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Design Project Lab
Design Project Lab
MANUAL
1
CONTENTS
2
1. MARK ASSESSMENT DETAILS
ALLOTMENT OF MARKS:
Record 5 marks
Model exam 10 marks
Quiz/Viva 5 marks
Experiments 40 marks
Total 60 marks
Aim and
25 marks
Procedure
Circuit
30 marks
Diagram
Tabulation 30 marks
Result 05 marks
Viva voce 10 marks
Total 100 marks
3
2. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES
iii. Theory
iv. Procedure
v. Design calculations
viii. Result
7. After completing the experiment, the answer to pre lab viva-voce questions should
be neatly written in the workbook.
4
3. SYLLABUS
L T P C
15EI305L Design project Laboratory
0 0 2 1
Co-requisite: NIL
Prerequisite: 15EI205,15EI203J
Data Book /
NIL
Codes/Standards
ELECTRONICS
Course Category P PROFESSIONAL CORE ENGINEERING
C-
Conduct
Sl.No. Description of Experiments D-I- IOs Reference
hours
O
5 2 D 1 1,2
Design of oscillator
6 3 D,I 1,2 1
Design of digital clock
5
C-
Conduct
Sl.No. Description of Experiments D-I- IOs Reference
hours
O
7 3 D,I 1,2 1
Speed control of motor
8 3 D,I 1,2 1
Automatic water level control
9 3 D,I 1,2 1
Automatic head light control
10 6 D,I 1,2 1
Home automation
30
Total contact hours
LEARNING RESOURCES
Sl.
REFERENCE BOOKS
No.
1. Laboratory Manual
2. Roy choudhury and shailjain ”linear integrated circuits”, 4 th edition, New Age, 2011
STUDENT OUTCOMES:
a,c. An ability to design and conduct experiments on amplifiers, oscillators & filters.
e,d. An ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools of electronic circuits
for project design.
6
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-1
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
7
DESIGN PROCEDURE/DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
Vin = 230V
Vmax= Rms secondary voltage×√2
Vmax = 15√2
= 21.21V
Vout = Vmin - 20.7 – Vripple = 10.69V
8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
Rectified Waveform
9
Filtered
Regulated Output
TABULATION:
10
RESULT:
Thus the RPS circuit has been successfully designed and the desired output waveform was
thus verified and obtained.
11
DATE:
EXPERIMENT: 2
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY :
An instrumentation (or instrumentational) amplifier is a type of differential
amplifier that has been outfitted with input buffer amplifiers, which eliminate the need for
input impedance matching and thus make the amplifier particularly suitable for use in
measurement and test equipment. Additional characteristics include very low DCoffset,
low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and
very high input impedances. Instrumentation amplifiers are used where
great accuracy and stability of the circuit both short and long-term are required.
Although the instrumentation amplifier is usually shown schematically identical to a
standard operational amplifier (op-amp), the electronic instrumentation amp is almost always
internally composed of 3 op-amps. These are arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer
each input (+,−), and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance matching
for the function.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
2. Connect the power supply V1 and V2 down the output voltage.
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DESIGN PROCEDURE/DESIGN CALCULATIONS:
For gain of 3
R2=2KΩ , R1=1KΩ , R’=1KΩ , R=4KΩ
Gain= (R2/R1) (1+2R’/R)
=2[1+0.5]
GAIN = 3
We know that the output voltage V in instrumentation amplifier is given by
Vout = (V1 – V2) (R2/R1) (1+2R’/R)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH :
V2
13
V1
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
TABULATION :
1.
2.
14
RESULT :
Thus the design of instrumentation amplifier was successfully done and required
output voltage for gain 3 is obtained.
15
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO 3
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 SIGNAL (0-10)mHz 1
GENERATOR
2 Op amp IC741 3
3 Resistors 1kΩ,1.5kΩ 2,1,2,4
5kΩ,10kΩ
4 Capacitor 0.1μf 4
5 linear power supply ±15V 1
6 DSO - 1
THEORY:
Electronic filters are circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically
to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both.
Electronic filter high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, band-stop (band-rejection; notch), or all-
pass.
Active Low Pass Filter:
The most common and easily understood active filter is the Active Low Pass Filter.
Its principle of operation and frequency response is exactly the same as those for the
previously seen passive filter, the only difference this time is that it uses an op-amp for
amplification and gain control. The simplest form of a low pass active filter is to connect an
inverting or non-inverting amplifier.
High Pass Filter :
A first-order (single-pole) Active High Pass Filter as its name implies, attenuates
low frequencies and passes high frequency signals. It consists simply of a passive filter
section followed by a non-inverting operational amplifier. The frequency response of the
circuit is the same as that of the passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is
increased by the gain of the amplifier and for a non-inverting amplifier the value of the pass
band voltage gain is given as 1 + R2/R1, the same as for the low pass filter circuit.
