BUISAN Alexza Nicole F. Research Paper

Westmead Academy of Science and Technology Foundation Inc.
Senior High School Department
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING THE LEAVES OF

MADRE DE CACAO (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) AND
BAY LAUREL (LAURUS NOBILIS) AS
A BOTANICAL RODENTICIDE
A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High

School Department of Westmead Academy of
Science and Technology Foundation, Inc.
Alangilan, Batangas City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for Practical Research 2 in Science,
Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics Strand
BUISAN, ALEXZA NICOLE F.
JULY 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
This study entitled
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING THE LEAVES OF MADRE DE CACAO

(GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) AND BAY LAUREL (LAURUS NOBILIS)
AS A BOTANICAL RODENTICIDE
by:
ALEXZA NICOLE F. BUISAN
after having been presented in hereby approved by

the following members of the panel
Mr. RYAN A. ALEDO Mrs. BESSIELYN V. ALEDO

Member Member
ARLENE D. CASTOR, PhD

Lead Panelist
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for Research in Daily Life 2
Date ARLENE D. CASTOR, PhD

c Directress, SHS Department
ii
ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET
This study entitled
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING THE LEAVES OF MADRE DE CACAO

(GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) AND BAY LAUREL (LAURUS NOBILIS)
AS A BOTANICAL RODENTICIDE
by:
ALEXZA NICOLE F. BUISAN
And Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for

Research 2 in Science, Technology, Engineering &
Mathematics, has been Examined and is
Recommended for Acceptance and
Approval for Oral Examination
MR. RYAN A. ALEDO

Adviser
JULY 2022
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With boundless appreciation, the researcher would like to extend her
heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to the following. Without guidance and help
from these people, this study would not have a possible pathway towards success.
To Westmead Academy of Science and Technology Foundation Inc., the
beloved alma mater, for providing quality education and lifelong learning and also
for giving permission and chance to perform this study;
To the research adviser, Mr. Ryan A. Aledo, who shared his expertise and
time and gave advice that is a great help for the researcher to achieve her study
goals and bring it the success;
To the chair panel, Dr. Arlene D. Castor, and the members of the defense
panel, Mr. Ryan A. Aledo and Mrs. Bessielyn V. Aledo, for their constructive
criticism and suggestions to enhance and improve the study;
To the researcher's family and friends for their moral and financial support,
which is necessary to motivate the researcher. They served as an inspiration to
complete the study. Their encouragement inspired her to keep on striving.
Likewise, thanks to her classmates for their companionship and support
throughout the study;
iv
Above all, to the Giver of life and the Creator of all things, Almighty God, for
the endless blessings, knowledge, and strength. And also for guidance and fruits
of the Holy Spirit needed to complete this study.
A. N. F. B
v
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to provide a solution for rat infestation without using any
chemical products that may harm humans and other animals. One of its goals is
to produce an innovative, effective, safe, and affordable botanical pellet-formed
rodenticide. The entire study, including the experiment, underwent a systematic
process and series of evaluations and investigations.
The researcher conducted a feasible experiment where the materials used
are non-chemical and all-natural. Madre de Cacao and Bay leaves are
considered to be the main materials. They are scientifically reported to be
chemically qualified for the production of rat bait. Three mixtures with different
ratios have been followed to produce the natural rodenticide. They go through
weighing, washing, grinding, combining with honey, and molding.
This experimental study used albino rats as its subjects. This study
investigates the efficacy of the rodenticide pellets by the reactions, effects, and
mortality rate after being eaten. The application and observation methods were
used to compare the effectiveness of the three mixtures. With the help of the test
results, the researcher concluded that the leaves of Madre de Cacao and Bay
leaves have potential and are safe as a rodenticide. However, it took some time
to exterminate the rats.
vi
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
Title: The Effectiveness of Utilizing Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia
Sepium) & Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) as a Botanical
Rodenticide
Number of Pages: 97 pages
Researcher: Alexza Nicole F. Buisan
Type of Document: Undergraduate Thesis
School: Westmead Academy of Science and Technology

Foundation, Inc.
Address: Alangilan, Batangas City
Summary:
Natural plants are now in demand to produce innovative products that can
help human problems in different aspects. And this study sought to make an
efficient, budget-friendly, and no chemical-used rodenticide in a pellet form using
these natural plants. The researcher considered to used the Madre de Cacao
leaves and Bay leaves as they have chemical properties and components that may
help solve the problem of rat infestation.
The study went through a systematic investigation and documentation to
provide accurate and reliable information. With the use of detailed data from the
vii
previous studies and the method and process that were performed, the researcher
produced effective botanical pellet-formed rodenticides. The combination of Madre
de Cacao leaves and Bay leaves concerning the three given ratios, which are 2:1,
1:2, and 1:1, create different physical characteristics.
The study's experimental subjects are albino rats. They are also separated
according to the rodenticide pellets given to them. The effects were monitored after
feeding the rodenticides to these target rats. The three-day observation of the
product's clinical signs proved the potentiality and efficiency of the leaves of Madre
de cacao and Bay.
Moreover, the results of the study showed that the combination of leaves
where the Bay leaves have more grams is the most effective among the three
mixtures. However, it works slowly to kill a rat and cannot be compared to
chemical-based products, which are fast-acting substances. But these plant-based
products are safer and do not pose a risk to the environment and human health.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………. ii
ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………….. iv
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… vi
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………... ix
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….. xi
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………… xi
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………… xii
CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction………………………………………………………………. 1
Objectives of the Study……………………………………………….… 3
Scope and Limitations of Study……………………………………….. 3
Rationale of the Study.…………………………………………………. 4
Significance of the Study………………………………………………. 5
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………… 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual Literature……………………………………............. 9
ix
Research Literature…………………………………………………….. 17
Synthesis………………………………………………………………… 20
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………… 23
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
Research Design………………………………………………………. 26
Research Methodology……………………………………………….. 27
CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

OF DATA………………………………………………………………………… 33
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion………………………………………………………………. 53
Recommendations……………………………………………………… 56
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………….. 58
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 62
RESUME………………………………………………………………………… 74
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1 Physical Characteristics of the Pellet Mixtures………………. 35
2 Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats (Result

for the 1st day of Observation)….…………………………….. 39
2.1 Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats (Result

for the 2nd day of Observation)……………………………….. 41
2.2 Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats (Result

for the 3rd day of Observation)……………………………….. 43
2.3 Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats Two

Days After the Three-Day Observation……………………… 45
3 Duration of the Rodenticide Pellets to Exterminate Rats

During the Three-Day Observation………………………….. 47
3.1 Duration of the Rodenticide Pellets to Exterminate Rats

After the Three-Day Observation…………………………….. 48
4 Proposed Product’s Cost Analysis…………………………… 49
4.1 Rats and Rats’ Cage Cost Analysis…………………………. 50
4.2 Comparison of the Effectivity Between Commercially

Available Rodenticide Product and Researcher’s Most
Effective Rodenticide Product in Terms of Killing Rats……. 51
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Conceptual Frameworks……………………………………….. 24
2 Process Flow…………………….…………….……………….. 31
xi
3 Product Design………………..……………………………….. 32
4 Rats’ Cage…………………….……………………………….. 37
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Page
A Preparation of Bay Leaves…………………………………….. 63
B Preparation of Madre de Cacao Leaves…………………….. 64
C Combining of Ground Bay Leaves and Ground Madre de

