Higher Nationals

Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)

INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS
Programme title BTEC Higher National Diploma in Computing

Miss. iresha
Assessor Internal Verifier
Unit 10: Web Design and Development
Unit(s)
Online Hospital Management System
Assignment title
W.M.Supun Anjana Jayasinghe
Student’s name
List which assessment Pass Merit Distinction
criteria the Assessor has
awarded.
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST
Do the assessment criteria awarded match
those shown in the assignment brief? Y/N

Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded

justified by the assessor’s comments on the Y/N
student work?
Has the work been assessed
Y/N
accurately?
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:

• Constructive?
Y/N
• Linked to relevant assessment
criteria? Y/N

• Identifying opportunities for

improved performance?
Y/N

• Agreeing actions? Y/N

Does the assessment decision need

Y/N
amending?
Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier signature Date

Programme Leader signature (if
Date
required)
Confirm action completed
Remedial action taken

Give details:

Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier
Date
signature
Programme Leader
Date
signature (if required)
Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
Student Name/ID

Unit Title Unit 10: Website Design & Development

Assignment Number 1 Assessor

Date Received 1st
Submission Date
submission
Date Received 2nd
Re-submission Date
submission
Assessor Feedback:

LO1. Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P1 P2 M1 M2 D1

Descripts
LO2. Categorise website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P3 P4 M3 D1

Descripts

LO3. Utilise website technologies, tools and techniques with good design principles to create a multipage
website.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P5 P6 M4 D2
Descripts

LO4. Create and use a Test Plan to review the performance and design of a multipage website.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P7 M5 D3
Descripts

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and grades decisions have
been agreed at the assessment board.
Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student

Action Plan

Summative feedback

Feedback: Student to Assessor

Assessor signature Date

Student signature Date

Pearson
Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 10: Web Design and Development
Assignment 01
General Guidelines

1. A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use previous page as
your cover sheet and make sure all the details are accurately filled.
2. Attach this brief as the first section of your assignment.
3. All the assignments should be prepared using a word processing software.
4. All the assignments should be printed on A4 sized papers. Use single side printing.
5. Allow 1” for top, bottom , right margins and 1.25” for the left margin of each page.

Word Processing Rules

1. The font size should be 12 point, and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
2. Use 1.5 line spacing. Left justify all paragraphs.
3. Ensure that all the headings are consistent in terms of the font size and font style.
4. Use footer function in the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No, and Page Number
on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any reason.
5. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help editing your assignment.

Important Points:

1. It is strictly prohibited to use textboxes to add texts in the assignments, except for the compulsory
information. eg: Figures, tables of comparison etc. Adding text boxes in the body except for the before
mentioned compulsory information will result in rejection of your work.
2. Carefully check the hand in date and the instructions given in the assignment. Late submissions will not be
accepted.
3. Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.
4. Excuses of any nature will not be accepted for failure to hand in the work on time.
5. You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.
6. If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness, you may apply
(in writing) for an extension.
7. Failure to achieve at least PASS criteria will result in a REFERRAL grade .
8. Non-submission of work without valid reasons will lead to an automatic RE FERRAL. You will then be asked
to complete an alternative assignment.
9. If you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, reference them properly using HARVARD
referencing system to avoid plagiarism. You have to provide both in-text citation and a reference list.
10. If you are proven to be guilty of plagiarism or any academic misconduct, your grade could be reduced to A
REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the course.
11. If you are proven to be guilty of plagiarism or any academic misconduct, your grade could be reduced to A
REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the course.
Student Declaration

I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present it as my own
without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further understand what it means to copy another’s work.

1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Pearson UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in any of the assignments for this
program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspects of my program, will be my own, and
where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding agreement
between myself and Pearson, UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not attached to the
attached.

Student’s Signature: Date:

(Provide E-mail ID) (Provide Submission Date)
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number

Unit Number and Title Unit 10- Web Design and Development

Academic Year 2021/2022

Unit Tutor

Assignment Title Online Hospital Management System

Issue Date

Submission Date

IV Name & Date

Submission Format:
Part 1.
Report- Submit a professional report with approepriate report formattimg and guidelines followed. All the
research data should be referenced along with in-text citations using Hrvard referencing syste.

Part 2
A fully functional web solution

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites.

LO2 Categorise website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites.

LO3 Utilise website technologies, tools and techniques with good design principles to create a multipage website.

LO4 Create and use a Test Plan to review the performance and design of a multipage website.

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Assignment Brief
Scenario.
‘Apex Design Works’ is a leading web design and marketing company. They are focusing on helping
businesses communicate more effectively and build their business through a creative design. Assume
that, you work as an apprentice web developer for Apex Web Design and marketing company. As part of
your role, you have been asked to create a Website for the following organization .
Arogya Health Care hospital currently uses a manual system for the management and maintenance of
critical information. The current system requires numerous paper forms, with data stores spread
throughout the hospital management infrastructure. Often information (on forms) is incomplete, or does
not follow management standards. Multiple copies of the same information exist in the hospital and may
lead to inconsistencies in data in various data stores. There are number of documents to be maintained in
the Health Care hospital and this information typically involves; patient personal information and medical
history, staff information, room and ward scheduling, staff scheduling, operating theater scheduling and
various facilities waiting lists. All of this information must be managed in an efficient and cost wise fashion
so that the resources can be managed effectively. The reception module handles various inquiries about
the patient's admission and discharge details, and the patient's movements within the hospital.
Assume that you are the web developer hired by the Health Care Hospital, to propose, and engineer a low
cost but yet powerful and complete Hospital Management System (HMS) for the scenario given above.
Suggest and implement important functionalities and features to the system by identifying system
functionalities.