Band Pass Filter:
The cut-off frequency or ƒc point in a simple RC passive filter can be accurately
controlled using just a single resistor in series with a non-polarized capacitor, and depending
upon which way around they are connected, we have seen that either a Low Pass or a High
Pass filter is obtained.By connecting or “cascading” together a single Low Pass Filter circuit
with a High Pass Filter circuit, we can produce another type of passive RC filter that passes
a selected range or “band” of frequencies that can be either narrow or wide while attenuating
all those outside of this range. This new type of passive filter arrangement produces a
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frequency selective filter known commonly as a Band Pass Filter or BPF for short.
Unlike a low pass filter that only pass signals of a low frequency range or a high pass filter
which pass signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters passes signals within a
certain “band” or “spread” of frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing
extra noise. This band of frequencies can be any width and is commonly known as the filters
Bandwidth.
Procedure:
1)Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.
2)Connect the DSO to the probes and switch it on.
3)Check the graph for both positive and negative voltage and write down the outut.
DESIGN CALCULATION:
𝑅𝑓
𝐺𝐴𝐼𝑁 = (1 + )
𝑅𝑖
17
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LOW PASS FILTER:
18
Band Reject filter:
MODEL GRAPH:
Band reject filter:
19
Band pass filter:
20
TABULATION:
LPF:
INPUT OUTPUT GAIN GAIN IN dB
VOLTAGE(V)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
HPF:
INPUT OUTPUT GAIN GAIN IN dB
VOLTAGE(V)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
BPF:
INPUT OUTPUT GAIN GAIN IN dB
VOLTAGE(V)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
BRF:
INPUT OUTPUT GAIN GAIN IN dB
VOLTAGE(V)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
21
RESULT:
Thus the various active filter circuits, low pass, high pass, band pass was designed and the
frequency response was analyzed.
22
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-4
AIM:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
5. Voltmeter (0-30)V 1
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
23
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
a) V-I Converter
b)I-V CONVERTER
24
MODEL GRAPH:
V-I Converter
I-V Converter
TABULATION:
a)V-I CONVERTER
25
S.NO INPUT VOLTAGE(V) OUTPUT CURRENT(mA)
b) I=V CONVERTER
26
RESULT:
Thus the design of V-I and I-V Converters are successfully done and the output
characteristics are plotted and thus verified.
27
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-5
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
CRO
3. 1
Transistor BC107
4. 1
5. Resistors
Capacitors
6.
Connecting wires
7.
THEORY:
In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180˚ in the feedback loop from
the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of tank circuit. Here a
common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three sections of RC phase
network in the reverse path with the output of the last section being returned to the input of
the amplifier. The phase shift Ф is given by each RC section Ф=tanˉ1 (1/ωrc). In practice
R-value is adjusted such that Ф becomes 60˚. If the value of R and C are chosen such that
the given frequency for the phase shift of each RC section is 60˚. Therefore at a specific
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frequency the total phase shift from base to transistor’s around circuit and back to base is
exactly 360˚ or 0˚. Thus the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Vcc = 12V
𝐼𝑐 = 1𝑚𝐴;
𝐴𝑣 = 30;
𝑅𝑓 = 2.5𝐾Ω;
𝑠 = 2;
f=1KHz;
26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 = =
𝐼𝑐
1
𝛽= =
𝑅𝑓
29
ℎ𝑓𝑒 =
ℎ𝑖𝑒 = ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑟𝑒 ;
𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑐𝑒 =
2
𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑉𝐸 = 10 ;
𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 𝐼𝐸 𝑅𝐸 + 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝑐𝑒 ;
𝑅𝐶 =
𝑅𝐵
𝑆 = 1+
𝑅𝐸
𝑅𝐵 =
𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑅2
𝑉𝐵 =
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅1 //𝑅2
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 =
−ℎ 𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
Gain formula is given by 𝐴𝑣 = ℎ 𝑖𝑒
𝐴𝑣 = −29;
𝑅𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝐶 //𝑅𝐿 ;
𝑅𝐿 =
𝐶𝑖 = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶𝑖
𝑅𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑋𝐶𝑂 = 10;
𝐶𝑜 = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶𝑂
30
𝑅𝐸
𝐶𝐸 = ;
10
𝐶𝐸 = 1/2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶𝐸
C=0.01µF;
𝑓 = 1/2𝜋𝑅𝐶√6
R=
TABULAR COLOUMN:
MODEL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:
31
RESULT: Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine
wave frequency is calculated as
32
Prelab Questions:
Postlab Questions:
33
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-6
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. IC 555 timer 1
4. Battery ±9V 1
6. Diode 1N4148 3
BCD TO
8. 7SEGMENT 74LS47 6
THEORY:
Digital clocks typically use the 50 or 60 hertz oscillation of AC power or a 32,768
hertz crystal oscillator as in a quartz clock to keep time. Most digital clocks display the hour
of the day in 24-hour format; in the United States and a few other countries, a more
commonly used hour sequence option is 12-hour format (with some indication of AM or
PM). Some timepieces, such as many digital watches, can be switched between 12-hour and
24-hour modes. Emulations of analog-style faces often use an LCD screen, and these are also
sometimes described as digital.
