LESSON 1
Mathematics is commonly used in animation. This allows the animator to discover the
Mathematics is a study of measurements, numbers, and space, which is one of the first
sciences that humans work to develop because of its great importance and benefit.
The origin of the word "mathematics" is in Greek, which means tendencies to learn, and
there are many branches of mathematics in science, that are related to numbers, including
geometric forms, algebra, and others.
Mathematics plays a vital role in all aspects of life, whether in everyday matters such as
time tracking, driving, cooking, or jobs such as accounting, finance, banking,
engineering, and software. These functions require a strong mathematical background,
and scientific experiments by scientists need mathematical techniques. They are a
language to describe scientists' work and achievements.
IMPORTANCE OF MATHEMATICS IN THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF LIFE
Importance of Mathematics can teach us how to look for solutions and reasons logically -
a skill applicable to any career and life in general. Almost every student studies math
during their academic life. We know that math is an essential part of the world. It is
almost everywhere, from counting to evidence seeking.
1. Math is good for the brain promotes logical and analytical thinking. A study done by
Dr. Tanya Evans at Stanford University proved that the students who solve math
problems in their daily life have higher logical skills than those students who don’t solve
the problems. Students also solve math problems for their brain exercise and to make
their bodies stay fit. If we are able to understand mathematics and arrive at logical
solutions, we will be able to prepare our minds when we have real problems.
2. Math helps you with your finances. With the help of math, you can easily make your
financial budget. You can calculate how much money you have, how you can spend your
money, and how you can save money. Businessman uses math to calculate their profit,
loss, loans, investments and many more..
3. Math makes you a better cook. Almost every recipe, there is a need to put the
ingredients. Therefore, to make anything delicious, the cook needs to know the perfect
measurements of the ingredients. Apart from that, if the cook needs to cook food for
many people, then they need to know how to increase ingredients are required.
4. Every career uses math. There is no profession in the world that doesn’t use math. We
know that mathematicians and scientists rely on mathematical principles to perform their
basic work. From blue-collar factory workers to the managerial level white-collar
professionals, everyone uses math in their work. The use of math varies for every career.
5. Time management. Time is the key to success for everyone and being more calculative
helps us to do better time management. With the help of math, you can make a wise
decision on how you can spend your time effectively. If you are doing your homework,
then you can also calculate how much time will require to finish the task. Especially
during your mathematics exams, you can calculate the time that will take to solve the
particular question.
6. Helps you understand the world better. Every single part of nature is based on math.
You can also put the math calculation to understand nature creations. From golden ratio
formula to mathematical figure in the real world, like the hexagonal bee combs, spider
webs, triangle mountains, and many more. Mathematics can explain how things work,
that is, we can express our thoughts and ideas with clarity, coherence, and precision.
7. Mathematics is essential in a world of constant change. New technologies are changing
the way we work and live. Mathematics can be very useful in understanding how and
why things work the way they work from beginning to the new world.
What are the Uses of Mathematics in Everyday Life?
Mathematics is very useful in everyday life. We use math concepts, as well as the skills
we learn from practicing math problems every day.
Mathematics gives us a way to understand patterns, define relationships, and predict the
future. It helps us do many important things in our daily lives.
The Uses of Mathematics in Practical Life
Mathematics is important for all professions in the world. Every aspect of life is highly
dependent on the use of numbers and arithmetic.
Math is the language of science. It is used to develop the rest of science and interpret its
theories, especially physics, chemistry, astronomy, geography, etc. It enables thinkers to
test their ideas by doing many experiments.
Banking and Financial Services:
Mathematics is the most important part of banking and financial matters. It is necessary
to be accurate in the accounts to be able to maintain the money in an optimal manner.
Mathematics helps people manage money by balancing the checkbook or shopping at the
most expensive prices. It helps calculate bills (collection and subtraction of income and
expenses), financial obligations of taxes, insurance, loans, and others.
Cell phone:
Everyone has a cell phone which requires basic knowledge of skills and mathematics. He
needs to know the numbers and how they work on the cell phone.
With today's technology, you can do everything on your cell phone, from talking and
chatting to surfing the Internet.
Computer science:
Mathematics helps learn data entry in many functions (such as engineering, science,
computer programming, accounting, and banking) that rely entirely on mathematics.
Mathematics is a fundamental intellectual tool in computing.
