STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET

Anatomy & Physiology - Lecture

LESSON TITLE: THE HUMAN ORGANISM BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR
LEARNING TARGETS: Session # 1
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:
Materials:
1. Identify the classroom rules and regulations;
Book, pen and notebook
2. Define anatomy and physiology with the significance
of structural and functional organization of human
body;
3. Enumerate the eleven organ systems and define their
vital role in human body;
4. List and define characteristics of life;
5. Explain homeostasis and the mechanisms involved in
the human body;
6. Describe the organ systems of the body;
7. Identify the anatomical and common names of some
body parts, anteriorly and posteriorly;
8. Describe the anatomical position of the human body
and directional terms in able to locate specific body
parts;
9. Name the human body’s major planes and trunk Reference:
cavities with their divisions; and,
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th ed.).
10. Define the serous membranes with their parts and
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
functions.

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SUBJECT ORIENTATION

Your classroom instructor for this subject, Anatomy and Physiology – Lecture, is ____________________________.
(You write in this area the vital policies, rules & regulations to be noted in this class. You may also refer to the Course
Outline to be distributed by your instructor.)

MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 1 of the book.

Anatomy – the study of the structures of the body

Physiology – the study of the processes and functions of the body.

6 Levels of Organization for Human Body

1. Chemical – involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules

2. Cell – basic structural and functional units of organisms
3. Tissue – a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them
4. Organ – composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions
5. Organ System – a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
6. Organism – a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another
11 Organ Systems of Human Body

System Function Some Organs

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands,
1. Integumentary
water loss, helps produce vitamin D sweat glands
Provides protection and support, allows body
bones, associated cartilages,
2. Skeletal movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and
ligaments, joints
adipose tissue
Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces muscles attached to the skeleton by
3. Muscular
body heat tendons
Major regulatory system that detects sensations and
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory
4. Nervous controls movements, physiological processes,
receptors
intellectual functions
Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, endocrine glands, such as pituitary,
5. Endocrine
growth, reproduction that secrete hormones
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
6. Cardiovascular hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the heart, blood vessels, and blood
immune response and regulation of body temperature
7. Lymphatic Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and

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 combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance,
other lymphatic organs
absorbs dietary fats from digestive tract
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
8. Respiratory lungs and respiratory passages
blood and air, regulates blood pH
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of mouth, esophagus, stomach,
9. Digestive
digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes intestines, and accessory organs
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates
10. Urinary kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters
blood pH, ion balance, water balance
Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males
female (ovaries, uterus, vagina) male
11. Reproductive for reproduction and hormones that influence sexual
(testes, ducts, penis)
functions and behaviors

6 Essential Characteristics of Life

1. Organization – refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism.

2. Metabolism – the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction.
3. Responsiveness – the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments
that help maintain its life.
4. Growth – refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism 5. Development – includes the changes an
organism undergoes through time
6. Reproduction – the formation of new cells or new organisms.

Homeostasis – the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are
maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.

● Negative Feedback Mechanism – regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set
point is made smaller or is resisted
● Positive Feedback Mechanism – occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 1 of the book.

Organ Systems of the Body (Refer to Figure 1.3 of the book, pages 6-7)
Body Parts: Anterior and Posterior View (Refer to Figure 1.9 of the book, pages 13-14)

Anatomical Position – refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to
the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position.

TERM DEFINITION
Right Left Toward the body’s right side Toward
the body’s left side
Inferior Below Above
Superior
Anterior Toward the front of the body Toward
Posterior the back of the body
Dorsal Ventral Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) Toward
the belly (synonymous with anterior)
Proximal Distal Closer to a point of attachment
Farther from a point of attachment

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 Lateral Medial Away from the midline of the body
Toward the middle or midline of the body
Superficial Toward or on the surface
Deep Away from the surface, internal

Planes:
▪ Sagittal Plane – runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
▪ Median Plane – a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of body, dividing it into equal right & left
halves
▪ Transverse / Horizontal Plane – runs parallel to the surface of ground, dividing the body into superior and
inferior parts
▪ Frontal / Coronal Plane – runs vertically from right to left & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Sections:
▪ Longitudinal – a cut along the length of the organ
▪ Transverse / Cross Section – cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog into round pieces
▪ Oblique – a cut is made diagonally across the long axis

Trunk Cavities:
▪ Thoracic Cavity – surrounded by rib cage & is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm
▪ Abdominal Cavity – bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen,
pancreas & kidneys
▪ Pelvic Cavity – a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, part of the
large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.

Serous Membranes:
▪ Visceral – membranes that are in contact with the organ/s
▪ Parietal – membranes that are in contact with the walls of the cavity

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the
correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not
allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.

