“Li-Fi Data Transfer System”

A project report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of

the University of Mumbai for the Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics Engineering
By
Mr. Abhishek Pawar
Mr. Roshan Suvarna
Mr. Sumit Nandkar
Mr. Archit Devendra

Under the Guidance

of
Prof. Amit Deshmukh

Department of Electronics Engineering

TERNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAVI MUMBAI

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Academic Year 2022-2023
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify

that the requirements for the synopsis entitled

“Li-Fi Data Transfer System ”

have been successfully completed by the following students

Name Enrollment No.

Mr. Abhishek Pawar TU1F1819026

Mr. Roshan Suvarna TU1F1819039

Mr. Sumit Nandkar TU1F1819041

Mr. Archit Devendra TU1F1819054

in partial fulfillment of the degree course in

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2022-2023
Under the guidance
of

Prof. Amit Desshmukh

___________________ ____________________
Prof. R.V. Chimankare Prof. Amit Deshmukh
(Project Coordinator) (Project Guide)

__________________ ___________________

External Examiner Dr. Balaji Hogade (HOD)

2
 Project Report Approval for B.E.
This project report entitled

“Li-Fi Data Transfer System”

By

Mr. Abhishek Pawar

Mr. Roshan Suvarna

Mr. Sumit Nandkar
Mr. Archit Devendra

Is approved for the Degree of Electronics Engineering

Examiners

1.-----------------------------------------------------

2.-----------------------------------------------------
 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where
other’s ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in
our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will cause disciplinary action by
the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

_______________________________ _________________________________

Mr.Abhishek Pawar Mr. Roshan Suvarna

________________________________ ___________________________________

Mr.Sumit Nandkar Mr. Archit Devendra

Date:

Place:

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards our guide Prof.Amit Deshmukh and
Project coordinator Prof.R.V.Chimankare for the help, guidance, and encouragement he
provided during the B.E Major-Project Dissertation. This work would have not been possible
without his valuable time, patience and motivation. We thank them for making our stint
thoroughly pleasant and enriching. It was great learning and an honor being their student.

We take the privilege to express our sincere thanks to Dr. L.K Ragha, our Principal, and
Dr.Balaji Hogade, our HOD for providing encouragement and much support throughout our
work.

Last but not least we would like to thank all the helping hands who directly or indirectly helped
us in our project.

Mr. Abhishek Pawar

Mr. Roshan Suvarna
Mr. Sumit Nandkar
Mr. Archit Devendra

3
 ABSTRACT

Whether we’re using wireless internet in a coffee shop, stealing it from the guy next door, or
competing for bandwidth at a conference, you’ve probably gotten frustrated at the slow speeds you
face when more than one device is tapped into the network. As more and more people and their many
devices access wireless internet, clogged airwaves are going to make it increasingly difficult to latch
onto a reliable signal. But radio waves are just one part of the spectrum that can carry our data. What
if we could use other waves to surf the internet? One German physicist,DR. Harald Haas, has come
up with a solution he calls “Data Through Illumination ''—taking the fiber out of fiber optics by
sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow.
It’s the same idea behind infrared remote controls, but far more powerful. Haas says his invention,
which he calls D-Light, can produce data rates faster than 10 megabits per second, which is speedier
than your average broadband connection. He envisions a future where data for laptops, smartphones,
and tablets is transmitted through the light in a room. And security would be a snap—if you can’t see
the light, you can’t access the data. Li-Fi is a VLC, visible light communication, technology
developed by a team of scientists including Dr Gordon Povey, Prof. Harald Haas and Dr Mostafa
Afgani at the University of Edinburgh. The term Li-Fi was coined by Prof. Haas amazed people by
streaming high definition video from a standard LED lamp, at TED Global in July 2011. Li-Fi is now
part of the Visible Light Communications (VLC) PAN IEEE 802.15.7 standard. “Li-Fi is typically
implemented using white LED light bulbs. These devices are normally used for illumination by
applying a constant current through the LED. However, by fast and subtle variations of the current,
the optical output can be made to vary at extremely high speeds. Unseen by the human eye, this
variation is used to carry high-speed data,” says Dr Povey, , Product Manager of the University of
Edinburgh's Li-Fi Program ‘D-Light Project’.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5

