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Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Fault Analysis For Low
Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Fault Analysis For Low
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Abstract: Protective devices in distribution systems are utilized to optimize the network reliability and to avoid
or minimize the damaging in the circuits and the instruments. The considered method and the level of the
protection, is under various factors. One of the most important tools in selecting the type of the distributed
system's equipment is evaluation of the short-circuit current correctly. In addition, this analysis is very
noticeable in allocation and setting the protective devices in any networks. In this study, a novel method is
presented in order to analysis the unsymmetrical fault occurs in the low voltage distributed networks. Initially,
regarded to a complete model, the line impedances such as overhead and underground line impedances, in the
network are computed and the methodology and modeling associated with two relationship matrices BIBC and
BCBV is described. Then, the calculations method for the fault's current is evaluated by defining a new model
consists of four matrices. Therefore, a program is provided for determination of short-circuit current, identifying
the branches which carry short-circuit current and the results of it on the voltage profile, according to presented
equations and Delphi software. At the end, all connection types and their results on the network are evaluated
on a real low voltage network.
Key words: Four impedances model, unbalanced distribution network, unsymmetrical faults, unsymmetrical
short-circuit fault
Corresponding Author: M. Najafi, Department of Engineering, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(12): 1402-1408, 2011
Bus i Bus j
a Ia Zaa a
b Ib Zbb b
Ic Zcc
c Znn
c
Ground
Zgg Ig
g g`
model of lines impedances such as overhead lines and Zu ri 9.869 10 4 f j1256
. 10 3
underground lines is presented for modeling the network,
1 1 (1)
after that the above matrices are introduced. f ( In 6.4905 In f )
In the fallowing, the technique in calculation of all GMRi 2
types of unsymmetrical short circuits in the network is
demonstrated by using four impedances and displaying a Zu ri 9.86963 10 4 f j125664
. 10 3
simple method. Finally, all kinds of short-circuits and the
(2)
results of them on the real network associated with the f ( In D1 6.4905 In )
Delphi software are then evaluated. ij f
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(12): 1402-1408, 2011
Phase conductor a
Iak,f b
Ibk,f c
Insulation c
I k,f
dod dS dc
CU Tape Zf1 Zf2 Zf3
shield
T
Jacket Ik,f
Z f4
The underground lines (cable): In this section, tape- Fig. 3: Modeling of types of faults with four impedances
shielded cables are selected for underground lines.
Figure 2 displays a sample of shielded cable within injection-to-branch-current matrix (BIBC) and the branch-
details. current-to-bus-voltage matrix (BCBV) were derived and
utilized to analysis the network. The BIBC matrix is an
where, upper-triangular matrix where the name of it defines the
dc : Diameter of phase conductor (mm) relationship between the bus-current injections and branch
dS : Outside diameter of the tape shield (mm) currents, and the equation can be written as:
dod : Outside diameter over jacket (mm).
T : Thickness of copper tape-shield (mm)
B BIBC I (5)
Once again, the modified Carson's equations will be
applied to calculate the self impedances of phase
conductor and the tape shield, as well as the mutual where, [B] and [I] are the vectors of branch currents and
impedance between the phase conductor and the tape bus current injections, respectively. Thus the currents
shield. The resistance and GMR of the phase conductor flows in the network lines are founded and the bus voltage
are found in a standard table of conductor data. The changes due to this current is called BCBV and written as:
resistance of tape shield is given by:
109
V BCBV B (6)
rshield (4)
T.ds
where, )V known as the bus voltage changes and BCBV
According to above explanations, it is possible to calculated from matrices determined in pervious section.
determine both self and mutual impedances of shielded The introduction and providing these proposed
cable using Eq. (1) and (2). Regarding to conductors, matrices are completely discussed in reference (Teng,
shields and null wire for an underground three-phase-line 2005). The bus voltage changes and the short circuit
with the null wire, the initial impedance of cable is a 7×7 current can be analysis within driving these two matrices.
matrix in which it is converted to a 3×3 phased matrix, by
reducing Cron's equations. Also, the complexity of Short-circuit fault analysis: The unsymmetrical faults
impedance computations are decreased for cables with no
are the most existence faults in the network; consist of the
shields, thus the overhead impedance calculations method
single-line-to-ground fault, the double-line-to-ground fault
is recommended.
