Baøi 1: MA TRAÄN 1.2.2.

Ma traän VUOÂNG:
1.1. Ñònh nghóa:  a11 a12 ... a1n 
a a ... a  _____: ñöôøng cheùo chính
Moät ma traän cỡ (m x n) laø moät baûng soá chöõ nhaät  21 22 2n 

     _____: ñöôøng cheùo phuï

coù m doøng, n coät, thöôøng ñöôïc kyù hieäu A = [aij]mxn, a 
 n1 a n 2 ... a nn  nxn
trong đoù aij laø phaàn töû naèm ôû doøng i, coät j cuûa ma * Ma traän tam giaùc:
traän. a11 a12 ... a1n   a11 0 ... 0 
1.2. Moät soá ma traän ñaëc bieät: 0 0 ... 0  0 a
0 ... a 2n  a a 22 ... 0 
0 ... 0    hay  21 
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1.2.1. Ma traän KHOÂNG: O          

   0
0  0 ... a nn  nxn a 
 n1 a n 2 ... a nn  nxn
 0 ... 0  mxn
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* Ma traän cheùo: 1.2.3. Ma traän DOØNG – Ma traän COÄT:
a11 0 ... 0  a11 a12 ... a1n 1xn : matraän doøng
0 a ... 0 
 22   a11 
    a 
0 0 ... a nn  nxn  21  : matraän coät
   
a 
* Ma traän ñôn vò:  m1  mx1
1 0 ... 0  1.3. Quan heä baèng nhau:
0 1 ... 0 
In    Cho A = [aij]mxn vaø B = [bij]mxn . Ta noùi:
  
0 0 ... 1  nxn
 A = B  aij = bij ; i, j

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1.4. Caùc pheùp toaùn treân ma traän: * Ví duï:
1.4.1. Coäng hai ma traän: 1 2
1 2 3 
Cho A = [aij]mxn vaø B = [bij]mxn . Khi ñoù: Cho A    vaø B  3 2 .
4 1 2  
1 4 
A + B = [aij + bij]mxn. 1 2 
1.4.2. Nhaân moät soá vôùi moät ma traän: 1 2 3    10 18
AB    3 2  .
 4 1 2  1 4   9 18
Cho A = [aij]mxn vaø k  R. Khi ñoù:  
1 2 9 4 7
kA = [kaij ]mxn .   1 2 3  
BA  3 2   11 8 13 .
1.4.3. Nhaân hai ma traän:    4 1 2   
1 4 17 6 11
Cho A = [aij]mxn vaø B = [bij]nxp . Khi ñoù:
n * Nhaän xeùt:
A.B = C = [cij ]mxp vôùi cij   a ik b kj .
k 1 Pheùp nhaân hai ma traän khoâng coù tính giao hoaùn.
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1.5. Ma traän chuyeån vò:

Cho A = [aij]mxn. Khi ñoù ma traän chuyeån vò cuûa A

kí hieäu laø ma traän AT , ñöôïc xaùc ñònh:AT = [aji]nxm.
1.6. Tính chaát:

1. A + B = B + A.

2. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C); (AB)C = A(BC).

3. A(B + C) = AB + AC; k(A + B) = kA + kB.
4. (AB)T = BTAT.
5. A + O = A; AO = O;InA=A;k(AB)=(kA)B=A(kB).
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