RADIATION THERAPHY

FINAL EXAM

Name: IZZY MIE D AMODIA Date: June 3, 2022

INSTRUCTIONS:
Select the best answer for each of the following questions. Highlighted “yellow” your answer of
choice (Applicable on all your answers). NOT following Instructions will considered wrong.

I MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. A much penetrating power that several inches of a dense material like lead, or even a few feet of
concrete may be required to stop them and can pass completely through the human body as they
pass through can cause ionizations that damage tissue and DNA.
A. Gamma radiation c. X-rays
B. Betatron d. Microtron
2. Lines that passing through points in equal dose and it represents the levels of absorbed dose.
A.Isocenter c. Isodose curve
B.Penumbra region d. Isodose chart
3. A point in space through which the central ray of radiation beam pass.
A. Isocenter c. Isodose curve
A. Penumbra region d. Isodose chart
4. Percentage depth dose is dependent on ________________.
A. Distance, field size, cGy/MU
B. Energy, tissue density, treatment time
C. Field size, distance, energy
D. SSD, distance, treatment time
5. Use to make the beam intensity uniform across the field since the electron produced the linear
accelerator is in the megavoltage in the xray intensity is peaked in a forward direction respectively.
A. Scattering foil c. Bending magnet
B. Beam flattening filter d. Electron gun
6. What part of the operational system of a modern linacs that contains klystron which plays a
primary role in the amplifying the radiofrequency waves for accelerating the electrons controls to
supply high voltage pulses to machine.
A. Modulator cabinet c. Gantry stand
B. Treatment head d. Control console
7. A cobalt 60 source comes from what stable elements?
A. Cobalt 58 c. Nickel 59
B. Cobalt 59 d. Nickel 58
8. Used to scatter the pencil thin electron beam usually 3mm in diameter that causes a uniform beam
electron distribution with the filed of treatment.
A. Beam flattening filter c. Target
B. Ionization chamber d. Scattering foil
9. What part of the Linac machine produce xray?
A. Target c. Magnetron
B. Bending magnet d. Klystron
10. The isocenter is
A. Point in which the source rotates
B. Point in space where gantry rotate
C. Imaginary point in the beam where dose meet
D. All of the above
11. An important parameter in the determination of surface dose for kilovoltage X-ray beam as the
ratio of the collision kerma of a phantom material; at the. surface of a full scatter phantom located at
a point in the beam axis.
A. Back scatter factor c. Tissue air ratio
B. Air kerma d. Bremstrahlung
12. In radiation physics, Kerma is define?
A. kinetic energy released per unit mass
B. kinetic energy released in material
C. kinetic energy released in materials
D. All of the Above
13. The amount of back scatter
A. Increase with lower beam energies
B. Increase with higher beam energies
C. Decrease with higher beam energies
D. Beam energy doesnt matter
14. What is a device that produces electrons that will be accelerated?
A. Waveguide c. Bending magnet
B. Electron gun d. Electron applicator
15. It is a technique in which the treatment is delivered while the radiation source is continuously
moves around the patient where the gantry rotates during treatment to move the source head
around the isocenter.
A. Arc therapy c. Conformal therapy
B. Single field technique d. Box technique
16. The flattening filter, which is used for megavoltage x-ray beams, has the greatest influence in
determining the shape of the isodose curves. Without this filter, the isodose curves will be_______
shape.
A. Bulge c. Conical
B. Flat D. divergent
17. One of the most important parameters in treatment planning.
A. Field size c. Flattening filter
B. Wedge filters d. iso center
18. A wedge-shaped absorber that causes a progressive decrease in the intensity across the beam,
resulting in a tilt of the isodose curves from their normal positions.
A. Physical wedge filter c. Collimator
B. Non-physical wedge filter d. Flattening filter
19. A wedge filter as an electronic filter that generates a tilted dose distribution profile similar to a
physically wedge by moving one of the collimating jaws from one end of the field to the other.
A. Physical wedge filter c. Collimator
B. Non-physical wedge filter d. Flattening filter
20. It refers to “the angle through which an isodose curve is titled at the central ray of a beam at a
specified depth”.
A. Physical wedge filter c. Wedge isodose angle
B. Non-physical wedge filter d. Wedge filter placement
21. Phantom scatter factor will with
A. PDD c. TAR
B.Quality of the beam d. All
22. TAR is the ratio of the absorbed dose at certain depth in the phantom and the dose in free space
at the same point in air. What are the factors affecting TAR?
A. Beam energy
B. Depth
C. Field Size
D. All
23. A location where electron is accelerated through multiple coupled cavities in liear geometry.
A. Accelerating waveguide c. waveguide shoe
B. Electron gun d. transmission guide
24. Used in horizontally oriented accelerating waveguides to redirect the electron beam for electron
energy selection and for beam focusing.
A. Accelerating waveguide c. Electron gun
B.Trasmission guide d. Bending magnets
25. The housing for the teletherapy source is called?
A. Source-head c. Cobalt 60
B. Dual head d. Linac
26. In a classes linear accelerator the particles pass once through a sequence of accelerating fields,
