(G.D, (G,2), (2.

2), (2, t), (1,3)

he dlgraph d velaion 0) se A-1,2,3, 6,8*

1s givern belo. Nert that
urilc he Hasie dar
(A,R) poie and

21-01-22

Tora oder velaion

1S coled a tora order
Arelahio R on se A
yR for all , y e A.
Ry O

To polo giial sotng

A which s not a
Consider a pdrhc ovder R on a set
ora crder to 6rnd he lohal order T on
on A
A such that

RCT me techniaue of conshic.Fng Cuh a T

for afirite set A

knon as topological sorhing.

Steps involved in hopologica sorhng
O Consider he Hasse diclgram for the velahien R and denole it y

drad denoe
selec a vetex in H fom whidh no edge stas

by V
H1, he vevtex V ds ell ds dll the edges in H2
Deleke fom
tho Ley ale d V dernote he reulhng dqrm by H

Repe a he oroteis o l p el s i t h H Yeplactd by 2

he
h e vevtex
veex eonsiderd n sep d Hs vepeliiom is denokd by
and u dg oblaned a he end step is

H. Kepedt e prored unhi a fnal dgrm is obluned.

 vek=
ppese, Aln,
SuppeseE, he fnal didgran Hn contains ondy one

tn he. vehced V, V, V.. Vn- is remeved one by 6me M

A A relthem T cm A is dened by (V*, v) V i z j whese

h2, 3 Then 1 is reqved olal crder and Hasie diaga

Vn
V
asre didgram fev T
the pauhal order Ron A
9

Sa:nCnider
Cnicder set A ={\,2, 3, 4,5} ad
iS given below
Jrose
Hasíe dgrm

Soln V, 1 ro edgr ny'

3

5 2 H4
V 3 SS
=2 Vy-o

5 Cr 2 3-2 c 5 V c 3
V,
(3,D,
T-(3,3), (3.), (>,2), (3,5),
OR 5),Ch, ), (2,3)
(4 (,2), (L,
Ca(2.D.G,,.) ?
order HdKe dgrm
Tohal pairs
abseme hat a l the ordered
H ancl T,
ne
By Companng pairs ot
Tconans h e derod
R n T dlso
lolcmging ho are

are not in R those are (3,), (3,5), (2,5), (5,DET

, sso

cn A dnd RcT
Tis the oder
 e?. he Hade dg fo th posiet(9)
A-ab,(,d,
R
a)delevanine he velaion mahiv fo
R
Cnhvct h digrctph f
posiel (,R)
9Topologially sot he

(a,d), (a,e), (b, b), (b,d), (b, e).

R- Ca,a), (aib), (ac),

(c, , Cc. a), Cc,e), (dd), (di, (e, e)f

Drqeph Mg

Topelogical sovt

Hu
H Vd
Vy Corb

V,E e

d
g

A -,2,3,4
Ve Bid (A, R) 1s d posser and drdw ts Hctsse

didgrar
Tepologirally
toat (A,R)
re divechtd edlges dve neede d n tfu dpy
HO many
nd R lo ag terad ovds ?

oh (,D,(,0),(),2), (3,3),(3,0, (3,2), (2,), (4,?

Mayf d
 3,3), (u,c)
ce
i ( 2 , 2 ) ,
(
is eflexive

V 3
Hs
V 2 o-
V c2
2), (D, (,4),
V,
(3,D, 3,), (2,
(3,3), (3,2),
T8 {
1,D, C,), (,4)

1 )ad(3,)
tth
heen
n-hhe
e
0perahams on Relahons cn
ma a sel A
set A
elaiions
r e l d h i o n s

c tr
d vee
6
and B then
h dnd A UB
reldahion
f
TA
if: (a,bE
of a
as
defned
Unlen AUB is
A ord
B i
he
union dh
a b e B.
(a.)EA 0Y
B 2 ,
2,t.6,8f
0 , 6 , 8

:Brt
Af,2,3. u
tg ret A then the
AruB,2,3, u,6,8 relahorns
o
a

as
d s
dve
the defntd
and debned
and
B AnB
AnB
J{ A cnd is
is
denoled a
ass

Lner sehor ond B

A and
o
velahion
of a,b AUB
echon a . b ) e AUB
her B. if
A and, (a,b¬ R-
(a,) complement dl
A then a
Ae 2,43 veldhon
onsef
Ris a AxP
orplemment:
as (a,b) fR.R
defined
denohd oy
denchd a3 R da
R
a eiaio sek A hen. the cnverse dh
orverse of velaion
f P is
and dibhtd as k,b) ER 4n (b, pc
isvpred cebed ar R
 {1,2,3, uf and R and are the eldh onS thhed by
( ,2(2), (u,)?
S D, (1.22, (1,3), (1,u), (2,3), (,u)f d PUs, Ens, R, e

Soy
RUS(1,),(1,2),(1,3),(t,), (2,3), (2,), (4i4)?
Ros (1.2), (1,3), (2,) F
A (,D, (,2.(1,3),(1,, (2,D,().(0.3, (2/), (3,.(2,2), (22,
(,C2). (4,3), (rt
R ,D, (t,), (,D.(2,2), ,9, (3,D,(2,2),
(o., (3,D, (u,2, (u,)
,(3,4),(,),(u,2),
R)Aa,b.c7 B 2,3
and
R a,, (b.), (c2), CC.} ond S= {(ad, (a,2),(b,D,(o,a)
rd R S, Rus, Ens, R and S om AhE.
S R{Ca2), (a,, Co,2), (o, 3, (cDS
S (a., (b, D, (t.), (e., (:3)?
RSRUs -{ (ad, (a12, (b,D, (E,2), Cc, ), (c, 3}
ROs (aD, (b,1
R , a), (1, 5, (2,), (3,O}
S , , (2,a, (1,6, (2, b
3Let ={t,2,3 8-1,2,3, u .The relahon and S omA hB8 a
Me 0 10 Ms
0 00 J|

9okexonine relah c R, RUS, KOS and

S and he nahii
Solnt ( D , (1,), (2,4), (3.), (3,2), (3,9
- (1.D, (1,2), (\3), (0,4), (2,4), (3,2), (3, 4)?