Cacao Leaves Together With Honey……………………….. 65
D Molding of the Mixtures……………………………………….. 66
E Preparation of the Final Products……………………………. 67
F Three Days of Poisoning and Observation…………………. 68
G The Results After the Three-Day Experimentation…………. 69
H Results of the Products Effects and Ability in Killing Rats…. 70
xii
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the introduction of the research study and its
problems together with the defined objectives. It includes the dependent and
independent variables as well as the significance and its scope and limitations.
Moreover, this study focuses on the effectiveness of utilizing and combining Madre
de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) and Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) as a botanical
rodenticide.
Introduction
Globally, population growth is continuous. And to feed the people in a
country, food production will need to be increased. But due to the various kinds of
biotic and abiotic constraints to the production of crops, issues arose in
socioeconomic and crop management. Pathogens and animal pests are the typical
constraints and have the highest potential to cause crop loss and serve as
reservoirs of diseases. And rats are one of them.
In both developing and developed countries, rats are one of the main biotic
constraints to agricultural production as they easily and quickly multiply. Rats are
dangerous to human health as they carry, transmit and expose humans to
Effectiveness of Utilizing Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) as
a Botanical Rodenticide
1
numerous diseases. They destroy household items and often compete with men
for food. Their infestation is such a nuisance for some living and non-living things.
Regardless of these facts, the impacts and issues of rats or rodents have
been less concerned, greatly underestimated, and ignored around the world. And
only a few pesticides and rodenticides that are too costly are reported and
obtainable for controlling this pest. There is an insufficiency in rat repellent or
poison, and most commercially available products have risks to the entire
ecosystem, especially for humans, animals, and the environment.
However, this particular problem can have a solution. Since plants are
praised for their uses, benefits, and low risk of exposure to chemicals, they may
also be helpful for this issue. Different studies also evaluated them to know their
potential as a medicine, poison, or repellent. And Madre de cacao and Bay leaves
are considered potential rat killers among all plants. They can withstand the strive
against rodents, especially rat pests. As proof, the main objective of this study is
to determine and evaluate the efficacy of the alternative materials by utilizing them
to produce a botanical rodenticide. The study also emphasizes the use of natural
and reasonable materials. This study also aims to make an efficient and affordable
commodity attainable to the general public, particularly in times of pandemics.
2
Objectives of the Study
The study of “Effectiveness of Utilizing Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium)
and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) as a Botanical Rodenticide” aims to achieve the
following:
1. To produce a natural bait using the leaves of Madre de Cacao and Bay
laurel to control rat infestation.
2. To determine the ideal ratio and effectiveness level of Madre de Cacao and
Bay laurel leaves by the death or mortality rate.
3. To measure the duration of the mixtures to exterminate rodents.
4. To conduct a cost-benefit analysis.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study mainly focused on the effectiveness of utilizing Madre de cacao
(Gliricidia sepium) and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) extract as a botanical
rodenticide. It encompassed the significance of the plants in achieving the
mentioned objectives. The product's quality will be evaluated according to its
effectiveness and strong ability to control the pest.
One of the purposes of this study was to ensure the capability, quality, and
efficiency of the mentioned plants to be used as alternative natural bait for rats.
The final product will be tested and observed in rats and will come out as pellet-
3
formed bait. And for the experimental subject, the researcher prefers to use albino
rats rather than house rats since they are the usual laboratory model used in
research. Aside from that, using this rat will be the safest method for the
researcher. They are not aggressive and easy to tame, unlike house and black
rats. However, for other researchers, other species of rats could be used as well
in an experiment, such as Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and more.
The gathering of materials and the testing of the product will be limited. The
materials needed will only collect inside the Batangas region. Also, the researcher
will not go to laboratory or testing centers as the experiment will only do a visual
and physical test of the product.
Rationale of the Study
Rats are a significant and growing issue globally as they impact agriculture,
health, and the economy. Despite their close association with people, they remain
challenging to control. Their presence is associated with hunger, food insecurity,
and public health issues that are principally linked to poverty. Furthermore, the lack
of effective tools to address rats' growing population in a place can cause an
infestation, which is an alarming situation that can result in substantial economic
losses.
In the Philippines, many plants have pesticide properties that may help this
problem, such as Madre de Cacao and Bay Laurel. Madre de Cacao is known to
4
be beneficial in different ways, including its use as a poison. While Bay laurel was
utilized to attract rats as they thought the leaves of this plant were a portion of food.
Hence, in this study, these plants will be the alternative materials used by the
researcher to commercial rodenticide products that are too pricey and sometimes
contain toxic chemicals that will indirectly harm humans and the environment. This
will benefit those who desire to get rid of rats without spending lots of money.
However, the combination of the two is not enough to form a perfect-shaped
food bait. Thus, honey will also be used in this study as an additive. This will act
as a sticky paste that will help to mold the mixture.
In addition, correlational studies have shown that both plants have properties
that might help control rat pests. They have antimicrobial, insecticidal, pesticidal,
and rodenticidal properties. Thus, the use of these plants as substitutes are
therefore considered by the researcher as they are natural and safe to use. This
study was performed to ensure how effective the alternative botanical rodenticide
for rats is.
Significance of the Study
The utilization of herbs and plants is now gaining favor in different fields
because they are convenient, non-toxic, and may equilibrate to the effectiveness
of commercially available products. Therefore, this study would have a great
contribution to the literature about the use of natural resources as alternatives in

5
making new materials and will act as an inspiration for creativity. This study will
serve as a relevant guide in producing rather than purchasing, especially amidst a
health crisis, when everything seems to be financially out of control.
Furthermore, this contributes to the people who experience rat infestation in
their places, like farmers, as the study focuses on discovering an easy, natural,
and safe way to exterminate rats. Through this study, the experts or professionals
may get data for future analysis to improve crop production and avert the possible
outbreak of the diseases carried by the rats to the community with the use of
natural materials that has the potential as alternatives for making products. This
present study may be the foundation of an innovative and new product that could
theoretically impact society, as it is not costly.
Definition of Terms
To be able to understand the presented study, the following terms are
herewith defined both conceptually and operationally to have and give a better
understanding of the project study.
Albino Rats. Albino rat is also known as experimental or laboratory rat,
which has a pure white-colored body fur and pinky eyes (poor eyesight) and
belongs to rodent species but less aggressive ones. They were the first animals to
be domesticated for scientific research (Kuramoto et al., 2012). In this study, albino
6
rats will be used as experimental rats instead of house rats for the researcher’s
safety.
Bait. As mentioned in Merriam-webster, bait is a luring substance or a
portion of food to trap or catch animals. In this study, the same definition was used.
Bay Laurel. Bay laurel, also known by its botanical name Laurus
nobilis originates in the Mediterranean region and belongs to the Lauraceae family
that may reach 20 feet and up (Espiritu, 2021). This is one of the materials that will
be added to produce a rodenticide in this study.
Botanical Pesticide. Botanical pesticides are agricultural pest management
agents which are based on plant extracts or oils (Lengai et al., 2020). The same
definition was used in the research study.
Honey. As indicated in Merriam-Webster, honey is a sweet, viscous,
yellowish substance carefully made out of the flower’s nectar in the bees’ honey
sacs. In the study, it is an additive that will use by the researcher to make a perfect
shape bait.
Infestation. As indicated in Cambridge Dictionary, an infestation is the
presence of tons of animals and insects which carry diseases in a place where
they are not wanted. In the present study, the same definition was used.
7
Madre de Cacao. Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) is also known as the
Kakawate plant, a leguminous tree belonging to the family Fabaceae that can grow
about 2 - 15 meters high and is the second most important multi-purpose tree with
vast healing properties (Rojas-Sandoval J, 2017). In this research study, Madre de
cacao is one of the primary materials needed in making a pesticide for rats.
Rat. Rats are rodent species native to Asia, which have pointed heads, big,
prominent eyes, thinly furred ears, moderately long legs, and long, sharp claws
(Musser, 2020). In this study, the same definition was used.
Rodenticide. Rodenticide is also known as "rat poison," which is a mixed
compound used to exterminate rodents (Isackson and Irizarry, 2021). In the
present study, this is the final product that is produced to solve the problem and
will be used in rat pest management.
Rodents. A rodent is also called Rodentia, and they are the largest group of
mammals, consisting of 4660 species characterized by upper and lower pairs of
grows-continually rootless incisor teeth (Musser, 2020). The same definition was
used in this study.
8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter represents the review of related Conceptual Literature,
Research Literature, Synthesis of the study, and Conceptual Framework that
provides the background for the study conducted. These serve as support for a
better understanding of the research work and for the enhancement of one’s
knowledge of what this study is all about.
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
The concepts and theories which contributed to the researcher’s adequate
background in the development of this study is presented here.
An Overview About Rat Infestation. A rat is often described with medium
size body and a long, thin tail. They belong to the rodent order, which is commonly
found in the Asia continent. Some species of rats have spread far beyond their
native range, from wildlife to urban cities. And as of today, they are not only a
constraint to agricultural production but also a reservoir of diseases and cause
damage to different properties.
Rat affects several things if not controlled. Numerous findings reported that
rodents, the order of rats, are the leading pest in agriculture, horticulture, forestry,
and public goods (Mulungu et al., 2003). Globally, rodents cause about 30% of
annual crop damage (Singleton, 2003). They bring loss and issues in crops in pre-
harvest and post-harvest stages, and nearly 10% of rodent species inclusively
9
impact agriculture, especially rats. The seedling stage of crops and cereals is the
most damaged when rats infest a farm before the harvest (Gadisa et al., 2016).
And during outbreaks, rodents cause food security at risk due to severe losses in
crop production.
Moreover, Aplin et al. (2003) added that rodents also cause sales value
reduction of foods through spoiling by urine and dropping and transmitting
diseases to humans. They are disease carriers. Rats can cause Hantavirus
Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, and Rat Bite Fever.
Additionally, they contribute to the spread of other diseases caused by the
parasites that infect rodents.
Rats even cause physical damage to facilities and establishments. Rats'
teeth grow constantly. Thus, they can chew and grind properties off. The chewing
can cause damage to urban farming items, such as wood, plastics, and concrete.
They also cause fires by chewing electrical cables. Eventually, rats cause public
health issues, financial loss due to crop damage, and damage to facilities that also
affect the economy.
Insufficiency and the Risks of Commercially Available Rodenticide
Products. In many countries, rat poisons are used to exterminate rat or mouse
pests. However, using these products is inhumane and may cause death to other
mammals if ingested. This is one of the reasons why information about controlling
10
rats permanently and rodenticides products are fewer than other pests. Some
people prefer using mouse traps or repellents to deter rats in their homes, gardens,
farms, and other places.
The toxicity of the available products in the market is dangerous for
everyone’s health. There are two categories of rodenticides. First is anticoagulant
rodenticides. They obstruct the vitamin K synthesis that is needed for normal blood
clotting. When it happens, it will slowly kill its consumers. Brodifacoum,
bromadiolone, difethialone, and difenacoum are the four types of this silent and
super-toxic rodenticide. These four let rodents consume them numerous times
before dying as they have long half-lives, so they are so-called slow-acting
substances. Bioaccumulation may also happen unintentionally. This is a
secondary poisoning process in which rodenticide residues form the lowest lethal
dose in the corpses of rats, so predators of rats are likely to be poisoned. Among
all the recorded rat poisons, the second-generation ones are classified as “super-
toxic” rodenticides. Due to the toxicity and risks, second-generation anticoagulant
rodenticides are recorded only for agricultural use, commercial pest control, and
structural pest control markets.
Other rodenticides currently registered to control mice include bromethalin,
cholecalciferol, strychnine, and zinc phosphide. These compounds are non-
11
anticoagulants. They have been used worldwide for more than a century, and each
is toxic in further ways.
These products can kill other animals, even humans if ingested. They pose
a public health issue and may have serious impacts on the environment as they
have toxic effects on wildlife. And over the years, the increased chemicals used
led to environmental pollution.
Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium). According to Dela Cruz (2010), Madre
de cacao is one of the easiest growing plants one could find. It is a leguminous
tree that grows about 2 - 15 meters high and can be seen in the forest. It is easy
to propagate and inexpensive. It could furnish a lot of uses to the farmers, from its
roots to leaves. And the tree could resprout quickly after pruning.
Different parts of Madre de cacao, also known as Kakawati, such as leaves,
flowers, roots, and bark, have been used for multiple purposes in many tropical
countries like the Philippines. It was cultivated as an ornamental plant and
alternative medicine for some ailments. Even local and indigenous knowledge also
indicates that Madre de cacao has a wide spectrum of uses against pests and
herbal medicine for both humans and animals.
Madre de cacao is scientifically considered the second most important multi-
purpose leguminous tree with broad healing properties. It is said to have tannins,
which are considered potentially antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antimutagenic,

