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Chemistry AQA Inorganic-And-Organic Chemistry 2 Workbook Answers
Chemistry AQA Inorganic-And-Organic Chemistry 2 Workbook Answers
Inorganic chemistry
Topic 4 Properties of period 3 elements
and their oxides
1a 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Si + O2 → SiO2
P4 + 5O2 → P4O10
S + O2 → SO2
Remember that it is the oxide formed on reaction of the element with oxygen. Phosphorus and
sulfur form two oxides. It is P4O10 and SO2 that form on reaction with oxygen.
The ionic (Na2O, MgO, Al2O3) oxides are solids as is the giant covalent oxide SiO2. P4O10 is a solid
as well due to the van der Waals forces between the molecules, but SO2 is a gas as it is a small
molecule with weak intermolecular forces between the molecules.
2a Basic
2b Bonding: ionic
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium form ionic compounds with oxygen. The oxides of sodium
and magnesium are basic oxides. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric.
3b
5a Bonding: covalent
Structure: giant/macromolecular
Sodium silicate
6a Bonding: covalent
Structure: simple/molecular
Phosphoric(v) acid
Sodium phosphate(V)
The oxidation state is important in the IUPAC name of an acid or its salt at this level. Remember
to include it when needed and also to recognise it.
Sulfuric(IV) acid
Sulfuric(VI) acid
The difference between sulfuric(IV) acid and sulfuric(VI) acid is important, as is the difference
between sulfate(IV) and sulfate(VI) ions. Make sure you look for the oxidation state as this is
important.
The coordination number is the number of coordinate bonds between the ligand(s) and the
central metal atom or ion. EDTA4− is a hexadentate ligand, so one ion forms six coordinate
bonds. The other ligands are monodentate so each forms a single coordinate bond with the
central metal atom or ion.
2 Answer is A
All contain 24 electrons as iron has an atomic number of 26, so the number of electrons in a 2+
ion should be 24. This is an important way to check this. Add up the superscript numbers.
Transition metal atoms lose their 4s electrons first. The most obvious distractor here is C as this
would imply that iron atoms would lose their 3d electrons to form the 2+ ion.
3a Answer is A
3b Answer is D
3c Answer is E
3d Answer is E
3e Answer is C
The shapes and coordination number of complexes are important. Create a list of complexes
with shape, coordination number, oxidation state of the transition metal atom or ion and colour
of any complex you are supposed to remember.
4a A = [Al(H2O)6]3+
B = [Cu(H2O)6]2+
C = [Fe(H2O)6]2+
4c [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
4e Carbon dioxide
The reactions of ions in aqueous solution can be used to identify the complex. Make sure you
know the identity of any precipitates and be able to write equations for the reactions.
Coordination number is 6
Shape is octahedral
1b Brown precipitate
1d Brown precipitate
Bubbles of gas
1f
ΔE = = = = 4.85 × 10−19 J
This type of question on one particular complex tests your knowledge of many different parts of
this section. The observations and equations for the reaction of [Fe(H 2O)6]2+, [Fe(H2O)6]3+,
[Cu(H2O)]2+ and [Al(H2O)6]3+ with sodium hydroxide solution, ammonia solution and sodium
carbonate solution are important. Remember that 3+ ions form the hydroxide precipitates with
sodium carbonate solution. The answer to (f)(i) using the other wavelength given (480 nm) would
be 4.14 × 10−19 J. Try the calculation backwards as well to make sure you can work out the
wavelength from the given value of ΔE.
The substance that could carry out a reduction of vanadium must be on the right-hand side of
the half-equations, so it cannot be iodine.
Sulfur dioxide being oxidised to sulfate(VI) ions has a potential of −0.17 V. Adding this to each of
the potentials for the vanadium half-equations gives +0.83 V (so +5 to +4 is feasible), +0.17 V (so
+4 to +3 is feasible) and −0.42 V (so +3 to +2 is not feasible), so sulfur dioxide reduces vanadium
from +5 to +3 but not to +2.
Zinc being oxidised from Zn to Zn2+ has a potential of +0.76 V and this means that zinc will
reduce vanadium from +5 to +2 as all of the reactions are feasible.
Iodide ions being oxidised to iodine has a potential of −0.54 V, so adding to each of the
potentials for the vanadium half-equations gives +0.46 V (so +5 to +4 is feasible), 0.20 V (so +4 to
+3 is not feasible) and −0.80 V, so +3 to +2 is also not feasible. Iodide ions would reduce
vanadium from +5 to +4 but no further.
2a Colourless to pink
This titration is self-indicating, so the last drop of the purple potassium manganate( VII) solution
added does not decolourise but changes the colourless solution to pink. Mn 2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions
have a very pale colour in solution compared to the intense colour of manganate( VII).
