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04
04
! " #
$ %
& $ %
' !
&
&
( & !
! %
) $ !
* !
+
, " ! + %-
.
/
012+ω
ω% ω%
= =
ω% ω%
= =
2 +* !
+ ω + = = + !
= + !
+* !
+* !
%
+ ω ϕ +ω
+ ω = + ω +
= +ω
+ω %
ϕ +ω 4 & %
- # ) +ω = 5 5 + +ω
" ) ϕ 5 +ω 6 ω 5 7 ω5
ω5 = % % -−
ω ! ! ! %+ %
) $ !
1 = +ω% + ϕ
4 + =5
+ ω = = + 4
+
+ ω = %- ω5 =
+ ω
+ ω =
ω
+
ω5
ω
+ω = 9 ϕ +ω = −
ω ω5
+
ω5
!! )
# + ω << ω 5
! +ω = ! ) = 5% - :! ; − ∞%
ω 5 ω
−∞
ω5
! ϕ +ω = 5 ! ϕ +ω = 5 % - :! ; %
ω 5 ω
−∞
ω5
+ ω >> ω 5
ω
+ω <
+∞ ω
5
ω5
! + ω − =5
ω +∞ ω
ω5
1 ! +ω − +− 5 =5
ω
)
ω +∞
ω5
- :! & =− 5 + +ω = − 5 +∞%
ω
)
π
! ϕ +ω = − %- :! ; +∞
ω +∞
8
ω5
5
ω
+ω 5 = ) +ω 5 = −8 )
ϕ +ω
ω5
5
ω
π
−
π
ϕ +ω 5 = − =−
1 = +ω% + ϕ
∞%
ω
ω ω5
+ ω = = = = 4 ω5 =
+ + ω ω
+ +
ω ω5
ω
ω5 π ω
+ω = 9 ϕ +ω = −
ω ω5
+
ω5
# + ω << ω 5
ω
+ω <
5 ω5
ω5
! +ω − 5 =5
ω
)
ω 5
ω5
- :! & +ω = 5 − ∞%
ω
)
π
! ϕ +ω =
ω 5
+ ω >> ω 5
ω 6 ω5
+ω < < % ! +ω = 9 ! +ω = 5
ω 6 ω5 +∞
)
+∞ ω → +∞ ω → +∞
! ϕ +ω = 5
ω +∞
ω5
5
ω
ϕ +ω & !>! π6 4
ϕ +ω
π
ω5
5
ω
!! ) :!
!! ) :! & :!
# % +' !! ) :! ?
% 0 ! 4 ! +
# ! %
=
! "
! 2
π
1 + ω= % & ? ?! 2
∞ ∞
∃+ ∈ ∃+ ∈ A ∀ ∈ + = +ω% % + +ω% %
=5 =5
-
5 = +
= +3 +ω% % 3 3
5
= +3 +ω% % 3 3
5
B !
∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ + 5 = 5 ϕ5
=5
* ! 5 4 ! :
* ! ! ! 2 %
$ ! & ! !
∞
+ = +ω% + ϕ + +ω% % + ϕ
=
!
= !
C !# C
1 & D ! E !
2 F+! 4 ! 4 !!
$ ! ! !?
∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ
! =5
! ! !
+
) * ?!
( " & + %
@
+ = + = + +
+ → +
+ → +
+ + + = + + ⇔ + = + + +
* ?! " + = + + +
!! " $ 4 ! +4 #
! !! ! !# %
+ $ 6 !
∞
2 + = +ω% % + ϕ
=5
- 4 + " +ω% % + ϕ %
= + = +ω% % + +
+ ω
∞
+ = +ω% % + +
=5
&
( %
)
= ω +ω ≥ ! $
= {ω ) +ω ≥ ! $
) − 8 )}
(
.# # ! [59 ω ] %
. # ! [ω 9+∞[ %
.# # ! [ω 9 ω ]
.# # ! [59 ω ] ∪ [ω 9+∞[
+ ω
+ ω = 7 : !
+ ω
≤ 9 & %
$ ! .#
∞ ∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ 9 + = 3 +ω% % + ϕ 3
=5 =5
3
+ ω =
ω << ω & ! # + # !
ω >> ω 3 << +
G
2 .
2
4 %
ω ω 6 ω5
+ ω = = 4 ω5 = %
+ ω + ω 6 ω5
4 %
ω 6 ω 6 ω5
+ ω = = 4 ω5 =
+ ω 6 + ω 6 ω5
- ! %
* &
' .
∞
+ = + +ω% % + ϕ
=
↑
↓
=
∞
+ =5+ +ω% % + ϕ = + −
=
H
8 ! ! 4
1 ω << ω 5
ω 6 ω5 ω
+ ω = <
+ ω 6 ω5 ω5
ω
= + = + 012+ω
ω5 ω5
∞
π
+ = +ω% % + ϕ +ω =
=5
+ +ω% % + ϕ + +ω% % + ϕ
+ = +
ω5 ω5
ω <<ω5
1 ! 2 !
+
+ ω << ω 5 + ≈
ω5
2 .#
2
+ ω = = 4 ω5 = %
+ ω + ω 6 ω5
+ ω = = 4 ω5 = %
+ ω + ω 6 ω5
+ ω = % + ω ! $
= % + ω = ⇔ ω = ω5
ω
+
ω5
- .# # [59 ω 5 ]
I
!
= π
ω
- .# ω 5 << ω
∞
+ = 5 + +ω% % + ϕ
=
↓ ↓≈
+ = 5 + 5
+ +5 =
8 ! ! .
012+ω ω >> ω 5
ω
+ ω < < 5
ω 6 ω5 ω
ω5
= % + = ω5 +3 3
ω 5
π
+ = ! :
ω
∞
+ = +ω% % + ϕ + 5 =5
=
∞
4 ω >> ω 5 + = ω5 +ω% % 3+ϕ 3 = ω5 +3 3
= 5 5
2 $ !
2
+ ω = =
+ ω + + ω −
ω ω
5
!! )
# >> >>
ω
+ω :! & = 5
ω
) )
>> >>
!
ωω = × = ω5
ω + ω
5 ω5 = 5 5
ω5
ω 6ω = × = = =
1 > ω < ω5 < ω
1 < ω < ω5 < ω
>>
ω ω5 ω
ω
' ! $! ! ω = ω5 +ω 5 = % - # + ?
# ?
<
ω ω5 ω
ω
! ) ≈5
) ≈ Kω 9 ω J