NAME: ALEKSA MIKAEL E.
NAVERA
ID NUMBER: 05-2122-006008
DATE SUBMITTED: 03/03/22
ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose 5 FORs and 3 Models. Follow the format below for your answers.
FORS/MODELS THEORETICAL
ASSUMPTIONS/THEORY
BASE
Biomechanical FOR The biomechanical frame
of reference has four
assumptions (by Dutton)
The first assumption is the
belief that the purposeful
activities can be used to
treat loss of range of
motion (ROM), strength,
and endurance.
The second assumption is
the belief that after ROM,
strength, and endurance
regained, the patient
automatically regains
function.
The third assumption is
the principle of Rest and
FUNCTION- DYSFUNCTION BEHAVIORS INDICATIVE POSTULATES
CONTINUUA OF FUNCTION- REGARDING CHANGE
DYSFUNCTION
This part of biomechanical Above mentioned Postulates regarding
frame of reference “concerned areas” can change identify links
focuses on concern areas be assessed by the among the presenting
or problem areas. Concern occupational therapist. problems, biomechanical
goals, and functional
areas of this frame of In Biomechanical
outcomes.
reference are – evaluation OT uses
1. Structural stability 2. different tools for
Passive Range of motion assessment like
3. Low level endurance Goniometer for Joint
4. Edema control range of motion,
5. Strength Volumetry for edema,
6. High level endurance. and manual muscle
These areas should be testing for strength.
focused by an Along with these
occupational therapist formal tests, OT also
while assuming does clinical
biomechanical frames of observation, including
Skin’s appearance, End
 stress. First, the body
must rest to heal itself.
Then, the peripheral
structure must be
stressed to regain range,
strength, and endurance.
The fourth assumption is
the belief that the
biomechanical frame of
reference is best suited
for patients with an intact
central nervous system.
Patients may have limited
range, strength, and
endurance, but have the
ability to perform smooth,
isolated movements.
Rehabilitative FOR In Occupational therapy
point of view,
“rehabilitation is to
compensate for
underlying deficit that
cannot be remediated in
a daily routine task and in
occupation.
reference in the treatment feel during range of
plan. motion and grip
Structural stability strength.
assumed as a primary
Low level and high
concerned area after that
level endurance can be
only, therapist can stress
assessed by using
peripheral structures
cardiac step chart and
(muscle stretching). In a
metabolic equivalents
fracture case, bone and
chart (MET). After the
soft tissue healing,
formal and informal
consider as structural
assessment, OT set the
stability.
objectives and goals
And, high level Endurance
for the patient.
should take care of at the
end of treatment
planning. Low level
endurance training can be
initiated along with low
resistance activities to
boost repetition.
In this approach, The occupational This postulate creates
an occupational therapist therapist must assess links between functional
focuses on performance the patient’s outcomes and specific
areas more than on capabilities and adaptive devices,
performance components. determine how to modification and
The aim of the overcome the effects procedure. Frequently
occupational therapy of disability. Many the methods of the
program is to minimize assessment tools are rehabilitation approach
The rehabilitative frame of
reference requires that
the client must be the part
of the rehabilitation team.
Rehabilitation programs
must be preferred in the
environment that is most
natural to the client. The
therapist must be creative
when coming up with
compensatory strategies
and environmental
modification.
In the rehabilitation frame
of reference, theories
suggest many
assumptions which form
the base of frame of
reference.
#1 – person can regain
independence through
compensation.
#2 – motivation is a basic
requirement for the
independence. Motivation
is based on values, role,
and interest.
disability barriers to role available to assess theare used in combination
performance. From the level of assistance with biomechanical or
Occupational Therapy needed while sensorimotor
perspective, activities of performing an activity.approaches. First,
daily living ( ADL), work The level of assistancebiomechanical or
and leisure, are the basic is generally labeled assensorimotor principles
and most important minimum, moderate, can be applied during
domains, where OT should and maximum rehabilitation activities
focus and bring assistance. Assistance to enhance and
independence in those may need at during reinforce the restoration
areas to successfully different activities like
of the sensorimotor and
rehabilitate a patient. bed mobility, bowel- cognitive components.
bladder control, skin Second, the treatment
ADL – it can be divided
care, communication program often focuses
into two main parts, i.e.
etc. on performance areas
self-care and home care. A
and performance
wide range of skills is In work evaluation,
components
required to perform ADL work behavior like
simultaneously. Thus the
activities like eating, work tolerance, work
restoration of
dressing, bathing, conditioning, grip
sensorimotor, cognitive,
homemaking, child care strength etc. evaluated
and psychosocial
etc. and noted. Similarly,
functions are combined
leisure skills are noted
Work tasks depend on the to improve functioning
down by implementing
nature of occupational in the performance
different interest
roles. areas.
checklists for adults
Leisure activities like and play evaluate for
watching TV, gardening, children.
playing guitar, piano, etc.
can also need
 #3 – environmental independence. So, a It is essential to
factors also plays person can take a leisure identify the stage-
important roles in break when he /she need specific cause of the
independence/rehab. it without any help from dysfunction.
others.
