verb is being used as a principal verb, but the
principal verb is not expressed. The examples above occur only in response to questions. Do you like
candy? Yes, I do (like candy). No, I don’t (like candy). Will she come here? Yes, she will (come here). No,
she won’t (come here). Does he study English? Yes, he does (study English). No, he doesn’t (study
English).
I am reading. I am poor.
*He does like cats. I do like cats. I did like cats. These sentences are in the emphatic form, and they are
used only in the simple present and simple past; they are usually responses to statements or questions.
For example: (1) John doesn’t like cats. Yes, he does like cats. John doesn’t like cats, does he? Yes, he
does like cats. (2) You don’t like cats. Yes, I do like cats. You don’t like cats, do you? Yes, I do like
cats. (3) She didn’t like cats. Yes, she did like cats. She didn’t like cats, did she? Yes, she did like
cats. BUT: If the principal verb is a form of to be , do-does-did is unnecessary. OK: He is rich. Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t. He is rich, isn’t he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. ALSO: If there is an auxiliary, do-does-did is
unnecessary. OK: She isn’t working. Yes, she is working. She isn’t working, is she? Yes, she is working.
**In the interrogative and the negative, do, does, and did are auxiliaries for the simple present and simple
past--they are not emphatic. They are not used when the principal verb is a form of to be or when there is
an auxiliary verb. For example (principal verb is a form of to be) : He is sick. Interrogative = Is he sick?
For example (an auxiliary verb): I am talking. Interrogative = Am I talking? Negative = I am not talking.
I. SIMPLE TENSES
A. Simple present = base form: I work. OR base form + -s: He works. She works. It works. OR
base form + -es : I watch / she watches; I study / he studies
1. A general truth.
The sky is blue.
2. A typical activity.
I always brush after I eat.
Bob watches TV every night.
Sara works 5 days a week.
3. A statement of something existing at the time of speaking.
I hear the train coming.
I smell smoke.
4. A scheduled event or activity.
My plane leaves at 8:30 tomorrow.
B. Simple past = base form + -ed for regular verbs : I worked yesterday. The simple past for
irregular verbs varies : He ate lunch at noon. (irregular verb)
1. An activity begun and completed at a particular time in the past.
I went to work yesterday morning.
2. Commonly used with “after” and “before” clauses.
After Bob ate dinner, he drove to CEC.
The students arrived in class before the teacher.
3. “Used to” = past habits (used to + base form)
I used to ride horses when I was a kid.
C. Simple future = will + base form: I will work tomorrow. He will eat dinner later. OR am / is /
are + (going to + base form): I am going to work tomorrow. She is going to eat dinner at Al’s
Restaurant. We are going to study Unit 1 tonight.
1. A future event or activity.
Our break will begin at 8:10.
I will study later.
I’m going to study later.
2. Use will (not: going to) to volunteer.
A. Wait a second. I will help you with that sofa. If you try to move it by yourself,
your back will be out for a week.
3. Use going to (not: will) with a preconceived plan.
I’m going to mow my lawn tomorrow.
D. Present perfect = have + past participle : I have worked. I have eaten. OR has + past
participle: She has worked. She has eaten.
1. An activity that began in the past and continues into the present , often using “since, ”
“since...ago,” or “for”:
“since” = a particular time: I have / She has studied English since 1997.
“since...ago” = a particular time: I’ve / She’s studied English since 5 years ago.
“for” = a duration of time: I’ve / She’s studied English for 5 years.
2. A repeated activity.
I have / He has gone to ESL class every day this week.
3. An activity that occurred at an unspecified time in the past.
A. Have you ever visited New York? B. No, but I have visited New Orleans.
4. An activity in a time clause (e.g., when..., while..., after...) that ends before the main
clause activity begins.
I will go to the movie after I have studied Unit 1.
E. Past perfect = had + past participle : I had worked. She had eaten.
An activity in the past that ended before another activity in the past.
e.g. They had already gone to Lab by the time I arrived.
F. Future perfect = will have + past participle : I will have worked. She will have eaten.
An activity in the future that will end before another activity in the future.
e.g. They will have left Lab by the time I arrive.
