Swat Field Report

Supervisor:-
Dr. Muhammad Sajid
Dr. Asghar Ali

Prepared By:-
Samiullah Khan,
Geology department,
Part#3, Class number=56,
University of Peshawar.

1
 Contents
Page No;

 Introduction (Tectonic frame of Pakistan). 3.

 Peshawar plain Alkaline Igneous province (PPAIP). 6.
 Day#1 (Shewa Shabazz Ghar Gabbroic complex). 8.
 Ambela Granite. 10.
 Dolerite or Gabbroic Dyke. 12.
 Syntaxial vein and Xenolith in Ambela granite. 14.
 Koga Nepheline Syenites. 17
 Fresh Dolerite Dyke. 19.
 Granodiorite in Ambela granite complex. 21.
 Duma formation. 23.
 Contact between Marghazzar FM and Swat tourmaline granite 26.
 Day#2 (Green Schist Mélange zone). 28
 Emerald crystallization. 29.
 Contact between Saidu formation and mélange zone. 30.
 Swat Granite/Granitic Gneisses. 31.
 Kashala formation. 34.
 Blue schist Mélange zone. 36.
 S-type folding in Kashala formation. 38

2
 Introduction

Tectonic Framework of Pakistan:-

 Pakistan geologically overlaps both with the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates
where its Sindh and Punjab provinces lie on the north-western corner of the Indian Plate
while Baluchistan and most of the Khyber –Pakhtunkhwa lie within the Eurasian plate.
The northern areas and Azad Kashmir lie mainly in Central Asia along the edge of the
Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes where the two tectonic plates
collide. Pakistan’s deadly earthquake owe their birth to the junction of three colliding
tectonic plates Indian, Eurasian and Arabian. The Indian and Eurasian plates grind past
each other along the Chaman fault.

 The tectonic of Pakistan divided into the following main segments:-

 Northern collision belt (Karakorum block, K.I.A, Himalayans syntaxes, Potwar
and Kohat plateau, Salt range).
 Subduction complex association of Baluchistan.
 Chaman Transform fault.
 Zone of Ophiolites.
 Platform Areas.

 Sketch of the northern collision belt can be shown in figure 1.1 (mapping view) and in
figure 1.2 (cross section view).Sketch of the zone of the Ophiolites in Pakistan along the
Indus suture zone can be shown in figure 1.3 and in figure 1.4 magnitude of earthquake
in Pakistan can be shown(data from IRIS Earthquake Browser). The location of the field
in PPAIP (Peshawar Plain Alkaline igneous Provence) can be shown in figure 1.5.

3
Fig1.1 Fig1.3

Fig1.2

4
Fig1.4

Fig1.5

5
Peshawar plain Alkaline Igneous Provence (PPAIP):-
 It comprises of different out crops with the same geochronology, alkaline affinity and
with the same associated rock type. It comprised of the Warsak granite complex,
Tarbela Alkaline complex (350Ma±15Ma age by Kempe, 1986), and the Ambela granitic
complex (of which Shewa Shahbaz Garhi gabbroic complex is a part).
 Petrographic studies (800 thin section) allow a 3 fold grouping of Ambela Granitic
complex (Mohammad Rafiq and M.Qasim jan, 1988).
 The PPAIP stretch over a distance of 200km.
 Streckeisen (1976) shows the petrographic Varieties constitute the Ambela granitic
complex;
 Group 1: oversaturated rocks i-e, Granites and Alkali Granite. 70% of the surface
exposure of the Ambela complex. These are predominant rock between Rustam
in the west, Utla in south east and Nagrai in the north east.
 Group 2: Quartz Syenites, alkali Syenites, alkali quartz, Syenites, minor bodies of
Carbonatite, Feldspathoid Syenites and associated Fenites dated at 315±4 Ma
and Koga Syenites 297±4Ma age by Bas et al (1987).
 Group 3: Small masses of basic dyke’s mostly N 25-45 degree east trend and
intrude all the rock types of Groups 1 and 2.

