] @® READING | READING PASSAGE 1 12, which are based yy, 0 minutes on Queations I we Th GLOBAL WARMING IN ANTARCTICA \ If vou re Fj debate”, you have a “re-an aficionade of the global warming "debate a ant at ably read at one time or another that current trencs ce sean, Show that there is no such thing as global warming 4 of course, not true B Antarctic, can be gions: Eas, West Transantaretic Moi divided into three major geographic re ula. Th Antarctica, and the Antarctic Penins a a uintains divide the continent into eastern (On the mis Ocean side) and western (on the Pacific Ocean side) aon The large East Antaretic Ice Sheet flows slowly through roaches tha interior (10's of meters per year at most), until the ice approaches the coast and is channeled through fast-flowing (100's of meters a outlet glaciers, The ice sheet surface is high, dry, and very cold. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a faster flowing ice mass that may be vulnerable to rapid changes, Antaretie; C The Antarctic ice sheets store 90% of the ice on Harth and close to 70% of the planet's fresh water. The West Antarctic ice sheet contains enough ice to raise sea level between 5 and 6 meters, were it all to melt. The East Antarctic Ice Sheet holds about 10 times more. (The total ice volume is larger than this but once the ice is melted, you have to fill in the hole it left behind.) The relatively warm Antarctic Peninsula supports a series of ice caps and outlet glaciers that together| are estimated to contain less than half a meter of sea level ea | The continent is surrounded, seasonally, by sea ice that freezes at the ocean surface. Just as in the Arctic, sea ice formation in the Antarctic Reading| 43 Scanned with CamScannerSLO cen ‘l Mls of the u Harth systen ie ae ee Mn ineluding ocean D The chmate of At a Marctica does al not allow oxtensive vo at \ combination eCzIng ee nil i freezing femperatures, poy, soll quality lack of moisture and ack ‘ ta ee of sunhght inhubit the flounshing of plants As a resi ant hfe Plant hfe 1. Lumited to Mostly mosses and liverworts The autotrophic commy up of mo: continent |; Y Consists of lichey tly prousts The flora of the nS, bryophytes alg: ae and fun Summer and only for a few weeks at E Avanety of m and rely, chrectly orn indirectly. on the includes pe} nguins, blue whales, orcas enguin 1s the only penguin a, while the Adele Pe: er penguin ‘The Roc! round the eyes Emperor p) ring the winter in Antarctic nguin khopper penguin siving the appearance of ns. Chinstrap penguins, and Gentoo Penguins also breed in the Antarctic The Antaretic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centunes for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom The W eddell Seal. a “true seal’, is named after Sir James Weddell commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea Anta ue knll. which ‘tone species of the ecosy many other birds F The passing of the Antarctic Conserva several restrictions to US activity on alien plants or animals can bring a extraction of any indigenous species offiaals to enact regulations on fishi tion Act in the US brought Antarctica The introduction of crimmal penalty as can the The overfishing of krill led ung. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Manne Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980. requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fishenes consider Potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem Despite these new acts, unregulated and allegal fishing, particularly of Patagomian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea 44] Reading Scanned with CamScannerBass in the US), remains a serious problem The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000 Most of the continent's icy mass has so far proven largely impervious to | chmate change, being situated on solid rock; its deep interior 1s actually growing in volume as a result of increased precipitation The Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise has long been a recent report by CPOM suggests that Antarctica has provided, at most, a negligible component of observed sea-level rise — indeed a survey of 72% of the Antarctic ice suggests an attributable short-term ee of global sea levels by 0.08 mm per year. Conversely, @ } es comparison of the balance between glacier decline ee accumulation found that ice loss had increased 75%. In 2006) Antarctica lost a net 200 billion tonnes of ice. Scanned with CamScannerQuestions 1-4 Reading Passage I has seven paragraphs, A-G Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-4on your answer sheet NB_ You can use any letter more than once 1 the reason why Antarctica cannot sustain many plants 2 measures taken to prevent illegal fishing in Antarctica cone species key to the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean 3 4 the geographic composition of Antarctica Questions 5-12 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 5-12 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 5 Were the ice to melt from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, it was to raise the sea level about five to six metres. 6 The formation of sea ice in Antarctic plays a more vital role than that in Arctica to ocean circulation. 