ABSTRACT 6

TABLE OF CONTENT 7

LIST OF FIGURE 9

LIST OF TABLE 10

CHAPTER 1 11

1.1INTRODUCTION 11

1.2BACKGROUND 11

1.3 MOTIVATION 11

CHAPTER 2 12

2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 12

2.2 SCOPE 12

CHAPTER 3 13-19

3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 13

3.2 COMPARISON 16

3.3 CURRENT SCENARIO 19

CHAPTER 4 20-21

4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM 20

4.2 FUNCTIONAL MODULES 21

5
CHAPTER 5 22-31

5.1 METHODOLOGY 22

5.1.1 A) BLOCK DIAGRAM 22

5.1.1 B) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM. 24

5.2 COMPONENTS REQUIREMENTS 25

CHAPTER 6 32

6.1 ADVANTAGES 32

6.2 LIMITATIONS AND DRAWBACKS 32

SUMMARY 33

REFERENCE 34

6
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Visible Light Communication (VLC), a wireless technique that uses LEDs to
transport data, is comparable to Wifi. VLC is a free-space optical wireless
communication technique that uses visible light to transmit data across great
distances.To transport data, Li-Fi and Wi-Fi use electromagnetic waves. Wi-Fi
makes use of radio waves. Radio waves are unable to function underwater because
the medium is conducting. It can penetrate the water for a few tens of meters. Li-Fi
uses 100 Mb/s of visible light. VLC generally provides a fast data throughput of
about 500 Mb/s. Li-Fi is credited with having been developed by German scientist
Harald Haas, who taught at the University of Edinburgh. Light is a speedy data
transmitter since it moves at a rapid pace.

1.2 BACKGROUND
Li-Fi was created in 1997 and created by Harald Haas. Li-Fi has shown that it's 100
times faster than Wi-Fi. In October 2011, companies and industry groups formed the
Li-Fi consortium, to promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome
the limited amount of radio-based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a
completely different part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
LiFi is a revolutionary new technology capable of transmitting high volumes of data
through the modulation of visible light. It is a form of visible light communication
technology that is capable of transmitting data in two directions. As such, to define
its history, we must also define the history of VLC technology.
The earliest known work on modern VLC began at Nakagawa Laboratories in Keio
University, Japan. Research on the technology focused on transmitting data by
visible light through the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Japanese researchers proposed the concept of communication through visible light in
2000. Using LED lights as a base station, the researchers simulated an indoor
communication system that would utilize overhead lighting as a medium of
transmission.
The researchers at Nakagawa saw the prospects brought by VLC technology. They
placed plenty of effort into their research into the technology and in 2009, were able
to create a high-speed communication technology that reached 100 Mbit/s.

7
1.3 MOTIVATION
With LiFi, the world can avoid the spectrum crunch or overwhelming demand for
data. It’s a good tool to prepare for the future, as millions of people continue to rely
on the internet to do their day-to-day activities. But LiFi isn’t only for the
future—you can explore and use it now.
Multiple companies have launched LiFi products you can use in your home or
office. Some of them have even started developing LiFi for modernizing different
industries. Nevertheless, you can now enjoy life with LiFi. Here are some scenarios
where you can use it:

Use LiFi to experience revolutionary speed

Digital signals transmitted by light are way faster than those carried through radio
waves. Companies that tested LiFi projected it to be up to 1000 times faster than
WiFi. It can transmit 224GB of data per second. If you need to download a
high-definition video or send large files online, you can do it in a matter of seconds
at that speed rate.

Connect to LiFi for better data security

These days, phishing and other cybersecurity attacks are common. It can be easy to
carry out these attacks because radio waves that pass through walls are interceptable.
People outside your WiFi network can penetrate your connection and compromise
your data.
With LiFi, you can add an extra layer of security to your data. Light can’t pass
through walls—it bounces off hard surfaces instead. So, when you use LiFi in an
enclosed room, you can ensure your connection is secure. If you run a business that
deals with sensitive data or simply want to boost your security online, you can use
LiFi for your vulnerable devices.

Utilize LiFi to foster a sustainable lifestyle

With LiFi, you have wireless connectivity and light in one device. That efficiency
can help your household save on energy costs, especially if you use routers and
signal boosters all day long. Plus, when you leave a room, switching the light off
means turning off the LiFi as well. That simple change in energy use can have a big
impact on Mother Nature.