Stage 1:- Stage 2:- Stage3:- Stage 2:- Stage 1:-

Granite Nepheline Syanite Meta Gabbro Nepheline Syanite Granite
Carboniferous Early Permian (age 280 Ma) Early Permian Carboniferous
(age 315 Ma) (age 297 Ma) (age 297 Ma) (age 315 Ma)

Rift

 In Permian time there some tectonic activity occur known as PPAIP. In which there is
some rifting indication occur which intruded the Alkaline magma.
 The rifting diverged the stratigraphy of Peshawar basin i.e. Tanawal formation
(Precambrian age), Ambar formation (Cambriane age), Misri Banda Quartzite
(Ordovician age), Panjpir formation (Silurian age), Nowshera formation (Devonian age),
Jafar kandao formation (carboniferous age) in Permian time (298-254Ma).
 The late Paleozoic rift of PPAIP is a failed rift i.e. it does not develop the stage C or 3 or
mature stage (ocean). At embryonic or young stage it stop due to the migration of
plume or lithosphere by tectonics.

6
 During stage 1 the crust is thick leading to crustal anataxis, producing granites (Stage1),
with maturity of the rift the crust is thinner (stage 2), mantle input increases and
gabbroic rocks are produced (stage3).

 Sketch of Permian time (298-254Ma) rifting of PPAIP which diverged the stratigraphy
of Peshawar basin can be shown in figure 1.6. The Simplified geological map of
Ambela granitic complex can be shown in figure 1.7 and the location of Ambela
granitic complex can be shown in figure 1.8.

Fig1.6

7
 Fig1.7 Fig1.8

Day#1
Stop#1
Shewa Shabazz Garhi Gabbroic Complex:-
 The Shewa Shabazz Garhi gabbroic complex is a portion of the Ambela Granitic complex
stage3 of PPAIP.
 The tectonic setup of Shewa Shabazz Garhi Gabbroic complex is Higher Himalayas
(between the MMT and MCT) of Indian plate also known as Northern Metamorphic
Zone.
 The basic rocks of the stage 3 are younger and are produced by the continued rifting of
the Gondwana during the late Paleozoic time (298-254Ma). Rifting give rise to the
normal faulting, which led to the Graben structures getting deeper and the crustal
thinning due to the rifting lead to increased mantle input causing the rock to become
more mafic with time.

Age: - Permian (280 Ma).

8
Structural data:-
 Dip=60 degree due North, Strike=75-80 degree West East.

Lithology:-
 Meta Gabbro (gabbro that can be metamorphosed up to some extent).Metamorphism
is because of Himalayan collision with Eurasian plate at Eocene time (56-7Ma).
 Mata Gabbro consist of Clinopyroxene and Plagioclase. The Clinopyroxene have been
altered to amphibole. Which have Shiny appearance and Cleavages.

 The field outcrop of Shewa Shabazz Garhi complex can be shown in figure 1.9,
the lithology can be shown in figure 1.10, and the structural data can be shown
in figure 1.11.

Fig1.10 Fig1.11

9
Stop#2
Ambela granite:-
 Ambela granite is the part of Ambela granitic complex (stage=1).
 The Ambela Granitic complex though to be a member of this igneous Provence (PPAIP)
was first described by Martin et al (1962). It cover over 900km square area of the
southern part of Buner (swat district) and Northern extremities of Mardan district in the
KPK.
 Ambela granite are Equiqranular rock (Average size of a mineral grain are same).
 The host rock for the Ambela granitic complex belong to the lower Swat-Buner Schistose
group on its north and the Swabi-Chamala sedimentary group on its south (Martin et al,
1962).
 Ambela granite is I-type Granite (Those Granite which are form from magma which is
derived from igneous rocks or Alkaline-Cal alkaline magma).

Location:-
 Town=Rustum on west, on the way to Buner (Road side).

Lithology:-
 True Plutonic rock=very Coarse grained rock having following accessary minerals;
 Quartz=Grey color, vitreous luster, Glassy appearance.
 Feldspar=Dull and milky white color.
 Alkali Amphibole=Glaucophane, riebeckite, eckermannite, Arfvedsonite.
 Alkali Amphibole is an accessary mineral which indicate that the Ambela granite are
Alkaline or I-type granite associated with Rift environment.

