CSEC Chemistry

Teacher: Ms. Kristi Mohammed

01 Objectives 02 Practice Questions

Objectives 7.1 – 7.11 from the You will learn strategies on how to
syllabus will be completed. tackle structured questions

Agenda 03 Past Paper 04 Experiments

Questions
ACIDS, BASES This will include: This will include:
1) Paper 2 Questions and
& SALTS solutions.
1) Salt Preparation Techniques
2) Multiple Choice practice 2) Acid-Base Titrations
questions in the form of your
assignment.
 SALTS
1) Definition of salts.

2) Classification of salts.

3) Methods to prepare common salts.

4) Examples of salts in everyday life.

Salts
A salt is a compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by metal

or ammonium ions.

The metal or ammonium ions can come from the metal itself, a base, a carbonate or a hydrogencarbonate.

Salts are ionic compounds which contain at least one metal or ammonium cation and one anion from the

acid.
 Classification of Salts
Salts can be classified into two groups:

Salts Formed by Common Acids

 OBJECTIVE 7.7
Salt Preparation

Students should be able to:

1) Identify an appropriate method of salt preparation based on the

solubility of the salt.

Methods Used to Prepare Salts

When preparing any salt, the following must be taken into account:

• The solubility of the salt being prepared.

• The solubility of the reactants being used to prepare the salt.

• The hydration of the salt being prepared.

 Solubility of Ionic Compounds
Most ionic compounds are soluble in water; however, some are insoluble. This information is very valuable

when choosing an appropriate method of salt preparation.

Common ionic compounds which are soluble in water

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Common ionic compounds which are insoluble in water

 Methods Used to Prepare Salts

Methods Used to Prepare Salts

1) Ionic Precipitation
 Ionic Precipitation
Method of Salt Preparation for Insoluble Salts

Ionic Precipitation
In Ionic Precipitation, an insoluble solid is formed, which separates from the solution.

For example: An insoluble salt, lead iodide is formed when potassium nitrate reacts with sodium iodide.
 Ionic Precipitation

Ionic Precipitation

Example 2: An insoluble salt,

lead iodide is formed when

potassium iodide reacts with

lead nitrate.
 Methods Used to Prepare Salts

2) Titration
 Ionic Precipitation

Titrations
The method of titration is used when a sodium, potassium or ammonium salt is desired.

The table below shows examples of salts which can be prepared using this method.

Examples of salts that can be prepared using Titrations

 Methods Used to Prepare Salts

Methods Used to Prepare Salts

3) Direct Combination
 Methods Used to Prepare Salts

4) Reacting an acid with excess of a solid metal.

5) Reacting an acid with an insoluble base.

6) Reacting an acid with an insoluble carbonate.

 SALTS
Practice Questions

Salts Practice Questions

1) Explain what is meant by the term ‘salt’?

A salt is a compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by

metal or ammonium ions.

2) Distinguish between a normal salt and an acid salt, and give a named example of EACH.

A normal salt is formed when all of the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by metal or

ammonium ions. Example: potassium sulphate

An acid salt is formed when the hydrogen ions in an acid are only partially replaced by metal or

ammonium ions. Example: potassium hydrogen sulphate.

 Salts Preparation Questions
4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

I. zinc nitrate starting with zinc carbonate.

Salts Preparation Questions

4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

I. zinc nitrate starting with zinc carbonate.

1) Add the zinc carbonate to nitric acid until effervescence stops and there is excess zinc

carbonate present.

2) Dip a piece of blue litmus paper into the solution; it should remain blue.

3) Filter the mixture to remove the excess carbonate, collect the filtrate and evaporate the water,

or evaporate some water and leave to crystallise.

 Salts Preparation Questions
4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

II. barium sulfate

Salts Preparation Questions

4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

II. barium sulfate

1) Dissolve barium nitrate and either potassium sulfate or sodium sulfate in distilled water to

make two solutions.

2) Mix the solutions to form a precipitate and filter the mixture to separate the precipitate.

3) Wash the precipitate (residue) with distilled water and leave it to dry.
 Salts Preparation Questions
4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

III. potassium sulfate starting with potassium hydroxide

Salts Preparation Questions

III. potassium sulfate starting with potassium hydroxide

1) Measure a fixed volume of potassium hydroxide solution using a pipette, run it into a conical

flask and add a suitable indicator.

2) Place sulfuric acid into a burette and perform a titration to determine the volume of acid

needed to neutralise the fixed volume of potassium hydroxide solution.

3) Add the volume of acid determined in the titration to the fixed volume of potassium

hydroxide solution without the indicator.

4) Evaporate the water from the solution, or evaporate some water and leave to crystallise.
 Salts Preparation Questions
4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

IV. anhydrous iron(III) chloride

Salts Preparation Questions

4) Describe briefly, but including all essential experimental details and a relevant equation, how you

would prepare a pure, dry sample of EACH of the following:

IV. anhydrous iron(III) chloride

Heat a sample of iron in a stream of chlorine gas in a fume cupboard.

 OBJECTIVE 7.8
Uses & Dangers of Salts

Students should be able to:

1) List the uses and dangers of salts in everyday life.

Salts In Everyday Life

Salts are important in everyday life, though some can be dangerous.

Uses of salts in everyday life

 Salts In Everyday Life

Salts In Everyday Life

Salts are important in everyday life, though some can be dangerous.

Dangers of salts
CSEC Chemistry
End of Lecture Checklist
Section Topic Objectives Completed

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

A ACIDS, BASES & SALTS 7.6

7.7

7.8

7.9

7.10

7.11