Therefore, the total lines impedances of the low and the line-to-line fault. Regarding to unbalanced loads
voltage network can be calculated to determine the short and unsymmetrical lines in distributed networks, the both
circuit current of the network. the three-line fault and the three-line-to-ground fault can
be joined to this group. Among faults mentioned above,
Introducing the BIVC and BCBV matrices: In the single-line-to-ground is the most conventional type of
conventional methods, the networks are evaluated with the faults occurs in the network. In addition, the three-line
both impedance and admittance matrices. Although, fault which the power of circuit breakers are estimated by
driving the impedance matrix is much harder than it, is the worth type of faults and the occurrence
impedance matrix, it contains more data. In this study, probability is also minimum.
according to radial distributed networks configuration, the In the presented method, the analysis of these faults
two relationship matrices are called the bus-current- is evaluated from the combination of matrices associated
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(12): 1402-1408, 2011
B BIBC 0... I
with prefault and postfault conditions. In this study, only T
a
one model is used in order to analysis types of f k, f I kb, f I kc, f 0 (11)
unsymmetrical faults. This model is simple but it's
complete. This model consists of four different variable
impedances and covers all the fault modes within Then, considered BIBC matrix, the Eq. (11) can be
flexibility. Figure 3 shows the mentioned model. written as fallowing:
According to Figure 3, the variety types of the faults
mode can be demonstrated by selecting the minimal value
I ka, f
of its impedances (zero) and the maximal value of 1012.
As an example, if the Zf4 select a value of 1012, then the
short-circuit without the earth return will be shaped.
B BIBC
f
a
k BIBCkb BIBCkc I kb, f
(12)
Nevertheless, the both Zf4 and Zf1 impedances take the Ic
k, f
value of zero and impedances Zf2 and Zf3 take 1012 in
order to survey about the single-phase-on-phase-a fault.
Therefore, all faults can be considered using this where, BIBCabckis the column vectors of BIBC matrix
model. Considering the Fig. 3, when a fault occurs due to based on the fault related bus and phase. After identifying
all above impedances in Kth bus then: the branch currents, the changes of bus voltages can be
computed by substituting the Eq. (12) into (6), as
fallowing:
I ka I ka, f , I kb I kb, f I kc I kc, f (7)
T
BIBCka I ka, f
And regarding to KCL law it can be written as: b
V BCBV BIBCkb Ik , f (13)
c
Ik , f I ka, f I kb, f I kc, f I (8) BIBCkc I k , f
voltage can be calculated by distribution load results and Vk ,0 Z f 2 I kb, f ( I ka, f I kb, f I kc, f )Z f 4
c
the voltage of bus known as Vabck,0 before the fault Vk ,0 Z f 3 I kc, f ( I ka, f I kb, f I kc, f )Z f 4
occurs. The equation illustrated the voltage changes of Kth (15)
L13 I k , f
a
bus after the fault occurred: L 11 L12
L21 L22 L23 I kb, f
Vka, f Vka,0 Z f 1I ka, f Z f 4 Ik , f L31 L32 L33 I kc, f
Vkb, f Vkb,0 Z f 2 I kb, f Z f 4 Ik , f (10)
Vkc, f Vkc,0 Z f 3 I kc, f Z f 4 Ik , f
where, L matrix is determined by multiplying the both
BIBC and BCBV matrices.
According to Eq. (7) which shows the currents in network By rewriting the mentioned equations, displays as
associated with Eq. (5) we would have: fallowing:
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(12): 1402-1408, 2011
Vka,0 I ka, f
L Z
b
Vkb,0 Ik , f (16) Ebrahim Abad
f
c
20kV/4 00V
Vkc,0 I k , f 1
f4 Zf 4 Z f 3 Z f 4 5 24 31 13 18
I ka, f
O verhe a d
Vka,0
L Z
b
27 34
1
b
u n dergro un d 16
Ik , f f Vk ,0 (18)
c c Fig. 4: The low voltage network of Ebrahim-Abad
I k , f Vk ,0
30c m
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(12): 1402-1408, 2011
Phase A
Phase A
Phase B
Phase B 1.191
Phase C
1 Phase C
0.999 0.971
0.998 0.786
0.922 0.922
0.997
V[p.u.]
V[p.u.]
0.996 0.662
0.995
0.994 0.394
0.993 0.332
0.992
0.991
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 20 22 24 26 30 32 34 36 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 20 22 24 26 30 32 34 36
Bus Number Bus Number
Fig. 6: The voltage profile of the network before the fault Fig. 7: The voltage profile after the double line to ground fault
occurrence to bus number 20
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Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3(12): 1402-1408, 2011
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