whereas they are guided on a circular path many times through the same relatively small electric
fields used for particle acceleration are variable and associated with a variable magnetic field.
A. Orthovoltage accelerators c. Cyclic accelerators
B. Linear accelerator d. Electrostatic accelerators
27. The first particle accelerator was built by two physicists;
A. Ernest walton and Marie Curie c. John Cockcroft and Perie Curie
B. Ernest walton and John Cockcroft d. Marie and Perie Curie
28. A device for producing high-energy neutrons by using a charged particle accelerator and that
produce neutrons by fusing isotopes of hydrogen together.
A. Neutron Generators c. Linac Generators
B. Neutron pump d. Van de graff generators
29. The average energy of cobalt 60 unit is:
A. 5.27 mBq c. 8.1 MeV
B. 1.25 MeV d. 1.25 mBq
30. Source of microwave in linac
A. Electron gun c. modulator
B. Magnetron d. waveguide
31. In a klystron, the electron is injected normally from the cathode.
A. Cathode c. anode
B. Injector d. waveguide
32. A term used in radiotherapy treatment planning to help calculate absorbed dose to water in
conditions other than those directly measured the ratio of the absorbed dose at certain depth in the
phantom and the dose in free space at the same point in air.
A. TAR c. TPR
B. TMR d. MRT
33. A dosimetric quantity commonly used to describe the change in dose with depth in tissue. As the
ratio of the dose at a given point in phantom to the dose at the same point at a fixed reference depth.
A. TAR c. TPR
B. TMR d. MRT
34. The results on higher energies of radiation is related to the electron build-up at depths under the
skin surface varying from a few millimeters to several centimeters depending on the type of radiation
in maximum dose.
A. Skin sparring c. Erythema
B. Spurs d. Build up regional
35. Equipped with a light localizer that serves both as field illuminator and range finder for SSD set up
movable interleaved bars made from lead tungsten.
A. Collimator c. Electron gun
B. Sliding drawer d. Rotating cylinder
36. In a linac the electrons are accelerated following straight trajectories in special evacuated
structures called
A. Accelerating waveguide c. waveguide shoe
B. Electron gun d. transmission guide
37. In a Safety of operation for the patient, operator, and the general public is of great concern
because of the complexity of modern linacs. We need to consider the areas of safety of interest:
1. Mechanical
2. Generators
3. Radiation
4. Electrical
A. 1,2,4 c. 2,3,4
B. 1,3,4 D. 1,2,3
38. Which of the following is the first skin sparring machine?
A. Linar accelerator c. Cobalt 60
B. Betaron d. Klystron
39. TAR is dependent on the following factors,
1. increases with the Beam energy
2. increases with the Field size
 3. decreases with the Depth
4. Decrease with the field size
A. 1,3,4 c. 1,2,3
B. 1,2,4 d. 1,2,3,4
40. What isodose curve parameters that will affects the shape of isodose curve by the virtue of
geometric penumbra?
A. Source size c. Beam quality
B. Field size d. collimation
41. Isodose curves will depend on?
A. Source size c. Beam quality
B. Field size d. collimation
42. 4.In beta negative particle emission, neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton and electron.
What will happen in the proton and electron?
a.The proton will be injected from the nucleus and the electron will remain in the nucleus.
b.The electron will be injected from the nucleus and the proton will remain in the nucleus.
c.The proton will remains in the nucleus and the electron will injected in its orbit.
d.None of the above
44. The depth of a given isodose curve increases with beam quality. The greater lateral scatter
radiation will associated with ____________beams.
A. Increase energy c. Decrease energy
B. lateral scatter d. Back scatter
45. Used to designate not only the collimator blocks or multileaf collimators that give shape and size
to the beam, but also the flattening filter and other absorbers or scatterers in the beam between the
target and the patient.
A. beam collimator c. Light localizer
B. Target d. Flattening filter
46. The Cobalt 60 source is manufactured in the nuclear reactor by irradiation of Cobalt 59 with slow
neutrons for many month and it a half value layer of______.
A. 12mm lead c. 10mm cobalt
B. 12m cobalt D. 1.25mm lead
47. half life of cesium 137.
A. 5.26y c. 30y
B. 26y d. 35y
48. An auxiliary system of medical linacs that is designated for the pnuematic movement of taget and
other beam shaping components.
A. water cooling system c. vacuum pumping system
B. air pressure system d. injection system
49.  A particle accelerator in which charged particles are accelerated to a high energy by a static high
voltage potential.
A. Orthovoltage accelerators c. Cyclic accelerators
B. Linear accelerator d. Electrostatic accelerators
50. Multileaf collimators are different from custom-shaped blocks because
A. They are easy to set-up, produce sharper penumbra, and can be used with any field size.
B. They produce scalloped isodose distributions in the penumbra, are extremely
heavy and can produce any field shape or size.
C. They produce step-like field that mimic the edges and shapes, leakage can occur
between leaves, and they can only be used with limited field sizes.
D. They are easy to remove and replace between patients, produce sharper field edges,
and can be used with any field sizes.