8
Switch to LiFi if you live in dead zones
Another reason you need to switch to LiFi today is to stay connected even when
you’re in dead spots. Say your studio is in the basement, or you live in an area where
WiFi is scarce. You can benefit from LiFi significantly, as it works in dead zones.
Again, it doesn’t rely on radio waves—you only need a stable source of light in a
dead spot to connect to LiFi.

9
 CHAPTER 2
2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Underwater communication is difficult due to factors such as multipath

propagation, time variations of the channel, small available bandwidth and strong
signal attenuation, especially over long ranges. Additionally, WiFi cannot be used
in underwater communication because in water the Radio Waves are absorbed.

2.2 SCOPE

Li-Fi can be used underwater because light can penetrate deep water. Our main
aim is to reduce the complexity and implement underwater wireless
communication in real time.A low cost, automated system for underwater
wireless communication to happen with ease. Li-fi could serve as a best
alternative instead of an acoustic modem due to its high speed, highly secured
data transfer and energy efficiency. Underwater communications can be
monitored and analyzed.

10
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Review of Literature Survey:

A literature survey or literature review in a project report which gives the

analysis and research made in the field of our interest and the result already
published taking into account the various parameters of the project and the extent
of the project.

[1] In this Paper,Wiring Harnesses combine control and communication wires.

Such a solution was successfully carried out and replaced the wiring harness for
lamp, wiper and fan assembly in vehicles, this reduced the weight by 67%.

[2] With new 5G technology most of the concerns about 5G’s supposed negative
impact on health stem from its cell towers having such a different architecture
than the ones supporting today’s 3G and 4G cellular networks. Therefore, to
achieve high data rate and meet the smart cities requirement, light fidelity (Li-Fi)
is the best solution. Li-Fi can accommodate the huge number of users that are
needed to connect everything to internet , so called IOT.

[3] In this Paper,The visible light spectrum is operated by Li-Fi that is ten
thousand times as much as the spectrum of radio waves. It uses visible light,
rather than traditional radio waves, as a mode of transmission.

[4] Sensors that monitor the human body include those that record respiration,
blood pressure, and heartbeat. The PIC16F877A modifies it by converting it to
digital form, which is then input into the Li-Fi module that communicates
information in light form. The camera sensor's light is picked up by the receiver.
The information is then visually displayed on the computer.

5] The use of the visible light spectrum also means that Li-Fi has a smaller
impact on the environment. As known, there was very little impact caused by
visible light spectrum to other organisms such as plants, animals, and their
ecosystem. So,as LIFI offers greater security, reduced power consumption, and
less environmental impact, Li-Fi can be seen as a „greener‟ yet more efficient
technology.

[6] In this project,a small scale Li-Fi system that can be used to provide
short-range tele-operational control of an underwater vehicle. Such control can
either be provided from a diver operating in close proximity of the robot or via a
communications relay from surface-based support.

11
[7] Li-Fi is the use of the visible light portion of the electro-magnetic spectrum to
transmit information at very high speeds.

[8] In the system, the data is transferred at higher speed with the help of available
light sources and there is no need for RF dependent technologies. Voice
Activated Li-Fi Operated Surveillance where Li-Fi technology is employed as
wireless medium to achieve machine movements according to the operator's
voice using speech recognition algorithm.

[9] Voice guidance system using Li-Fi is an effective tool to guide normal and
blind people. All we have to do is to program it into the chip and connect it to the
illuminating device to guide a person entering the building to different regions
through a pre-recorded audio using li-fi technology.

[10] The system is divided into four parts: a trolley portion, an invoicing server, a
payment server, and a product id section. Each product has an RFID tag.reader
may recognise each item added to the shopping cart, and list can be updated
when one or more items are taken out.Trolley's LiFi establish connection with
the server LiFi, which updates data.

12
 3.2 COMPARISON

Paper Year Description Benefits Application

Wiring Harness 2018 Command and communication wires are used Reduction in vehicle Wiring Harness
Reduction in wiring harnesses.Such an answer weight and fuel Reduction in
successfully completed the replacement of consumption. Automotive
In Automotive
Using Lifi wiring for a bulb, a wiper, and a fan assembly
in automobiles, which decreased the weight by
67%.