#4 – minimum of It will help the
emotional and cognitive therapist to decide
prerequisite skills are better rehabilitation
needed to make approach.
independence possible.
This postulate identify
links between present
problems and
functional outcomes.

Developmental FOR The developmental frame #1. The human organism While applying the In this phase of
of reference is based on develops horizontally in principle of a developmental frame
the normal human the areas of developmental frame of reference, OT plans
development. Generally, neurophysiological, of reference in clinical out the objective &
an occupational therapist physical, psychological, practice, OT must goals for the child. After
uses this frame of and psychodynamic assess the client about the assessment of a
reference in the kids with growth and in the his/her current level of child, if OT finds
gross motor skills or fine development of social skills present in the disruption in the normal
motor skills delays. language, daily living sand client at stage specific progression of growth
Developmental theories sociocultural skills at developmental periods and development (due
have typically described specific periods of time; across all domains. to any disease, injury or
patterns or sequences of #2. The human organism Growth occurs chromosomal problems)
development that are develops longitudinally in simultaneously in Postulates of change,
each of these areas in a many areas. OT looks particularly focus on the
accepted as being
characteristic for children.
The theories and concepts
behind the developmental
frame of reference are
presented by many
experts. In the clinical
setting, this theory is
applied when the
occupational therapist
facilitates or assist, the
adaptation process of the
client within his/her
environment.
continuous process as he child as a whole, so it’s “gaps” in the
ages; important to assess all developmental cycle.
#3. The mastery of the skills development The growth interruption
particular skills, abilities at specific periods. OT may cause a wide
and relationship in each of identifies the variety of problems for
the areas of deficiencies in the the child and his/her
neurophysiological, development pattern ability to interact with
physical, pychosocial and and milestones. the environment.
psychodynamic For example,
development, social assessment of
language, daily living and child’s fine motor
sociocultural skills, both skills, gross motor
horizontally and skills, social skills,
longitudinally is necessary language development
to the successful and other areas at the
achievement of same period.
satisfactory coping
behavior and adaptive
relationships;
#4. The mastery of these
skills is usually achieved
naturally in the course of
development;
#5. The fundamental
endowment of the
individual and the
stimulation of experiences
received within the
environment of the family
come together to interact
in such a way as to
promote positive early
growth and development
in both the horizontal and
longitudinal planes;
#6. Later the influences of
extended family,
community, social group
assist in the growth
process;
#7. The physical or
psychological trauma
related to disease, injury,
environmental
insufficiencies or
intrapersonal vulnerability
can interrupt the growth
and development process;
#8. These such “growth
interruption” will cause a
gap in the developmental
cycle resulting in disparity
between expected coping
behavior and adaptive
facility and the necessary
skills and abilities to
achieve same;
#9. The occupational
therapy through the
skilled application of
activities and relationship
can provide growth and
development links to
assist in closing the gap
between expectation and
ability by increasing skills,
abilities and relationships
in the areas of
development as indicated
both horizontally and
longitudinally;
#10. The occupational
therapy through the
skilled application of
activities and relationships
can provide growth
experiences to prevent the
development of potential
maladaptation related to
insufficient nurturance in
the areas of development
both horizontally and
longitudinally. (Llorens,
1970)
FORS/MODELS THEORETICAL
ASSUMPTIONS/THEORY
BASE
PEO Model The Person-Environment-
Occupation (PEO) model is
a model that emphasizes
occupational performance
shaped by the interaction
between person,
environment, and
occupation. The person
domain includes role, self-
concept, cultural
background, personality,
health, cognition, physical
performance, and sensory
capabilities. The
environmental domain
includes the physical,
cultural, institutional,
social, and socio-
economic environment.
The occupation refers to
the groups of tasks that a
person engages in and
meets his/her self-
maintenance, expression
FUNCTION- BEHAVIORS POSTULATES REGARDING
DYSFUNCTION INDICATIVE OF CHANGE
CONTINUUA FUNCTION-
DYSFUNCTION
Optimal function or Identify occupational Consider multi-dimensional
occupational performance strengths relationships P, E and O
performance results and challenges. that determine OP for
from a good fit between Identify PEO supports creating change. Consider
the three components and barriers. Use changes at any or all levels.
(P-E-O). Maximum fit client-centered tools
relates to optimal (client determines
occupational satisfaction with OP)
performance, whereas Temporal approach to
minimum fit relates to evaluate as OP is
minimum occupational dynamic and changes
performance, hence over time
dysfunction. Disability
can be associated with a
minimum or poor
person-environment fit
rather than the
impairment itself.
and fulfillment. The three
domains are dependent
and affected by each
other. In this model, the
overlapping area of the
three domains shapes
occupational performance
dynamically, and also
represents the level of
congruence of the
interaction between the
person, environment and
occupation. With the
higher level of
congruence, the quality of
occupational performance
is increased and vice
versa. In addition, the PEO
model takes a lifespan
perspective and so all
three domains and
occupational performance
would change over life.