The new system is to control the following information

• patient information
• room availability
• staff and operating room schedules
• patient invoices

Develop a web based solution for the above scenario and produce a report covering the following tasks.

Task 1 - Server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites (LO1)

1.1 Explain and differentiate the different web technologies such as communication protocols, server hardware,
operating systems and web server software with regards to designing, publishing and accessing the Hospital
Management System (HMS).
1.2 Identifry and define the types of DNS and the uses of it, with clarifications on how domain names are
structured. Review the effect of search engines on website performance . Provide evidence-based support for
improving a site’s index value and rank of the Hospital Management System (HMS) through search engine
optimization.
1.3 Identify and explain the common web development technologies and frameworks. Explain the tools and
techniques chosen to develop the above web application and justify your choice by providing valid evidences.

Task 2 - Categories website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites (LO2)
2.1 Considering the requirments given in the above scenario define the relationships between front-end and
back-end website technologies and discuss how the front-end and the back-end relate to presentation and
application layers.
2.2 Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom-built web sites by considering the
design flexibility, performance, functionality, User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI). Evaluate the tools
and techniques available to design the web application gicven in the scenario.
.
Task 3 - Utilize website technologies, tools and techniques with good design principles to create a multipage
website (LO3)

3.1 Design a suitable web application solution for the given scenario using PHP, JS and MySQL (Screenshots of
important code lines with proper comments and user interfaces filled with sample data must be attached to
the documentation). Apply a database design for the proposed system and provide the well normalized
database design of the proposed system. Provide evidences of the design, multipage website supported with
fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user requirements.
3.2 Compare and contrast the multipage website created to the design document. Use your design document
with appropriate principles, standards and guidelines to produce a branded, multipage website supported
with realistic content and Critically evaluate the web design ,development process against your design
document analyisng any technical challenges you faced during the development.

Note - Synthesize client and the server-side functionalities in the proposed design.

Task 4 - Create and use a Test Plan to review the performance and design of a multipage website (LO4)

4.1 QA process is expected to discover design issues and development errors while testing a product’s user
interface (UI) and gauging the user experience (UX). Evaluate the Quality Assurance (QA) process and
review how it was implemented during your design and development stages.

4.2 Create a suitable test plan for the developed system and critically evaluate the results of your Test Plan .
Include a review of the overall success of your multipage website; use this evaluation to explain any areas
of success and provide justified recommendations for areas that require improvements.
 Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback

LO1 Explain server technologies and management services associated with

hosting and managing websites

P1 Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how

domain names are organized and managed.

P2 Explain the purpose and relationships between communication protocols,

server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to
designing, publishing and accessing a website.
M1 Evaluate the impact of common web development technologies and
frameworks with regards to website design, functionality and
management.
M2 Review the influence of search engines on website performance and
provide evidence-based support for improving a
site’s index value and rank through search engine optimization.
D1 Justify the tools and techniques chosen to realize a custom built
website.

LO2 Categories website technologies, tools and

software used to develop websites

P3 Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and back-end

website technologies and explain how these relate to presentation and
application layers.
P4 Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom
built sites with regards to design flexibility, performance, functionality, User
Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI).

M3 Evaluate a range of tools and techniques available to design and develop

a custom built website.
LO3 Utilize website technologies, tools and techniques
with good design principles to create a multipage
website

P5 Create a design document for a branded, multipage website supported

with medium fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user
requirements.
P6 Use your design document with appropriate principles, standards and
guidelines to produce a branded, multipage website supported with realistic
content.
M4 Compare and contrast the multipage website created to the design
document.

D2 Critically evaluate the design and development process against your

design document and analyse any technical challenges.

LO4 Create and use a Test Plan to review the

performance and design of a multipage website

P7 Create a suitable Test Plan identifying key performance areas and

use it to review the functionality and performance of your website.
M5 Evaluate the Quality Assurance (QA) process and review how it was
implemented during your design and development stages.
D3 Critically evaluate the results of your Test Plan and include a review of
the overall success of your multipage website; use this evaluation to
explain any areas of success and provide justified recommendations for
areas that require improvement.
 Observation Sheet

Activity Activity Learning Outcome Feedback

No (Pass/ Redo)
1 Explain server technologies and LO1
management services associated with
hosting and managing websites.
2 categorize website technologies, tools LO2
and software used to develop
websites.
3 Utilize website technologies, tools and LO3
techniques with good design
principles to create a multipage
website.
4 Create and use a Test Plan to review LO4
the performance and design of a
multipage website.

Comments:

Assessor Name :…………………………………………….

Date :…………………………………………….
Assessor Signature :…………………………………………….

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |0

Acknowledgment

Firstly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to who is my web design lecture
MISS. Iresha, for guiding and encouraging me to carry out this assignment successfully. Without
her guiding and encouraging, I would never been able to do the assignment properly. She discussed
the assignment and gave us a rough idea about assignment and encourage us, so therefore I could do
it easily while carrying out the assignment. For that too, I am grateful to his.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, sister and my friends who helped
me to complete my assignment on time.

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe
Student of ESOFT
Kurunagala

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |1

Contents
Task 01.................................................................................................................................................................................2
1.1 The communication protocols........................................................................................................................................3
1.2 What is DNS ?............................................................................................................................................................5
1.2.1What is search engines?............................................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 how to improving hospital management system with search engine optimization.................................................8
1.3 What is the common web development technologies................................................................................................9
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Front-end website technology...........................................................................................................................11
2.2 online website creation tools.............................................................................................................................12
Task 04...........................................................................................................................................................................15
4.1Quality assurance.......................................................................................................................................................15
4.2Key benefits for the development process:...............................................................................................................16
4.3User documents.........................................................................................................................................................18
4.4Agile and waterfall approaches.................................................................................................................................19
4.5Product: System documentation................................................................................................................................20

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |2

Task 01

1.1 The communication protocols

Definition of communication protocols.