II ENUMERATION AND DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Define each components or parts of the medical linacs.

•Gantry - is where the photon or electron beam is shaped and monitored. gantry holds radiation
detectors and/or a radiation source used to diagnose or treat a patient's illness. The gantry is
responsible primarily for directing the photon (x-ray) or electron beam at a patient's tumor.
•Gantry Stand and Support -it is area on which patients are positioned to received their radiation
treatment. It is also provides 6 degrees of freedom to better enable patient positioning and treatment
delivery. A stand containing the apparatus that drives the linear accelerator.

•Modular Cabinet - modern linac component contains the components that distribute and monitor
primary electrical power and high voltage passes to the magnetron or klystron.

•Patient Support Assembly - is appartus that holds the patient and should have functions to move
horizontally, vertically and laterally and rotate on a stable axis around the isocenter

•Control Console - it allows the radiologic technologist to control the x-ray tube current and voltage
so that the useful x-ray beam is of proper quantity and quality

2. The main beam forming components of a modern medical linac. Define each.
• Injection System - is the source of electrons, a simple electrostatic accelerator referred to s the
electron gun.

•Radiofrequency power generation system - it produce microwave radiation used in the accelerating
waveguide to accelerate electrons to the desired kinetic energy and consist of two major components
and that are RF Power source and pulsed modulator.

•Accelerating waveguide - location of electron acceleration through multiple coupied cavities in a

linear geometry.

•Auxiliary system - it consist of four systems that are not directly involved with electorn acceleration
and that are vacuum pumping system, water cooling system, air pressure system, and shield against
leakage radiation.

•Beam Transfort System - used to transport electrons from accelerating waveguide to x-ray target in
x-ray beam therapy and beam exit window in electron beam therapy. It consist of drift tubes, bending
magnets, steering coild, and focusing coils.

•Beam Collimation and monitoring system - Beam is first collimated by fixed primary collimator. The
primary collimator limits the maximum field size for X-ray therapy.
The beam collimation must be achieved close to the skin surface of the patient due to their readily
scatter in air

III DISSERTATION. (30PTS)

1. Explain the principle method used for moving the teletherapy source from the beam off and beam
on in the source on sliding drawer and source on a rotating cylinder.
- The source head is made up of the following components:
• A steel shell containing lead for shielding purposes.
• Mechanism for bringing the source in front of the collimator opening in order to generate the
clinical gamma ray beam. Currently, two methods are used to move the teletherapy source from
BEAM-OFF to BEAM-ON and back:
• A sliding drawer as a source
• A rotating cylinder as a source

Both methods (source-on-drawer and source-on-cylinder) include a safety feature that automatically
terminates the beam in the event of a power outage or an emergency. When the source is in the
BEAM-OFF position, a light source appears above the collimator opening in the BEAM-ON position,
allowing optical visualization of the radiation field defined by the machine collimator. Some radiation
(leakage radiation) will escape from the teletherapy machine even when the source is in the BEAM-
OFF position.
 “Take this exam seriously”
‘Dahil pag ikaw ay bumagsak walang sasalo sayo, masasaktan ka! Iiyak ka! Uulit ka na naman ng
panibago’
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Good Luck and God Bless!