Therefore, this model can
be viewed as an
assessment tool to
understand and analyze
problematic areas that
affect clients’
 occupational performance
or, as an intervention tool,
to improve clients’
occupational performance
by enhancing the
congruence of the three
domains.
Ecology EHP views contacts as the
Transactional Model means used by a person
to view his or her task
performance
opportunities.
Model of Human The Model Of Human
Occupation Occupation (MOHO)
frame of reference in
occupational therapy is
based on theories and
assumptions given by the
Mary Reilly. The model of
human occupation was
initially based on
Occupational Behavior
model (developed by
Interaction between Evaluate the client and Intervention is directed by
person or context contacts, what the the client’s wants and
affects behavior and client considers a needs.
task performance meaningful task, his or
her ability to engage in
those tasks, and the
tasks required for
successful role
performance.
In the function- Occupational After the initial screening
dysfunction continua, functioning and assessment, the
areas of concern related assessment is therapist will get the
to occupational roles important to set information about the
are discussed for meaningful goals. cause of occupational
assessment, and After goals setting, dysfunction, due to which
interventional planning. OTs can set an individual is not taking part
An occupational intervention plan in his occupational roles.
function is based on according to the need Its duty of a therapist to
exploration, of an individual. find out the problem in
competency, and subsystems of an open
Mary Reilly) and later on, achievement. While,
it was introduced to the occupation dysfunction
occupational therapy is based on inefficiency,
profession by the Gary incompetency, and
Kielhofner and Janice helplessness.
Burke in 1980.
This model had Occupational
undergone continuous dysfunction is where
development since it’s the occupational
starting. therapist has to work
and root out the causes
of uninvolvement in
occupation.
Inefficiency – refers to
the initial level of
occupational
dysfunction. This may
cause due to
dissatisfaction with
performance after
applying meaningful
activity.
Incompetence – it may
occur due to major loss
or limitation of skills. An
Individual may
experience feelings of
Generally, OCAIRS system. i.e volition,
(Occupational Case habituation, and
Analysis Interview and performance. If there is a
Rating Scale) can be problem in one of the
used as an initial subsystem, for example in
screening of performance subsystem.
occupational function. We know that
This scale focuses on performance depends on
the valued goals, the skills available or
interest, performance, defect in skill. Skill
skills of an individual, impairment may occur to
and most importantly, any injury or problem in
is he/she satisfied or the musculoskeletal or
dissatisfied while neurologic system. The
performing activities. therapist will focus on the
But there is no skill training and primary
limitation for the goal will be to resume
assessment. his/her occupation.
Occupational Occupational therapists
therapist’s can also remediate occupational
perform various other dysfunction by directly
scales after doing providing an occupation in
the initial screening. which the person engages
Some scales are – as therapy, counseling, and
occupational problem solving with the
performance history, person to identify and alter
interview, interest a maladaptive occupational
checklist, ADL lifestyle, and facilitating
checklist, decision engagement in occupation
 failure or making inventory, and by improving the fit
dissatisfaction. Due to so on. between the person and
which limitation can see his or her environment.
in an occupation as well
as in daily routine.

Helplessness – it is
characterized by a total
or near-total
disturbance in
occupational roles and
performance. This is
because of extreme
feelings of
ineffectiveness, anxiety,
depression, or all three.

Neurodevelopmental Theories include: Motor control involves Spasticity and Need to inhibit abnormal
Theory Neurology learning normal abnormal movement movement patterns and
Neurophysiology sensations of patterns that provide facilitate normal movement
Neuropsychology movement. Basic incorrect info to the through controlled sensory
stimuli. With the
Cognitive psychology postural control is CNS. Evaluate tone,
performance of normal
Motor control required before movement, patterns,
movement patterns, the
Movement sciences functional skills. postural control, brain learns or develops
vestibular and better motor control as it is
somatosensory receiving appropriate sensory
systems. stimuli. Prevent abnormal
movement patterns and
replace them with normal

Spatiotemporal Theories include:
Adaptation Human development,
developmental theory,
neurological theory, stress
you are you
patterns of three sensory
stimuli to facilitate a
developmental sequence of
movement.
Development is Child’s drive to be Neuroplasticity can be
influenced by effective results in a elicited through play
environmental purpose that elicits experience. The
experiences. There is a more complex environment and the child
dynamic relationship movement patterns. should be endowed with a
between CNS Dysfunction damage sense of purpose so that a
development, behavior to the CNS results in child participates actively
and the environment. ineffective motor and without distress.
behaviors or
interactions with the
environment that shut
down the
spatiotemporal
process.