Communication protocols are written standards and formats for digital messages. They're needed to
send and receive communications within and between computers. Communication protocols are
crucial in telecommunications and other systems because they ensure that messages are sent and
received consistently and universally.
Authentication, error detection and correction, and signaling are all covered by communications
protocols. They can also define analog and digital communications' syntax, semantics, and
synchronization.
Hardware and software are used to implement communication protocols. In both analog and digital
communications, there are hundreds of communication protocols in use. They are required for the
operation of computer networks.
Types of communication protocols.

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - TCP is a well-known communication protocol for

sending and receiving data across a network. It splits any communication into a series of packets
that are transferred from the source to the destination, where they are reassembled.

2. Internet Protocol (IP) - IP was created with the intention of being used as an addressing
protocol. It's most commonly associated with TCP. Packets with IP addresses are routed through
multiple nodes in a network until they reach their target system. TCP/IP is the most widely used
protocol for networking.
3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - UDP is a substitute communication protocol to Transmission
Control Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking
between different applications.
4. Post office Protocol (POP) - POP3 is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.
5. Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP) - SMTP is designed to send and distribute outgoing
E-Mail.
6. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) -  FTP allows users to transfer files from one machine to another.
Types of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and documents, etc.
W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |3
7. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - HTTP is a protocol for exchanging hypertext
between two or more systems. Links are created using HTML tags. These links can take any
form, including text and pictures. HTTP is based on client-server concepts, allowing a client
system to connect to a server computer in order to send a request. The server recognizes the
client's request and responds as appropriate.
8. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) - HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Secure) is a standard protocol for securing communication between two computers, one of
which is using a browser and the other retrieving data from a web server.
9. Telnet - Telnet is a set of rules for connecting two systems via the Internet. Remote login is the
word used to describe the process of connecting. The local computer initiates the connection
request, and the remote computer accepts the connection.
10. Gopher - Gopher is a set of rules that may be used to search, retrieve, and display content from
remote locations. The client/server model is also used by Gopher.

Server hardware.

A server is a computer or system that through a network distributes resources, data, services, or
applications to other computers known as clients. In theory, computers are called servers when they
share resources with client machines. Web servers, mail servers, and virtual servers are among the
several types of servers. At the same time, an individual system can give resources and take
resources from another system. This means that a device may function as both a server and a client.
Mainframe computers and minicomputers were among the earliest servers.

Operating systems
An operating system (OS) is a piece of software that serves as a conduit between computer
hardware and the user. To execute other applications, every computer system must have at least one
operating system. Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, and other applications require a certain
environment to run and fulfill their functions.The operating system enables you to communicate
with a computer without understanding its language. A user cannot use a computer or mobile device
without first installing an operating system.

Web server software

A web server is a computer that manages the hosting of websites. It's a computer software that
requisitions web pages and distributes them as needed. The web server's primary goal is to store,
process, and distribute web pages to users. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is used for this

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |4

intercommunication (HTTP). The majority of the information on these web sites is static, such as
HTML documents, pictures, style sheets, and tests. A web server supports the SMTP (Simple Mail
Transmission Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocols for emailing and file transfer
and storage, in addition to HTTP.

How do web severs work ?

The Internet provides us with a wealth of knowledge, and all we have to do is query the internet for
whatever information we want, and we will receive the required result.
But who and how does this information get to us? All of this is made possible by a program known
as the Web Server. Along with it, there are browsers as apps that we use to connect with the web
and explore and retrieve files from web servers, such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome,
and Safari. Online servers are simply computer programs that serve web pages when they are
requested by a web client. The computers that operate this application are known as servers, and the
terms web server and server are virtually interchangeable.

Many people think of web servers as high-powered computers, which is accurate to some extent
because certain high-powered computers are also called web servers, but these machines are created
specifically for web hosting. Online servers allow hosting companies to manage numerous domains
(or websites) on a single server in web hosting.

1.2 What is DNS ?

The Domain Name System (DNS) is the Internet's phone book. Domain names such as nytimes.com
and espn.com allow people to access content on the internet. Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are
used to communicate between web browsers. DNS converts domain names to IP addresses,
allowing browsers to access resources on the Internet.
Each Internet-connected device has a unique IP address that other machines use to locate it. DNS
servers reduce the need for people to learn IP addresses like 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4) or more
complicated modern alphanumeric IP addresses like 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6) (in
IPv6).

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |5

How does DNS work?

DNS resolution is the process of turning a hostname (for example, www.example.com) into a
computer-friendly IP address (such as 192.168.1.1). Each device on the Internet is assigned an IP
address, which is required to locate the right Internet device, just like a street address is required to
locate a certain residence. When a user requests a webpage, a translation must take place between
the user's input (example.com) and the machine-friendly address required to locate the
example.com webpage.To comprehend the DNS resolution process, it's necessary to first learn
about the many hardware components that a DNS query must transit through. For the web browser,
the DNS lookup occurs “ behind the scenes” and requires no interaction from the user’s computer
apart from the initial request.

Types of DNS
Recursive resolvers, root nameservers, TLD nameservers, and authoritative nameservers are the
four types of DNS servers. In a normal DNS lookup (when no cache is used), these four DNS
servers work together to give the IP address for a specified domain to the client (the client is
generally a stub resolver, which is a basic resolver integrated into an operating system).

DNS root servers

DNS root servers are responsible for Top Level Domains. As the last instance, they are only queried
if the name server does not respond. Since it links the domain and IP address, a root server is the
central interface between users and content on the internet.
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) coordinates the work of the root
name servers. There are 13 such root servers throughout the world.