If people find difficulty in setting the time in some designs of digital clocks in
electronic devices where the clock is not a critical function, they may not be set at all,
displaying the default after powered on, 00:00 or 12:00.Digital clocks that run on mains
electricity and have no battery must be reset every time the power is cut off or if they are
moved. Even if power is cut off for a second, most clocks will still have to be reset. This is a
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particular problem with alarm clocks that have no battery backup, because even a very brief
power outage during the night usually results in the clock failing to trigger the alarm in the
morning
PROCEDURE:
35
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CLOCK GENERATOR
36
COMPLETE
37
RESULT:
Thus the design of digital clock was successfully done and the required digital timings
are obtained. The output was thus verified and obtained.
38
Prelab Questions:
Postlab Questions:
39
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-7
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. IC 741 2
2. Resistors 10KΩ(VARIABLE) 1
3. CRO - 1
4. RPS 12V 1
7. Motor 12V DC 1
THEORY:
The variable speed drives, till a couple of decades back, had various limitations, such
as poor efficiencies, larger space, lower speeds, etc., However, the advent power electronic
devices such as power MOSFETs, IGBTs etc., and also with the introduction of micro -
controllers with many features on the same silicon wafer, transformed the scene completely
and today we have variable speed drive systems which are not only in the smaller in size but
also very efficient, highly reliable and meeting all the stringent demands of various industries
of modern era.
40
PROCEDURE:
41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
42
RESULT:
Thus the design of speed control of motor was successfully done and the required
control is obtained. The output was thus verified and obtained.
43
Prelab Questions:
Postlab Questions:
44
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-8
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. IC IC555 1
3. Capacitors 0.01µF 1
4. RPS ±12V 1
5 Transistor BC547 1
6. Diode 1N4007 1
7. Relay DC 12V 1
8. Motor DC 12V 1
THEORY:
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface.
Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical
boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak.
The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a
river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous
level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of
substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is
above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high
or low.
45
PROCEDURE:
46
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
47
RESULT:
Thus the design of Water level control was successfully done and the required level
control is obtained. The output was thus verified and obtained.
48
Prelab Questions:
Postlab Questions:
49
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-9
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Transistor BC547 1
2. Resistors 10KΩ,1KΩ. Each1
3. Diode 1N4007 1
4. LDR - 1
5. RPS ±12V 1
6. Relay 12V 1
THEORY:
The requirement of headlight is very common during night travel. The same headlight
which assists the driver for better vision during night travel is also responsible for many
accidents that are being caused. The driver has the control of the headlight which can be
switched from high beam (bright) to low beam (dim). The headlight has to be adjusted
according to the light requirement by the driver. During pitch black conditions where there
are no other sources of light, high beam is used to. On all other cases, low beam is preferred.
But in a two-way traffic, there are vehicles plying on both sides of the road. So when the
bright light from the headlight of a vehicle coming from the opposite direction falls on a
person, it glares him for a certain amount of time. This causes disorientation to that driver.
This discomfort will result in involuntary closing of the driver’s eyes momentarily. This
fraction of distraction is the prime cause of many road accidents. The prototype that is has
been designed, reduces this problem by actually dimming down the bright headlight of our
vehicle to low beam automatically when it senses a vehicle at close proximity approaching
50
from the other direction. The entire working of the dimmer is a simple electronic circuitry
arrangement which senses and switches the headlight according to the conditions required.
PROCEDURE:
51
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R1 = 1K,
P1 = 10 K,
52
RESULT:
Thus the Automatic Head light low/high beam control was successfully done and the
required output is obtained. The high and low beam output was thus verified and obtained.
53
Prelab Questions:
Postlab Questions:
54
DATE:
EXPERIMENT NO-10
HOME AUTOMATION
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
QUANTIT
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE Y
Transistor BC107
4. 1
THEORY:
Home automation gives you access to control devices in your home from a mobile
device anywhere in the world. The term may be used for isolated programmable devices, like
thermostats and sprinkler systems, but home automation more accurately describes homes in
which nearly everything -- lights, appliances, electrical outlets, heating and cooling systems -
- are hooked up to a remotely controllable network. From a home security perspective, this
also includes your alarm system, and all of the doors, windows, locks, smoke detectors,
surveillance cameras and any other sensors that are linked to it.
55
Until fairly recently, automated central control of building-wide systems was found
only in larger commercial buildings and expensive homes. Typically involving only lighting,
heating and cooling systems, building automation rarely provided more than basic control,
monitoring and scheduling functions and was accessible only from specific control points
within the building itself.
PROCEDURE:
56
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
57
RESULT:
Thus home automation is designed and constructed and the output is verified.
58
Prelab Questions:
1) What is automation?
2) What is automation in home?
3) What is DTMF?
4) Define Relay control?
Postlab Questions:
59