PROGRESSIVE TENSES
B. Past progressive = was + (base form + -ing) : I was working. OR were + (base form + -ing) :
They were eating.
1. A past activity in progress while another activity occurred.
At 6:00 yesterday I was eating dinner.
The phone rang while I was eating.
2. Two past activities in progress at the same time.
While I was answering the phone, my wife was cooking dinner.
C. Future progressive = will be + (base form + -ing): I will be working. He will be eating.
An activity that will be in progress.
Tomorrow Sam will be studying for the test on Unit 1.
D. Present perfect progressive = have + (base form + -ing): I have been working. OR has +
(base form + -ing): She has been eating.
1. This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues
into the present. It often uses time words or phrases. It may be used to refer to
continuing activity that is recent.
He has been painting houses all summer.
I’ve been studying English for 2 years.
2. It may be used to refer to continuing activity that is recent.
He has been going to school at CEC.
E. Past perfect progressive = had + (base form + -ing) : I had been working. He had been
eating.
F. Future perfect progressive = will have + (base form + -ing): I will have been working. She
will have been eating.
This tense emphasizes the duration of a continuing activity in the future that ends before
another activity or time in the future.
By 2003 Janet will have been studying English at CEC for 3 years.
By 9:45 tonight I will have been sitting in class for 2 hours and 45 minutes.
Passive Voice
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple present:
Sam kicks the ball. The ball is kicked by Sam.
Sam pets the cats. The cats are petted by Sam.
Sam visits me. I am visited by Sam.
Simple past:
Sam kicked the ball. The ball was kicked by Sam.
Sam kicked the cats. The cats were kicked by Sam.
Simple future:
Sam will kick the ball. The ball will be kicked by Sam.
Sam will kick the cats. The cats will be kicked by Sam. (no change)
Present perfect:
Sam has kicked the ball. The ball has been kicked by Sam.
Sam has kicked the cats. The cats have been kicked by Sam.
Past perfect:
Sam had kicked the ball. The ball had been kicked by Sam.
Sam had kicked the cats. The cats had been kicked by Sam. (no change)
Future perfect:
Sam will have kicked the ball. The ball will have been kicked by Sam.
Sam will have kicked the cats. The cats will have been kicked by Sam. (no change)
PROGRESSIVE TENSES (the passive forms of the last 4 tenses below are rarely, if
ever, used)
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Simple present:
Sam is kicking the ball. The ball is being kicked by Sam.
Sam is petting the cats. The cats are being petted by Sam.
Simple
past:
Sam was kicking the ball. The ball was being kicked by Sam.
Sam was kicking the cats. The cats were being kicked by Sam.
Simple future:
Sam will be kicking the ball. The ball will be being kicked by Sam.
Sam will be kicking the cats. The cats will be being kicked by Sam.
Present perfect:
Sam has been kicking the ball. The ball has been being kicked by Sam.
Sam has been kicking the cats. The cats have been being kicked by Sam.
Past perfect:
Sam had been kicking the ball. The ball had been being kicked by Sam.
Sam had been kicking the cats. The cats had been being kicked by Sam.
Future perfect:
Sam will have been kicking the ball. The ball will have been being kicked by Sam.
Sam will have been kicking the cats. The cats will have been being kicked by Sam.
ADVERBS
1. Adverbs tell how (“eagerly”), when (“lately,” “often”), where (“there,” “outside”),
how much (“very,” “too”), and why (“therefore”).
7. Most adverbs, like adjectives, can be compared using “more” and “most”:
sharply--more sharply--most sharply. One- syllable adverbs are compared
using “-er” and “-est”: straight--straighter--straightest.
TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
Transitional words and phrases keep the reader “on track.” They kep the reader
understand the relationship between one idea or statement and subsequent ones.
besides anyhow
for example (e.g.) anyway
for instance certainly
furthermore doubtless
in addition in all likelihood
in fact in all probability
indeed in any case
likewise indeed
moreover perhaps
once more possibly
similarly probably
that is (i.e.) surely
then, too
7. Qualification:
2. As expected:
especially
as a matter of fact frequently
for that matter if
it follows that in case
naturally in general
obviously in particular
of course inasmuch
surely lest
to be sure occasionally
particularly
3. Cause and effect: provided that
specifically
accordingly unless
and so
and that’s why 8. Repetition:
as a consequence
as a result as noted
as might be expected as noted earlier
consequently as we have seen
for this reason besides
hence in any case
since in fact
then in other words
therefore indeed
thus to put it another way
to repeat
4. Contrast:
9. Summary:
at the same time
conversely all in all
despite finally
however in a word
in spite of in brief
nevertheless in conclusion
nonetheless in short
notwithstanding in summary
not at all in summation
on the contrary on the whole
on the other hand therefore
still to conclude
unlike to make a long story short
yet to sum it up
to summarize
5. Concession:
although
but of course
certainly
doubtless
granted that
of course
though
to be sure
to doubt that
whereas
PARTS OF SPEECH
1. NOUN
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality.
Examples: John, Mary, boy, girl, children; Pasadena, CEC; classrooms, notebooks; freedom,
intelligence; hope, anger, joy
2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun. The noun is called the "antecedent" (but an indefinite
pronoun has no antecedent).
Examples:
a. Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you, yours; he, his, him; she, hers, her; it, its; we, ours, us;
they, theirs, them.
b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what
c. Relative pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever
d. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each,
either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, no one, none, one, others, some,
somebody, someone, such
f. Intensive or reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
3. VERB
A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being).
Examples: Robert will eat the hamburger. (action) Sara is happy. (condition or state of
being)
Robert won’t eat the hamburger. Sara isn’t happy.
Will Robert eat the hamburger? Is Sara happy?
4. ADVERB
An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example:
slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore).
Example: He always chews his gum loudly.
5. ADJECTIVE
An adjective describes or limits a noun.
Examples: tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a light
blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT: ...a light dress blue with her new shoes white.)
Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative.
Examples:
Mary has a smart child. Sara has a smarter child. Nancy has the smartest child.
Robert is an intelligent student. William is more intelligent than Robert. Kim is the most intelligent
student.
The red car is expensive. The white car is less expensive. The blue car is the least expensive.
I’m a good painter. She’s a better painter. He’s the best painter.
I’m a bad singer. She’s a worse singer. He’s the worst singer.
6. PREPOSITION
A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a
sentence.
There are many prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along, among,
around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down,
during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over, past,
round, since, than, through, till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon, up,
with, within, without.
Examples: My pencil is under my desk by my foot. Martha drove from LA to NY.
7. CONJUNCTION
A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but
(and sometimes for). e.g., The dog and the cat are hungry.
Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also. e.g.,
Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.
Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent
clauses). They include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until,
when, where, while. e.g., After they ate, they had dessert.
8. INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an
exclamation mark.
Examples: Oh! Ah! Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow! Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly! Yippee!
Hooray! Boo! Whew!
A. Separable Verbs