7 — The harsh climate in Antarctica results in the very limited range of plants. 8 The Emperor penguin is the dominant penguin species in Antarctica 9 Taking plants out of Antarctica will be illegal according to U.S. laws. 10 CCAMLR is a treaty with great popularity in South Ocean fishery. 11 Enacted new acts disregarded the potential impacts from overfishing on the environment of Antarctica. 12 There exist conflicting research findings on the contribution of Antarctica to sea-level rises. 46| Reading Scanned with CamScannerREADING PASSAGE 2 Ye i pe shouta spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-25, which are based g, 'n& Passage 2 on the following pages Questions 13-13 Reading Pass age 2 has , -F. Choose the has six paragraphs, A- a orrect heading for sections A-F from the list of headings beloy, es the correct number, i-xii, in boxes 13-18 on your answer sheet. There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all You may » use any heading more than once. List of Headings i Initial failure of introduction of rubber plant The booming automobile manufacturing industry A burgeoning town benefiting from rubber trade iv Everything's requirement to rubber Vv The first application of rubber in industry vi Gradual fall of Asian rubber vii Stealing rubber trees on the new continent viii How rubber barons made money ix Compulsive shift to seek alternatives of rubber x The means to stop the brutality of barons xi Long in use for years xii The great exotic shocks to Brazilian rubber 13 Paragraph A 14 Paragraph B 15 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph D 17 Paragraph E 18 Paragraph F Scanned with CamScanner% A BRIEF HISTORY OF RUBBER Rubber is one of the most Important products to come out of the yaintorest’ Though indigenous rainforest dwellers of South America have been using rubber for generations, if was not until 1839 that rubber had its first practical appheation m the industrial world In that year. Charles Goodyear accidentally dropped rubber and sulfur on a hot stovetop, causmg it (o char hke leather yet remain plastic and clastic Vuleamzation, a refined version of this process, transformed the white sap from the bark of the Hevea tree into an essential product for the industrial age With the mvention of the automobile in the late 19th century, the rubber boom began. As demand for rubber soared small dumpy nver towns hke Manaus, Brazil, were transformed into overnight ito bustling centres of commerce. Manaus, situated on the Amazon where 1 as met by the Rio Negro, became the opulent heart of the rubber trade Within a few short years Manaus had Brazil's first telephone system. 16 miles of streetcar tracks, and an electnic gnid for a city of a million, though it had a population of. only 40,000. Vast fortunes were made by individuals, and flaunting wealth became sport Rubber barons hit cigars with $100 bank notes and slaked the thirst of their horses wath silver buckets of chilled French champagne. Their wives, disdainful of the muddy waters of the Amazon, sent linens to Portugal to be laundered. They ate food imported from Europe. And in the wake of opulent dinners, some costing as much as $100,000, men retired to any one of a dozen elegant bordellos. The citizens of Manaus were the highest per capita consumers of diamonds in the world. The opulence of the rubber barons could only be exceeded by their brutality. Wild Hevea trees, like all primary rainforest trees are widely dispersed, an adaptation that protects species from the South American leaf blight which easily spreads through and decimates plantations. Thus to make a profit, barons had to acquire control over huge tracts of land. Most did so by hiring their own private armies to defend thei claims, acquire new land, and capture native labourers. Labour was always a problem so barons got creative. One baron created a stud farm, enslaving 600 Indian women whom he bred like cattle. Other barons like Julio Cesar Arana simply used terror to acquire and hold on to Indian slaves. Indians captured usually Scanned with CamScanneri ve eutfering for Oe submitted because resistance only ree eile Sune Sn vad famihes Young girls were sold as whores, % ad off As the Indiay bound, blindfolded, and had theur gemtals blaste eae. thed, production soared im the 12 years that Aran Satan aa Rrumavo River im Colombia, the native popelation {2 from vy 30.000 to less than 8,000 while he exported over 4.0 ithe Holocang) earning over $75 milhon. ‘The only thing that stopped 4 Was the downfall of the Brazihan rubber market PD The Brathan rubber market was crushed by the rapid ewan te ‘ the more efficient rubber plantations of Southeast Asia. How! h note Prospects of developing plantations did nol begin on a hie! l . Rubber seeds, rich with ol and latex, could not survive the long Atlantic journey from Brazil. Finally, in 1876, an English planter, runt Wackham. collected 70,000 seeds and shipped them to England (This shipment remams a source of controversy Brazilians, Conveniently forgetting thei entire agneultural economy 1s based on Ca Ported plants ~ African oil palm, coffee from Ethiopia, cacao from Colombia and Ecuador soybeans from China, and sugarcane from Southeast Asia — still speak of the "rubber theft" as a moment of infamy Wickham humself.m his