12
antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, pesticidal, rodenticidal, and viricidal. It
also proves safe for use in most mammals.
Bay leaves (Laurus nobilis). Bay leaf is a perennial shrub with green color.
This plant belongs to the Lauraceae family, planted around tropical and subtropical
places and grown in different ecologic and climatic conditions. Wet areas, sandy
soil, plenty of water, and moist atmospheric conditions are ideal for this plant's rich
growth (Patrakar et al., 2012). Usually, leaves may burn at a hotter temperature;
thus, it is much preferred that a place should have a partial sunshade, well-drained
sandy soil with some moisture, and a pH range of 4.5–8.2. Cold weather that has
28°F below temperatures and extensive freezing will kill the bay plant.
According to Parthasarathy et al. (2008), it is traditionally used as an
ingredient in cooking, even for essential oil applications, traditional medicine, and
many other conventional practices. Bay has been used in food industries,
cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products and is also considered one of the
essential components for those industrial applications.
Bay leaves contain antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activity.
They are beneficial for improving one's immune system. Antioxidants are used in
many dietary sources and utilize to lower blood cholesterol and the level of uric
acid. Bay has been reported to be effective against many infections from
pathogens.
13
Potentiality and Efficacy of Madre de cacao and Bay Leaves as An
Alternative Botanical Rodenticide. The use of natural products in pest and
insect management has risen recently and could benefit the low socioeconomic
levels in urban and rural communities. Among the various currently available
herbal agents, the most popular and receiving lots of scientific attention are Madre
de cacao and Bay leaves. They are both well known for their chemical properties
that can be used to heal and cure different conditions and kill almost all types of
pests and insects.
Madre de cacao has folkloric uses, according to Stuart Jr. (2016). Sap or
decoction of leaves, bark, and roots can be used for wound healing, as an
antipruritic for dermatitis or itching, and as an insect and pest repellent. Bark
decoction is likewise used against bacterial and protozoal infections, and decoction
of leaves is used in urticaria, rash, burns, and erysipelas. It can also be used for
headaches, bruises, burns, colds, cough, fever, fatigue, gangrene, gonorrhea, and
itches and sores as an antidote, insecticide, and pesticide.
Rabena added that Madre de cacao is a good source of a toxic substance
called coumarins that can exterminate nearly all kinds of pests and insects. Its
leaves, roots, and bark have a chemical substance that can kill rats as they contain
rodenticidal properties. They may also use to clean and medicate scabies and
14
fungal infections. Its crushed leaves have a fetid smell that can be used to get rid
of dogs' fleas and ticks.
In addition, bay leaves are commonly known as a component in cooking, but
some say that they may also use as insect and pest repellent. The Bay leaf is
known for its sharp and bitter taste. The chemical constituents vary depending on
the type of species and the cultivation conditions. Due to essential oils' presence
in leaves and other parts of the plants, they make a difference between fragrance
and aroma. Its extract has antioxidant properties, which are found to have phenolic
compounds.
On top of that, this plant contains tannins, flavones, flavonoids, alkaloids,
eugenol, linalool, methyl chavicol, eugenol, citric acid, carbohydrate, steroids,
triterpenoids, and anthocyanins. Some of these properties are moderately toxic by
inhalation and ingestion exposure pathways. Acute, high-dose ingestion and
absorption may cause nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, and liver
damage. Hence, it may be added to rat bait to achieve a more satisfying result.
As rodenticides, both plants' characteristics can help against rats. They can
also promote safety for the person who will use them as bait. Since they are
natural, they are more effective and safer to use as an alternative rodenticide, and
their toxicity as a rat control may lead to a more successful outcome. Due to their
properties, they were considered and suggested as potential bait for rat infestation.
15
Safeness of Madre de cacao and Bay Leaves to Humans and
Environment. In practical amounts, Madre de cacao proves safe for use in most
mammals but is essentially deadly on rodents. Madre de cacao is used as a
rodenticide such as a mouse bait for ages by farmers and rural households. As a
parasiticide, Madre de cacao can actively rid ticks, fleas, and mites on a dog’s fur
without being toxic to the host. Also, it is proven as a great alternative to harsh
chemicals (Bagano, 2017). Bay leaves are also considered safe to use by humans
as they are used as an additive for cooking and makeup products. Thus, both
plants are not harmful to humans, particularly when used practically, and since it
is all-natural, it does not have any side effects on the environment.
Estimation of Cost and Benefit Analysis for Madre de cacao and Bay
Leaves as A Natural Pesticide Against Rat Infestation. People are purchasing
commercialized products to avoid different kinds of pests and insects. Some of
these treatment products are costly as they spend more of their budget to take
good care of their farm and houses. The researcher's proposed alternative
rodenticide product will be much cheaper than the available ones in the
marketplace as the researcher will use cheaper materials that can also be found
at home.
16
RESEARCH LITERATURE
Markets have synthetic products that could purchase to control rat
infestation. But, sometimes, they are harmful to both humans and the environment.
Thus, the use of plant products has been studied worldwide, and around 2,000
plant species are recorded to contain pest control attributes. Specific plants
possess chemical compounds with insecticidal and pesticidal properties
(Wilbraham et al., 2002). The plants used these compounds as protection against
herbivorous insects. Humans also have benefited from their chemical properties.
Some plants have distinct odors or chemicals that are repulsive to insects and
pests. Thus, the plants are investigated, identified, and formulated as natural
products for pest management. It is said to have lower side effects and improve
pest infestation. Since botanical products are safer and harmless, it is considered
to be used instead of synthetic ones. Among these plants are Madre de cacao and
Bay Leaves.
Madre de cacao has gained popularity, especially in curing skin diseases.
But nowadays, it also has been used to kill various kinds of pests and insects.
Tacio (2009) stated that it has a distinct aroma that could lure pests and kill them.
Its seeds and bark have toxic properties, and it brings about the generic epithet
“Gliricidia = mouse killer." It is also said to be expectorant, insecticidal, rodenticidal,
17
sedative, and suppurative, as stated in Abulude et al. (2009) research, which he
cited from Duke and Wain's study in 1981.
Moreover, Madre de cacao leaves extract is one of the sources of
antioxidants and antibacterial agents that may utilize to prevent enteric disease
caused by micro-organisms. The phenol-flavonoid compound is the primary
benefactor of these two properties. It presented a considerable amount in the leaf
extract. The antibacterial activity of Madre cacao leaves is evaluated by
distinguishing the zone of inhibition with the four organisms used, namely,
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Escherichia coli, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, according to Jose and Sujatha (2016). All organisms
assessed show antibacterial activity using the Madre de cacao leaf extract.
In another study conducted by Tambalque et al. (2015), they determined that
the efficacy of Madre de Cacao and Lemongrass extract as a pesticide against
cocolisap is as effective as commercially available products. It can be used as an
alternative, good and cheaper pesticide. The evaluation presented five treatments
with different concentrations and proportions. Treatment 1 has 100% of Madre de
Cacao. Then, treatment 2 contains 100% lemongrass. Treatment 3 has 50% of
each material. Treatment 4 is water (negative control), and treatment 5 has
commercial pesticides, which is Baygon (positive control). The experimentation
lasted for 12 to 24 hours. Treatment 3 is the most effective among the experimental
18
groups. It is composed of 50% of both materials combined. Then, followed by
treatment 1, and the least is treatment 2.
And for the bay leaf, in the study by Batool et al. (2019), they mentioned that
the leaf has biological activities: antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral,
immunostimulant, anticholinergic, antifungal, insect repellant, anticonvulsant,
antimutagenic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. They also said that the
leaf could be used in wound healing. Mansour et al. (2018) also added that it has
many physiological properties. It has antimicrobial, antifungal, and other properties
that make bay oil and its compounds good and valuable substances for
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It contains many compounds, such as turbines,
anthocyanins, and coumarins.
Additionally, the previous case report conducted by Kara et al. (2021)
presented an icteric and ill-looking patient experiencing abdominal pain, vomiting,
and nascent jaundice. The patient food intake history is investigated. They found
that the patient consumed bay leaf tea for about a month. Eventually, the
laboratory test results claimed that the patient had fulminant hepatitis and needed
a transplant. But the patient died before the transplant performs. Therefore, Kara
and another researcher (2021) concluded that bay laurel might use as an herbal
product, but the tendency and potential to cause hepatoxicity should be
considered.
19
Synthesis
Plants have been used throughout history for different purposes that are still
the basis for many preventions, treatments, or cures today. However, they do not
simply help humans resolve problems, but they can also be beneficial for their own
issues, like guarding themselves against predators. Because plants also contain a
broad spectrum of secondary metabolites as protection against environmental
stress or other factors such as insect attacks, wounds, and injuries. And these
metabolites might also help produce more innovative products in the future.
Furthermore, the exploration of new organic products continues, especially
for pest and insect control. And as of these days, several plant species have been
proven their insecticidal and pesticidal properties and their chemistry and efficacy
in laboratory data that could be quickly transformed into new products (Stevenson
et al., 2017). Yet results and benefits are not always predicted. If will be available
on the market, these products will be natural, have no expenditure, are nontoxic,
and help humans solve their problems more safely because of their presumed lack
of adverse side effects. And for rats as pests, a botanical rodenticide is one of the
best ways to stop their infestation without taking a risk.
Rat is considered one of the major pests and a problematic constraint
worldwide. Rats, including Norway, black, and house rats, are ubiquitous pests
inhabiting cities globally. They infest households, crops, and foodstuffs. They also
20
easily adjust and adapt to their surroundings and can be found anywhere as they
are undeniably increasing their population within a short period. Rats are the most
pernicious but least studied pests. The lack of literature about rats hinders the
creation of the product to control them.
Due to the lack of adequate means of controlling pests and insects, humans
use synthetic pesticides that are hazardous to humans, animal health, and the
environment. Compared to other forms of control, synthetic pesticides have a high
efficacy rate. However, these pesticides are not only toxic to the target organisms,
but they are also toxic or dangerous to a certain degree to man, animals, plants,
and the environment. The use of natural pesticides from plants such as Madre de
cacao and Bay leaves that can easily be seen in the country may be a solution to
the problems that were mentioned.
Madre de Cacao leaves are reported to have a fetid smell aside from their
active content. The use of crushed leaves externally can heal fleas and ticks that
can cause scabies or mange. A study executed by professor Alfredo Rabena, a
Filipino chemist, found that Madre de cacao has a toxic substance that can
exterminate almost all types of pests and insects. He mentioned that a kilogram of
plant leaves soaked in water overnight could make seven gallons of botanical
pesticides. Pak. J. Bot (2008) also added that Madre de cacao possesses
21
numerous properties that might help, including insecticidal, nematicidal, and
antibacterial.
On top of that, in a book written by Carol Costenbader, she says that bay
leaves can use to repel tiny pests just by sprinkling the leaves in storage. And
Welch (2020) added that this might use for rats. He said that the pungent aroma
of bay leaves could attract rats and think of it as their food. However, when rats
consume bay leaves, they choke and eventually die.
Therefore, the research literature is somehow connected to the present study
as the researcher used ideas that contributed and connected to the proposed task.
This will be useful for analyzing and comprehending, especially for future
researchers and readers. The researcher has carefully analyzed the details of the
proposed study to have correct data and information.
The difference between the researcher’s study and the primary literature is
that the researcher used different processes and materials in the project. Both
plants’ leaves will be ground and combined with three different ratios. The
researcher applied it in the production of rodenticide out of Madre de cacao and
Bay laurel, which makes it different from the other studies.
22
Conceptual Framework
The researchers have provided a conceptual framework for the study,
including the variables taken into consideration for a clear understanding of the
purpose of the study.
Robson (2011) mentioned that the conceptual framework of the study is the
system of ideas, perceptions, aspirations, values, and hypotheses that will help
and inform the research. In simple words, it is the key part of your design. He also
described the conceptual structure as a visual or written product that "explains,
either graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied, the key factors,
concepts or variables, and the presumed relationship between them."
Conceptual frameworks can be 'graphical' or in a narrative form that shows
the key variables or constructs to be studied and the alleged relationships between
them. It explains how the research problem will be probed. It is also an analytical
tool with several variations and the context in this framework to distinguish
conceptually and organize ideas.
23
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