Binary math is the heart of computer operation. The binary number is the most essential
type of math used in computer science to represent each number in the computer.
Technological innovation:
Mathematics plays a major role in the development of modern technological means such
as the Internet, which is one of the necessities of everyday life, which facilitates
communication between people, and enables us to obtain information and search for its
way.
Animation design:
unknown from a simple set of equations and to extrapolate aspects of geometric figures
when you are working with objects that move and change.
The animation designer uses linear algebra to show how the drawings are animated and
converted, and also zoomed in and out.
Architecture:
Mathematics is a core component of every engineering field and is also widely used in
architecture.
Architects use mathematics to calculate the square area of rooms and buildings and also
to develop dimensions of the ground area, and the space required for other areas, such as
parking, plumbing, and others.
Sports:
Mathematics is an important part of the sports field. It plays a big role in the efficiency of
sports.
Mathematics improves a person's cognitive and decision-making skills. These skills are
very important for a sportsperson because they help him to make the right decisions for
his team.
Engineering and trigonometry help the player determine the way and the angle that the
ball hits to achieve the goal.
LESSON 2
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
Nature: The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the
landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human
creations.
Pattern: Repeated design or recurring sequence
An ordered set of numbers, shapes or other mathematical objects, arranged according to a
rule.
MATH PATTERNS IN NATURE
Have you ever thought about how nature likes to arrange itself in patterns in order
to act efficiently? Nothing in nature happens without a reason, all of these patterns have
an important reason to exist and they also happen to be beautiful to watch. Check out
examples of some of these patterns and you may be able to spot a few the next time you
go for a walk.
Types of Pattern
A. Symmetry: is pervasive in living things. Animals mainly have bilateral or
mirror symmetry, as do the leaves of plants and some flowers such as
orchids. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as do many
flowers and some groups of animals such as sea anemones. Fivefold
symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group that includes starfish, sea
urchins, and sea lilies.
B. Trees, Fractals: Fractals are infinitely self-similar, iterated mathematical
constructs having fractal dimension. Infinite iteration is not possible in
nature so all 'fractal' patterns are only approximate. For example, the leaves
of ferns and umbellifers (Apiaceae) are only self-similar (pinnate) to 2, 3 or
4 levels. Fern-like growth patterns occur in plants and in animals including
bryozoa, corals, hydrozoa like the air fern, Sertularia argentea, and in non-
living things, notably electrical discharges. Lindenmayer system fractals can
model different patterns of tree growth by varying a small number of
parameters including branching angle, distance between nodes or branch
points (internode length), and number of branches per branch point.
C. Spirals: Spirals are common in plants and in some animals, notably
molluscs. For example, in the nautilus, a cephalopod mollusc, each chamber
of its shell is an approximate copy of the next one, scaled by a constant
factor and arranged in a logarithmic spiral. Given a modern understanding of
fractals, a growth spiral can be seen as a special case of self-similarity.
D. Chaos, Flow, Meanders
In mathematics, a dynamical system is chaotic if it is (highly) sensitive to
initial conditions (the so-called "butterfly effect"), which requires the mathematical
properties of topological mixing and dense periodic orbits.
Alongside fractals, chaos theory ranks as an essentially universal influence
on patterns in nature. There is a relationship between chaos and fractals—the
strange attractors in chaotic systems have a fractal dimension. Some cellular
automata, simple sets of mathematical rules that generate patterns, have chaotic
behavior, notably Stephen Wolfram's Rule 30.
Vortex streets are zigzagging patterns of whirling vortices created by the
unsteady separation of flow of a fluid, most often air or water, over obstructing
objects. Smooth (laminar) flow starts to break up when the size of the obstruction
or the velocity of the flow become large enough compared to the viscosity of the
fluid.
Meanders are sinuous bends in rivers or other channels, which form as a
fluid, most often water, flows around bends. As soon as the path is slightly curved,
the size and curvature of each loop increases as helical flow drags material like
sand and gravel across the river to the inside of the bend. The outside of the loop is
left clean and unprotected, so erosion accelerates, further increasing the
meandering in a powerful positive feedback loop.
E. Waves, Dunes
Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves
propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass
 by. Wind waves are sea surface waves that create the characteristic chaotic ✔ a system of abstract codes which represent antecedent events and
pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour can be concepts[2][page needed]
predicted with wind wave models.
✔ the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others - Speech
F. Bubbles, Foam & Language Therapy Glossary of Terms