Authoritative name servers

Authoritative name servers have authority for a specific zone, which means that they only answer
queries from their area of responsibility, and their details are binding.
If an authoritative name server is unable to respond to a client request, the root name server takes
over at this point.

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |6

Non-authoritative name servers

Non-authoritative name servers are not responsible for a specific DNS zone. Instead, they collect
information on specific DNS zones using recursive or iterative DNS queries.

Caching servers

Caching servers temporarily store information from other name servers for a specific period of time.
The authoritative name server determines the duration of this storage.

Forwarding servers

Forwarding servers have only one function: They forward DNS queries to another DNS server.

Resolvers

Resolvers are not authoritative DNS servers but perform name resolution locally in the computer or
router.

1.2.1What is search engines?

A search engine is Internet-based software that searches a database of information for answers to a
user's query. The engine returns a list of results that best fit the user's search criteria. On the Internet
nowadays, there are a plethora of search engines, each with its unique set of capabilities and
features. Archie was the first search engine ever built, and it was used to search for FTP files.
Veronica was the first text-based search engine. Google is currently the most popular and well-
known search engine. AOL, Ask.com, Baidu, Bing, DuckDuckGo, and Yahoo are some of the other
major search engines.

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |7

How a search engine works
Many search engines present the results based on their importance because major search engines
include millions, if not billions, of pages. Various approaches are widely used to determine its
significance.
An example of a visual search engine
As shown, every search engine data is gathered using a spider or crawler that visits each website on
the Internet and gathers information.
The data on a page is processed and indexed once it has been crawled. This frequently entails the
steps shown below.
 Strip out stop words.
 Record the remaining words on the page and the frequency they occur.
 Record links to other pages.
 Record information about any images, audio, and embedded media on the page.

Each page is ranked based on the information gathered. These rankings then select which pages
and in what order to display in the search results.

After that, the data is split up into files, placed into a database, or loaded into memory, where it may
be retrieved when a search is done.
There are three key steps to how most search engines work:

Crawling - search engines use programs, called spiders, bots or crawlers, to scour the internet.
They may do this every few days, so it is possible for content to be out-of-date until they crawl your
website again.

Indexing - the search engine will try to understand and categorise the content on a web page
through 'keywords'. Following SEO best practice will help the search engine understand your
content so you can rank for the right search queries.

Ranking - search results are ranked based on a number of factors. These may include keyword
density, speed and links. The search engine's aim is to provide the user with the most relevant
result.

Although most search engines will provide you advice on how to increase your page's rating, the
precise algorithms that are employed are closely guarded and change often to prevent abuse.

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |8

However, by adhering to search engine optimization (SEO) best practices, you may assure the
following:

Your website is readily crawled by search engines. You may also tell them to search for new
material.Your content gets indexed for the proper keywords so that it can show up in searches that
are related to it.Your content has a good chance of ranking high in the SERPs.

1.2.2 how to improving hospital management system with search engine optimization.

WHAT IS A HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

As long as each stage's implementation is precise and unambiguous, the clinic management system
ensures that many critical everyday operations are automated. The services that unite and simplify
the work of healthcare professionals, as well as their contacts with patients, are covered by hospital
system software.
There is always the option of including a variety of features in the system. Furthermore, they were
designed to simplify different operations in order to suit the demands of all users. The hospital
management system's feature set is focused on ensuring that patients, employees, and hospital
administrators have a positive experience. Although their expectations may appear to be different,
they are nonetheless covered by components of the hospital information system. The medical
industry's primary objectives are still quality and security. It's also renowned for making frequent
and quick adjustments in order to increase the efficiency of medical services and patient happiness.
Because the objective of a hospital information system is to organize essential, precise, and relevant
data, hospitals must guarantee that the system is functional and accessible at all times. Healthcare
providers have the choice of using an online hospital management system or desktop (on-premise)
systems. This might be a one-of-a-kind system for a certain company, clinic chain, state hospital, or
even worldwide medical groups. It is generally begun with a simple version that may be expanded
up from there.

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 Page |9

1.3 What is the common web development technologies.

Simply defined, Web Applications are dynamic web sites with server-side programming that allow
users to interact with them, connect to back-end databases, and generate results for browsers.

Online Banking, Social Networking, Online Reservations, eCommerce / Shopping Cart

Applications, Interactive Games, Online Training, Online Polls, Blogs, Online Forums, Content
Management Systems, and so on are examples of Web Applications.

1.3.1Web Application Frameworks

Web Application Frameworks are collections of software libraries, components, and tools arranged
in an architectural system that allow developers to quickly and efficiently construct and maintain
complex web application projects.

By establishing folder organization and structure, documentation, rules, and libraries, Web
Application Frameworks aim to simplify programming and increase code reuse (reusable codes for
common functions and classes).
A web development framework is a collection of resources and tools that software developers may
use to create and maintain online applications, web services, and websites. Tinplating capabilities
for displaying information within a browser, a programming environment for scripting information
flow, and application Programming interfaces (APIs) for accessing underlying data resources are all
part of such a framework. The framework also provides software developers with the foundations
and system-level services they need to create a content management system. CMS stands for
content management system, and it is used to manage digital content on the internet. The
framework may be used by developers to design 'out-of-the-box' content management, user
authentication, and administrative tools.
A pre-defined infrastructure, such as the Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP (LAMP) stack, can be
used to build a web development framework. The fundamental CMS features and functionalities,
once designed and implemented, might be difficult to change. 2013 (Rouse)