Li-Fi Technology for 2020 With new 5G technology most of the concerns economic growth and 1. Smart Infrastructure
Smart Cities about 5G’s supposed negative impact on health a high quality of life 2. Air Quality
stem from its cell towers having such a Management
different architecture than the ones supporting
today’s 3G and 4G cellular networks.
Therefore, to achieve high data rate and meet
the smart cities requirement, light fidelity
(Li-Fi) is the best solution. Li-Fi can
accommodate the huge number of users that are
needed to connect everything to the internet so
called IOT.

Audio Transmission 2018
Through Lifi System
The visible light spectrum is operated by Li-Fi It can be used in It uses visible light,
that is ten thousand times as large as the places where it is rather than traditional
spectrum of radio waves. It uses visible light, prohibited to use radio radio waves, as a
rather than traditional radio waves, as a mode waves. Given its very mode of transmission.
of transmission. high speed

Patient Monitoring in 2016 Sensors that monitor the human body include Avoids frequency Hospital management
the Hospital those that record respiration, blood pressure, contact with the Patient monitoring
Management using and heartbeat. The PIC16F877A modifies it by human body and
LiFi converting it to digital form, which is then medical equipment.
input into the Li-Fi module that communicates
information in light form. The camera sensor's
light is picked up by the receiver. The
information is then visually displayed on the
computer.

Environmental Impacts 2018 In terms of energy consumption, Li-Fi has a Very little impact is LIFI offers greater
Review of Li-Fi security, reduced
lower energy consumption, a wider range of caused by the visible
power consumption,
usage, a greater security, and less light spectrum to and less
environmental impact. plants, animals. environmental impact.

13
Paper Year Description Benefits Application
Wireless 2018 a small scale Li-Fi system that can be used to no need of expensive Teleoperation of an
Teleoperation of an provide short-range tele-operational control shielded ethernet underwater robot
Underwater Robot of an underwater vehicle. Such control can cables or high-speed
using Li-Fi either be provided from a diver operating in fiber optic cables that
close proximity of the robot or via a are also quite fragile.
communications relay from surface-based
support.

The Next Generation 2018 Li-Fi is the use of the visible light portion of Lifi communication Smart Lighting,Mobile
of Wireless the electro- removes the Connectivity,RF
Communication magnetic spectrum to transmit information at complexity of cable Avoidance
Using Li-Fi very high speeds. communication.

Voice Activated Li-Fi 2015 In the system, the data is transferred at higher safer communication smart Surveillance
Operated Surveillance speed with the help of available light sources without any harmful
System and there is no need for RF dependent effect to environment
technologies. Voice Activated Li-Fi Operated
Surveillance where Li-Fi technology is
employed as wireless medium to achieve
machine movements according to the
operator's voice using speech recognition
algorithm.

VOICE GUIDANCE 2018 Voice guidance system using Li-Fi is an Li-Fi provides very Navigation System for
SYSTEM USING effective tool to guide normal and blind high speed and most Visually Impaired
LIFI people. All we have to do is to program it in efficient People
to the chip and connect it to the illuminating communication.use of
device to guide a person entering building to 1 light bulb in our
different regions through a pre recorded project provides range
audio using li-fi technology in one room. Hence
use of multiple lights
increases the range of
communication

Automatic product 2019 The system is divided into four parts: a Convenience when Intelligent shopping
identification and trolley portion, an invoicing server, a shopping. We can billing
intelligent shopping payment server, and a product id section. significantly reduce And product
billing Each product has an RFID tag.reader may the queue or even identification
recognise each item added to the shopping eliminate its purpose
cart, and list can be updated when one or by implementing this
more items are taken out.trolley's LiFi process.
establish connection with the server LiFi,
which updates data

14
 CHAPTER 4
4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

❏Li-Fi can be used underwater because light can penetrate deep water.
❏Our main aim is to reduce the complexity and implement underwater wireless
communication in real time.
❏A low cost, automated system for underwater wireless communication to happen
with ease.
❏Li-Fi could serve as a best alternative instead of an acoustic modem due to its
high speed, highly secured data transfer and energy efficiency.
❏Underwater communications can be monitored and analyzed.

VLC means communication through visible light. The VLC technique involved
in this Li-Fi is light fidelity. The Li-Fi method uses LED for data transfer. The
data is transformed into light energy. Then, the LED flash in the form of data.
The photodiode was acting as a receiver. It receives the data and arranging it in a
sequence manner.