Mr of FeSO4.7H2O = 277.9
Using given ratio of 4:1 answers are 3.534 × 10−4 mol , 1.414 × 10−3 , 0.0565 mol ,
277.9 and 15.7 g
Often a ratio or numerical answer will be given to enable you to carry on with the rest of the
question and make sure you do this. The ×5 is from the ratio and ×40 is to multiply from 25 cm 3
to 1 dm3. Remember to give your answer to three significant figures. This question could have
asked for the degree of hydration of hydrated iron(II) sulfate using the initial mass (19.6 g) and
the final titre. Check that you would get 7 (or 6.96 which is what is obtained using the 19.6 g). It is
only the last couple of steps in the calculation that are different. Check it out below.
This reaction is commonly used as an example of homogeneous catalysis. Make sure you know
the ionic equations for the main reaction and the catalysed reactions.
Mr of FeC2O4.xH2O = = 179.7
x = 35.9/18.0 = 1.99 so x = 2
The most difficult part of this calculation is the ratio of FeC 2O4 : MnO4– = 5:3. It is important you
remember this or can work it out and sometimes the question will take you through the half-
equations and the ionic equations and working out the ratio. If you remember the overall ratio
then you know where you are going with the question. Both the Fe 2+ and C2O42– ions react with
MnO4−. Try repeating the calculation with an average titre of 8.40 cm3. This should give x = 3. This
is not a true value but allows you another chance to do the calculation.
This equation can be worked out from the two half-equations by multiplying the top one by 2 and
the bottom one by 5 to get 10e− in each. The equations when added together form the ionic
equation.
C is oxidised
Mn is reduced
Make sure you can clearly identify the element being oxidised and the element being reduced
using oxidation states. This was first met at AS but often forms parts of the A-level papers.
Purple solution
Changes to colourless
You can use an equation to determine the observations expected during a reaction even if you
have never seen the reaction. In this case carbon dioxide is produced so bubbles should be
seen in the solution. Also manganate(VII) ions are purple in solution and Mn2+ ions are virtually
colourless. You should know this from manganate(VII) titrations.
1b
ii Production of Mn2+
Autocatalysis by Mn2+
Colorimetry
This reaction is often used as an example of autocatalysis, as it shows the Mn2+ ions being
formed that catalyse the reaction. This is why the reaction is slow initially as it has no catalyst
present. As the Mn2+ ions are formed in the reaction the reaction rate increases. You may be
asked to sketch this shape of graph based on your knowledge of the reaction.
Optical isomers have a chiral centre which is a carbon with four different atoms or groups
attached.
2 Answer is C
It its good practice to quickly sketch out the isomers of C4H10O butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-
methylpropan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol. Butan-2-ol has a chiral centre, and therefore
stereoisomers, hence the total is 5.
b and f do not
First decide if the structures have chiral centres. You may need to draw the structure out.
4b
Remember to find the chiral centre, with four different groups attached, then draw two three-
dimensional structures, arrange the four groups on the structure and draw a mirror image.
One isomer rotates plane polarised light in one direction, the other rotates plane
polarised light in the opposite direction and the effect cancels
1b Ethanal
1c Pentan-3-one
1d Butanal
1e 3-methylpentanal
1f Pentan-2-one
1g Propanal
1h 2-methylpropanal
1i 4-methylpentanal
1j Methanal
1k 2-bromo-4-methylhexanal
1l Hexan-2-one
2b C7H13OBr
3 Answer is C
4c Hydride ion
4d
4e CH3COCH3 or
An isomer has the same molecular formula (C3H6O) and a different structure hence propanone is
the isomer.
1b Pentanoic acid
1c Butanoic acid
1d 3-hydroxypropanoic acid
1e Methyl butanoate
1f Propanoic acid
1g Propyl butanoate
1h Propyl methanoate
2 Answer is D
There cannot be a straight-chain ketone with two carbon atoms as the C=O has to be in the
middle of a molecule, so the simplest straight-chain ketone is propanone C 3H6O.
3a 2CH3CH2COOH + Mg → (CH3CH2COO)2Mg + H2
Remember that acid + metal gives salt and hydrogen, acid and base gives salt and water and
that acid and carbonate gives salt and water and carbon dioxide. The salts are -anoates.
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to give esters. Esters are named as alkyl carboxylates
where the alkyl name comes from the alcohol and the carboxylate name comes from the
carboxylic acid from which they are formed.
4c
Acid catalyst
An acid chloride reacts with an alcohol at room temperature. In this case the ester formed is
propyl ethanoate. It is not a reversible reaction.
2a Nucleophilic addition–elimination
2b N-methylpropanamide
Exam-style questions
1 Answer is A
Always make sure you number from one side; this eliminates answers B and C. The smallest
combination of numbers is chosen, hence D is incorrect.