You can insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:
For example: “call back”
Noun: Call back John. = OK
Noun: Call John back. = OK
Pronoun: Call him back. = OK
ask in (to invite inside)
ask out (to invite on a date)
back away (to move away)
back down (to move back)
back off (to move back)
break down (to separate into basic parts)
break off (to snap; to cancel)
break in (a baseball glove)
break up (to separate)
bring about (a change)
bring back (the good old days)
bring down (the house)
bring up (the kids)
call back (to return a phone call)
call off (to cancel)
call up (to phone)
check off (to notate)
check out (to investigate)
cheer up (to make happy)
clean off (the countertop)
clean out (the closet)
clean up (the mess)
cross off (to delete)
cross out (to delete)
cross up (to deceive; to trick)
cut back (to diminish)
cut down (to diminish)
cut off (to remove)
cut out (to quit; to excise)
do in (to ruin; to exhaust)
do over (to repeat)
figure out (to solve)
fill in (the blank spaces)
fill out (the application form)
fill up (the tank with gasoline)
finish off (to complete)
get out (the tools)
give back (to return)
give up (to turn over; to surrender)
hand in (your homework)
hand out (the tests to the students)
hand over (all your money)
hang up (your jacket)
keep out (to prevent entry)
keep out of (trouble)
keep up (the good work)
kick out (to remove)
kick out of (to remove)
kill off (all the cockroaches)
leave out (to omit)
let in (to allow entry)
look over (to examine)
look up (a word in the dictionary)
make out (to discern)
make up (to fabricate)
name after (to give the same name to)
name for (to give the same name to)
pass by (to go past without stopping)
pass out (to distribute)
pass over (to hand over)
pay back (the money you borrowed)
pick out (to select)
pick up (the litter; the check)
point out (to show)
point out to (to show)
polish off (to finish)
put away (to remove)
put back (to replace)
put off (to delay)
put on (your shoes)
put out (the dog)
put up (the money)
quiet down (to be quiet)
rip off (to steal; to cheat)
run out (the base hit)
shut down (the assembly line)
shut off (the machine)
shut out (the other team)
shut up (to be quiet)
slow down (to reduce speed)
slow up (to reduce speed)
speed up (to increase speed)
stand up (to intentionally miss an appointment or date with someone)
start up (to start)
take down (to dismantle)
take off (your shoes)
take on (to confront)
take out (the trash)
take over (the organization)
take up (golf)
talk over (to discuss)
tear down (to dismantle)
tear off (a corner of the newspaper)
tear out (a page from your notebook)
tear up (the contract)
throw away (your old socks)
throw out (yesterday’s newspaper)
throw up (the ball)
try on (these shoes - maybe you’ll like them)
try out (this golf club - maybe you’ll like it)
turn down (the offer)
turn in (your homework)
turn off (the lights)
turn on (the lights)
turn out (the lights)
turn up (the volume)
use up (to use completely)
wake up (to awake)
warm up (the car engine)
wear out (to exhaust)
wipe off (the countertop)
wipe out (to annihilate)
write down (this information)
write off (to cancel)
write up (to report someone)
B. Inseparable Verbs
You cannot insert a noun or pronoun after the first word:
For example: “look for”
John looked for Mary. = OK
John looked Mary for. = Not OK
John looked for her. = OK
John looked her for. = Not OK
*break down (to stop working)
call on (to visit)
*catch up (to overtake)
catch up to (to overtake)
catch up with (to overtake)
check back with (to report to)
*check in (at a motel)
check in with (to notify)
check into (a motel)
check out of (a motel)
come across (to discover)
*come back (to return)
*come over (to visit)
*come through (to succeed)
*come to (to regain consciousness)
cut down on (to reduce use of)
cut in (to insert yourself into a line of people)
do without (to have none of)
*drop back (to move back)
drop by (to visit)
*drop in (to visit)
drop in on (to visit)
*drop out (to quit)
drop out of (school; sight)
*drop over (to visit)
fool around with (to
get along with (your coworkers)
*get back (move away from)
get in (the car)
get into (trouble; the car)
get off (the bus)
get off of (the bus)
get on (the bus)
get out of (the bus)
get over (the problem; the fence)
*get through (to finish)
get through with (to finish)
*get up (to wake up; to get out of bed)
*go back (to return)
*go on (to continue)
go over (to review)
*grow up (to mature)
*hang on (or you might fall off)
*hush up (to be quiet)
*keep on (to continue)
keep up with (to maintain progress with)
*let up (to ease off)
*lie down (to recline)
*listen up (to listen)
look after (to take care of)
look for (to search)
look into (to analyze)
*look out (the window)
*move away (to distance oneself)