15
 LI-FI Transmitter

While designing a transmitter, the main part we want to select is a light source.
The light source is maybe LED or LASER diode. The light source should be
cost-effective, simplicity and good efficient, as well as the source, needs to be
work in both the medium which is free space and underwater. Both LED and
LASER have pros and cons. Laser diodes are not requisite for underwater
communication. It may emit overheats and it is overpriced to implement in
underwater communication. The system needs to be compact and power-
efficient. For underwater purposes, LED is a perfect choice. It is small in size,
power-efficient, low cost, longer lifetime, and less complex.

16
 LI-FI RECEIVER

The receiver contains a photodetector that converts light energy into electrical
energy. Here, the photodiodes are used as a photodetector. The photodiode is
smaller in size, operates at high speed, and ambient noise performance. The
photodiodes are current-controlled devices. The device operates in reverse bias
condition, when the reverse current increases then the light intensity is also
increased. Most of the devices work when the current changes into
voltage.Therefore, the current signal from the photodiode is converted into a
voltage signal which follows ohm’s law. It takes time to receive the data.

17
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 METHODOLOGY

A)Block Diagram:

18
Information is transmitted from one point to another via modulation. Modulation
forming the basis of communication is the process of transmission of low frequency
data signal with high frequency carrier signal. As it could be understood from the
description above, we need two signals for the modulation process. These are data
signals (voice, music) to transmit and high frequency carrier signals. For three reasons
modulation is a necessity. First, low frequency data signals do not have that much
energy to travel far distances. Second, if low frequency data signals were not imposed
on carrier signals, in other words if not modulated, the dimension of the antenna would
be inefficiently long. It is because the dimension of the antenna is inversely proportional
to frequency. Third, data signal bandwidth is 20 Hz-20 KHz and assuming the
frequency range of amplitude modulation is 5-10 KHz, there could be a few stations
established. For these causes modulation as the basis of communication is a demanding
tool needed to be used. The above diagram shows the actual working process of the
19
underwater communication using the lifi technology.

In it first we use the laptop or speaker as input to this system. In this we write a message
which will be transferred to the transmitter circuit to the receiver circuit to display at the
receiver end. Next one is the interfacing circuit. This circuit is used for the interfacing
of the Arduino Uno. Here we use the Arduino Uno as a microcontroller. Mainly in this
Arduino Uno the all date will be given to the transmitter circuit before that the data send
from the of is displayed on the LED1.Then the data will be converted into the signal
from by using the Arduino .We program the Arduino like that when we send the data to
the Arduino circuit We program the Arduino like that when we send the data to the
Arduino circuit the Arduino will encrypted the program into the different form. Then
this data will be sent to the LI FI transmitter circuit. In this li fi transmitter circuit by
using the light sensor we will transmit the data towards the receiver side. In between the
transmitter and receiver circuit we will use the water as a Media. The data will be
received at the receiver end and then the data description program will be given to the
Receiver Arduino circuit .The Arduino will describe the data on the receiver side end.

B) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

20
Transmitter Circuits are

Power Supply (5V Supply)

Capacitors

Resistors

Op-Amp IC - µA 741

Potentiometer (Audio / Feedback Controller)

Transistor – BC 548

Light Source – LEDs

3.3.1 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply is the most indispensable part of any project. IC Regulators are
versatile and relatively inexpensive and are available with features such as
current/voltage boosting, internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown
and floating operation for high voltage applications. The regulated circuit is used
to maintain a constant output level. the regulator IC used here is LM 7805. It
provides regulated 5V to the Circuit. Its maximum input voltage is 35V and
minimum voltage is 8V.Output is Constant 5V.

21
The Pin out diagram of LM 7805 IC is given below

LM 7805 Have several Features, they are listed below.

Features of LM 7805 Regulator are

Output current is up to 1.5A

Output Voltage of 5,5.2,6,8,8.5,9,12,15,18,24V

Thermal overload Protection

Short circuit Protection

Output Transition SOA Protection

Maximum input Voltage = 35V

We can also use 5V DC Cell for the power supply of the circuit.

