STATES OF MATTER

• MATTER
- A common or traditional definition of
matter is "anything that has mass and
volume (occupies space)".
- is everything around you.
- Atoms and compounds are all made of
very small parts of matter.
- Those atoms go on to build the things
you see and touch every day.

- Gases, liquids and solids are all made up

of microscopic particles, but the
behaviors of these particles differ in the
three phases.
- The following figure illustrates the
microscopic differences.
• PLASMA
- FOURTH STATE OF MATTER
------------ INCREASING ENERGY ------------→
• FREEZING
• CONDENSATION
• FUSION/MELTING
• PHASE CHANGE
- The states in which matter can exist: as
a solid, liquid, or gas.
- When temperature changes, matter can
undergo a phase change, shifting from
one form to another.
- Examples of phase changes are melting
(changing from a solid to a liquid),
freezing (changing from a liquid to a
solid), evaporation (changing from a
liquid to a gas), and condensation
(changing from a gas to a liquid).
- a phase transition where a liquid turns
into a solid when its temperature is
lowered below its freezing point.
- In accordance with the internationally
established definition, freezing means
the solidification phase change of a
liquid or the liquid content of a
substance, usually due to cooling.
- change of water from its gaseous form
(water vapor) into liquid water.
- generally occurs in the atmosphere
when warm air rises, cools and loses its
capacity to hold water vapor. As a
result, excess water vapor condenses to
form cloud droplets.
- Melting, or fusion, is a physical process
that results in the phase transition of a
substance from a solid to a liquid.
 - This occurs when the internal energy of
the solid increases, typically by the
application of heat or pressure, which
increases the substance's temperature
to the melting point
• VAPORIZATION
- Vaporization of an element or
compound is a phase transition from
the liquid phase to vapor.
- There are two types of vaporization:
evaporation and boiling.
o Evaporation is a surface phenomenon,
o Boiling is a bulk phenomenon.
• SUBLIMATION
• DEPOSITION
SUMMARY:
1. Evaporation occurs on the surface of
the liquid whereas boiling occurs at the
entire length of liquid
2. Boiling occurs rapidly whereas
evaporation occurs slowly
3. Evaporation occurs at any temperature
whereas boiling occurs at a specific
temperature
4. The motion of particles is fast in boiling
whereas in evaporation few particles
move slowly and few at faster rate
5. There is formation of bubbles in boiling,
but bubbles are not seen in
evaporation.
- is the transition of a substance directly
from the solid to the gas state, without
passing through the liquid state.
- Ex. "Dry ice" or solid carbon dioxide
sublimes.
- is the phase transition in which gas
transforms into solid without passing
through the liquid phase
- a thermodynamic process
- One example of deposition is the
process by which, in sub-freezing air,
water vapor changes directly to ice
without first becoming a liquid.
- Ex. Water vapor to dew - Water vapor
turns from a gas into a liquid, such as
dew on the morning grass; And Frost.
-
• MESOPHASE
- a state of matter intermediate between
liquid and solid.
- Gelatin is a common example of a
partially ordered structure in a
mesophase.
- Further, biological structures such as
the lipid bilayers of cell membranes are
examples of mesophases.
- Where plasma belong in the phase
change

SIX DISTINCT CRYSTAL SYSTEMS