Age:-
 Early Permian age=315 Ma.

Structural data:-
 Dip=10 degree due north, Strike=50 degree West East.

 The field outcrop of Ambela granite can be shown in figure 2.1, Sample of
Ambela Granite can be shown in figure 2.2. The Structural data of Ambela
Granite can be shown in figure 2.3.

10
Fig2.1

Fig2.2

Fig2.3

11
Shear zone in Ambela Granitic:-
 In Ambela granite Shear zone (powdered appearance) is form, because of nearly 50km
north Indian plate subduct beneath the K.I.A (kohistan island arc). Due to stresses
folding and faulting takes place results movement of the brittle crust and the rock will
be pulverized or powdered create Shear zone.
 The importance of Shear zone is economic mineral mobilized and concentrated where
suitable place occur for the deposition. The Shear zone also contain the radioactive
element e.g. Uranium, Zircon, Titanium (Sphene), Thorium etc. but less concentration.
 The color of the Shear zone is dark appearance because mafic minerals are highly
mobile and less viscous then felsic minerals.

 The Shear zone of Ambela Granite can be shown in figure 2.3.The Cataclastic
Shear zone of Ambela Granite can be shown in figure 2.4.

Fig2.3 Fig2.4

Stop#3
Dolerite or Gabbroic dyke in Ambela granite:-
 A basic dyke (almost 1-7m diameter) intruded in Ambela granite that extend to
hundreds of meter.

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 The dyke are foliated, very much altered rock, having pyroxene, Amphibole, Plagioclase
(An₃₅-₅₅), Hornblende, epidote, Biotite, Sphene, apatite, ore, rarely quartz and high
titanium content mineralization.
 The source magma for these dykes originated from lower mantle. That’s why these
dykes are low competency.
 Rock generally display low ophitic to sub ophitic texture which frequently modified by
the growth of secondary minerals, especially hornblende by degree of metamorphism.
 The Dolerite or Gabbroic dyke is differentiate from Ambela Granite by;
 Color; Dyke=Black color, Ambela Granite=White color.
 Competency; Dyke=Low, Ambela granite=High
 Vegetation; Dyke=highly, Ambela granite=low (along the Shear zone).
 Sound by hammer; Dyke=dumb sound, Ambela granite=cricked sound.
 Mineralogy; Dyke=Amp,Pyx,Plg (Fe,Mg content) easily oxidized, Ambela
Granite=Qtz,Feldspar,AlkaliAmp.

 The field picture of outcrop Dolerite or Gabbroic dyke can be shown in figure
3.1, the contact between basic Dyke and Ambela granite can be shown in
figure 3.2, the formation of basic dyke from the upper mantle intruded in
Ambela granite can be shown by sketch in figure 3.3.

Fig3.1

13
 Fig3.2

Fig3.3

Stop#4
Syntaxial Vein in Ambela Granite:-
 Syntaxial vein are the pegmatite veins having quartz grain in the center of the vein, with
feldspar grain along the contact with the wall rock.
 These vein are the hydrothermal in nature.

14
  Vein in Ambela granite are known as Syntaxial because they are form from same
solution (remaining hydrothermal solution) that the host rock (Ambela granite) form.

 The field outcrop of Syntaxial vein in Ambela granite can be shown in figure
4.1, 4.2.

Fig4.1

Fig4.2

Xenolith in Ambela granite:-

 In the central part, particular along the road section from Khanpur-Ambela Kandau, the
granite and alkali granites are studied with Xenolith ranging from a few centimeter to

15
 two meter in size. These are greyish black in color and contain variable proportion of
alkali-feldspar, quartz, Biotite (locally abundant) epidote, Sphene in some hornblende
and in rare chloritoid.
 The host rocks for the stage 1 granite are the rocks of the Peshawar basin i-e, Tanawal,
Ambar, Panjpir, Jafar khando formations. So the Xenolith of these units shall be present
in the Ambela granitic complex.
 The Ambela granitic were fresh and have vitreous appearance. These xenolith were
argillecous and the only probably source for these could be Peshawar basin i-e, Jafar
Khandao formation.