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 10

Task 2

2.1 Front-end website technology

Front-end web development, often referred to as client-side development, is the process of creating
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for a website or Web application so that a user can view and interact
with it directly. The difficulty with front end development is that the tools and techniques used to
construct the front end of a website change all the time, necessitating the developer's continual
awareness of how the field evolves. (n.d., frontendmasters) The goal of website design is to
guarantee that when people visit the site, they view content in an easy-to-read and relevant style.
This is exacerbated even further by the fact that consumers today use a wide range of devices with
different screen sizes and resolutions, necessitating the designer to consider these factors while
creating the site. They must guarantee that their site works properly on a variety of browsers (cross-
browser), operating systems (cross-platform), and devices (cross-device), which necessitates careful
planning on the developer's part.\

Skills and tools

The user-facing code and the architecture of a website's immersive user experiences are the
responsibility of front-end developers. Front-end developers must be proficient in three primary
languages: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript programming, in order to achieve those goals. In addition
to knowing these languages, front-end developers should be familiar with frameworks such as
Bootstrap, Foundation, Backbone, Angular, and Embers, which ensure that content looks great on
any device, and libraries such as jQuery and LESS, which package code into a more useful, time-
saving form. A lot of front-end developer job listings also call for experience with Ajax, a widely
used technique for using Javascript that lets pages dynamically load by downloading server data in
the background.

How it translates

A front-end developer is responsible for everything you see on this website right now. The logo and
graphics were created by a designer, the photos were taken by a photographer, and the content was
written by a copywriter. A front-end developer, on the other hand, put all of those parts together,
translated them into web-speak, and created the user experience you see on each page. To give you
an example, go to the Udacity webpage and scroll up and down. Take note of how the letter "U"
emerges and then vanishes. A front-end developer is responsible for it.
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Back – end website technology

So, what makes a website's front end possible? Where is all that information kept? This is when the
back end enters the picture. A server, an application, and a database make up a website's back end.
A back-end developer creates and maintains the technology that enables the components that allow
the website's user-facing side to exist in the first place.

Skills and tools

Back-end developers utilize server-side languages like PHP, Ruby, Python, Java, and to interact
between the server, application, and database. Tools like as MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server are
used to discover, store, and update data and provide it back to the user via front-end code. Back-end
engineers are frequently required to have knowledge with PHP frameworks such as Zend, Symfony,
and CakePHP, as well as version control tools such as SVN, CVS, or Git, and Linux as a
development and deployment environment. (Wales, 2014)

2.2 online website creation tools

You'll always benefit from having a website, regardless of the size or scope of your company.
Fortunately, with the abundance of website tools accessible today, creating your own is easier than
ever. There are several free Web hosting providers that allow you to construct a website using
templates, but building your own site from start is just as straightforward. After the site is up and
running, it may be used as a strong marketing tool to keep your consumers and clients informed at
all times.

HTML/ Text editor

HTML is the most used computer language for creating webpages. It's critical to understand the
fundamentals if you're intending to build a website from the ground up. W3Schools and
HTMLGoodies, for example, are two free internet resources that provide extensive instruction on
how to get started with HTML. There are HTML editors that may speed up the process of
generating Web pages by include features like tag completion, but for fundamental coding, you'll
just need a text editor like Notepad, which comes standard with Windows. Professional tools like

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Adobe Dreamweaver, CoffeeCup HTML Editor, and Komodo IDE provide extra functionality like
highlighting coding errors and autocompleting frequently used tags to help speed up the coding and
debugging process.

Image editors

You'll want your site to have eye-catching aesthetics, which means you'll need pictures that are
scaled to fit without slowing down bandwidth. The typical resolution for pictures shown on the
Internet is 72 dpi (dots per inch), with sizes ranging from 100 x 75 to 640 x 480 pixels depending
on whether you're utilizing thumbnails or big files. Large file sizes can be beneficial if your site is
for design or imaging work; otherwise, they may slow down page performance and discourage
clients. Within an image-editing application, resize, crop, and transform pictures to fit. With simple
files, you can accomplish this with Paint, a basic software bundled with Windows; for more
sophisticated file types, use an advanced picture editor like Adobe Photoshop or Photoshop
Elements. Most professional software products will enable you to generate buttons and logos
instead of text links; you may also get comparable effects with free tools such as GIMP and
Paint.net (links in Resources).

Browsers

Test your website in several browsers to ensure that it functions properly and looks the way you
want it to. The Windows operating system includes Internet Explorer for free. Other popular
browsers, such as Google Chrome, Firefox, and Opera (links in Resources), can also be downloaded
for free. After you've finished building your website's HTML files, open them in a browser and
double-check that all of the information is shown appropriately. Test your website on mobile
devices such as phones and tablets for better accessibility.
Analytics tools

Developing a website is a continuous process. Once you've built the basic design, you'll need to
constantly updating and tweaking it to keep visitors' material current and fresh. Google Analytics
and Open Web Analytics, for example, allow you to observe what attracts users to your site and
where they spend the most time. As a result, you'll be able to add additional material that your
visitors will like, as well as alter stuff that isn't getting the attention it deserves. (Bolton, undated)

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Custom-built sites

A team of people works on custom-built websites for your company. It all starts with a
brainstorming session to figure out who your target audience is, who you want to reach out to, how
you want/need the website to work, and how you want to appear on the internet. Any website’s
success is heavily influenced by SEO. When constructing a website, there are certain guidelines to
follow, and not all themes are capable of adhering to these guidelines.
This is why custom created websites are so much better; the developer can optimize the site during
development so that Google and other search engines can understand each page and provide a more
relevant search result to the end user, naturally giving custom built sites a higher position on the
system. This is more than just keyword research. Because everything is being developed and
customized to a certain business, custom made websites take longer than themes. It will save time in
the long run because it will be constructed quickly.
It’s a lot easier to modify the site from the ground up to guarantee that it performs precisely what
you want it to do. Your site will be responsive across all devices (phones, tablets, computers, etc.)
and browsers with custom designs.