A soap bubble forms a sphere, a surface with minimal area — the smallest ✔ a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out
possible surface area for the volume enclosed. Two bubbles together form a more of a finite set of elements - Noam Chomsky.
complex shape: the outer surfaces of both bubbles are spherical; these surfaces are
joined by a third spherical surface as the smaller bubble bulges slightly into the
larger one.
These definitions describe language in terms of the following components:
G. Tessellations

Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat surface.
While common in art and design, exactly repeating tilings are less easy to
find in living things. The cells in the paper nests of social wasps, and the ⮚ A vocabulary of symbols or words
wax cells in honeycomb built by honey bees are well-known examples.
Among animals, bony fish, reptiles or the pangolin, or fruits like the salak ⮚ A grammar consisting of rules of how these symbols may be used
are protected by overlapping scales or osteoderms, these form more-or-less
exactly repeating units, though often the scales in fact vary continuously in ⮚ A 'syntax' or propositional structure, which places the symbols in linear
size. structures.

H. Cracks ⮚ A 'Discourse' or 'narrative,' consisting of strings of syntactic propositions[3]

[page needed]
Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress. When an
elastic material stretches or shrinks uniformly, it eventually reaches its breaking ⮚ A community of people who use and understand these symbols
strength and then fails suddenly in all directions, creating cracks with 120 degree
joints, so three cracks meet at a node. Conversely, when an inelastic material fails, ⮚ A range of meanings that can be communicated with these symbols
straight cracks form to relieve the stress. Further stress in the same direction would
then simply open the existing cracks; stress at right angles can create new cracks, at ⮚ Each of these components is also found in the language of mathematics.
90 degrees to the old ones. Thus the pattern of cracks indicates whether the
material is elastic or not. Mathematical Symbol
I. Spots, Stripes - a character that is used to indicates a mathematical relation or operation.
Leopards and ladybirds are spotted; angelfish and zebras are striped. These
patterns have an evolutionary explanation: they have functions which increase the
chances that the offspring of the patterned animal will survive to reproduce. One
function of animal patterns is camouflage; for instance, a leopard that is harder to
see catches more prey. Another function is signaling — for instance, a ladybird is
less likely to be attacked by predatory birds that hunt by sight, if it has bold
warning colors, and is also distastefully bitter or poisonous, or mimics other
distasteful insects.

FOUR BASIC CONCEPT

LESSON 3
A. SETS B.FUNCTION C. RELATION D. BINARY OPERATION
The Fibonacci sequence is named after its discoverer Leonardo Pisano
Bogollo, who was a famous Italian mathematician otherwise known as Fibonacci. The
A. SE
Fibonacci numbers were first discussed in a book Bogollo published in 1202 titled Liber
Abaci, where he described the growth of a population of rabbits under specific Symbol Meaning Example TS
conditions. The conditions stated that a pair of rabbits were needed to breed and each pair
of rabbits must mature two months before breeding more rabbits, where they were then + add 3+7 = 10 ⮚
expected to produce a litter of one male and female rabbit. Under these conditions it was ⮚
observed that to find the total number of rabbit pairs you have for each month, you add − subtract 5−2 = 3 ⮚
together the number of pairs that were alive in the preceding two months – this pattern ⮚
followed the series of numbers in the Fibonacci sequence (Fractal Foundation, 2013). × multiply 4×3 = 12 ⮚
The first two numbers in the Fibonacci sequence are 0 and 1, and each ⮚
succeeding number equates to the sum of the previous two numbers. There are infinitely ÷ divide 20÷5 = 4 ⮚
many Fibonacci numbers that exist and these numbers can be found everywhere in the ⮚
world around us. / Divide 20/5 = 4 ⮚
⮚
() grouping symbols 2(a−3) ⮚
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE ⮚
[] grouping symbols 2[ a−3(b+c) ] ⮚
Fibonacci sequence is a geometric sequence of numbers where each term is ⮚
found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common
{} set symbols {1,2,3} ⮚
ratio. ⮚
π pi A = πr2 ⮚
For example: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34, …
⮚
∞ infinity ∞ is endless ⮚
LESSON 4 ⮚
= Equals 1+1 = 2 ⮚
Mathematics has its own language, much of which we are already familiar with. ⮚
For example the digits ⮚
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are part of our everyday lives. approximately equal to ⮚
π  3.14
Whether we refer to 0 as ‘zero’, ‘nothing’, ‘nought’, or ‘O’ as in a telephone ⮚
number, we understand its meaning. ⮚
≠ not equal to π ≠ 2
There are many symbols in mathematics and most are used as a precise form of ⮚
shorthand. We need to be confident when using these symbols, and to gain that ⮚
confidence we need to understand their meaning. To understand their meaning there are <≤ less than, less than or equal to 2<3
⮚
two things to help us
greater than, greater than or ⮚
- Context - this is the context in which we are working, or the particular topics >≥ 5>1
equal to ⮚
being studied, and
- Convention - where mathematicians and scientists have decided that particular ⮚
symbols will ⮚
have particular meaning. square root ("radical") √4 = 2 ⮚
⮚
⮚
Mathematical Language ° degrees 20° ⮚
⮚
The language of mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to ⮚
communicate mathematical ideas among themselves. This language consists of a Therefore a=b   b=a ⮚
substrate of some natural language (for example English) using technical terms and ⮚
grammatical conventions that are peculiar to mathematical discourse, supplemented by a A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical formulas.
⮚ Each object in a set is called an element or member of the set.
What is a language?
⮚ The elements or objects of the set are enclosed by a pair of braces { }.
✔ a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional
symbols Notations

✔ a system of words used in a particular discipline

 Capital or uppercase letters are usually used to denote sets while small or
lowercase letters denote elements of a set.

⮚ denotes “is an element of” or “belongs to”

⮚ denotes “is not an element of” or “does not belong to”

Example:

■ Let A – the set of letters in the English alphabet

B – the set of primary colors
C – the set of positive integers

■ g∈A
orange ∉ B
100 ∈ C

Ways of Describing a Set

■ The set can be defined by listing all its elements, separated by commas
and enclosed within braces. This is call

■ 1. Listing the Elements (Roster Method)

■ The set can be defined by listing all its elements, separated by commas and
enclosed within braces. This is called the roster method.
LESSON 5
■ Examples:
■ V = {a, e, i, o, u} SETS
■ B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
■ X = {a, b, c, d, e} Definition of Terms
Consider A={ letters in English alphabet}
B={primary colors}
■ 2. Set Builder Notation
C ={positive integers}

■ The set can be defined by describing the elements using mathematical

statements. This is called the set-builder notation. The cardinality of a set A, or the cardinal number of A, denoted as n(A), is
the number of elements in A.
■ Examples: n(A) = 26, n(B) = 3, n(C) = ¥
C = {x : x is an integer, x > –3 }
This is read as: “C is the set of elements x such that x is an integer greater
than –3.” A set is finite if there is one counting number that indicates the total number of
■ D = {x: x is the capital city of a state in the USA} elements in the set.
A and B are finite sets.

A set is infinite if in counting the elements, we never come to an end.

C is an infinite set. C= {1,2,3,…} three dot is called ellipsis that means
continue this pattern

The null set or empty set, denoted by the symbol Æ, is the set that contains no
elements, that is, A is empty iff n(A) = 0.
D = {x|x is a month in the Gregorian calendar with less than 28 days}
n(D) = 0, so D = Æ

A singleton set is a set that contains only one element, that is, B is a singleton set
iff n(B) = 1.
E = {y|y is prime number, 5 < y < 10}

 Sets A and B are equal if they have the same elements.

 Set A is a subset of B, denoted as A Í B, iff every element of A is also an
element of B.
Laws of subset:

 Every set is a subset of itself, that is, A Í A, for any set A.

 The null set is a subset of any set, that is, Æ Í A, for any
set A.

Example: Subset
G = {x|x is an integer}
F = {y|y is a whole number}
C = {z|z is a positive integer}
C Í G because every element of C is found in G.
F Ë C because 0ÎF but 0ÏC.

 Set A is a proper subset of B, denoted AÌB, if A is a subset of B and there

is at least one element of B that is not in A. That is, AÌB iff AÍB and A¹B.
COMMON MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS P = {1, 3, 5, 7}
Q = {3, 7}
Then, QÌP
 The set containing all of the elements for any particular discussion is called
the universal set, denoted as U.

The Power Set

 Given a set S, the power set of S is the set of all subsets of the set S. The
power set of S is denoted by P(S) or Ã(S).
 Example:
S = {0, 1, 2}
Ã(S) = {Æ, {0}, {1}, {2}, {0, 1}, {0, 2}, {1, 2}, {0, 1, 2}}
 Note that the empty set and the set itself are members of this set
of subsets.
If a set has n elements, then its power set has 2n elements.
 2. The removal of the elements of any set from itself will leave the empty set.
A–A=Æ
LESSON 6 3. No elements can be removed from the null set. Æ – A = Æ
4. The result of removing the elements of a set from any given set is a subset of
SET OPERATIONS the given set. A – B Í A
5. A – (B Ç C) = (A – B) È (A – C)
A. Union A – (B È C) = (A – B) Ç (A – C)
B. Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A and B, denoted by A È B, is the
Properties of Set Cardinality
set that contains those elements that are either in A or in B, or in both.
C. A È B = {x|x Î A Ú x Î B}
D. Example:  For any sets A, B, and C,
A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3}
A È B = {1, 2, 3, 5}
1. |A Ç B| = |A| – |A – B|
2. |A È B| = |A| + |B| – |A Ç B|
Venn Diagram 3. |A – B| = |A| – |A Ç B|

Properties of Set Union C. Complement

 Let U be the universal set. The complement of the set A, denoted by A’, is
the complement of A with respect to U. In other words, the complement of
 For any sets A, B, and C,
set A is U – A.
 A’ = {x|x Ï A}
1. The union of any set with the null set is the set itself. A È Æ = A  Example:
2. The union of any set with itself is the set itself. A È A = A A = {a, e, i, o, u}
3. Set Union is commutative. A È B = B È A where the universal set is the set of letters in the English
4. Set Union is associative. (A È B) È C = A È (B È C) alphabet
5. Any set is a subset of its union with another set. A Í A È B A’ = {y|y is a consonant}

A. Intersection Venn Diagram

 Let A and B be sets. The intersection of the sets A and B, denoted by A Ç B,

is the set containing those elements in both A and B.
 A Ç B = {x|x Î A Ù x Î B} LESSON 7
 Example:
A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3} FUNCTIONS
A Ç B = {1, 3}

A function is a correspondence between two sets (called the domain and the
Venn Diagram range) such that to each element of the domain, there is assigned exactly one element of
the range.

Example:

Properties of Set Intersection (3,3), (4,3), (2,1), (6,5)

 For any sets A, B, and C, ● is a function with

1. The intersection of any set with the null set is the null set. A Ç Æ = Æ Domain: {2,3,4,6}
2. The intersection of any set with itself is the set itself. A Ç A = A Range: {1,3,5}
3. Set Intersection is commutative. A Ç B = B Ç A
4. Set Intersection is associative. (A Ç B) Ç C = A Ç (B Ç C)
Non-Example:
5. The intersection of any given set with another set is a subset of the given set.
AÇBÍA
6. A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç(A È C) (2,1), (5,6), (2,3), (6,7)
A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È(A Ç C)
● is not a function since 2 get sent to more than one value.
A. Disjoint
The Vertical Line Test

 Two sets are called disjoint if their intersection is the empty set.
( in other word they have no common element) If any vertical line passes through a graph at more than one point, then the
graph is not the graph of a function. Otherwise it is the graph of a function.

 AÇB={}
 Example: Example:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} A circle is not the graph of a function as
A Ç B = Æ, then A and B are disjoint shown below.

B. Difference Example:

A (non-vertical) line is the graph of a function.

 Let A and B be sets. The difference of A and B, denoted by A – B, is the set
containing those elements that are in A but not in B.
 The difference of A and B is also called the complement of B with respect to
A.
 A – B = {x|x Î A Ù x Ï B}
 Example: Function Notation
A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {1, 2, 3}
A – B = {5}

Venn Diagram We write f (x) to mean the function whose input is x.

Example:

If

Properties of Set Difference f(x) = 2x - 3

then
 For any sets A, B, and C,
f(4) = 2(4) - 3 = 5

1. The removal of the null set from any set has no effect on the set. A – Æ = A
 We can think of f as the function that takes the input multiplies instance, here we have a relation that has five ordered pairs written in set notation using
it by 2 and subtracts 3. Sometimes it is convenient to write f(x) without the curly braces
x. Thus:

f( ) = 2( ) - 3 Relation notation
whatever is in the parentheses, we put inside. For example:
However, aside from set notation, there are other ways to write this same
f(x - 1) = 2(x - 1) - 3 relation. We can show it in a table, plot it on the x and y-axis, and express
it using a mapping diagram.
and

f(x + 4) - f(x) [2(x + 4) - 3] - [2(x) - 3]

= ● Relation in table
4 4

2x + 8 - 3 - 2x + 3 Relation in mapping
= Distributing the 2 and the - diagram
4

8
= =2 Combining Like Terms
4
Example:

If

f(x) = 7

then

f(12) = 7

Here f is called the constant function. Whatever comes in to f, the number 7

comes out.

Function Arithmetic

We define the sum, difference, product and quotient of functions in the

obvious way.

Example

If
x+1
f(x) =
x-1
and
g(x) = x + 4
2

then
x+1
(f + g)(x) = + (x2 + 4)
x-1
x+1
(f - g)(x) = - (x2 + 4)
x-1
x+1
(f g)(x) = (x2 + 4)
x-1
and

LESSON 8

RELATION

Relation is simply a set or collection of ordered pairs. Nothing really special about it. An
ordered pair, commonly known as a point, has two components which are the x and y
coordinates.

This is an example of an ordered pair.

Main Ideas and Ways How to Write or Represent Relations

As long as the numbers come in pairs, then that becomes a relation. If you can write a
bunch of points (ordered pairs) then you already know how a relation looks like. For
 Relation in graph

We can also describe the domain and range of a given relation.

● The domain is the set of all x or input values. We may describe

it as the collection of the first values in the ordered pairs.
● The range is the set of all y or output values. We may describe
it as the
collection of the
second values
in the ordered pairs.
So then in the relation

Our domain and range are as

follows:

When listing the elements of both domain and range, get rid of duplicates and write them
in increasing order.