2 Answer is C
An optically active compound has a chiral centre; a carbon with four different atoms or groups
attached. A and D do not have chiral centres. Tollens’ reagent is only reduced by aldehydes. C is
an aldehyde with a chiral centre.
3 Answer is C
The structure is an acyl chloride and it reacts with alcohols to form esters, in a reaction where
HCl is removed.
4a CH2O
The empirical formula is the simplest ratio. C16H32O2 is the molecular formula so the empirical
formula is C8H16O.
4b
2-hydroxypropanenitrile
5c Nucleophilic addition
5d
ii CH3CH=CHCHO
Remember that en means that a double bond is present and that it is on position 2
6b Catalyst
These are stronger than the dipole–dipole attractions between methyl propanoate
molecules
When explaining the difference in boiling points in molecular covalent substances, always refer
to intermolecular forces.
6d Goes to completion
Ratio 1:1
1e To remove impurities
Filter while hot and allow (filtrate) to cool and crystals to form
Actual value is less because of delocalisation, which makes benzene more stable
1b N-methylpropylamine
The prefix N is used to show that the alkyl groups are attached to the main chain via the nitrogen
atom.
1c Phenylamine
1d N-methylethylamine
1e 2-aminopropane
1f 2,4-diaminopentane
1g 1,3-diaminopropane
1h Diethylamine
1i 2-aminopropanoic acid
1j N,N-diethylpropylamine
2a
2b
Remember that aliphatic amines are more basic than ammonia, which in turn is more basic than
aromatic amines.
Moles of paracetamol produced = 0.1. Multiply this by the formula mass, 151.0, to get 15.1 g if the
yield is 100%. The yield is 80% so the answer is 15.1 × 0.8 = 12.1 g.
2a 1,3-dinitrobenzene
The NO2 group is nitro. There are two of them, so dinitro is used in the name. The position of the
nitro groups must be given; remember to place commas between numbers and a hyphen
between a number and word.
2b 1,2-dinitrobenzene or 1,4-dinitrobenzene
The position of the NO2 group can change to give an isomer, a different structure with the same
molecular formula.
2c
i NO2+
ii Electrophilic substitution
Be careful that the + is on the N and that the arrow comes from the ring. The horseshoe must not
extend beyond C2 to C6.
3a
Phenylethanone
3b
Amines have a lone pair on the nitrogen and so can act as nucleophiles.
Topic 12 Polymers
1 Answer is C
A and B would both form condensation polymers; A would form a polyamide polymer and B
would form a polyester polymer. D would form an addition polymer. The alcohol groups in
HO(CH2)2OH and the amino groups in H2N(CH2)4NH2 cannot react to form a polymer.
2a
or other appropriate
Any proper repeating unit is correct such as all the ones shown below. They are shown in
different colours to show you that the repeating unit can start from any part in the polymer
structure.
There are six possible repeating groups based on where you start from in the structure of the
polymer.
2b Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
Benzene-1,4-diamine
Kevlar
1b 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid
1c
1d
At low pH the NH2 groups and COOH groups are protonated. All NH2 groups are protonated.
2a
i
ii Adenine
iii Thymine
2b Cisplatin is [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
Lithal/LiAlH4 or H2
Excess NH3
It is important to be able to process the organic reactions you have met. Make sure you think
through the reactions. In Route A the carbon chain is lengthened so the reaction of the
halogenoalkane with KCN provides an extra carbon atom in the chain. The nitrile produced is
then reduced using either lithal or hydrogen to form the amine. The longer chain halogenoalkane
in Route B reacts directly with ammonia to form the amine. The conditions required in each step
are necessary. These questions are a great way to revise your organic chemistry.
As the molecule is symmetrical, the 1H nuclei in the two CH3 groups are chemically equivalent
and so occur at the same chemical shift. As there are no 1H nuclei bonded to the middle carbon
atom, there is no spin‒spin splitting, so there is only one singlet in the spectrum.
2 Answer is C
The first thing to consider here is the number of chemical environments. A and B have four
chemical environments whereas the spectrum shows only three sets of peaks which would
indicate three environments. C and D have three environments of 1H nuclei. In order of
increasing chemical shift, C would produce a triplet, a singlet and then a quartet as shown in the
spectrum. D would produce a triplet, a quartet and the singlet would be at the highest value.
3-methylbutanal is not optically active and the only one which has four different groups bonded
to the same carbon atom is 2-methylbutanal. Be able to work out that C2H5, CH3 CHO and H are
the different groups.
Any correct E‒Z isomer would be accepted but these are the answers accepted.
N is pentan-3-one.
This is the only ketone that has three peaks in its 13C NMR spectrum.
Topic 16 Chromatography
1a For spot 1 Rf = 2.5/8 = 0.3125
Rf values are calculated by dividing the distance moved by the spot by the distance moved by
the solvent.
The silica gel support is the stationary phase and is polar and so polar substances are held by
the stationary phase.