微積分 Homeworks 9

1. (1) Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve r = 3sin  .
(2) Find the length of one loop of the curve r = 3sin  .

Sol:
  3
 0  2
4 2 2
r
0 3 2/2 3 0 −3 0
(1) The area is

1 2  1
A= r d =  (3sin  ) 2 d
 2 0 2

9  1 − cos 2
2 0
= d
2
9 sin 2 
= ( − ) |0
4 2
9
= 
4
(2) The length is

 dr 2 
L= r2 + ( ) d =  (3sin  ) 2 + (−3cos  ) 2 d
 d 0


= 3 1 d
0

= 3

2. (1) Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve r = 1 − cos .
(2) Find the length of one loop of the curve r = 1 − cos .
Sol: max r = 2 = 1 − cos   =  ;
r = 0 = min r = 1 − cos  cos = 1   = 0, 2 .
 3
 0  2
2 2
r
0 1 2 1 0
(1) The area of the region is
 1 2 2 1
A= r d =  (1 − cos  )2 d
 2 0 2
1 2
=
2  0
(1 − 2 cos  + cos 2  ) d
 1 2 1 + cos 2
= 
2 0
(1 − 2cos  +
2
) d

1 2
4 0
= (3 − 4cos  + cos 2 ) d

1 sin 2 2
= (3 − 4sin  + ) |0
4 2
3
=
2
(2) The length is

 dr 2
L= r2 + ( ) d
 d

2
= [(1 − cos  )]2 + (sin  ) 2 d
0

2
= 1 − 2 cos  + cos 2  + sin 2  d
0

2
= 2 − 2 cos  d ( sin 2  + cos 2  = 1 )
0

2 1 + cos 
= 2 1 − cos  d
0
1 − cos 

2 sin 2 
= 2 d
0
1 − cos 
2 | sin  |
= 2 d
0
1 − cos 
 sin  2 − sin 
= 2(  d +  d )
0
1 − cos  
1 − cos 
( sin   0, 0     ;cos   0,     2 )
 2
= 2[  (1 − cos  ) −1/2 d (1 − cos  ) −  (1 − cos  ) −1/2 d (1 − cos  )]
0 

(1 − cos  )1/2 |0 (1 − cos  )1/2 |2

= 2[ − ]
1/ 2 1/ 2

= 2 2[ 2 − (− 2)]

=8
3. Find the area of one loop of the three-leaves rose r = sin 3 .
Sol:

   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
 0  2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
r 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0
(2) The area of one loop is

1 2 1
A= r d =  3 (sin 3 ) 2 d
 2 0 2


1 3 1 − cos 6
2 0
= d
2
1 sin 6  / 3
= ( − ) |0
4 6

=
12

4. Find the area of one loop of the fourth-leaves rose r = cos 2 .

Sol:
  3 5 3 7
 0  2
4 2 4 4 2 4
1 0 −1 0 1
r 0 −1 0 1
Then the area of one loop is

 1 2 1
A= r d =  4 (cos 2 )2 d
 2 − 2
4

1 + cos 4
=4 d
0 2
1 sin 4 4
= [ + ]0
2 4

=
8
5. Find the area of the region inside the large loop and outside the small loop of polar curve
r = 1+ 2 cos .
Sol:
 2 4 3
 0  2
2 3 3 2
r 3 1 0 −1 0 1 3
The inner loop is between the angles
2 4
= and  = .
3 3
Then the area of the small loop is
4

1 2 1
AS =  r d = 23 (1 + 2 cos ) 2 d
 2 2
3

1 43
= 2 (1 + 4 cos + 4 cos2  ) d
2 3
4
1 3
23
= 2 (3 + 4 cos + 2 cos 2 ) d

4
1
= [3 + 4 sin  + sin 2 ] 23
2 3

3
= − 3
2
2 2
The area of the large loop is is between the angles  = − and  = and
3 3
2
1
AL =  3
2 (1 + 2cos  )2 d
− 2
3
2
= 3
(1 + 4 cos  + 4 cos 2  ) d
0

2
= 3
(3 + 4 cos + 2 cos 2 ) d
0

2
= [3 + 4 sin  + sin 2 ]03
3
= 2 + 3
2
Then the area of the region inside the large loop and outside the small loop is
3 3
AL − AS = 2 + 3 − ( − 3) =  + 3 3
2 2
       
6. Find a + b , 2a + 3b , | a | and | a − b | .
         
(1) a = 5, − 12  , b = −3, , − 6  (2) a = i + 2 j − 3k , b = −2i − j + 5k
Sol: (1) a + b = 5, −12  +  −3, −6 = 2, −18  ;
2a + 3b = 2  5, −12  +3  −3, −6 = 10 − 9, −24 − 18 = 1, −42  ;

| a |= 52 + (−12)2 = 13 ;

| a − b |=| 5, −12  −  −3, −6 |=| 8, −6 |= 82 + (−6)2 = 10

(2) a + b = (i + 2 j − 3k ) + (−2i − j + 5k ) = −i + j + 2k ;
2a + 3b = 2(i + 2 j − 3k ) + 3(−2i − j + 5k ) = −4i + j + 9k ;

| a |= 12 + 22 + (−3)2 = 14 ;

| a − b |=| i + 2 j − 3k − (−2i − j + 5k ) |=| 3i + 3 j − 8k |= 32 + 33 + (−8) 2 = 82

   
7. Find an unit vector with the same direction as a = 8i − j + 4k .

Sol: | a |= 82 + (−1)2 + 42 = 81 = 9

a 8i − j + 4k 8 1 4
u= = = i − j+ k
|a| 9 9 9 9

 
8. Find a  b .
   
(1) a = 4, − 1 , b = 3, 6  ; (2) a = 5, 0, − 2 , b = 3, − 1, 10  ;
      
(3) a = i − 2 j + 3k , b = 5i + 9k .
Sol: (1) a  b = 4, − 1    3, 6 = 12 − 6 = 6 ;
(2) a  b = 5, 0, − 2    3, − 1, 10 = 15 − 20 = −5 ;
(3) a  b = (i − 2 j + 3k )  (5i + 9k ) = 5 + 27 = 32 .