Lesson 3

Contribution of Greeks, Persian and Romans

1-     
greek
philosophers

greece is a country in
southern europe, its mainland is located in balkan

peninsula

1-     
tales
of miletus- developed the  theory of matter
based upon water

2-     
socrates-
emphasize the study of human nature in relation to society

3-     
empedocles-
assumed that there were more than one kind of matter

and postulated four roots

of elements earth, air, fire and water

4-     
hippocrates-
started the science of medicine , and the greatest physician in antiquity. Hippocrates-
started the science of medicine ,( father of  
medicine ) , greatest physician in antiquity. He gives the ethical
standard

the hippocratic  oath 

to preserved life.

5-     
aristotle-
the father of biology undertook a large scale of  classifications of plants and animals,
introduced the method of

scientific thinking .
Studied many areas of science  like
physics,

astronomy, meteorology,
etc.

6-     
archimedes-
performs experiment which led him to discover the laws of the lever  and pulley ., invented machine
which could
easily move loads

7-     
ptolemy-
founded geocentric theory  ( that the
earth is at the center of the universe)

8-     
democritus
– developed atomic  theory , elaborated
that matter consisted of atoms

9-     
phytagoras-
greatest mathematician  ( phytagorean
theorem)

10-  
plato-
dealt with the  nature of the universe   ascribed
geometric forms

composed with the elements

of earth,  fire,  air and water

11-  
aristarchus-
mathematician and astronomer  discovered
the way

planets move in their

orbits , and also the earth  revolves
around  the
sun.

12-  
hipparchus-
discovered the length of the month

13-  
eratosthenes-
determined that the distance around the 
earth, was

28,000 miles more than

what we know today.

14-  
theophrastus-
father of plant science , he wrote history of plants ,

and causes of plants , he

is the most outstanding botanist , and

deals with the medicinal

uses of plants.

1-     
persian  civilization

it is the former name of

iran ,it was founded by  cyrus the great
in the 6th

century bc . Largest
empire of the ancient world , their culture is one

of the oldest  in the middle east , one of richest art

heritages in world history , including 
architecture, weaving, painting, pottery, calligraphy,

metalworking and stone masonry , they

make persian rugs ( carpet)

                       some calligrapy of

persians are painting , hand lettering , cursive  etc.
1-     
nas
taliq- the most beautiful 
calligraphy  and complicated

2-     
pottery-
design of their wares, ceramic art objects such as figures tiles

and table ware made from

clay and other raw materials.

Continuation:

3-     
domes-
constructed  in first large scale  they are mostly mosaic  face

with magical view

4-     
structures
like mosques, mauseoleum, bazaars, bridges, and palaces

5-     
wind
tower is a chimney like structure position above the house to

catch the prevailing wind.

                    111- roman civilization:

                             It is the capital

of italy , it is a characterize of a government headed

                             by an emperors and

large territorial holdings  around the
mediteranian

                             sea in europe  , it is known today the eternal city.

Latin  is their language

                             development:

                             1-romans use water

power and watermills

      2-made great aqueducts, dams, bridges,  and amphitheaters

      3-constructed numerous aqueducts  to supply water

      4-many resources to the study of

astronomy, astrology, geography and

          other sciences .

5-they used sundials to

tell time

6-advanced in glassblowing
tecniques  in the form of window glass,

    hanging glass oil lamps.

7-romes military
technological improvements to weapons shield,

    and armour

                              notable roman

scientist

1-     
galen-
great physician and surgeon

2-     
vitruvius-
writer provides important knowledge about ancient  rome

3-     
pliny-
described almost thousand species of plants for their medicinal uses