 Xenolith in Ambela granite can be shown in figure 4.3. The Sketch of Syntaxial
vein and xenolith of Jafar Khandao formation in Ambela granite can be shown
in figure 4.4

Fig4.3

Fig4.4

16
Stop#5
Koga Nepheline-Syenites:-
 Nepheline-Syanites is a part of Ambela granitic complex of stage 2 (Silica under
saturated stage).
 It is the hardest rock and show the silica under saturated environment (SiO₂=quartz
absent).
 In Koga Nepheline-Syanites a Carbonatite body (Igneous rock=60%carbonate) is
present in their upper part.

Mineralogy:-
 Feldspathoid; Tectosilicate mineral which resemble feldspar but have a different
structure and much lower silica content. They occur in rare and unusual type of igneous
rock, and are not found in rock containing primary quartz, it have elongated, Shiny rice
like rectangular medium grain having glassy luster.
 Andradite Garnet; Nesosilicate, with formula Ca₃Fe₂Si₃O₁₂.
 Titanite; Nesosilicate, CaTiSiO₅.
 Biotite, Zircon, Amphibole (Black spot in Koga Syenites).

Age:-
 The Koga Nepheline Syenites and ijolites intruding them are dated at 297±4Ma U-Pb
dating of Zircon from Koga (Zeitler, 1988).

Location:-
 Koga village in Buner district.

 In background we also observed some highly weathered granite, containing stock work
quartz feldspar vein. The Granites were crushed as they are less competent then the
Syenites.

 The Field outcrop of Koga Nepheline-Syenites, Carbonatite, stock work vein

and weathered granite can be shown in figure 5.1, Feldspathoid mineral in
Koga Nepheline-Syenites can be shown in figure 5.2, the fresh surface of Stock
work vein in highly weathered granite can be shown in figure 5.3, and in figure
5.4 boulder of Koga Nepheline-Syenites can be shown, the highly weathered
granite can be shown in figure 5.5 and the Stock work Veins in highly
weathered granite can be shown in figure 5.6.

17
 Fig5.1

Fig5.2 Fig5.3

Fig5.4

18
 Fig5.5

Fig5.6

Stop#6
Fresh Dolerite Dyke in Ambela Granitic Complex:-
 The host rock for fresh Dolerite dyke is Granodiorite (comprised of Amphibole and
Feldspar)

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Location:-
 Moving from Buner toward Swat (north direction), Babaji Khando

Age:-
 Le Bas et al (1986) published Rb/Sr isochron ages for the Babaji granites have an age of
315±15Ma (late Permian).

 Following table shows that the stop#6 fresh dolerite Dyke is different from stop#3
dolerite or gabbroic dykes;

Differences
Stop#6 Stop#3
Fresh Dykes Altered Dykes
Alteration Less. Highly.

Crackles sound Dumbed sound

Sound
when stuck by the when stuck by the
Geochemical
hammer. hammer.
analysis Less titanium. High titanium.
Originated from Originated from
Source magma upper mantle. lower mantle.
Analysis
Concentration Low. Highly.

Ophitic texture
High. Low.

Degree of Low. High.

metamorphism

 The field outcrop of fresh dolerite dyke in Ambela granitic complex can be
shown in figure 6.1.

20
 Fig6.1

Granodiorite in Ambela Granitic complex:-

 More mafic than the units previously observed.
 This locality represent a relatively, a mafic portion of the Ambela granitic
complex.
 Also see a large number of normal faulting in Granodiorite because of
extensional environment.

 Boulder of Granodiorite can be shown in figure 6.2, the normal faulting in

Granodiorite can be shown in figure 6.3, the field outcrop of Granodiorite,
normal faulting, mafic portion in Ambela granitic complex can be shown in
figure 6.4.

21
Fig6.4 Fig6.3

Fig6.4

22
Stop#7
Duma formation:-
 This locality marks the contact between the Ambela granitic complex and the
northernmost passive continental margin of the Indian plate.
 No Permian intrusion almost crossed the rift and inter the Permo-triassic rock of Swat.
 No deposition of Cretaceous, Jurassic up to Eocene occurred in this region because of
two reason;
1) Triassic age rocks may not be deposited under the ocean. Because if the Triassic
age rocks were deposited under the ocean, the Jurassic-Eocene rock also
deposited.
2) Jurassic-Eocene rock deposited, may later eroded.