memoirs, lent a note of mystery to the deed, no doubt intending to elevate Ine own profile m the eyes of his _ peers In fact. all evidence suggests that the exportation was a straight forward affaiy conducted in the open and actively facilitated by the Brazihan authorities in Belem) In either case, 2,800 of the seeds germinated and were sent to Colombo, Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka). After several falsi E Finally in 1895, Henry Ridley, head of Singapore's botanical garden. persuaded two coffee growers to plant two acres of Hevea tr Ceylon and Malaya. New innovations increased efficiency and production doubled every two years. Rubber could be produced at only a fraction of the cost of collecting wild rubber in Brazil. By 1919 Brazilian production had fallen to 50%. In 1914, Brazil's marke " was down around 30%; 1918 — 20%, an ’ Scanned with CamScanneri F However the Second World \ With Japan occupying primi Asia. the US feared M would hose. seal. valve and inch Development Corporation sought out other sources in that sent intrepid e that would be use ar threatened to shift the rubber we. le rubber producing run out of the vit of winng re the chief ove: alth areas in Southeast al material Every tire quired rubber The Rubber rseer of rubber cluding. establishing a rubber xplorers into the Amazon seeking rub d to produce possibilty of resistance against le acquisition programme jer specimen Ingh yields supenor product, and ea blight The ultimate goal of the Program was to estabhsh rubber plantations close to home In addition to searching the Amazon and establishing experimental plantations in Latm Amenica, the Programme came up with some novel plans to produce rubber including planting Dandelions in 41 states Extensive work on synthetic rubber yielded a product that. in time. economists predicted would replace natural rubber By 1964 synthetic rubber made up 75% of the market Scanned with CamScanneree ———_—_ 4 Questions 19. ) Do following 5 wruler in tatements agree with the claims of the Read, ge 9: ref, wrule 862" In bores 19.25 on your ansiver sheet, 1" ue 1/ the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information. NOT GIVEN jf there is no information on tis Individuals becoming rich overnight in Manaus began to show off. 20° Rubber b, @FONS Wives enjoyed eating the food imported from Portugal. 21 Land and labour Were two targets for those brutal rubber barons to comb with 22 The high efficiency in Southeast Asia rubber plantation led to the preliminary success of rubber industry in Asia, 23° The introduction of rubber tree seeds from Brazil was in reality a theft. 24 Coffee seeds are much easier to geminate in Malaya than seeds of rubber trees. 25 Exploring better species of rubber and new experimental plantations was used to alleviate the US's immense demand to rubbers during the World War Il. Scanned with CamScannerREAD! 52| Reading ING PASSAGE 3 jong 26-40, which are based an Jd spend about 20 mpiutes on Quet uasage 3 below SLEEPIN Sleep medicine is a relatively young field in the UK, with only a couple afeontres until the 1980s. In the last decade a number of centres have sprouted, often led by chest physicians and WNT surgeons with an interest. m obstructive sleep apnoea, forcing neurologists and neurophystologists (o wake up and contribute to the non-respiratory aspect of this neglected subject Within sleep. two states are recognised — non vapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). These alternate cyclically through the mght with cycle time of 90 minutes (50-60 minutes in the newborn). NREM sleep is divided into four stages stages 1 and 2 (considered Light sleep), and stages 8 and 4 (deep sleep with high arousal threshold) REM is ontogenically primitive with EBG activity closer to wake state, intermittent bursts of REMs and muscle atonia interrupted by phasic bursts producing asynchronous twitching. The atonia of REM sleep prevents acting out of dreams and is lost in REM behaviour disorder when dreams content becomes violent and patients act out their dream. ofien resulting in injury REM behaviour disorder can be a precursor of neurodegenerative disease including Parkinsons. Dream content (pleasant/unpleasant) will be remembered on waking from REM sleep but there is often little memory of the preceding mental activity on arousals from NREM sleep, even when associated with complex behaviours and autonomic disturbance as occurs in night terrors or sleep walking. In the newborn 60 per cent of total sleep time is occupied by REM sleep, progressively shrinking to 25 per cent in the adult, the first block of REM sleep occurring about 90 minutes after sleep onset. Abrupt withdrawal of alcohol and many centrally acting recreational and non-recreational drugs can cause REM sleep to occur at sleep onset. This can also increase total REM sleep, lea Scanned with CamScannera | et -sleep 005 atients frightening dreams (hypnogoei"s experienced by P wath, waking, hallucinations), similar 10 narcolepsy 1 by prief arousals ang The NREM/REM sleep states are eae ue may increase with transient awakenings, The frequency of ME WT put also in many) emotional disturbance or environmental ae movements i sleep, intrinsic sleep disorders such as periodic Te6 sy | obstructive