Multiple Choice:

1. Which of the following activities does NOT represent an anatomical study:

a. making a section through the heart to observe its interior
b. examining the surface of a bone
c. viewing muscle tissue through a microscope
d. studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses
e. observing the parts of a reproducing cell
ANSWER: D.
RATIO: Studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses does not represent anatomical study instead it’s
the study of physiology.

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2. Which of the following components of the control system is responsible for detecting any change and motor the
value of variables?
a. Control Center c. Effector
b. Stimulus d. Receptor
ANSWER: D.
RATIO: The answer is letter d which is the receptor because receptor is responsible for detecting any changes
in the variable.

3. All are considered negative feedback mechanism, except:

a. Body temperature regulation c. Increase in blood pressure

b. Uterine contractions during delivery d. Doing exercises
ANSWER: B.
RATIO: The uterine contractions during delivery is not a negative feedback but a positive feedback that
reinforces the changes detected.

4. Which basic approach to study anatomy is taken in the vast majority of medical and dentals schools?
a. Regional Anatomy c. Surface Anatomy
b. Systemic Anatomy d. Anatomical Imaging
ANSWER: A.
RATIO: Regional anatomy is the basic approach to study anatomy taken in the vast majority of medical and
dental schools and this is studied by areas and simultaneously.

5. As a student nurse, you understand that it is important to study how the human body works because:
a. it is fixed and unchanging.
b. it provides a way to understand how the body maintains external conditions.
c. it can predict the responses that the body can do in every stimulus.
d. it has a wide range of values to maintain homeostasis.
ANSWER: B.
RATIO: It is important to study the human body work to understand how a body operates, and know if
everything is working the way it's supposed to my answer is letter b also because it provides a way to
understand how the body maintains the external conditions and even in internal conditions.

6. Differentiation in an organism depicts a change in cell structure and function from generalize to specialized. This
process is involved in:
a. Growth and development c. Growth
b. Metabolism d. Development
ANSWER: A.
RATIO: The answer is the Growth and development, Differentiation is the process in which generalized cells
specialize into the morphologically and physiologically different cells described. Since all of the cells produced
by division in the meristems have the same genetic makeup, differentiation is a function of which particular
genes are either expressed or repressed.

7. The mechanism of homeostasis is mainly governed by:

a. Cardiovascular and nervous system c. Endocrine and urinary system
b. Nervous and endocrine system d. Urinary and respiratory system
ANSWER: B.
RATIO: Homeostasis is mainly controlled by the organs in the central nervous system and the endocrine
system. Organs in the two systems send commands to the other organs in the other systems to allow them to
carry out certain functions.

8. During summer, Pepper and her friends would go on a trip and hike at noon. As a student nurse, Pepper knows that
her body would compensate with the change in core temperature. All of the following are expected, except:

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 a. The hypothalamus stimulates the blood vessels in the skin to constrict.
b. The sweat glands produce sweat.
c. The blood vessels send more blood to the body’s surface.
d. All the aforementioned statements are correct.
ANSWER: D.
RATIO: All the aforementioned statements are correct because her body will compensate with the change in
core temperature like when the hypothalamus stimulates the blood vessels in the skin to constrict, sweat
glands produce sweat, and the blood vessels mainly the arteries will carry or send more blood to the body’s
surface.

9. Disruption in normal functioning of cells may result in death. One possible cause of disruption is occurrence of
disease.
a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong.
b. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct.
c. Both of the statements are correct.
d. Both of the statements are wrong.
ANSWER: B.
RATIO: The first statement is wrong because normal functioning of cell does not result in death. The second
statement is correct because the possible cause of disruption is the occurrence of disease such as diabetes
and heart failure.

10. There are four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. To be able to perform its
function, each system is composed of only one specific type of tissue.
a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong.
b. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct.
c. Both of the statements are correct.
d. Both of the statements are wrong.
ANSWER: C.
RATIO: The first statement is correct because the four primary types of tissues are the epithelial, connective,
muscle, and nervous tissue. The second statement is correct because each system is composed of only one
specific or primary tissue types that works together to contribute to the overall health and maintenance of the
human body.

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves. Write the
correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.
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LESSON WRAP-UP

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

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AL Activity: CAT: MUDDIEST POINT

This technique will help you determine which key points were missed in the main lesson. You will respond to only one
question:

In today’s session, what was least clear to you?

In today’s session, everything in this topic was least clear to me because the main lesson in this module is
not detailed and it’s hard because I don’t have a book yet, so I have to search on the web for some samples
and explanation of the topic.

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