Lithology:-
 Mostly marble, medium bedded Phlogophite (white mica) and Tremolite (amphibole
group).
 Bedded Marble, formed due to the contact metamorphism, because of two reason;
1) Due to the same Plutonic source as stage 1, 2 and 3 rock of Ambela granitic
complex.
2) By crustal thickening of Swat Tourmaline granite (Eocene age).

Age:-
 Late Permian (298-254Ma).

 The overall Stratigraphy of Swat valley can be shown by table 7.1, the field
outcrop of Duma formation can be shown in figure 7.2, a sketch show the
mapping, cross sectional view of Stratigraphy of Swat valley in figure 7.3, a
normal faulting in Duma formation can be shown in figure 7.4 and in figure 7.5
shows the formation of normal faulting in Duma formation through sketch.

23
 Table 7.1, overall Stratigraphy of Swat valley

Kohistan Island Arc.

(K.I.A)
MMT or Indus
Mélange Zone. suture zone.
Saidu formation,
Graphitic Schist.
Nikanai Ghar formation, Alpurai
Massive marble. All marble come from Group
Triassic
Buner district is drilled by Nikanai Ghar Meta –
Age
formation. sediments.
Kashala formation,
Well-developed Garnet,
Garnetic Schistose,
Massive Marble.
Marghazzar formation,
Intruded by
More mafic metamorphosed,
Swat
medium Amphibolite Tourmaline
Facie. granite during
Permian Age
Duma formation, Eocene period.
Bedded marble (not mine),
A Normal Faulting present.
Manglore Intruded by
Formation Swat Granitic
Precambrian Gneiss of
Age Highly schistose
Cambrian age.
Rock.

Fig7.2

24
 Fig7.3

Fig7.4 Fig7.5

25
Stop#8
Contact between Marghazzar formation and Swat Tourmaline Granite:-
 In our last stop of day1 we see a clear contact between Marghazzar formation (black
color) and Swat tourmaline granite (white color).
 The Swat tourmaline granite are intruded within the Marghazzar formation during the
Eocene period (45-39 recently dating).
 The Swat tourmaline granite are fine grained, fresh appearance and exhibited
gneissosity. The Tourmaline is blackish in color and is indicative of crustal melting. It
contain Boron, Beryllium (source for formation of Emerald) which represent shallow
crustal melting.
 The source of Swat Tourmaline Granite is Anatectic melt produced due to the crustal
thickening of the Indian plate as it collide with the Kohistan island arc.
 It is an overturned sequence, because of Loe Sar Dome (in West).

 The contact between Marghazzar formation (black color) and Swat tourmaline
granite (white color) can be shown in figure 8.1, the Swat tourmaline granite can
be shown in figure 8.2, Tourmaline in Swat tourmaline granite can be shown in
figure 8.3, the overturned sequence of Alpurai group can be shown by sketch in
figure 8.4.

Fig8.1

26
Fig8.2 Fig8.3

Fig8.4

27
 Day#2

Stop#9
Green schist Mélange zone:-
Location:-
 Northern most portion of the Indian plate.
 Mingora town, Stand on the Indus suture Mélange zone or MMT.

Lithology:-
 Serpentinites; oily greenish color, (Mg, Fe) Si₂O₅ (OH) ₄, orthorhombic, 2-5=hardness.
 Ultra mafic rocks; Deep-seated rocks come to surface along MMT, Minerals=Fe, Mg, Cr.
 Green Schist, Green stone.
 Talc carbonate schist; serve as the host rock for emerald (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈), the
hydrothermal fluid form quartz and calcite vein within talc carbonate schist.

 Mélange zone is the floor of the Tethys ocean i-e, Ophiolites is exposed at some places.
 The importance of Talc, Serpentine presence along the Subduction zone or Mélange
zone is to provide slip to the Subduction. If not present the plate locked and all stresses
accumulated, when it release a shallow or huge magnitude earthquake comes.