sleep apnoea and narcolepsy the newborn sleeps * A basic rest-actavity cycle originates 10 aes sleep-wake cycle an equal amount during the day and nig) the second month organised around three- to four-hourly feeds: BY by six months the favouring of sleep towards night-time occurs and aon to a couple baby will have about 12 hours of sleep at mght mm ad rely have a of daytime naps. In general, children bom premallt tendency to be awake more at night in the first yea? an ‘ars by the babies wake more frequently, but the difference sae foddlers second year Persistent night awakenings in infants am ies: usually reflect the child's inability to self-soothe back to sleep ara parental attention and will respond to a well-supported behav10 programme The establishment of a consolidated night sleep pattern in children reflects brain maturation and may be disrupted in children with developmental problems. Even in this group success is possible hy, persisting with behavioural work, though many paediatricians prescribe melatonin for these children with some success. But as the long-term safety of melatonin remains unknown it should be used as a last resort. There are now good studies looking at short-term use of melatonin in sleep-wake cycle disorders such as delayed sleep phase syndrome. Its use as a hypnotic should be discouraged, especially in the developing child as there is uncertainty on other cycles, such as menstrual. In addition to the NREM/REM cycles, there is a circadian (24 hours) sleep/wake cycle entrained by intrinsic rhythms (melatonin and body temperature) and extrinsic factors (light and social cues such as mealtimes, school/work times). The pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in entraining the sleep-wake cycle to the light-dark cycle. Melatonin secretion is high in darkness and low in daylight hours, the Scanned with CamScannerprocess beginning playing a major rok may lose this entra with progressive a in the retina with © 88 A sleep regulat tnment and vancement the Supra-chiasmatic nucleus lor via melatonin, Blind people develop a free ‘unning sleep/wake cycle of sleep onset time | advancing sleep onset fime is difficult and requires treatment with a light therapy — advancing sleep onset progressively forwards until the desired sleep time is reached. 's as they grow older due to difficulty im re-adjusting their circadian clock. In general, morning bright light xposure 1s a more powerful synchroniser of the circadian rhythm than melatonin. 54| Reading Scanned with CamScannerChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D 3S According to the passage, (rom physicians and ENT surge A the growing concem on sleep medicine [rom iB Contributed to the boom of this domain. Neurologists and neurophysiologists have © Obstructive sleep apnoea the infants have the cycle of NREM and REM every $0 Minutes: eplected the study g NREM and REM alternate periodically in four stages: 27 About the REM and NREM sleep, Ri A people cannot recall the dream content when they are waking from REM sleep B the atonia remains when the content of dream is violent. CREM is accompanied by the EEG activity. D_ the REM will make people act out their dream content. According to the passage, A. the infants have to sleep three to four hours during the daytime. babies would rather sleep during the daytime in the second month. B the newborn sleep a dozen of hours during the day. D the difference between prematured and breast-fed babies will exist in the second year. ‘Scanned with CamScannerQuestions 29-33 Complete the sentences below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 29.; 3 on your answer sheet 7 29 REM behaviour disorder is thought as one kind of predecessor of 30 People almost have no. __ of what they dreamed when they wake up from NREM sleep even though they have undergone night terrors or sleep walking, 31 The dreams those patients with narcolepsy have are vivid even 32 How often the happen depends on the many factors involving emotional and environmental effects and intrinsic sleep disorders. 33 The infants may have the night awakening problems that it is difficult for them to return to sleep when there is no Scanned with CamScannerQuestions 34-40 Complete the summary fare WORDS fore answer sheet. ach answer. Choose NO MORE THAN Write your answers Wt boxes 34-4000 youl THE USE OF MBLATONIN Some developmental problems could influence the sleeping pattern of children negatively and accordingly Gd eaiessoneils prescribed by doctors to children though the behavioural practice works better. The use of melatonin is just suggested as the last resort not as a 85, for it of the developing child. There is an hich with the may have harm to some 36. important cycle called the sleep-wake cycle in people, in Ww. participation of melatonin secretion the 87. is regulated. People are categorised into two groups, larks and owls. The owl type is easily developing into the delayed sleep phase syndrome, in which the 38 will be postponed but melatonin and more natural treatment like 39 can be used to reach the desired sleep time. The senior citizens always suffer from another syndrome by which th fall asleep 40. 4 at night and shift worker similarly my adapt themselves to the shift patterns. Scanned with CamScanner