Design of Steel Structures – I

Compression Members
Design of Axially
Loaded Column

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  Very short columns subjected to axial compression fail by
yielding. Very long columns fail by buckling in the Euler mode.

 Practical columns generally fail by inelastic buckling and do not

conform to the assumptions made in Euler theory. They do not
normally remain linearly elastic upto failure unless they are very
slender

 Slenderness ratio (λ/r) and material yield stress (fy) are

dominant factors affecting the ultimate strengths of axially
loaded columns.

 The compressive strengths of practical columns are significantly

affected by (i) the initial imperfection (ii) eccentricity of loading
(iii) residual stresses and (iv) lack of defined yield point and
strain hardening.

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 Ultimate load tests on practical columns reveal a scatter band of
results .

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 Historical Review of Column Design Curve

The Column Strength curve based on

"Perry-Robertson method".

fy = yield stress σc = Compressive strength of column

σe = Euler buckling stress given by =

η = a parameter allowing for the effect of lack of straightness and eccentricity

of loading.

η = αλ α = function of the Shape cross section

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 Robertson’s Design Curve

lower bound value of

α = 0.003 for column designs

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 MODIFICATION TO THE PERRY ROBERTSON APPROACH
 In the unmodified form this will cause a drop in the calculated
value of column strength even for very low values of
slenderness

 Such columns actually fail by squashing and there is no drop in

observed strengths in such very short columns

By modifying the

slenderness, λ to (λ - λ0) we
can introduce a plateau to
the design curve at low
slenderness values.

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 Thus in calculating the elastic critical stress,
we modify the formula as

 No calculations for
σe is needed when λ
≤ λo as the column
would fail by
squashing at fy.

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 Design as per IS 800 2007
1. Assume a suitable trial section and classify the section in
accordance with the classification (Limiting Width to
Thickness Ratios. (If, the section is slender then apply
appropriate correction factor). Table 3.1

2. Calculate effective sectional area, Ae as defined in Clause

7.3.2 of IS: 800

3. Calculate effective slenderness ration, KL/r, ratio of effective

length KL, to appropriate radius of gyration, r

4. Calculate λ from the equation, λ = non-dimensional effective

slenderness ratio =

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 5. Calculate φ from the equation,
φ = 0.5[1+α (λ - 0.2)+ λ2]

α = Imperfection factors for various Column

Buckling Curves a, b, c and d (Table 7.1 of IS: 800)

Bucking Class of Cross section : Table 10 IS 800

6. Calculate χ ( Stress reduction factor Table 8 IS

800)

χ=

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 7. Choose appropriate value of Partial safety
factor for material strength, γm0 (Table 5.2 of IS:
800)
8. Calculate design stress in compression, fcd ,
(Clause 7.1.2.1 of IS: 800):

9. The load Pd, that the compression member can

resist
Pd = Ae fcd

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 10. Calculate the factored applied load and check
whether the column is safe against the given
loading.

11. The most economical section can be arrived at by

trial and error, i.e. repeating the above process.

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 Numerical Example
1. Obtain factored axial load a
column section ISHB400 can
withstand. The height of the
column is 3.0m and it is pin-ended.
[ fy = 250 N/mm2 ; E = 2 x105
N/mm2 ; γm = 1.10]

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 Home Work
Obtain factored axial load a column section
ISHB400 can withstand if the column is
effectively restrained at mid height in y-y
direction and free in the x axis.
[ fy = 250 N/mm2 ; E = 2 x105 N/mm2 ; γm = 1.10]

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 Section Properties

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 References

• S K Duggal Limit state design of Steel

Structures
• INSDAG – Teaching Materials
• IIT Madras Steel design lecture

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