 The emerald mineralization takes place at the contact margin of the veins and
the host rock is talc carbonate schist in Green schist Mélange zone due to the
metasomatism which can show by sketch in figure 9.1, the field outcrop of
Green schist Mélange can be shown in figure 9.2, Sample of the talc carbonate
schist can be shown in figure 9.3.

28
 Fig9.1

Fig9.2 Fig9.3

Q) How this Emerald mineralization only in this zone why not mineralization other crustal
portion of the Indian plate along the MMT or Indian suture zone?
ANS) Emerald; Gemstone green color b/c of Chromium, 7-8=hardness, resistance to
breakage, it is cyclosilicates, Hexagonal crystal system, Uniaxial (-).

 Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₆
 Be₃= Incompatible element (in fluid phase present). The source will be
near and younger granitic bodies i-e, Malakand granite (45Ma age) and
Swat tourmaline granite (39-47Ma age).
 Al₂Si₆O₁₆= the source will be Mesozoic stratigraphy of Swat region.
 Chromium (Cr) = give greenish color to the Emerald. The source will be
Ultra basic rocks i-e, Fe, Mg, Ca and Cr present.

29
Stop#10
Contact between the Saidu formation and Mélange zone rocks:-
 Saidu formation was lie beneath the mélange zone.
 Saidu formation containing the Graphitic schist which is perfectly bedded.
 Large Indian plate subduct beneath K.I.A, no crushing occurred in Saidu formation
because Graphite is present in Saidu formation which highly ductile or plastic.
 In Saidu formation grade of Metamorphism is upper Amphibolite facies i-e, Kyanite,
Staurolite and Garnet present (Barrovian Metamorphism).
 In Saidu formation retrograde metamorphism also present e.g, Garnet retrograde to
Chlorite.
 Environment of deposition of Saidu formation is Shelves environment.

Flora Coal Graphite (carbon, Native)

(Metamorphism, Due to the collision of Indian
Plate with K.I.A)

 A contact between the Saidu formation and Mélange zone rock can be shown in
figure 10.1, The Saidu formation can be shown in figure 10.2.

Fig 10.1

30
 Fig 10.2

Stop#11
Swat Granite/Granitic Gneisses:-
 Mega porphyritic in nature or Mega crystic granite.
 Intruding in Manglore formation (Precambrian age).
 Cambrian age.
 Ogan shaped Gneisses or eye shaped crystal (Lensed like large grain of feldspar)
developed because of various tectonic stresses i-e, breakage of Pangaea, Permian rift of
PPAIP, Himalayan collision Eocene Epoch.
 Swat Granite contained feldspar, Biotite, muscovite and garnet.
 It can be related to the Mansehra granite and Utla granite of the Cambro-Ordovician
granitic magmatism.
 It can be come to surface by thrusted along MMT or Indus suture zone.

 The Field outcrop of the Swat granite can be shown in figure 11.1, the contact
between Swat granite and Marghazzar formation can be shown in figure 11.2,
Tourmaline and Garnet in Swat granite can be shown in figure 11.3, the
megacrysts of feldspar grain Ogan shaped in Swat granite can be shown in figure
11.4. A sketch can be shown Swat granite intruded in Manglore formation in
figure 11.5. The formation Swat granite at Cambrian period can be shown by
sketch in figure 11.6.

31
Fig11.1 Fig11.2

Samiullah khan
Geology department, Uop

Fig11.4
Fig11.3

32
Fig11.5

Fig11.6

33
 Differences
Ambela granite:- Swat Granite:-
 Extensional or Rift environment.  Convergent or Collision environment
 Alkaline magma. (Andean type orogeny).
 Accessory mineral are Quartz, Alkali  Aluminous magma.
feldspar, Alkali Amphibole, Titanite  Accessory mineral are Biotite,
(CaTiSiO₅) and Andradite Garnet (Ca₃Fe₂ Muscovite, Tourmaline, Andaulusite and
(SiO₄)₃. Almandine Garnet (Fe₃Al₂ (SiO₄)₃.
 Coarse grained rock.  Mega porphyritic texture.
 Permian age.  Cambrian age.
 Along PPAIP present.  Along MMT.
 Intruded in Peshawar basin Stratigraphy.  Intruded in Manglore formation.

