TURBIDIMETRY & NEPHELOMETRY

Application

Measurements are made with a spectrophotometer to

determine the concentration of particulate matter in a sample.
The amount of light blocked by suspension of particles
depends on;

Concentration of
particles
Size of particles
Light scattering depends on 2 factors

Wavelength
Size of particles
 Nephelometer Vs Spectrophotometer

Detector,
Spectrophotometer
Turbidimetry
Light Source

Detector,
Nephelometer
Forward light scatter

Detector,
Nephelometer
90o light scatter
Advantages of using monochromatic light

Uniform scatter
Minimizes sample heating
Advantages of measuring light scatter at an angle other
than 180o

1 Minimizes error from colored solution

2 Increases sensitivity
LASER
LASER

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) is

based on the interaction of radiant energy and suitably excited
atoms or molecules. The interaction leads to stimulated emission
of radiation.
LASER: Emitted light similarities with incident radiation

1 Wavelength

2 Direction of propagation

3 Phase of polarization

4 Plane of polarization
Properties of laser light
Polarized

Coherent

Narrow spectral width

Small cross-sectional area

Low divergence
LASER Applications
The radiant emission can be very powerful and
either continuous or pulsating

Laser light can serve as the source of incident energy

in a spectrometer or nephelometer
Some lasers produce bandwidths of a few kilohertz in both
the visible and infrared regions, making these applications
about three to six orders more sensitive than spectrometers
Laser spectrometry also can be used for the determination
of the structure and identification of samples