- t,2, 0), (2, D, (9,2),(2,3), (3, )3

000
 s ( , (1,2),(, 3),(1,), (2,), (3, ), (2, 2) M TT
(3,3), ( 3, u) J

s 1,1D, ,)(,4).(3,) Meo

(1,1),(21), (?,D, (4,D, (li2), (7, 2), (u.3) M

diqraph of relahen on set A dre -4a,b.} ol inn

Dhe
Tnd R, RUS, ROs cnd R
and dvdw the diaraph
S

(a,c, (b, Oj¢&S- (a.c), (b,a), (b.c), (c, }

Caa), (a,b),
, (b, b), Cc, a), (c.b), (c,c)?
( ba),

Rus(a,d),(a,b), (,o, (b,a),(b,), (¢r)

EOS(a,o,(b,o}
( a , a ) , (b,a), (c, a), (c,b) }

Composihion of relahon (o)

twn
Rand anephy relclhons on anon-emphy. et A,
ave
Bhe Compexikn relahon of R and S is dernaed as R.S and de fhod as

,b eR and (b,c) e S then a,c)e R,S.

S (R,R)R = R
N6R R,P R So9
R (t,D, (2), (213), (3,4) and
Let A {4212, 4 ond
1 ,(4,4, (2,4), (t,4) be a velaim on A Deeime t relcivy

Sok o (1,4), (2.D,(3,4)f

SoP (3,D, (3,2)}
PR R (,), (1,22, (,3), (2,4)
C,(,, (3,4), (u.)3
Aft,2,3, 43 R nds are veleiens n

R -
(1,2), (1,3), (2,),(tr,)?dnd S- (1,),(1,2).(4,3),(14), 2,
hhd R.s, SpR, R nd thei mtixX.

RS-t,3),(1,4) Mcoe (1,2), (1,2), , u), ( , 4?

MsoR

{ ) , (2,), (h, L4) s (,D, (,2), (1, 1), (1,4)

MgR M

nd let e {ab,c
!oo
o nd
M fR,S, Sok, RR, S Ss
R (, a. o(b,a), (b, 6), (b, ), (c, b)
S
a,d), (b, b, (b,), (c,cn,
Cc.c)
S (a, a). (a, D(b, a), (b. b), (b,),(e, ), (c, b)}
SoR (a ), (a,.), (bb), (b, ), (c,a),
(c, c), Cc. b)

Let R
C.D,(,2)(2, 9, (3,32,(3.4) d
Fd RR Dra dicraph.
{1,2,3, u
 sheme elemenis P o ssel fovet c
a

c l e nonk:
Calsider a posie A,R), thee ex r e n e
dened as follows

element:A ele teA is(alled OR

Ok In
in
MAXima dR
dki.
here exfsls no element u 4a in A,yh th d

hdsie dgy m db R maxmnad elt h nedns

7
ele
mimdl
An ele ac A is caled a d
h
haassis
eee

Mindd element thod Ra.

CY in
0r
+a in A cuch ermuc
elenert
exiss
ENiSS n means hat no edge
minimal ele of A
4gm K,i
grece el t
rom a iscalld
An elt acA
elumen
h e gredhect
d A
1Ra fer
akaAEF

called he least elt o

A if
n ele a eAie
6Leac elemer Hasse dgm.
fro he given
4 leds ele
maxima, minim
ad, greabest
hd

Mox 6,7
Max S Man 6
Min1,2,3
M'1,2 Mn
M:16
i 1
No yugr
Grfu
Wg qreahesf

a is callhd co uppe baund o a subsek b(a)

upper bovrd Pr e
16 b
if Ra¥
aA
a(h icalld
is called
calnd
ag one
ag Oner bound
10ey
bovrd: B ele c
ubs el- b(a)
aP b deA
df A iis
hound (1UB): hn ele callid a
te cst uppes
Ledst urper
bond
b
dRd.
LUB i calld aluo ds upie)um. ( suP)

CIveaed toer boud qLB)

e cordito,
th elt a A i alled (LB of d cuhret cbla)
ais d tB b.
dis a tB dh b hun dRa .
GLB is alo called ds m finum nf)

A ,b,c,die,h 9, h,i{
B-h,b,c

aRa, aRb,akc, aRd , ake, dR f, aRg, akh, aRi

bR,bRb, bfc, Rd, bRe, bRf, bRg, bRh, bR

aRb, ec, c Rd, cRe, cRt cRg, cRh cRj
Upper Dourd:e,{, ns
LUB ef
( B ) : aka, a Ph, aRc bKa, bRb, bgc
dka, dRb, dke
a

Louver pornda and GLB { a

L6, Lub, UB A GtB.
ind
 , b,ed,e,d, g,h? B ,d, ef
A a , cRb, cRe, cRd, cRe, cR(, cR9, <Rh
dRa, dh, dRe dPd, age, JR{, d Rg, dkn

eeRa, ePb. eRe, eKA, eRe, eR(, ekg, ekh

UB{f.g,h LUBt
bRe
bRe, b
Rd,
aki, akg, akh,
AB aRC, Rd,aR ,
lKe, dRddRe
CR, c Rd, cRe fRe, tfd, fge
eRc e d , eRe
he, hd, hfe
Hc, skd, gke
codo
LB a, b,cf