Example; Example;
Malakand Granite (Age=39-47Ma) Mansehra/Utla Granite.

Stop#12
Kashala formation:-
 Alpurai group metasediments.
 Pelatic part; Garnet, very well developed Kyanite (Thin section level), Muscovite,
Biotite.
 Calcareous part; Marbleized.
 Also see an S-type (counter-clock wise rotation) or Asymmetrical fold (Axial plane
horizontal) which is good indication of Shear zone. They are dipping northward direction
(also Indian plate subduct northward beneath the K.I.A).

 Garnet in Kashala formation can be shown in figure 12.1, the economic

significance of the Garnet can be shown by sketch in figure 12.2, The field
outcrop of the Kashala formation can be shown in figure 12.3, the fracturing in
Kashala formation can be shown in figure 12.4, the contact between Kashala
formation and Marghazzar formation can be shown in figure 12.5, very-well
developed S-type fold in Kashala formation can be shown in figure 12.6.

34
Fig12.1 Fig12.2

Fig12.3 Fig12.4

35
 Fig12.5 Fig12.6

Stop#13
Blue Schist Mélange zone:-
 Blue schist is a high pressure, low temperature metamorphic rock.
 The protolithic for blue schist is basalt.
 Blue schist is a very hard, compact and high dense rock formed at Subduction
zone. Average 10km depth.
 The location of Blue Schist Mélange zone is Shangla (Khwazakhela-Shangla
road).
 Mineralogy;
 Glaucophane= Sodic amphibole, Inoslicate, Monoclinic, Biaxial (-),
Hardness=6, Blue color, Riebeckite grew on the rim of Glaucophane (at
10km depth). The growth of Riebeckite represent the exhumation of the
buried rock and pressure drop 7-4Kbar.
 Aragonite= carbonate mineral, Orthorhombic, Hardness=3, Biaxial (-),
High pressure polymorph of calcite.
 Jadeite= Sodic pyroxene, Monoclinic, high dense, Hardness=6-7.

 Epidote (green color) present which show the retrograde metamorphism.

Glaucophane (Blue color) Epidote (Green color)

Retrograde metamorphism

 The field outcrop of Blue schist mélange zone can be shown in figure 13.1, Epidote
and Aragonite in Blue schist mélange zone can be shown in figure 13.2, the
formation of Blue schist in Shangla region can be shown by sketch in figure 13.3.

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Fig13.1

Fig13.2

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 Fig13.3

Stop#14
S-type folding in Kashala formation:-
 This is our last stop of Swat field day#2.
 In this locality the Kashala formation exhibited exceptional growth of Garnet crystal
within the Ca-rich rocks.
 The age of this locality is 44-40Ma by Titanite.
 An S-type folding is present in Kashala formation which shows the counter clock wise
rotation i-e, west direction is because of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes (Indian plate) rotate
counter clock wise rotation.
 Four deformation event occurred which is calculated from,
i. Inclusion present in Garnet or Microlithon.
ii. S₂ cleavage.
iii. S₃ cleavage.
iv. S₄ cleavage (Top to the west shear Indian rock). This is the last deformation
event which exposed west of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes.

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 We also see the Quartz vein (Baden neck structure) in Kashala formation which is barren
from economic metals i-e, gold, Silver, Zinc, Copper and Mo.

White Quartz vein in Country rock not present Economic metals.

Internal rusting quartz vein in Possible for host the Economic metal i-e, Mo, Au,

Country rock. Ag, Cu etc.

 The growth of Garnet crystal can be shown in figure 14.1, S-type fold in Kashala
formation can be shown in figure 14.2, the Baden neck structure of quartz vein
can be shown in figure 14.3, The formation of Baden neck structure and S-type
fold in Kashala formation can be shown by sketch in figure 14.4.

Fig14.1

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Fig14.2

40
 Fig14.3

Fig14.4

The End

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