A. Knowledge Requirements Development and
Design Stages
• Background Knowledge “Effectiveness of
about Rodenticide • Identification of
the problem Utilizing Madre
• Rat infestation de Cacao
• Gathering of
• Madre de cacao Data
(Gliricidia
(Gliricida Sepium) sepium) and Bay
• Bay leaves (Laurus
• Choosing of Leaves (Laurus
materials nobilis) as a
nobilis)
Botanical
B. Material Requirements • Production of
• Madre de cacao leaves Botanical Rodenticide for
Rodenticide to Rats”
• Bay leaves Exterminate
Rats
• Blender
• Weighing scale
• Small Basin, Mixing

Container, Small Plate, Evaluation and
Spoon Cost
• Molder
• Honey
Feedback
• Cage
• Albino Rats
Figure 1:
Research Paradigm on the Effectiveness of Utilizing Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia Sepium) & Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) as
24
Figure 1 describes the input, process, and output of this study. It shows the
flow of the research study, which served as the guide of the research study. The
chart includes all the data and materials needed to make the final output or the
outcome stage of the study.
The input includes two parts; the “Knowledge Requirements,” which has the
Background Knowledge about Rodenticides, Rat Infestation, Madre de cacao
(Gliricidia Sepium), and Bay Leaves (Laurus nobilis). The second part is the
“Material Requirements,” which includes the materials needed to produce the
botanical rodenticide.
The next stage is the "Process’" showing the development and design phase
of the project; Identification of the problem, Discovery of the subject, Data
collection, Design Stage, Material selection, and Production of Botanical
Rodenticide to Exterminate Rats.
The third stage is the result which will be the final performance or "Output"
of the researcher's analysis. This demonstrates the overall results of the
researcher's analysis.
25
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the Research Design and
Research Methodology that are used in this study.
Research Design
The primary purpose of this study is to determine, analyze, and evaluate
whether Madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) and Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) would
be good alternative materials for producing botanical rodenticides for rats. This
would help and benefit people, especially the farmers who wish to have a low-cost,
efficient, non-toxic pesticide to kill rats.
Research design is the researcher's plan on how to proceed, gather, and
obtain an understanding of several groups in their context, as stated by Ary (2010).
Gall & Borg (2007) added that descriptive research design aims to describe a
phenomenon and its features. The descriptive and exploratory research design is
the design used in the study.
Descriptive analysis is a procedure where it is distinctive but can use different
research techniques, as mentioned by Guttheck (2015). It depicts the features or
actions of the audience and aims to describe, clarify or confirm some theory or
objective.
26
An exploratory design is defined as the informal and unstructured set of
knowledge, according to Burns and Bush (2016). If researchers have scant
knowledge about this prospect or issue, the exploratory design of a study is
correct. Its methodology is not limited to a particular model but may be qualitative
or quantitative.
Data and information were acquired through a detailed analysis, review, and
examination of numerous papers, books, and prior studies. The researcher has
now included specific articles related to the proposed research study.
Research Methodology
Research methodology is the detailed procedures used to specify, choose,
process, and analyze information about a topic. It allows the readers to evaluate
the overall validity and reliability of a study critically. Moreover, research
methodology is the direction in which the researcher ought to perform their
research, such as formulating their problems and goals and describing the effects
of the data collected during the study period (Sileyew 2019).
The research design and method chapter also reveal how to get the result
by following the purpose of the study. This chapter also addresses the research
methods used during the research process. This requires the study's research
methods from the research approach to the distribution of findings.
27
Different procedures are done to achieve the researcher’s objective. Since
the use of a library is not accessible due to the current situation, the use of websites
where there are legitimate articles obtainable that are related to the chosen topic
is considered the method for data gathering. For the pre-design phase, the data
that has been collected is examined and interpreted in a detailed manner which
concludes that the physical properties of natural materials would make a great
contribution to the production of innovative non-toxic rodenticides for humans and
the environment. And for the design stage, the researcher produced the product
and tested its efficacy and potentiality by conducting three days of testing.
Preparation of the Materials. To determine the efficacy and potentiality of Madre
de cacao and Bay laurel to control rat pests, the process required leaves of Madre
de cacao, Bay leaves, honey, albino rats, mortar and pestle, blender, mixing
container, and weighing scale, measuring cup, small basin, small plates, and
cage.
Collection of the Albino Rats as Experimental Subjects. The researcher
looked for a pet shop with albino rats and bought the ideal size and number of rats
needed for the study. Albino rats are all male and weigh 60 grams each.
Preparation of the Cages. Since albino rats will be used in different sets,
the researcher preferred separating them according to the ratio of the food bait
that will be given to them. The researcher used a hand-made temporal cage.
28
Collection of Madre de cacao and Bay laurel Leaves. The Madre de
cacao leaves are collected from the researcher’s compound. The Madre de cacao
leaves are removed from each stem, put in a container, and placed in a cool, dry
place to keep them fresh. Bay leaves were bought from the market and set aside
before the actual use.
Collection of Other Materials. Other materials, which are needed, such as
mortar, pestle, blender, mixing container, weighing scale, measuring cup, small
basin, small plate, and cage, are gathered from the researcher’s house.
Preparation of Madre de cacao Leaves
Grinding of the Madre de Cacao Leaves. The grinding process of the
leaves will extract more natural and organic chemicals essential for killing rats. The
Madre de Cacao leaves are freshly picked from the researcher’s backyard. The
leaves should be used clean. After washing and drying it, the leaves are put in the
blender and ground into small pieces until it is good to use in the pellet formation.
Set the ground leaves aside after.
Preparation of Bay Leaves
Grinding of the Bay Leaves. The grinding process of the leaves will make
them easier to put together with the Madre de cacao leaves. The bay leaves bought
29
from the market are already dried and ready for grinding. The leaves are also
placed in the blender and ground into perfect sizes. After grinding, set them aside.
Preparation of the Rodenticide Mixture
Combination of Madre de cacao Leaves and Bay Leaves Using
Honey. Madre de cacao and Bay laurel leaves are combined with honey. Honey
served as the agent for the food pellet to be formed. The combination should be in
the ratios and proportions 1:2, 2:1, and 1:1. All sets of the mixture will have 20 mL
of honey. The rodenticide mixtures is also gone through the air dry process to
insure the long term use of the food pellet
30
Process Flow
Collection of Raw Materials
Preparation of the Raw Materials
Madre de Cacao Bay Laurel