move away from (to distance oneself)
*move back (to retreat)
move back to (to return)
move into (your new home)
*move out (to relocate)
move out of (your former apartment and move into your new apartment)
*pass away (to die)
*pass on (to die)
put up (or shut up)
put up with (to tolerate)
run across (to meet)
run into (to meet)
run out (the clock)
run out of (time; money)
*sit down (to sit)
*show up (to appear)
*stand up (to stand)
*stand out (to excel)
*stand up (to stand)
stay out of (trouble; jail)
take after (to mimic)
*take off (to depart)
talk about (to discuss)
*tear out of (to leave quickly)
think about (to consider; to ruminate; to cogitate)
*throw up (to vomit)
*turn in (to go to bed)
*turn out (to appear)
*turn up (to appear)
wait on (to serve)
*warm down (after exercising)
*warm up (before exercising)
watch out for (snakes)
*work out (to exercise)
work with (to help)
SPELLING RULES
1. For a single syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel –
double the consonant:
swim; swimmer; swimming
rob, robber, robbed, robbing
2. For a single syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by two vowels – do
NOT double the consonant:
meet, meeting
pair, paired, pairing
3. For a multiple syllable word, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single
vowel, if stress is on last syllable, double the consonant:
prefer, preferred, preferring
7. Add -es to the singular form when it ends in s, ss, ch, sh, x, z, or zz:
bus, buses
kiss, kisses
church, churches
bush, bushes
ax, axes
waltz, waltzes
fizz, fizzes
10. For a word that ends in a consonant + y, change the -y to -i for most suffixes:
pony, ponies
deny, denies
denied
11. If a word ends in -ay, -ey, -oy, form the plural by simply adding -s:
ray, rays
valley, valleys
toy, toys
12. Sometimes you change -ie to -y before -ing:
die, died, dying
lie, lied, lying
14. The following prefixes** give negative meaning to the original word:
unhappy
invisible
illegal
impolite
irregular
*A suffix is a word ending. It changes the part of speech of the word, but does not
change the meaning of the original (“root”) word entirely: see, seeing;
act, actor
beauty, beautiful
equip, equipment
** A prefix is a word beginning. It changes the meaning of the original (“root”) word:
review
preview
foresee
coworker
Singular, Plural of some words
alumna, alumnae
alumnus, alumni
analysis, analyses
auditorium, auditoriums
bacterium, bacteria
box, boxes
child, children
crisis, crises
crisis, crises
deer, deer/deers
fish, fish/fishes
foot, feet
fungo, fungoes
goose, geese
house, houses
man, men
milk, –
mother-in-law, mothers-in-law
mouse, mice
ox, oxen
–, pants
–, people
physics, –
–, scissors
sheep, –
sock, socks/sox
tooth, teeth
woman, women
PUNCTUATION MARKS
Punctuation marks on a page are similar to signs on a road. They guide you and direct
you.
1. A period ( . ) ends a declarative or imperative sentence.
I live in Pasadena. They don’t live in Pasadena.
Listen to me. Don’t drink and drive. Please come here. Eat your vegetables.
MATHEMATICAl OPERATIONS
TITLES
TIME
1. What time is it? I don’t know.
What time is it? It’s 7 o’clock.
4. It’s noon. = It’s 12 pm. = It’s 12:00 pm. = It’s high noon.
DIRECTIONS
Foss • • Moonbucks
MEASURES
MONEY
$ = dollar sign
¢ = cent sign
$1 = $1.00 = one dollar
50¢ = 50 cents = $ .50 = half a dollar = a half dollar
$1.50 = a dollar fifty = one fifty =one and a half dollars $1.50¢ 150¢
1¢ = a penny 5¢ = a nickel 10¢ = a dime 25¢ = a quarter
TO BE
SIMPLE PRESENT
Singular Plural
1. Affirmative
I am here. We are here. 1st person
You are here. You are here. 2nd person
He is here. They are here. 3rd person
She is here. They are here. 3rd person
It is here. They are here. 3rd person
5. Interrogative (affirmative)
Am I here? Are we here?
Are you here? Are you here?
Is he here? Are they here?
Is she here? Are they here?
Is it here? Are they here?
6. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
*Aren’t I here? Aren’t we here?
Aren’t you here? Aren’t you here?
Isn’t he here? Aren’t they here?
Isn’t she here? Aren’t they here?
Isn’t it here? Aren’t they here?
*”Aren’t I here?” for negative, BUT “Am I here?” for positive; “Amn’t I here?” is WRONG, because "amn't"
is never used in English.
SIMPLE PAST
7. Affirmative
I was here. We were here.
You were here. You were here.
He was here. They were here.
She was here. They were here.
It was here. They were here.
Singular Plural
8. Negative (no contraction)
I was not here. We were not here.
You were not here. You were not here.
He was not here. They were not here.
She was not here. They were not here.
It was not here. They were not here.
9. Negative (contraction: verb + “not”) Note: in past tense, you can’t contract pronoun and verb: I’as
I wasn’t here. We weren’t here.