22
Capacitor

A capacitor is a two-terminal, electrical component. Along with resistors and

inductors, they are one of the most fundamental passive components we use.
What makes capacitors special is their ability to store energy; they‟re like a
fully charged electric battery. Caps, as we usually refer to them, have all sorts of
critical applications in circuits. Common applications include local energy
storage. Capacitance is its Unit. Not all capacitors are created equal. Each
capacitor is built to have a specific amount of capacitance. The capacitance of a
capacitor tells you how much charge it can store, more capacitance means more
capacity to store charge. The standard unit of capacitance is called the farad,
which is abbreviated F. It turns out that a farad is a lot of capacitance, even
0.001F (1 milli farad – 1mF) is a big capacitor. Usually we‟ll see capacitors
rated in the Pico- (10-12) to microfarad (10-6) range.

Resistors

Resistors are the most commonly used component in electronics and their
purpose is to create specified values of current and voltage in a circuit. The unit
for measuring resistance is the OHM. (The Greek letter Ω - called Omega).
Higher resistance values are represented by "k" (kilo-ohms) and M (Mega
ohms). For example, 120 000 Ω is represented as 120k, while 1200000 Ω is
represented as 1MΩ. The dot is generally omitted as it can easily be lost in the
printing process. In some circuit diagrams, a value such as 8 or 120 represents a
resistance in ohms. Another common practice is to use the letter E for resistance
in ohms. The letter R can also be Resistor Markings.

23
Op-Amp IC

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage

amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this
configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground)
that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference
between its input terminals.Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog
computers, where they were used to do mathematical operations in many linear,
non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a
building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due to negative feedback,
the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance,
bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence
on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp
itself.Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being
used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard
IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some
integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance
specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities.Op-amps may be
packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated
circuits. The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of
differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the
op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually built from
three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier,
but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary
op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more
op-amps and a resistive feedback network).

24
Features of Op-Amp IC

Short-Circuit Protection

Offset-Voltage Null Capability.

Large Common-Mode and Differential Voltage Ranges.

No Frequency Compensation Required and Latch up

A-741is general Purpose operational amplifier.

The device exhibits high stability.

It can be configured in inverting and Non-Inverting Mode

It can be used to implement comparators, Astable, Monostable Multvibrators.

Amplifiers, etc

25
Potentiometer

A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or

rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are
used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.The
measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used
for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of
the same principle, hence its name.Potentiometers are commonly used to control
electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers
operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a
joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power
(more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be
comparable to the power in the controlled load.

Transistor BC -548

It is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for

amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110
and 800. The maximum DC current gain is 800.Its equivalent transistors are
2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors however have different lead
assignments. The variants of BC548 are548A, 548B and 548C which vary in
range of current gain and other characteristics. The transistor terminals require a
fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This
is known as biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such
that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified
26
and taken at the emitter. BC 548 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For
switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a
signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

LED

The most important requirement that a light source has to meet in order to serve
communication purposes is the ability to be switched on and off repeatedly in
very short intervals. By utilizing the advantage of fast switching characteristics of
LED‟s compared with the conventional lighting, the LED illumination is used as
a communication source. Since illumination exists everywhere, it is expected that
the LED illumination device will act as a lighting device and a communication
transmitter simultaneously everywhere in the near future. Typically, red, green,
and blue LEDs emit a band of spectrum, depending on the material system. The
white LED draws much attention for the illumination devices. Comparing the
LED illumination with the conventional illumination such as fluorescent lamps
and incandescent bulbs, the LED illumination has many advantages such as high
efficiency, environment-friendly manufacturing, design flexibility, long lifetime,
and better spectrum performance. LEDs emit light when energy levels change in
the semiconductor diode. This shift in energy generates photons, some of which
are emitted as light. The specific wavelength of the light depends on the
difference in energy levels as well as the type of semiconductor material used to
form the LED chip. Solid-state design allows LEDs to withstand shock, vibration,
frequent switching (electrical on and off shock) and environmental (mechanical
shocks) extremes without compromising their famous long life typically 100,000
hours or more. The basic LED consists of a semiconductor diode chip mounted in
the reflector cup of a lead frame that is connected to electrical (wire bond) wires,
and then encased in a solid epoxy lens.