Leaves Leaves
Wash the Grind or Pound

Leaves Leaves
Grind or Pound
Leaves
Combining the Madre de Cacao Leaves and Bay Leaves
Molding the Mixtures
Production of Botanical Rodenticide
Figure 2:
Process Flow of the the Effectiveness of Utilizing Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia Sepium) & Bay Leaves (Laurus nobilis) as
31
Product Design
Figure 3: Botanical pellet-formed rodenticide
The botanical rodenticide can be called 'Jerry Rat Bait.' It is produced from
Madre de Cacao leaves and Bay leaves. The product is designed to use as a
natural pesticide for rats. It can use for different kinds of rodents as long as they
are a pest. Its efficacy and potential can help exterminate and lessen rat infestation
on the farm or house. It is a non-toxic, natural, and inexpensive innovation that
could be utilized to make good use of our natural resources.
32
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter includes the results and discussion of the processed product.
The required values and parameters are obtained to meet desired characteristics
and benefits of a botanical rodenticide.
This study was originally developed and created for individuals who have
experienced rat infestation in their houses, gardens, and farms and intend to solve
it. This will help the community and the environment since the processed product
is non-toxic, and it can be an answer to managing the problems in rats, especially
at home, without facing the risk of chemicals.
1) To produce a natural bait using Madre de Cacao and Bay laurel to
control rat infestation.
The proponent of the study has developed a natural rodenticide using the
mixture of Madre de cacao and Bay leaves. This will help control rat infestation
and prevent too much increase in its population. In order to carry out the
experiment properly, the researcher acquired the materials and tools required.
Some materials are already on hand at the researcher's residence.
The production of the rat food poison pellet made from fresh Madre de cacao
leaves and dried Bay leaves is done by a simple process which is grinding and
33
combining all-natural materials. The researcher will be able to make an efficient
alternative rodenticide by utilizing the leaves of the two said plants after a lengthy
process. The study has three trials and sets. Therefore, the researcher also has
three different mixtures and ratios. They are 2:1 (100 g Bay leaves and 50 g Madre
de Cacao leaves), 1:2 (50 grams Bay leaves and 100 grams Madre de Cacao
leaves), and 1:1 (50 g of Bay leaves and 50 grams of Madre de Cacao leaves).
The researcher used 20 mL of honey in every set of the mixture to be able
to make a good shape pellet. All mixtures, even the finished rodenticide pellets,
are weighed correctly and profoundly to ensure that all have the same weight
before giving to the experimental rats.
The pellets were molded manually into a ballpen’s body and pushed by a
stick made of bamboo for the mixture to come out in a pellet-formed rodenticide.
Each mixture has its ballpen and sticks to prevent them from mixing. After air
drying, all pellets are put in their respective containers for the finishing touch.
Containers have different colors to indicate which mixture it is.
34
Table 1: Physical Characteristics of the Pellet Mixtures
Components Amount of Physical

Ratio of the Mixture Honey Characteristics
100 g Bay 20 mL non-sticky,

2:1 leaves and 50 g loose, easy to
of Madre de mold and air
Cacao leaves dry, not in
mixture perfect shape
after being
molded, army
green in color
50 g Bay 20 mL too watery, too

leaves and 100 sticky, difficult to
1:2 g of Madre de mold and air
Cacao leaves dry, almost
mixture perfect in
shape, dark
green in color
50 g Bay 20 mL has the right

1:1 leaves and 50 g amount of
of Madre de water,
Cacao leaves stickiness, and
mixture dryness, is easy
to mold and air
dry, almost
perfect in
shape, army
green in color
35
The first mixture contains 100 grams of bay leaves and 50 grams of Madre
de cacao, giving a ratio of 2:1. The dried bay leaves and fresh Madre de cacao
leaves are ground first before combining them with 20 mL of honey. This ratio
produced an army green color, non-sticky and loose pellets since bay leaves are
dried and have more grams. It is easier to mold and air dry than the other two.
However, these pellets do not meet the standard shape and are easy to crush into
powder-like materials when being shaken.
On the other hand, the second mixture has a ratio of 1:2, which has 50 grams
of bay leaves and 100 grams of Madre de cacao. In this case, the mixture has this
watery characteristic because it has more grams of fresh Madre de cacao leaves.
The mixture gives a dark green color pellet. It is too sticky, making it difficult to put
in the ballpen’s body for molding. Since the mixture was too wet, it took time to dry.
But the pellets almost look like commercially available ones, though they are bigger
than commercial products.
And the last mixture contains 50 grams of leaves of each plant with a ratio of
1:1. It is the easiest to put in the ballpen’s body. It is not too dry, too sticky, nor too
watery. It has the right amount of these three attributes making it the perfect
mixture for molding. It also has an army green color and almost meets the standard
shape for a pellet.
36
In terms of physical characteristics, the ratio of 1:1, which contains 50 grams
of leaves of each plant, is the most ideal among the three sets of mixtures
concerning the shape and the level of process difficulty.
2) To determine the ideal ratio and level of effectiveness of Madre de
Cacao and Bay laurel by the number of death or mortality rate.
An experiment was conducted to fulfill the second objective of the study. This
is to evaluate and identify the ideal ratio and level of effectiveness of the leaves of
Madre de Cacao and Bay laurel by the death or mortality rate. The experimental
subjects in this study are twelve male albino rats weighing 60 grams each. They
are put in a cage and separated concerning the ratio of the rodenticide mixture.
Three albino rats will be used as a control, and the nine left, on the other hand, will
be used as the experimental subjects for the three sets of mixtures.
Metal Screen
hole for
arm
access
Plywood
Figure 4: Rats’ Cage
37
The cage is designed to shut the rats in so the experiment will become
easier to perform. It allows for direct observation of the rats’ behavior toward the
treated materials. Since the rats have one of the sharpest teeth among the small
animals, the cage is assembled using plywood and a metal screen. Thus, it will
be difficult for them to chew it, which will prevent them from escaping and keep
them inside the cage. The cage has holes like windows for arm access. The rats
will be fed here as well.
The natural rodenticides are put in a small, shallow plastic bowl, then
inserted into the cage. Pellets have not been measured because of the different
sizes. The researcher considered putting 2 grams in every bowl. Hence, the albino
rats would still be able to consume the same amount of the mixtures. The mixtures
are fed to the rats, and the researcher monitors the possible reaction that may
occur during the day. The duration of the product’s effect on the rats is observed
using a mobile phone and timer for a clear and accurate result.
The results of the three days observation are shown in the tables below.
Each table includes the control and treated albino rats, the type of pellet and the
amount of the mixture used to produce it, the grams given per day, and the effects
of the product observed by the researcher to support her claim.
38
Tabulated Result
Table 2: Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats
(Result for the 1st day of Observation)
Control and Grams of the

Treated Albino Type of Pellet Pellets Given Effects
Rats for Day 1 Observed
Control Commercial 6 grams Normal (No sign

Food Pellet of being
poisoned)
Rodenticide 6 grams Normal (No sign

Pellets (100 g of being
Treated 1 Bay leaves and poisoned))
50 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)

Treated 2 Bay leaves and poisoned)
100 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
Treated 3 Rodenticide 6 grams Normal (No sign