You weren’t here. You weren’t here.
He wasn’t here. They weren’t here.
She wasn’t here. They weren’t here.
It wasn’t here. They weren’t here.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TO EAT
4. Interrogative (affirmative)
Do I eat here? Do we eat here?
Do you eat here? Do you eat here?
Does he eat here? Do they eat here?
Does she eat here? Do they eat here?
Does it eat here? Do they eat here?
5. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Don’t I eat here? Don’t we eat here?
Don’t you eat here? Don’t you eat here?
Doesn’t he eat here? Don’t they eat here?
Doesn’t she eat here? Don’t they eat here?
Doesn’t it eat here? Don’t they eat here?
9. Interrogative (affirmative)
Did I eat here? Did we eat here?
Did you eat here? Did you eat here?
Did he eat here? Did they eat here?
Did she eat here? Did they eat here?
Did it eat here? Did they eat here?
10. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Didn't I eat here? Didn’t we eat here?
Didn’t you eat here? Didn’t you eat here?
Didn’t he eat here? Didn’t they eat here?
Didn’t she eat here? Didn’t they eat here?
Didn’t it eat here? Didn’t they eat here?
17. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I eat here? Won’t we eat here?
Won’t you eat here? Won’t you eat here?
Won’t he eat here? Won’t they eat here
Won’t she eat here? Won’t they eat here?
Won’t it eat here? Won’t they eat here?
6. Interrogative (affirmative)
Have I eaten here? Have we eaten here?
Have you eaten here? Have you eaten here?
Has he eaten here? Have they eaten here?
Has she eaten here? Have they eaten here?
Has it eaten here? Have they eaten here?
7. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Haven’t I eaten here? Haven’t we eaten here?
Haven’t you eaten here? Haven’t you eaten here?
Hasn’t he eaten here? Haven’t they eaten here?
Hasn’t she eaten here? Haven’t they eaten here?
Hasn’t it eaten here? Haven’t they eaten here?
14. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Hadn’t I eaten here? Hadn’t we eaten here?
Hadn’t you eaten here? Hadn’t you eaten here?
Hadn’t he eaten here? Hadn’t they eaten here?
Hadn’t she eaten here? Hadn’t they eaten here?
Hadn’t it eaten here? Hadn’t they eaten here?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
20. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I have eaten here? Won’t we have eaten here?
Won’t you have eaten here? Won’t you have eaten here?
Won’t he have eaten here? Won’t they have eaten here?
Won’t she have eaten here? Won’t they have eaten here?
Won’t it have eaten here? Won’t they have eaten here?
TO PLAY
4. Interrogative (affirmative)
Do I play here? Do we play here?
Do you play here? Do you play here?
Does he play here? Do they play here?
Does she play here? Do they play here?
Does it play here? Do they play here?
5. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Don’t I play here? Don’t we play here?
Don’t you play here? Don’t you play here?
Doesn’t he play here? Don’t they play here?
Doesn’t she play here? Don’t they play here?
Doesn’t it play here? Don’t they play here?
9. Interrogative (affirmative)
Did I play here? Did we play here?
Did you play here? Did you play here?
Did he play here? Did they play here?
Did she play here? Did they play here?
Did it play here? Did they play here?
10. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Didn’t I play here? Didn’t we play here?
Didn’t you play here? Didn’t you play here?
Didn’t he play here? Didn’t they play here?
Didn’t she play here? Didn’t they play here?
Didn’t it play here? Didn’t they play here?
17. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Won’t I play here? Won’t we play here?
Won’t you play here? Won’t you play here?
Won’t he play here? Won’t they play here?
Won’t she play here? Won’t they play here?
Won’t it play here? Won’t they play here?
7. Interrogative (negative) (usually used when you expect the answer to be “yes”)
Haven’t I played here? Haven’t we played here?
Haven’t you played here? Haven’t you played here?
Hasn’t he played here? Haven’t they played here?
Hasn’t she played here? Haven’t they played here?
Hasn’t it played here? Haven’t they played here?
Singular Plural
8. Affirmative (no contraction)
I had played here. We had played here.
You had played here. You had played here.
He had played here. They had played here.
She had played here. They had played here.
It had played here. They had played here.