27
CIRCUIT WORKING

The Solar cell is used to detect the Light from the Transmitting LEDs. And it
produces an Analog output corresponding to the input signal. The frequency of
the analog will be the same as that of the input signal, since the flickering of the
LED is controlled by the input signal and the solar cell detects only the
fluctuation in the LED signal and produces the output. The output is then
amplified using BC 548. It also helps in removing any phase changes that occur in
the transmitted signal. The Amplified signal is fed to the speaker. The speaker
converts the analog signal to the Audible Sound signal using the electromagnet
present in the Speaker.

3.6 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

The basic Components of the Receiver Circuits are

Photo Detector – Solar cell

Transistor - BC 548

Speaker

Solar device.

28
Solar cell

A Solar cell is an electrical device that converts the energy of Light Directly to
electric signal or analog signal by the photovoltaic effect, which is a chemical
physical phenomenon. When photons are struck on its walls electron flow occurs
which will store as electrical energy. It has a slower Time response as their area
increases. Solar cells are formed connecting a large Number of Photo Detectors
connected in series. It works in the Reverse Biased Mode. Usually The Efficiency
of solar cells is Low. Even though it is regarded as Green Technology.

Speaker

In this project we use Speaker which has in-built Amplifier, which Amplifies
the Analog signal received from the output of the Solar cell. It also helps to
remove any phase errors that may occur during the Transmitting or Processing
of the input signal. The main Function of a speaker is to convert Electrical or
Analog Signals in to the Audible form to reach the Receptor. It converts the
sound signal with the help of Electromagnets Present in the Speaker. Hence
the Receptor Receive the input that has been transmitted from the Transmitter.

29
 CHAPTER 6

6.1 ADVANTAGES

● The audio and video transmission achieve a maximum distance of 200m.

● The Li-Fi transmitter and receiver are used to analyze the performance and
various conditions such as quality, intensity, and distance.
● The key advantage of Li-Fi is low power consumption and very high data rates.

6.2 LIMITATIONS AND DRAWBACKS

● Due to high absorption/attenuation that has a significant effect on the

transmitted signals.
● Due to absorption of Sea water ultrasound is not used for underwater
communication.
● Some existing systems use only the Li-Fi technology because of its high speed.

30
SUMMARY
There are several options that can be investigated further. Every bulb might
function as a Wi-Fi hotspot to transfer wireless data if this technology can be made
usable, and we will get closer to a cleaner, greener, safer, and brighter future. Li-Fi
is a notion that is now generating a lot of interest, not least because it might provide
a true and highly effective replacement for radio-based wireless. The airways are
getting increasingly congested as more people and their numerous devices use
wireless internet, making it harder and harder to receive a dependable, high-speed
connection. This could address problems like the lack of radio frequency spectrum
and enable internet access in places where conventional radio-based wireless isn't
permitted, like airplanes or hospitals. However, one drawback is that it only
functions in a straight line of sight.

31
REFERENCES
1)Wiring Harness Reduction In Automotive Using Lifi technology,Natesan
Palanivel, Tingsu Chen, 22 February 2018.

2)Li-Fi Technology for Smart Cities,Yaseein Soubhi Hussein,Ahmed Saeed Alabed,

October 2020.
3)Audio Transmission Through Lifi System,M. Sharmila,M. Shrin Shifana,
V.Theebica,V. Sangeethapriya, Mrs. M. Prathibha, April 2018

4)Patient Monitoring in the Hospital Management using Li-Fi,S. Sudha,D

Indumathy,A Lavanya,December 2016

5)Environmental Impacts Review of Li-Fi and Wifi technologies,C. W. D.

Lumoindong, A. Muslim, B. M. Nasreddin and M. Galina,October 2018

6)Robert Codd-Downey and Michael Jenkin. “Wireless Teleoperation of an

Underwater Robot using Li-Fi”, 2018.

7)The Next Generation of Wireless Communication Using Li-Fi,Yusuf Perwej,2018.

8)Priyanka Tupe Waghmare, Parul Garg, “Voice Activated Li-Fi Operated

Surveillance System”, 2015.

9)Voice Guidance System Using LI-FI Technology,Sabitha Gauni,Manimegalai.C.T,

Kalimuthu.K , Murali Krishnan, 2018.

10)An Intelligent Shopping Cart with Automatic Product Detection and Secure
Payment System,Sudipta Ranjan Subudhi Ponnalagu R. N.,2019.

32