Bay leaves and poisoned)
50 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
39
On the first day, the researcher evaluated the effectiveness of three
mixtures with ratios of 2:1, 1:2, and 1:1. The rodenticide pellet was given, weighing
2 grams at 8 a.m., 12 noon, and 8 p.m. Most of the treated group 2 albino rats
ignore the bait at first but eat them eventually.
According to some sources, rats are too quick-witted to be killed since they
have “bait shyness” behavior. Bait shyness is a form of avoidance learning in which
the animal quickly develops an aversion towards a portion of food or bait that
intends to kill rat populations by using poison. Rats and mice tend to avoid
unfamiliar foods and sample them tentatively. A rat that takes a small amount of
high poisoned food and survives will never touch the same type of food again. Rats
are one of these mammals that are too conscious of what they eat. Nevertheless,
Dr. Hockman mentioned in an article that Madre de cacao, one of the components
of this product, does not develop bait shyness. And some studies have also stated
that rats think that bay leaves are some kinds of food portion that they can eat.
Therefore, rats eat them without noticing that it is a poison.
However, after day 1 of observation, no effects show up. There is no sign
of them being poisoned. The rats still acted normally and in accordance with their
actual behavior, like what control does.
40
Tabulated Result
Table 2.1: Effects of the Proposed Rodenticide Pellet for Rats
(Result for the 2nd day of Observation)


poisoned)
Rodenticide 6 grams 1 - Weak

Pellets (100 g 2 - Normal
Treated Bay leaves and 3 - Normal
Group 1 50 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
Rodenticide 6 grams 1 - Normal

de Cacao
leaves mixture)

Pellets (50 g 2 - Sneezed
Treated Bay leaves and 3 - Sneezed
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
41
On the next day, another round of two grams of pellets is given to the treated
albino rats at the same schedule. The effects have been observed, and for the last
48 hours, one from treated group 1 albino rats and two from treated group 3 show
some reactions. The one from the treated group 1 albino rat is weaker than usual.
This effect was noticed after giving the pellets for the evening schedule. The rat
often slept in the corner, was not lively, and seemed lethargic. The other two from
treated group 3 sneezed when monitoring before giving the pellets for the 12-noon
schedule. All these signs are not recorded but written on the researcher’s logbook.
Moreover, other researchers said that at some point, Madre de cacao and
honey, the additive material for this product, can cause sneezing. They can trigger
allergic reactions in some instances. Another, Madre de cacao leaves and bay
leaves have chemical substances like coumarins that are toxic to rats. This
substance may result in blood clotting that can weaken the ones who ingested it
and lead to a major health issue.
42
Tabulated Result
Table 2.2: Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats
(Result for the 3rd day of Observation)
Control and Type of Pellet Grams of the Effects

Treated Albino Pellets Given Observed
Rats for Day 3

poisoned)
Rodenticide 6 grams 1 - Died

Pellets (100 g (Only 4 g for T1 2 - Weak
Treated Bay leaves and (1) since it died 3 - Normal
Group 1 50 g of Madre before the 8 pm
de Cacao schedule)
leaves mixture)

Pellets (50 g 2 - Weak
de Cacao
leaves mixture)

Treated Bay leaves and 3 - Died
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
On the last day of observation, more rats show different effects. Another rat
is getting weaker from the treated group 1 albino rat, and the one that was weak
43
last day died. The researcher saw it during the inspection that day. The researcher
tries to poke it to see if it’s really dead or simply sleeping. But it did not move.
Hence, the rat is dead. The mixture that was being eaten up was a combination of
100 grams of Bay leaves and 50 grams of Madre de cacao. It lasted for about 63
hours and 18 minutes regarding the timer on the researcher’s phone.
Another from the treated group 2, an albino rat, has also changed its
behavior. According to some research, rats are attracted to the sound of anything
as they think they would be in danger. That’s one of their ways to run fast to protect
themselves from predators. The researcher makes some sounds with the use of a
biscuit’s plastic. But, in this case, this rat ignores the sounds. It is sitting only in the
corner.
And for the last group, two treated albino rats sneezed, but one had blood
on his nose. One of these two died eventually. The rat lasted for about 71 hours
and 31 minutes. The pellets that were given in this group were a mixture of 50 g of
Bay leaves and 50 grams of Madre de cacao.
Moreover, the table below shows that even after the three-day observation
of the rodenticide pellets' effects, some rats showed some signs, such as sneezing
and getting weak. And others could not take the poison any longer. They died
eventually within two days after the three-day observation
44
Tabulated Result
Table 2.3: Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for
Rats Two Days After the Three-Day Observation

Rats for Day 4-5

poisoned)
Rodenticide Only 6 g for 2 - Died

Pellets (100 g both rats since 3 - Died
Treated Bay leaves and these two died
Group 1 50 g of Madre on the fourth
de Cacao day night
leaves mixture)

Pellets (50 g (Only 8 g for T2 2 - Died
Treated Bay leaves and (2) since it died 3 - Sneezed
Group 2 100 g of Madre before the 12nn
de Cacao of the 5th-day
leaves mixture) schedule)

Pellets (50 g 2 - Died
Treated Bay leaves and
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
The death of rats might be explained scientifically as some studies have
stated that the Madre de cacao and bay leaves can get rid of rodents in large
amounts, especially when ingested. They have toxic substances that may result in
45
blood clotting. It will be followed by bleeding that may lead to internal hemorrhage
and cause death.
Because the treated albino rats in group 1 died faster than the others, the
researcher concluded that the mixture of 100 grams of Bay leaves and 50 grams
of Madre de cacao is the most effective in exterminating rats. This mixture can kill
a male rat weighing 60 grams within three to four days. It took 63 hours and 18
minutes to get rid of one of the treated group 1 albino rats. While the others, which
have eaten the set 2 and set 3 mixtures, took more time to die. As a result, this will
be a good foundation for more innovative rodenticides in the future.
3) To measure the duration for the mixture to exterminate rodents.
Based on the experiments that the researchers did to figure out how long it
would take for the Bay leaves and Madre de Cacao leaves extract to kill rats, the
researcher used a stopwatch to get the right time of when the rats died. And based
on the three types of rodenticide pellets that the researcher did, the fastest one in
killing rats is the first set mixture, which has 100 grams of Bay leaves and 50 grams
of Madre de cacao. The time duration is 63 hours and 18 minutes. The next is the
third set mixture which kills an albino rat within 71 hours and 31 minutes, and the
last is the second one containing 100 grams of Madre de cacao leaves and 50
grams of Bay leaves which did not kill any rat within the three-day observation. The
46
researcher figured bay leaves would help exterminate rats since the mixture has
50% more bay leaves than the Madre de cacao.
Table 3: Duration of the Rodenticide Pellets to Exterminate

Rats During the Three-Day Observation
Control and Ratio and Number of Duration of

Treated Albino Mixture Rats Died Exterminating
Rats Rats
2:1 (100 g Bay 1 63 hours and 18

leaves and 50 g minutes
Treated of Madre de
Group 1 Cacao leaves
mixture)
1:2 (50 g Bay 0 No rats died

leaves and 100
Treated g of Madre de
mixture)
1:1 (50 g Bay 1 71 hours and 31

leaves and 50 g minutes
Treated of Madre de
mixture)
In addition, the observation lasted for only three days. Even so, another four
albino rats died within two days after the three-day monitoring. There is nothing
left in treated group 1. There are two from group 2 and one from group 3. Both rats
from group 1 died on the fourth day, and the other two from groups 2 and 3 were
47
on the fifth day. Therefore, the rats consume 18 to 30 grams of the mixtures given
to them before dying.
Table 3.1: Duration of the Rodenticide Pellets to Exterminate

Rats After the Three-Day Observation
Treated Ratio and Rats Left After Number Duration of

Albino Mixture the Three-Day of Rats Exterminating
Rats Observation Died Rats
Treated 2:1 (100 g 2 2 4 days

Group 1 Bay leaves
and 50 g of
Madre de
Cacao
leaves
mixture)
1:2 (50 g Bay 3 1 5 days

leaves and
Treated 100 g of
Group 2 Madre de
Cacao
leaves
mixture)
1:1 (50 g Bay 2 1 5 days

leaves and
Treated 50 g of
Group 3 Madre de
Cacao
leaves
mixture)
48
4) To conduct a cost-benefit analysis.
The low cost of the botanical rodenticide using the leaves of Madre de
Cacao and Bay, despite its quality, will make the study more appealing because
of its affordability. Numerous markets provide affordable prices to their customers
and buyers based on their efficacy. To estimate the cost of natural rodenticide
production, the proponents of the study determine the price of the materials used.
Table 4: Proposed Product’s Cost Analysis
MATERIALS Quantity Cost (Php.)
Dried Bay Leaves 2 (100 g per plastic) 78
Madre de Cacao 150 g 0

Leaves
Plastic Jar 3 48
Container
Bottle of Honey 100 mL 120
Total Cost 146
The table above shows the proposed product’s total cost summary. The
total cost is approximately Php. 146.00. This includes two plastic bay leaves
containing 100 grams each, which cost Php.78.00 in total, three plastic jar
containers, which cost Php.16.00 each, and a bottle of honey, which cost Php.
49
120.00. The bay leaves are bought online, and the other two materials are at the
Batangas city marketplace. Other materials used in the final product production,
such as the 200 grams of Madre de cacao leaves, are already available at the
researcher’s home. The first mentioned materials are the only ones purchased that
the researcher used to create botanical rodenticides.
Table 4.1: Rats and Rats’ Cage Cost Analysis
MATERIALS Quantity Cost (Php.)
Nails ¼ kg 30
Metal Screen 1½m 160
Albino Rats 12 960
Total Cost 1150
The table above shows the cost of albino rats and the materials used to
create the cage. Therefore, the total cost incurred by the researcher is
approximately Php 1150. 00, which is for ¼ kg of nails, which cost Php. 30.00, 1
½ m of metal screen used for the cage to enclose the rats, and lastly, the albino
rats, which have a total cost of Php. 960.00.
50
Table 4.2: Comparison of the Effectivity Between Commercially