Pros/Cons of Custom Built Websites

1. The website will have a completely unique design that will incorporate the company’s branding
and will be based around the needs of your business.
2. A customized website is adaptable to your company’s needs
3. The site is tested to work across all browsers.
4. The site will be built to be search engine friendly.
5. A customized website is more expensive than a template.
6. The process to create a custom site takes longer than a template site.
7. The site will grow with your business. If you know how you will need your site to operate in the
future, a professional web developer will install technologies that will work with those ideas.
8. The company that built your site is there for support if you need it. (Kristan, 2012)

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2.3web application evaluate tools and techniques

A Web application (Web application) is an application program that is put away on a distant server
and conveyed over the Internet through a program interface. Web administrations are Web
applications by definition and many, albeit not all, sites contain Web applications. As per
Web.AppStorm editorial manager Jarel Remick, any site part that plays out some capacity for the
client qualifies as a Web application.

Web applications can be intended for a wide assortment of employments and can be utilized by
anybody; from an association to a person for a very long time. Ordinarily utilized Web applications
can incorporate webmail, online number crunchers, or web based business shops. Some Web
applications can be just gotten to by a particular program; be that as it may, most are accessible
regardless of the program (Anon., n.d.).

XAMPP
XAMPP is a software package that contains the Apache web server, MySQL database (really
MariaDB), PHP, and Perl (as command-line executables and Apache modules). It's compatible with
Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The integration of PHP and MySQL does not require any
settings.
It's a perfect fit for this course, with a simple installation and way to keep track of setup changes.
PhpMyadmin, a graphical interface for managing MySQL databases, is also included.
This is something I would strongly advise you to install on your PC or Mac. It does not prevent you
from installing competing software; rather, it provides an easy way to get started.For Ubuntu Linux
systems, I still would recommend installing Apache/MySQL/Php/PhpMyadmin through Ubuntu
packages (Anon., n.d.).

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Visual Studio code
Microsoft's Visual Studio Code (often known as VS Code) is a free open source text editor. For
Windows, Linux, and macOS, VS Code is available. VS Code includes numerous significant
features that have made it one of the most popular development environment tools in recent times,
despite its modest weight. (Anon., n.d.).

Features
VS Code is compatible with a wide range of programming languages, including Java, C++, Python,
CSS, Go, and Dockerfile. VS Code also lets you to add on and even create new extensions, such as
code linters, debuggers, and support for cloud and web development.
In comparison to other text editors, the VS Code user interface allows for a lot of interactivity. VS
Code is separated into five primary regions to make the user experience easier:The activity bar
1. The side bar
2. Editor groups
3. The panel
4. The status bar

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Sublime Text
Anyone who wants to make more in-depth adjustments in WordPress or go deeper into web design
and development should use code editors. They can make the job a lot easier than traditional text
editors.

The issue: There are numerous possibilities, making selecting the best tool challenging. As a result,
we decided to assist you by conducting in-depth evaluations of some of the most popular code
editors.
We started with Atom a few weeks ago. (Anon., n.d.).

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Bootstrap
If you work on the web in any capacity, you've probably heard about Bootstrap. You've come to the
right place if you still don't know what Bootstrap is or just want to locate a Bootstrap tutorial for
beginners to have a better understanding of what it is and what it does well.

Bootstrap is a versatile toolkit that includes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript tools for creating and
developing web pages and applications. It is a free and open source project that was built by (and
for) Twitter and is hosted on GitHub.

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Bootstrap gained a lot of traction immediately after its open source release in 2011, and for good
reason. Bootstrap is popular among web designers and developers because it is flexible and simple
to use. Its key advantages are that it is responsive by design, that it supports a wide range of
browsers, that it maintains a consistent design by employing reusable components, and that it is
simple to use and understand. It comes with built-in support for jQuery plugins and a programmatic
JavaScript API, as well as rich extension via JavaScript. Bootstrap works with any IDE or editor, as
well as any server-side technology or language, including ASP.NET, PHP, and Ruby on Rails.

With Bootstrap, web developers can focus on development rather than design, allowing them to
quickly get a good-looking website up and running. Conversely, it provides a solid framework for
web designers to create engaging Bootstrap themes. (Anon., n.d.).

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Task 3

3.1Web application

Millions of businesses use the Internet as a cost-effective communications channel. It lets them
exchange information with their target market and make fast, secure transactions. However,
effective engagement is only possible when the business is able to capture and store all the
necessary data, and have a means of processing this information and presenting the results to the
user.

Web applications use a combination of server-side scripts (PHP and ASP) to handle the storage and
retrieval of the information, and client-side scripts (JavaScript and HTML) to present information to
users. This allows users to interact with the company using online forms, content management
systems, shopping carts and more. In addition, the applications allow employees to create
documents, share information, collaborate on projects, and work on common documents regardless
of location or device.

How a web application works

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Web applications are usually coded in browser-supported language such as JavaScript and HTML
as these languages rely on the browser to render the program executable. Some of the applications
are dynamic, requiring server-side processing. Others are completely static with no processing
required at the server.

The web application requires a web server to manage requests from the client, an application server
to perform the tasks requested, and, sometimes, a database to store the information. Application
server technology ranges from ASP.NET, ASP and ColdFusion, to PHP and JSP.

Here's what a typical web application flow looks like:

User triggers a request to the web server over the Internet, either through a web browser or the
application’s user interface
Web server forwards this request to the appropriate web application server
Web application server performs the requested task – such as querying the database or processing
the data – then generates the results of the requested data
Web application server sends results to the web server with the requested information or processed
data
Web server responds back to the client with the requested information that then appears on the
user’s display

Example of a web application

Web applications include online forms, shopping carts, word processors, spreadsheets, video and
photo editing, file conversion, file scanning, and email programs such as Gmail, Yahoo and AOL.
Popular applications include Google Apps and Microsoft 365.

Google Apps for Work has Gmail, Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, online storage and
more. Other functionalities include online sharing of documents and calendars. This lets all team
members access the same version of a document simultaneously (Anon., n.d.).

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3.2The interfaces are here

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W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 24
W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 25
After clicking the login button the redirecting the login form

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After clicking Admin login page then appear admin login page

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Database connection

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Connection code

navigation bar and header

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 s

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W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 34
W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 35
Main javascript file

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Main css file

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W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 38
Staff details

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W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 41
 3.3
E
R diagram

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W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 43
Task 04

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More than just building solutions to execute certain operations, software development encompasses
a wide range of activities. A new software product for a firm is a means to modify the operational
status quo or take a step forward in process optimization to assure improved business results. It
necessitates the creation of high-quality code and the delivery of a dependable solution that runs
smoothly and without faults. As a result, software testing and Quality Assurance are more than just
discovering defects in a “the-more-the-better” approach. The QA team's objective is to assist web
developers in delivering their work within the anticipated schedule by discovering any flaws that
may obstruct the software's successful operation or even negatively impact the user experience.

4.1Quality assurance

QA process and development steps

Initially, QA aids with the planning and control of the development process so that major
difficulties do not arise during the project. To do this, QA engineers collaborate on the project with
other members of the team (product owner, project manager, business analyst, and dev lead)
throughout the whole software development cycle. The quantity and sequence of QA tasks varies
from project to project, and is highly influenced by the scope of work and project objectives.

Development process
 Analysis of requirements
 Design
 Implementation
 Verification or testing
 Maintenance

Quality Assurance process

 Review of requirements
 Test planning / writing test cases
 Unit testing
 Integration testing
 System testing
 Performance testing
 Security testing
 Cross-browser testing / cross-platform testing

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  Updating test cases
 Regression testing

Step one: review requirements and documentation.

QA engineers start their work on the project in parallel with documentation generation. They
review the requirements and documentation for:
 Completeness
 Redundancies
 Clarity
 Consistency
 Excitability
 Verifiability
The aim is to analyze system architecture and technologies for discrepancies.

4.2Key benefits for the development process:

 Errors cost less when detected at an early stage

 Improved documentation means a higher quality project for lower labor input and more accurate
estimates.

For this step, think about using specialized software for documentation review, like Confluence.
You can gather all related documentation which is used throughout the whole project, and maintain
an internal knowledge base. Every team member can see any changes as soon as any requirements
or documents are changed, added, updated, or deleted.

Step two: plan and prepare test cases

When the requirements have been developed, it's time to start thinking about test cases, which are
descriptions of the actions that QA engineers take to ensure that the program works as expected. If
the number of such instances grows to be too large, specific tools such as TestRail or Zephyr can be
used to write test cases. Both pieces of software allow you to create and modify tests, as well as
track outcomes with metrics.
W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 46
Step three: design test cases

The QA team begins executing the test cases after the development stage is completed. The primary
aim of this stage is to ensure that the solution has been appropriately created from a technical
standpoint and that it fulfills the initial product owner's criteria.
Below are the main QA activities and their aims:
 Smoke testing comes first. QA engineers lightly check that the software, or its module, functions
as planned. When passed, the further investigation begins.
 Integration testing – verify that different components work as a single system.
 Performance testing that includes:
Load testing – check system behavior for normal and expected peak load
Stress testing – determine critical load after which the system breaks down
 Security testing – ensure the solution has a sufficient protection level.
 Cross-browser testing/cross-platform testing – check that the software works smoothly on
different browsers (Chrome, Mozilla, Safari) or platforms (Android, iOS, Windows Phone). This is
especially important for web and hybrid apps.
 Regression testing – detect bugs in the code that was tested previously. Usually needed when
adding new features or making any updates to an existing system.
Again, you can choose to automate the testing (e.g., unit testing, regression testing). The general
rule: the longer a project lasts, the more it needs automated test.

Step four: report and measure

When a QA engineer finds an issue, he or she logs it into a bug tracking system that simultaneously
serves as a project management system. You may use Jira or Redmine for this, both of which are
extremely customizable tools. They make it simple to monitor any issue, from a faulty login form to
security issues, and all team members can view real-time task updates. This facilitates team
collaboration and allows for a clear perspective of the improvement process.
Each issue gets a priority level from urgent to low, which the development team then resolves based
on time and people available.

Step five: verifying fixes

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When a developer fixes an issue he/she informs the responsible QA engineers, who verify it. The
ticket in the bug tracking system is closed when no issue is detected. This rule applies: no bug can
be marked as fixed until it is verified

Are there any tricks for how to boost the QA process?

Waterfall development technique typically includes all of the above-mentioned testing phases. Steps
like Review of Requirements or Test planning/writing test cases are typically employed in
complicated, long-term projects and/or sensitive sectors like healthcare or logistics, where an error
costs far more than the time spent creating documentation. However, delivery speed is frequently
critical (e.g., when you are a startup). When time and money are limited, it is preferable to focus on
stabilizing and improving the software product rather than creating the whole documentation and
meticulous test preparation.

When utilizing an Agile method (like we do in most of our situations), you may skip phases like
Review of requirements and Test preparation for short-term web development projects since on-
time delivery of meaningful solutions is more essential than precise documentation. As a result, QA
engineers may begin testing as soon as step three is completed, utilizing relatively simple tools such
as a Google spreadsheet.

Some elements of the Development and QA processes, such as requirement analysis and review,
implementation and test preparation, and even running multiple types of tests throughout
development, can all be done at the same time to save time. Testing activities assist assess the
success of the related development tasks throughout these concurrent stages. (2020 Team).

4.3User documents

In software engineering, technical documentation refers to all written papers and resources related
to the development of software products. Whether developed by a small team or a huge
organization, all software development products require some form of documentation. And many
sorts of papers are produced as a result of it.

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the entire software development process (SDLC). Documentation exists to clarify product
functionality, consolidate project-related information, and allow stakeholders and developers to
discuss any important questions that arise.
On top of that, documentation errors can set gaps between the visions of stakeholders and engineers
and, as a result, a proposed solution won’t meet stakeholders expectations. Consequently, managers
should pay a lot of attention to documentation quality.

4.4Agile and waterfall approaches

The sorts of documentation produced by the team, as well as its extent, are determined by the
software development strategy used. The two most common are agile and waterfall. In terms of
associated paperwork, each is distinct. The Waterfall technique is a sequential strategy with defined
objectives for each development phase. In the early phases of a project, waterfall teams devote a
significant amount of effort on product planning. They produce a comprehensive overview of the
major aims and objectives, as well as a strategy for the working process. Before beginning any of
the engineering steps, waterfall teams try to produce thorough documentation. For projects with few
to no changes in progress, careful planning is beneficial since it allows for exact budgeting and time
predictions. Waterfall planning, on the other hand, has been shown to be unsuccessful for long-term
development since it fails to account for probable changes and contingencies as they arise.
According to the KPMG Global Agile Survey, 81% of businesses have started their Agile
transformation in the previous three years.
W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 49
Teamwork, tight cooperation with customers and stakeholders, adaptability, and the capacity to
respond rapidly to changes are all hallmarks of the agile approach. Iterations are the fundamental
building blocks of agile development; each one comprises planning, analysis, design, programming,
and testing. The agile technique does not need extensive documentation at the start. Because things
might change as the project progresses, project managers don't need to prepare too far ahead. This
makes it possible to plan just-in-time. As one of the Agile Manifesto values suggests, putting –
“working software over comprehensive documentation -“, the idea is to produce documentation
with information that is essential to move forward, when it makes the most sense.

Types of documentation

The main goal of effective documentation is to ensure that developers and stakeholders are headed
in the same direction to accomplish the objectives of the project. To achieve them, plenty of
documentation types exist.

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All software documentation can be divided into two main categories:
 Product documentation
Product documentation describes the product that is being developed and provides
instructions on how to perform various tasks with it. In general, product documentation
includes requirements, tech specifications, business logic, and manuals. There are two main
types of product documentation:
 System documentation represents documents that describe the system itself and its parts. It
includes requirements documents, design decisions, architecture descriptions, program
source code, and FAQs.
 User documentation covers manuals that are mainly prepared for end-users of the product
and system administrators. User documentation includes tutorials, user guides,
troubleshooting manuals, installation, and reference manuals.
 Process documentation
Process documentation represents all documents produced during development and
maintenance that describe well, the process. The common examples of process-related
documents are standards, project documentation, such as project plans, test schedules,
reports, meeting notes, or even business correspondence. The main difference between
process and product documentation is that the first one records the process of development
and the second one describes the product that is being developed.

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4.5 Product: System documentation

System documentation offers a high-level overview of the system and aids engineers and
stakeholders in comprehending the technology. The requirements paper, architecture design, source
code, validation documentation, verification and testing information, and a maintenance or help
guide are generally included. It's important to note that this isn't a complete list. So, let's have a look
at the key kinds in more depth.

Product requirement document

A product requirement document, or PRD, is a document that describes how a system works.
Requirements are assertions that describe what a system should perform. It includes business rules,
user stories, and use cases, among other things. This paper should be easy to read and understand,
not a wall of words. It should provide enough information to describe the product's purpose,
features, functions, upkeep, and behavior.
Writing a requirement document using a single, consistent form that all team members follow is the
best practice. The one-page form will help you keep the document simple and save the amount of
time you spend accessing information. To further understand the many parts that should be included
in your PRD, have a look at an example of a one-web-page product-requirements document.
However, you should keep in mind that this isn't the only method to put this paper together. (2020,
altexsoft)

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 4.6 Test plan

A Test Plan is a test artifact that details the actions that will take place during the testing process,
from the development approach to error-finding criteria. It also discusses the logic for completing
the tasks, as well as risk assessment and scenarios for effective risk resolution.

Test Plan For Arogya Health Care Hospital Management System

Test Test Test case Pre - Test Test data Expecte Post Actual result Stat
case scenario condition steps d result conditio us
id n
TC_00 Verify the Enter Need a valid Enter <valid Successf Arogya pass
1 login of valid arogya uname, username ul login web
arogya user account to passwor >; <valid page is
name do login d, click password shown
and login >
passwor button
d
TC_00 Verify the Enter Need a valid Enter <invalid A Arogya pass
2 login of invalid arogya uname, username message web
arogya user account to passwor >; <invalid “email page is
name do login d, click password and shown
and login > passwor
invalid button d you
passwor entered
d don’t
match”is
shown
TC_00 AdministratiEnter Need a Enter <valid Successf Arogya pass
3 on login valid administrati uname, username ul login admin
user on account passwor >; <valid page is
name to login d, click password shown
and login >
passwor button
d
TC_00 Try to open Try to Try to go Always Redirec pass
4 open next redirect t to
the dashboa page to login login
dashboard rd page page

without a
login page

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 53

References

W.M.S.A.Jayasinghe batch-40 WEB – Unit 10 P a g e | 54

frontendmasters, n.d. frontendmasters. [Online] Available at:
https://frontendmasters.com/books/front-end-handbook/2018/what-is-aFD.html [Accessed
November 2020].

Kristan, 2012. Atilus. [Online] Available at: https://www.atilus.com/templates-vs-custom-built-

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