Available Rodenticide Product and Researcher’s Most Effective
Rodenticide Product in Terms of Killing Rats
Product Type of Duration of the Duration of

Rodenticide Initial Effects in Killing Rats
Rats
Commercially
Available Chemical-Based 15 minutes to 1 2 to 4 hours
Rodenticide hour
Most Effective
Botanical Plant-Based 24 to 48 hours 63 hours and
Rodenticide 18 minutes
This table compares the effectiveness and duration of the initial effects and
the time it took for the product to kill the rats. To compare the chemical-based and
plant-based products, the researcher searched for an effective commercially
available rodenticide online first, which is zinc phosphide. The researcher cited
articles and watched videos that showed this product's effectiveness. According to
previous studies, zinc phosphide works quickly with the target animal, and it is
proven and shown in the table above.
The researcher's most effective proposed rodenticide products took 63 hours
and 18 minutes, or almost three days, to eliminate rats. And it took one to two days
before it began showing clinical signs. However, it took only 15 minutes to 1 hour
for the commercial product to show initial effects and 2 - 4 hours to kill rats. Studies
51
said that the duration of killing the rats depends on their weight. In the video
watched by the researcher, the rats are in their adult age and approximately
weighing 300 to 500 grams, and zinc phosphide still kills the rats in just a span of
time, while the proposed product is in the accumulation period just yet. Hence, the
chemical-based product is faster and more effective than the proposed plant-
based rodenticide.
The researcher concluded that commercially available products are more
effective than the proposed product. It explains that its effectiveness is more
beneficial for killing rats. Regardless, this is still chemical-based and too risky to
use as it harms people, other animals, and the environment.
52
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations drawn from
the analysis of the data gathered by the researchers to produce a natural
rodenticide in the pellet-formed.
Conclusion
From the data and information gathered by the researchers from different
studies, the proponents of the study formulated the following conclusions:
1) Madre de Cacao leaves and Bay leaves could produce natural bait to
control rats’ infestation.
The leaves of Madre de Cacao and Bay laurel achieved their goal of
producing rodenticide. The leaves are turned into three different pellet-formed
rodenticides. They differ in terms of physical characteristics and level of
effectiveness. The researcher figured out that the proposed natural product can
change rat behaviors, cause sneezing, weakens the rats, and even cause death.
These observations are also supported by facts, as some studies stated
that Madre de cacao leaves serve as dicoumarol which impedes blood from a clot
and may result in internal hemorrhage. And Bay leaves might result in liver
malfunction by continuously taking it. Thus, this study could prove that Bay leaves
and Madre de Cacao leaves can produce a product that can help prevent or control
rat infestation.
53
2) The pellets’ mixture of 100 g of Bay leaves and 50 g of Madre de Cacao
with a ratio of 2:1 is the ideal one and the most effective among the
three pellets.
In the experiment, among the three different ratios of pellets, the
combination of 100 g of Bay and 50 g of Madre de Cacao leaves is the most
effective and ideal. The researcher has observed that the rats are more attracted
to this mixture, making them ingest repeated doses, resulting in death. It did not
also exhibit bait shyness.
Furthermore, this 2:1 ratio is proven to kill a male rat weighing 60 grams
within three days. This is the fastest among the three to kill rodents and causes
some effects on their health and changes their normal behavior into aggressive
and wild. Thus, the ratio of 2:1, which contains 100 g of ground Bay leaves and 50
g of ground Madre de cacao, is the prominent mixture.
3) A rodenticide mixture is more effective with more grams of Bay leaves.
The mixture with a large portion of Bay leaves makes the most effective
plant-based rodenticide compared to the two other ratios with less amount of the
leaves. This mixture is the first one that shows initial effects in the rats. The rat
became weak and eventually died. The researcher figured out that these leaves
make the rodenticide more appealing to the rats. Since rats have a distinct sense
of smell, the sweet scent of bay leaves attracts them more. Hence, the rats
54
consumed considerable amounts of the proposed rodenticide pellets, which were
enough to kill them.
Moreover, bay leaves also have chemical compounds lethal to rats, such as
tannins and citric acids. These constituents also help make the bay leaves a more
effective component of the natural rodenticide. Therefore, the researcher
concluded that the more bay leaves in a rodenticide mixture, the more effective it
will be.
4) Madre de Cacao leaves and Bay leaves as pellet-formed rodenticides
could take three days or more to kill rodents.
The pellet-formed rodenticide took time to eliminate the rats, which is its
downside. The most effective mixture took three days to kill a rat and four and half
days to exterminate the whole treated group. The less effective ones took three to
five days to kill, which is too long compared to the commercial product's
effectiveness when it comes to the duration of killing rats. Hence, the researcher
concluded that Madre de Cacao leaves, and Bay leaves, are slow-acting
substances, but they could be deadly in large doses.
5) Natural rodenticide pellets made of Madre de Cacao leaves and Bay
leaves are an inexpensive alternative, but chemical-based products
are more efficient than this proposed product.
The researcher concluded that the proposed plant-based product is more
affordable but less effective than commercial rodenticides. The materials are
55
available and can be seen at home, making the product more inexpensive.
However, it is not as effective as chemical-based products, which are commercially
available nowadays. This food bait slowly accumulates in the body and can be
lethal and shows some effects in a few days, unlike chemical-based products,
which are fast-acting substances and only take hours to kill rats. Hence, botanical
rodenticide has disadvantages and advantages on different points.
Recommendations
Based on the study's conclusion, the researcher recommends the following
for further enhancement of the study.
1. Future researchers can improve the project by gathering sufficient
information and data from various reliable sources. It will be more accurate if the
statements are from credible references, like articles. Adding more details and
facts will also help to improve the study's credibility. The investigation, observation,
and documentation should be as systematic and detailed as possible.
2. The researcher suggests that the experiment is done in the laboratory with
proper equipment because the experimentation and result will be safer and more
accurate. The researcher also advises running more trials with different levels of
product ratio to see which is the perfect mixture that can kill rats more effectively
and in just a short period.
56
3. The study's proponent suggests gathering accurate information about the
best ways to keep the natural rodenticide from spoiling or contaminating after a
few days.
4. For the experimental subjects, it is also preferable if more rats will use in
the experiment. The researcher recommends using the same kind of rats for their
safety. However, they can also use different rat species to find further possible
information and results. And if an albino rat will still be the subject, make sure to
look for it in advance because it is hard to find in the Batangas region.
5. People consider natural products over chemical-based ones because
these products contain substances harmful to human health and the environment
due to pollution and contamination. And for this reason, the researcher encourages
future innovators to use natural materials for their studies. They can still improve
the idea and concept of alternative natural products and use this study as a basis
for the enhancement of the outcome.
6. The researcher used current knowledge and information to create this
botanical and nontoxic product as the researcher envisions an increased use of
natural products and fewer chemicals in rat control to less harm the whole
ecosystem. And most importantly, a safe environment for all humanity away from
dangers posed by rats. Future innovators are more capable of building on the
researchers' ideas. Therefore, the researcher recommends creating and making a
change with a good vision that can benefit all.
57
REFERENCES
58
Abulude F.O and Adebote V.T. (2009). Antibacterial investigation of crude

extracts of the root bark of Gliricidia sepium retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org
Aplin, K. P., Brown, P. R., Jacob, J., Krebs, C. J., & Singleton, G. R. (2003). Field
methods for rodent studies in Asia and the Indo-Pacific (No. 435-2016-
33720).
Batool, S., Khera, R. A., Hanif, M. A., & Ayub, M. A. (2020). Bay Leaf. Medicinal
Plants of South Asia, 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102659-
5.00005-7
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2013, September 13). laurel.
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/laurel-plant-
Laurus-genus
Duke, J.K., and Wain, K.K., (1981). Medicinal plants of the world. Computer
index with more than 85,000 entries. 3 vols
Gadisa, T., & Birhane, A. (2016). Farmers perceptions of rodents as crop pests:
Knowledge, attitude and practices of farmers about rodent pest
management in Southwest Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Extension and
Rural Development, 8(3), 39-46.
Isackson B, Irizarry L. Rodenticide Toxicity. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls
[Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554428/
Kara, H., Bayır, A., Korkmaz, H., Talay, F. & Ak, A. (2021). Hepatotoxicity caused
by bay leaf (Laurus nobilis): A case report. Journal of Emergency
Medicine Case Reports. 12 (4) , 124-126 . DOI: 10.33706/jemcr.972191
Kuramoto, T., Nakanishi, S., Ochiai, M., Nakagama, H., Voigt, B., & Serikawa, T.
(2012). Origins of albino and hooded rats: implications from molecular
genetic analysis across modern laboratory rat strains.
Lengai G. M. et al., (2020). Phytochemical Activity and Role of Botanical
Pesticides in Pest Management for Sustainable Agricultural Crop
Production. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00239
Mansour, Oussama & Darwish, Manal & Ismail, Ghenwa & Douba, Zein Al-
Abideen & Ismaeel, Ali & Eldair, Kamel. (2018). Review Study on the
Physiological Properties and Chemical Composition of the Laurus nobilis.
5.
59
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Bait. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

May 17, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bait
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Honey. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved
May 17, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honey
Mulungu, L. S., Makundi, R. H., Leirs, H., Massawe, A. W., Vibe-Petersen, S., &
Stenseth, N. C. (2003). The rodent density-damage function in maize
fields at an early growth stage. ACIAR Monograph Series, 96, 301-303.
Musser, G. (2020, March 4). rat. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/rat
Musser, G. (2020, April 4). rodent. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/rodent
Origins of albino and hooded rats: implications from molecular genetic analysis
across modern laboratory rat strains PLoS One, 7 (2012), p. e43059
Parthasarathy, V. A., Chempakam, B., & Zachariah, T. J. (Eds.).
(2008). Chemistry of spices. Cabi.
Patrakar, R., Mansuriya, M., & Patil, P. (2012). Phytochemical and
pharmacological review on Laurus nobilis. International journal of
pharmaceutical and chemical sciences, 1(2), 595-602.
Rabena, A.R., (2007). Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) jacq. Kunth ex. Walph
coumarin as antitermitic and antimicrobial compound retrieved from
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH2011000440 >
June 15, 2018
Review of Literature on Medical Properties of Gliricidia Sepium
(Kakawate). (2020, July 14). GradesFixer. Retrieved May 17, 2022, from
https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/review-of-literature-on-
medical-properties-of-gliricidia-sepium/
Rojas-Sandoval J, (2017). Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia). Invasive Species
Compendium.Wallingford,UK:CABI.DOI:10.1079/ISC.25380.20203482811
Singleton G. R. (2003). Impacts of Rodents on Rice Production in Asia. Retrieved
from http://books.irri.org/971220183X_content.pdf
Tacio, H.D., (2009). Organic, Botanical Pesticides: Cheaper and Effective Pest
Control retrieved from https:www.gaiadiscovery.com/agriculture-
industry/ > June 8, 2018
60
Tambalque, Kim Z, Loren, Sydrick James A., Tenala, Shania A. & Lorete,
GielaMae C. (2015). “Kakawate extract and Lemongrass extract as
pesticide againstCocolisap”
61
APPENDICES
62
APPENDIX A
PREPARATION OF BAY LEAVES
(Weighing and Grinding)
63
APPENDIX B
PREPARATION OF MADRE DE CACAO LEAVES
(Weighing, Washing, Grinding)
64
APPENDIX C
COMBINING OF GROUND BAY LEAVES AND GROUND MADRE DE CACAO
LEAVES TOGETHER WITH HONEY
65
APPENDIX D
MOLDING OF THE MIXTURES
66
APPENDIX E
PREPARATION OF THE FINAL PRODUCTS
(Transferring of the Pellets to Jar Containers)
67
APPENDIX F
THREE DAYS OF POISONING AND OBSERVATION
68
APPENDIX G
THE EFFECTS AFTER THE THREE-DAY EXPERIMENTATION
69
APPENDIX H
RESULT OF THE PRODUCT’S EFFECTS AND ABILITY IN KILLING RATS
Tabulated Result
Table 2: Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats
(Result for the 1st day of Observation)
Control and Grams of the Effects

Treated Albino Type of Pellet Pellets Given Observed
Rats for Day 1

poisoned)

Treated 1 Bay leaves and poisoned))
50 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)

Treated 2 Bay leaves and poisoned)
100 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
Treated 3 Rodenticide 6 grams Normal (No sign

Bay leaves and poisoned)
50 g of Madre
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
70
Tabulated Result
Table 2.1: Effects of the Proposed Rodenticide Pellet for Rats
(Result for the 2nd day of Observation)


poisoned)

de Cacao
leaves mixture)

de Cacao
leaves mixture)

Treated Bay leaves and 3 - Sneezed
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
71
Tabulated Result
Table 2.2: Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for Rats
(Result for the 3rd day of Observation)

Rats for Day 3

poisoned)
Rodenticide 6 grams 1 - Died

Pellets (100 g (Only 4 g for T1 2 - Weak
Treated Bay leaves and (1) since it died 3 - Normal
Group 1 50 g of Madre before the 8 pm
de Cacao schedule)
leaves mixture)

de Cacao
leaves mixture)

Treated Bay leaves and 3 - Died
de Cacao
leaves mixture)
72
Tabulated Result
Table 2.3: Effects of the Proposed Pellet Rodenticide for
Rats Two Days After the Three-Day Observation

Rats for Day 4-5

poisoned)
Rodenticide Only 6 g for
Pellets (100 g both rats since 2 - Died
Bay leaves and these two died 3 - Died
Treated 50 g of Madre on the fourth
Group 1 de Cacao day night
leaves mixture)
Rodenticide 12 grams
Pellets (50 g (Only 8 g for T2 1 - Normal
Bay leaves and (2) since it died 2 - Died
Treated 100 g of Madre before the 12nn 3 - Sneezed
Group 2 de Cacao of the 5th-day
leaves mixture) schedule)
Rodenticide 12 grams
Bay leaves and 2 - Died
Treated 50 g of Madre
Group 3 de Cacao
leaves mixture)
73
RESUME
74
Alexza Nicole F. Buisan

St. Peter Subdivision, Alangilan Batangas City
09668855803
buisananstem12.wastfi@gmail.com
Educational Qualification 2020 -Present

Senior High School Level
Westmead Academy of Science
and Technology Foundation Inc.
Alangilan, Batangas City
2015-2019
Junior High School Level
Batangas Province High School
for Culture and Arts
Bolbok, Batangas City
2009-2015
Elementary Level
San Nicolas Elementary School
San Nicolas, Lobo, Batangas
75
Extra-Curricular Activities Student Council’s Grade 11 STEM

Representative
Westmead Academy of Science and
Technology Foundation, Inc.
2020-2021
Student Council’s Vice President
2021-2022
Tech Leaders Club’s President
2021-2022
Participant
LPU University 50th Anniversary
Solo Dance Competition
December 2021
Achievements With Honors

Activie Participation in
Academic Competition
June 2020
2nd Place
Senior High School Week
Solo Dance Competition
March 2021
Champion
Group Dance Competition
March 2021
76
2nd Place
Logo Making Competition
March 2021
Champion
Westmead International School
15th Foundation Day Celebration
Group Dance Competition
December 2021
2nd Place
Poster Making Competition
March 2022
Webinar Attended Assertive Communication Skills

Region IV-A CALABARZON
Via ReSkills App
February 2022
Career Planning, Workplace
Trends and Stress
Via Zoom Meeting
March 2022
Future Focus: Realities and Relevance
in the Hybrid Work Environment
Via Zoom Meeting
April 2022
77
Start Up Conference: Shaping Up the

Future of Youths Through Start Ups
Region IV- A CALABARZON
Via Zoom Meeting
April 2022
Personal Information Date of Birth: March 18, 2004

Gender: Female
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Language: Filipino, English
References Dr. Arlene D. Castor

Chair Panelist
Mrs. Bessielyn V. Aledo
Panel
Mr. Ryan A. Aledo
Research Professor and Thesis Adviser
CHARACTER REFERENCES
“Available upon request”
78
I hereby certify that facts contained in this resume are true and correct to
the best of my knowledge and belief.
ALEXZA NICOLE BUISAN
79

BUISAN Alexza Nicole F. Research Paper

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

BUISAN Alexza Nicole F. Research Paper

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

BUISAN Alexza Nicole F. Research Paper

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Westmead Academy of Science and Technology Foundation Inc.

Senior High School Department

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING THE LEAVES OF

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

BUISAN, ALEXZA NICOLE F.

This study entitled

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING THE LEAVES OF MADRE DE CACAO

ALEXZA NICOLE F. BUISAN

after having been presented in hereby approved by

Mr. RYAN A. ALEDO Mrs. BESSIELYN V. ALEDO

ARLENE D. CASTOR, PhD

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

Date ARLENE D. CASTOR, PhD

ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET

This study entitled

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING THE LEAVES OF MADRE DE CACAO

ALEXZA NICOLE F. BUISAN

And Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for

MR. RYAN A. ALEDO

With boundless appreciation, the researcher would like to extend her

To Westmead Academy of Science and Technology Foundation Inc., the

for giving permission and chance to perform this study;

goals and bring it the success;

criticism and suggestions to enhance and improve the study;

which is necessary to motivate the researcher. They served as an inspiration to

complete the study. Their encouragement inspired her to keep on striving.

Likewise, thanks to her classmates for their companionship and support

throughout the study;

of the Holy Spirit needed to complete this study.

to produce an innovative, effective, safe, and affordable botanical pellet-formed

rodenticide. The entire study, including the experiment, underwent a systematic

process and series of evaluations and investigations.

The researcher conducted a feasible experiment where the materials used

considered to be the main materials. They are scientifically reported to be

weighing, washing, grinding, combining with honey, and molding.

to exterminate the rats.

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

Title: The Effectiveness of Utilizing Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia

Sepium) & Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) as a Botanical

Number of Pages: 97 pages

Researcher: Alexza Nicole F. Buisan

Type of Document: Undergraduate Thesis

School: Westmead Academy of Science and Technology

Address: Alangilan, Batangas City

efficient, budget-friendly, and no chemical-used rodenticide in a pellet form using

help solve the problem of rat infestation.

The study went through a systematic investigation and documentation to

produced effective botanical pellet-formed rodenticides. The combination of Madre

1:2, and 1:1, create different physical characteristics.

de cacao and Bay.

mixtures. However, it works slowly to kill a rat and cannot be compared to

chemical-based products, which are fast-acting substances. But these plant-based

ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION SHEET………………………………….. iii

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………………………… xii

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND