U. V.

PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GANPAT VIDYANAGAR - 384012
DIST.: MEHSANA, GUJARAT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY JOURNAL

B.TECH. SEM-I
[ODD SEM 2021]

2ES103: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGGINEERING

2ES103: BASIC ELECTRICAL

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 GANPAT UNIVERSITY
U. V. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORYJOURNAL

B.TECH. SEM - I
[ODD SEM 2021]

2ES103: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME:

BRANCH: _______________________________________

ENROLLMENT NO: ___ BATCH:

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 GANPAT UNIVERSITY
U. V. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Miss ___________

Enrollment No. _________of B.TECH SEMESTER I of

branch - _________ and Batch - __________ has

satisfactorily completed the course in

2ES103: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING within four walls of

U. V. Patel College of Engineering.

Date of submission:

Staff in charge: ___ HOD: _____________

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 INDEX

SR. PAGE
TITLE DATE GRADE SIGN.
NO. NO.

To understand the basic electrical engineering

1 laboratory, terminology and various

equipments.

2 To study and verify Thevenin’s Theorem.

To obtain the magnetization characteristics of

3
a given magnetic material – Transformer.

To study charging and discharging phenomena

4
of a capacitor and determine its time constant.

To understand and observe the phenomenon of

5
self-induction and mutual-induction.

To find primary and secondary emf, current

6 and transformation ratio of 1-phase

transformer.
To determine resistance (R), Inductance (L),

7 p.f. and Power of 1-phase R-L Series AC

circuit by using vector diagram.
To perform frequency response of a series R-

8 L-C circuit and determine the value of

resonance frequency.
To measure the Power drawn by a 3-phase A.C

9 circuit and determine power factor by two

wattmeter method.
To understand different electrical protective
10
devices.

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 EXPERIMENT No: 1
AIM: To understand the basic electrical engineering laboratory, terminology and various
equipments.

THEORY:
Basic Terms in Electrical Engineering:
1) CURRENT (I): Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of negative charges of the
conductor OR the continuous flow of electrons in an electric circuit is called an electric
current.

Its unit is AMPERE (A)

2) AMPERE (A) — A unit of measure for the intensity of an electric current flowing in a
circuit. One ampere is equal to a current flow of one coulomb per second.

There are two types of current:

a) A.C. Current
b) D. C. Current
DC is current that flows in one direction with a constant voltage polarity while AC is
current that changes direction periodically along with its voltage polarity.

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 3) VOLTAGE (POTENTIAL) – (V): An electromotive force or "pressure" that causes
electrons to flow and can be compared to water pressure which causes water to flow in a pipe.
Measured in volts. Its unit is VOLT (V)
4) VOLT (V): A unit measure of voltage. One volt is equal to the difference of potential that
would drive one ampere of current against one-ohm resistance.

5) ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE — (EMF) A difference in potential that tends to give rise

to an electric current. Measured in volts.
6) ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT: A closed path in which electrons from a voltage or current
source flow.

7) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: It is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit.

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 A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of components, while a schematic diagram
shows the components and interconnections of the circuit using standardized symbolic
representations.
8) CONDUCTOR: Any material where electric current can flow freely. Conductive
materials, such as metals like Copper.
9) INSULATOR: Any material where electric current cannot flow freely. Insulative
materials, such as glass, rubber, air, and many plastics

10) POWER — The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
Measured in Watts.
11) WATT (W) — A unit of electrical power. One watt is equivalent to one joule per second,
corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt
and the current one ampere.
12) LOAD — Anything which consumes electrical energy, such as lights, transformers,
heaters and electric motors.
13) ELECTRICAL SOURCE or SUPPLY: An electrical supply or simply, “a source”, is a
device that supplies electrical power to a circuit in the form of a voltage source or a
current source.

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 14) ELECTRIC FIELD — An electric field is the physical field that surrounds each electric
charge and exerts force on all other charges in the field, either attracting or repelling them.

15) MAGNETIC FIELD — A magnetic field is a vector field that describes

the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetized
materials. A charge that is moving in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to
its own velocity and to the magnetic field.

16) VOLTAGE SOURCE: A voltage source, such as a battery or generator, provides a

potential difference (voltage) between two points within an electrical circuit allowing current
to flowing around it.

17) CURRENT SOURCE: A current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or

absorbs an electric current which is independent of the voltage across it.

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 Basic Elements in Electrical Engineering:
1) Resistor
2) Capacitor
3) Inductor
 Resistor: A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. It opposes the flow of current in a circuit.

 Resistance: (R) - property of a conductor by virtue of which the passage of

current is opposed.
 Unit of resistance is Ohms (Ჲ)
 R = V/I
 CAPACITOR: A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-
terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.

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  CAPACITANCE: the ability of a system to store an electric charge.
• Unit of capacitance is FARAD (F)
• C = Q/V where Q = charge stored and V = potential or voltage

 INDUCTOR: An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-

terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field when electric
current flows through it.

 INDUCTANCE: inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a

change in the electric current flowing through it.
• Unit of inductance is HENRY (H)
• If a time varying current flowing through a coil there is an emf induced in it. The
induced emf across the coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of current
with respect to time. Due to the property inducing emf, all types of electrical coil can
be referred as inductor. An inductor is an energy storage device which stores energy
in form of magnetic field.

Instruments used in Basic Electrical Engineering Laboratory:

1) AMMETER: An instrument for measuring the flow of electrical current in amperes.

Ammeters are always connected in series with the circuit to be tested.
2) VOLTMETER: An instrument for measuring the force in volts of an electrical current.
This is the difference of potential (voltage) between different points in an electrical circuit.

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 Voltmeters have a high internal resistance are connected across (parallel to) the points where
voltage is to be measured.
3) WATTMETER: The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the
supply rate of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit.
4) MULTIMETER: A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-
milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance
5) TRANSFORMER: A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC
electrical power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant frequency, but the voltage
level can be altered that means voltage can be increased or decreased according to the
requirement.
6) VARIAC: Variac is used in experiments and testing to simulate various voltage and line
conditions. Electrical equipment designed for a voltage other than the 120V or 240V supplied
domestically can be powered at the intended voltage level with a variac.
7) RHEOSTAT: Rheostat, adjustable resistor used in applications that require the adjustment
of current or the varying of resistance in an electric circuit.

CONCLUSION: From this experiment we understood the details of Basic Electrical

Engineering laboratory.

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 EXPERIMENT: 2
AIM: To study and verify Thevenin’s theorem.
OBJECTIVE:

 Understand concept of network theorem – Thevenin’s Theorem for circuit analysis

 Able to verify Thevenin’s theorem practically
REQUIREMENTS:
 ADTRON TECHNOLOGIES 8008 Trainer Kit
 Connecting wires
 Multimeter
 Ammeter (0 – 100 mA)
THEORY:

Thevenin’s Theorem:
“Any linear circuit containing several voltages and resistances can be replaced by
just one singlevoltage in series with a single resistance connected across the load”.

In other words, it is possible to simplify any electrical circuit to an equivalent two-

terminal circuitwith just a single constant voltage source in series with a resistance
(or impedance) connected to a load as shown below.

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

STEPS TO DO ANALYSIS OF A CIRCUIT:

Consider the circuit given below where,

E = Battery (Voltage Source)

r = Internal Resistance of battery
𝑅1, 𝑅2 = Resistance in the circuit
𝑅𝐿 = Load Resistance

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 1. Remove 𝑅𝐿 from terminals A and B. Redraw the circuit. It becomes open circuit at
terminals A and B.
2. 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = Voltage drop across 𝑅2 = I𝑅2

𝐸
I =
𝑟+ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝐸𝑅2
Therefore, 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = = Thevenin’s Voltage = 𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑟+ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
3. Remove battery and replace with its internal resistance.

When viewed from A and B,

𝑅2 (𝑅1 +𝑟)
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = Thevenin’s Resistance = 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑟+ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
4. So, the whole network can be reduced to single source (𝑉𝑇𝐻 as emf) with internal
resistance 𝑅𝑇𝐻
5. Now connect 𝑅𝐿.
2

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 𝑉𝑇ℎ
6. Current through 𝑅𝐿 = I =
RTh + RL
7. So, any network of resistors and voltage source when viewed from terminal
A and B innetwork can be replaced by single voltage source and a resistance
in its series.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in above figure; circuit diagram with connecting
wires.
2. Turn the supply on to the trainer kit
3. Measure the voltage across a-b (𝑉𝑜𝑐)
4. Note down the readings for 𝑉𝑜𝑐
5. Follow the steps mentioned above and measure the current I through 𝑅𝐿
and note down thereadings.
6. Now calculate theoretically and verify it practically.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 OBSERVATION:

V= Volt
𝑹𝟏 = Ω
𝑹𝟐 = Ω
𝑹𝑳 = Ω

Sr. No. Practically Theoretically Remarks

1 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻 =

2 𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻 =

3 I= I=

CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION:

From this experiment, we understood about Thevenin’s theorem and are able to
verify it practicallyand theoretically. 4

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 EXPERIMENT: 3
AIM: To obtain the magnetization characteristics of a given magnetic material –
Transformer.

APPARATUS:

(1)A.C voltmeter (0-150V) 1.No.

(2)A.C ammeter (0-1 A) 1 No.
(3) Single phase transformer (230V/115V)
(4) Single phase Variac
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

When a, magnetic material is acted upon by a magnetizing force (H), a magnetic flux density
(B) is set up in the magnetic material. ‘H’ is also called field strength or the flux density.

The relation between B and H is given by

B=µH
Where µ = µo µr
µ = absolute permeability of a magnetic material
µo= absolute permeability of vacuum of the air.
= 4л x 10-7/m
µr = relative permeability of a magnetic material

Take an unmagnified bar of an iron and magnetize it by placing it within the solenoid. The
field H= NI is produced by the solenoid is called the magnetizing force.
The value of H can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing current through the
coil. Let H be increased in steps from zero to a certain maximum value and the corresponding

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 values of flux density (B) be noted. The material becomes saturated magnetically for H at
certain time and has at that time a maximum flux density of B established through it.
B-H curve is also known as a magnetic curve. It is shown in the figure for magnetic and non-
magnetic material.
1) From the figure of B-H curve is linear over region OA: If the magnetization current,
i is increased in a positive direction to some value the magnetic field strength H
increases linearly with i and the flux density B will also increase.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Supply the required voltage.
3. Gradually increase the input voltage with the help of a variac.
4. For the variations of voltage measure the primary current and secondary A.C
voltage.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Current Voltage
Sr No.
IαH VαB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

GRAPH:

Plot B-H curve between V and I (means B/H characteristics)

CONCLUSION

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 EXPERIMENT: 4
AIM: To study charging and discharging phenomena of a Capacitor and determine time
constant.
APPARATUS:
(1) Trainer kit
(2) Multimeter
(3) Connection leads
(4) Resistance
(5) Capacitor

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
The Capacitor: A capacitor is a device that can store electrical charge. The simplest kind is a
"parallel plate" capacitor that consists of two metal plates that are separated by an insulating
material such as dry air, plastic or ceramic. Such a device is shown schematically below
figure.

It is straightforward to see how it could store electrical energy. If we connect the two plates
to each other with a battery in the circuit, as shown in the figure above, the battery will drive
charge around the circuit as an electric current. But when the charges reach the plates, they
can't go any further because of the insulating gap; they collect on the plates, one plate
becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged. The voltage across the plates
due to the electric charges is opposite in sign to the voltage of the battery. As the charge on
the plates builds up, this back-voltage increases, opposing the action of the battery. As a
consequence, the current flowing in the circuit decays, falling to zero when the back-voltage
is exactly equal and opposite to the battery voltage.

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 If we quickly remove the wires without touching the plates, the charge remains on the plates.
Because the two plates have different charge, there is a net electric field between the two
plates. Hence, there is a voltage difference between the plates. If, sometime later, we connect
the plates again, this time with a light bulb in place of the battery, the plates will discharge:
the electrons on the negatively charged plate will move around the circuit to the positive plate
until all the charges are equalized.
During this short discharge period a current is flowing and the bulb will light. The capacitor
stored electrical energy from its original charge up by the battery until it could discharge
through the light bulb. The speed with which the discharge (and conversely the charging
process) can take place is limited by the resistance of the circuit connecting the plates and by
the capacitance of the capacitor (a measure of its ability to hold charge).
An RC circuit is simply a circuit with a voltage source (battery) connected in series with a
resistor and a capacitor.
As with circuits made up simply of resistors, electrical currents can flow in this RC circuit,
with one modification. A battery connected in series with a resistor will produce a constant
current. The same battery in series with a capacitor will produce a time varying current, which
decays gradually to zero. If the battery is removed and the circuit reconnected without the
battery, a current will flow (for a short time) in the opposite direction as the capacitor
"discharges". A measure of how long these transient currents last in a given circuit is given
by the "time constant", τ.
The time it takes for these transient currents to decay depends on the resistance and
capacitance. The resistor resists the flow of current slows down the decay. The capacitance
measures capacity to hold charge: like a bucket of water, a larger capacity container takes
longer to empty than a smaller capacity container. Thus, the "time constant" of the circuit
gets larger for larger R and C. In detail:
τ(seconds) = R(Ohms) C(Farads)

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
 Connect +ve end of DC power supply to one end of switch.
 Connect centre terminal of switch to resistor.
 Connect other end of resistor to +ve end of capacitor.
 Connect –ve terminals of DC power supply and capacitor with each other.
2. Switch "On" the trainer board.
3. Put the toggle switch in "Off" condition, if there is some remaining voltage on the
capacitor, use a piece of wire to short the two leads together draining any remaining
charge, i.e. discharge the capacitor.
4. Now if you put the toggle switch in ON condition you can observe voltmeter that the
capacitor is charging very fast but after few second the rate of charging is slow.
5. Now put the toggle switch in „Off‟ condition and connect a wire from 1 st end of
resistor to 2nd end of capacitor. Here we can observe the charge is flowing back. In
start it discharges very fast but after few seconds discharging is slow.
6. You can record the time of charging tc and voltage across capacitor Vc
7. Draw plot between Vc and tc
8. Similarly, you can record time of discharging td and voltage across capacitor Vc
9. Draw plot between Vc and td.

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 OBSERVATION TABLE:

R = ___ kΩ

C = ___ μF

CHARGING OF CAPACITOR

Sr. No. Voltage across Capacitor (V) Charging Time

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR

Sr. No. Voltage across Capacitor (V) Discharging Time

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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 CALCULATION:

Time Constant (τ): RC

GRAPHS: Plot the graph for Charging and Discharging of capacitor from observation
table.

CONCLUSION:

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 EXPERIMENT 5
Aim: To understand and observe the phenomenon of self-induction and mutual-induction.
APPARATUS:
(1) A.C. Supply
(2) Coil or Inductor
(3) Bulb
(4) D.C Supply
(5) Coil
(6) Switch
(7) Galvanometer

THEORY:
(Self-Induction)
1) Connect the circuit as shown in diagram.

a. Connect AC power supply with a one end of coil (800 turn) and other end to
a light bulb.

b. Connect other end of light bulb to other end of AC power supply.

2) Now as you switch “On” the trainer board, you can observe that light bulb is glowing
with good intensity.
3) Take I-core and insert in the coil, result will be the light of decreased intensity.
4) The glow of the bulb will decrease because, as the iron rod is inserted in the coil its
inductance increases so inductive reactance increase. This result in an increase in
impedance of the circuit. Consequently, the current in the circuit decreases and hence
the glow of the bulb decreas
(Mutual-Induction)
If a varying current is flowing in the coil than an induced emf is produced in the
neighboring coil. It means it is the property of two coils due to which each opposes any
change in current flowing in the other by developing an induced emf.

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 PROCEDURE:

1) Take 200 turn, 3200 turn coil and a U-core from the given accessories.

2) Fit the U-core on the bracket given on trainer board.

3) Place the 200 turn coil in U–core as primary & 3200 turn coil as secondary winding.

4) Now connect the one end of 200 turn coil to positive terminal of DC power supply
and other end to a terminal of switch, as shown in following figure.

5) Make common to the negative terminal of DC power and other terminal of switch.

6) Connect one terminal of secondary coil to the galvanometer and other terminal to
second terminal of galvanometer.

7) Now switch „On‟ the trainer board and toggle switch, in the circuit. As the switch is
ON the pointer of galvanometer will gives a sudden kick in one direction, say to the
left.

8) Now when the toggle switch is turned off the galvanometer will give deflection to the
right.

9) We have observed that when switch is ON the current in the primary being to increase
from zero to maximum. During the growth of current the magnetic flux linked with
the primary beings to increase & since secondary is vary near to primary coil so its
linked magnetic flux is also increases. Hence current is induced in secondary.

10) Now according to Lenz’s law the direction of current in secondary is such as to oppose
the growth of power supply current in the primary, so the deflection of galvanometer
is because of secondary induced current. When the switch is turned “Off” the current
in the primary coil beings to decrease towards zero. So the magnetic flux linked with
primary & as well as secondary also decreases. Because of that an induced current

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 flows in secondary. According to Lenz’s law the direction of current should be such
as to oppose the decrease of current in the primary and this is possible only if the
induced current flows in same direction as the power supply current in the primary.
That is why the galvanometer gives deflection to the right direction at the time of
break of circuit.

CONCLUSION:

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 EXPERIMENT NO. - 6
AIM: To find primary and secondary emf, current and transformation ratio of 1-phase
transformer.
APPARATUS:
1. 1-Phase Variac
2. 1-Phase Transformer (230/115V A.C.)
3. Multimeter (voltmeter – 0 to 300 V)
4. Connecting wires
5. Ammeter (0 – 1A)

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

What is Transformer ?

 A transformer is a static (or stationary) device by means of which electric power in

one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
 It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current.
 Transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction between two circuits linked
by a common magnetic flux.
 It simply consists of two inductive coils which are electrically separated but linked
magnetically through a path of low reluctance as shown in Fig.

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 Circuit Diagram of Transformer

Vp = Primary Voltage (supply voltage)

Vs = secondary voltage
Ep = Primary winding induced voltage
Es = Secondary winding induced voltage
Ip = Primary winding current
Is = Secondary winding current
Np = No. of turns of primary winding
Ns = No. of turns of secondary winding
The transformation ratio (K) is defined as:
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝
= = n = Turns Ratio
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠

CIRCUIT DIAGAM:

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 PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Switch ON A.C. Supply

3) Record voltage V1 across primary and V2 across secondary windings of

transformer.

4) Note the readings.

5) If 𝑉1 > 𝑉2, then step down transformer

6) If 𝑉1 < 𝑉2, then step up transformer

7) Switch off the supply

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Input
Output Voltage Transformation
Sr. No Voltage (𝑽𝑷 ) Remarks
(𝑽𝒔 ) (Volts) Ratio (K)
(Volts)
1 85 44.7
2 120 62
3 160 86
4 200 104
5 230 115

CONCLUSION:

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 EXPERIMENT No: 7
AIM: To determine resistance (R), Inductance (L), p.f. and Power of 1-phase R-L Series AC
circuit by using vector diagram.
APPARATUS:
(1) Ammeter (0-5A) A.C.
(2) Voltmeter (0-300V) A.C.
(3) Lamp Bank (Resistive Load)
(4) Choke Coil (Inductive Load)

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
Let, a pure resistance of R(Ω) and a pure inductive coil of inductance L(H) are
connected in series across single phase ac source.

Let Vs = r.m.s value of the applied voltage,

I = r.m.s. value of the resultant current,
VR = IR= voltage drop across R which is in phase with circuit current I,
VL = IXL = voltage drop across coil which leads circuit current I by π/2.

These voltage drops have been shown on voltage triangle ABC as in Figure (1). Vector AC
represents ohmic voltage drop VR and BC represents inductive voltage drop VL and the
resultant of these two-voltage drop is the applied voltage Vs as shown by vector AB.

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 B Vs = ((VR ) 2 + (VL ) 2 )
VS  (IR) 2 + ( IX L ) 2
 I (R) 2 + (X L ) 2
VL
VS
ø 
A VR C (R) 2 + (X L ) 2

Fig. 1

The quantity
(R) 2 + (X L ) 2 is called impedance and it is denoted by Z of the circuit, which

is the total opposition offered by series R-L circuit. From the impedance triangle ABC as
shown in fig.2, Z2 =(R)2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2

i.e., (𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆)𝟐 = (𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆)𝟐 + (𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆)𝟐

VL I.X L XL
B tan  = = = .
VR I.R R
Z
XL L
=
ø R
A R C Reactance

Fig. 2 Resistance
X
  tan -1 L
R
In other words, current I lag behind the supply voltage by an angle Φ. Hence, if the applied
voltage is given by 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 Sinωt, then current drawn by series R-L circuit can be defined by,
I = 𝐼𝑚 Sin (ωt + Φ), where 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 /Z.
If the inductor has some internal resistance then the voltage drop against the different
elements can be drawn as shown in fig.3
From fig. 3, B

VS  (VR  VRL ) 2  V XL
2

I  [(R + R L ) 2 + (X L ) 2 ] VS
VL VXL

ø
A VR I
C VRL D

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 Vs
Here, = [(R + R L ) 2 + (X L ) 2 ]
I
Vs
=Z Fig. 3
I
Z= [(R + R L ) 2 + (X L ) 2 ]

Fig. 3 represents the relationship between different voltages measured across different
elements of circuit at particular load. In this fig. 3, BD represents voltage drop across coil due
to its inductance. By measuring the length of BD and converting it into voltage value by
using appropriate scale, we get the drop due to inductance (I*XL ). By dividing this value with
corresponding current measured at particular load we can obtain inductive reactance XL . The
value of inductance of a choke coil can be define by knowing the supply frequency value.
We can get the value of inductance L by using an expression, X L = 2πf*L Ω

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

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 2. For particular resistance of the lamp bank take the readings of circuit current, supply
voltage across inductance and voltage across the lamp bank.
3. Vary the load on the lamp bank and take measure voltages across lamp bank as VR
and measure Vs and VL.
4. Locate Vs, VR and VL on vector diagram by the vector addition.
Vs2 = VR 2 + VL2. From vector diagram, measure the value of I*XL. Knowing the value
of I, we can get XL.
Take frequency of supply F = 50 Hz.
XL
Hence, L can be found by 𝐿= Henry
2𝜋𝑓

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. I VS VR VL Inductance P=V.I.

I XL XL IRL RL P.F.
No. Amp Volts Volts Volts (Henry) CosΦ

CALCULATION:

VECTOR DIAGRAM:
Draw the vector diagrams for all readings by taking appropriate scale in Volt/cm.

CONCLUSION:

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 EXPERIMENT 8

AIM: To perform frequency response of a series R-L-C circuit and determine the value of
resonance frequency.

APPARATUS:
 Trainer kit
 Oscilloscope
 Multimeter
 Connecting Leads
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:

SERIES RLC RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

Series RLC circuit is as shown in figure 1. In a series RLC circuit, the current lags behind, or
leads the applied voltage depending upon the values of 𝑋𝐿 and 𝑋𝐶 . 𝑋𝐿 causes the total current
to lag behind the applied voltage, while 𝑋𝐶 causes the total current to lead the applied voltage.
When 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 , the circuit is predominantly inductive, and when 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿 , the circuit is
predominantly capacitive. However, if one of the parameters of the series RLC circuit is
varied in such a way that the current in the circuit is in phase with the applied voltage, then
the circuit is said to be in resonance.

The total impedance for the series RLC circuit is,

Z = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2

The circuit is said to be in resonance if the current is in phase to the applied voltage. In a
series RLC circuit, series resonance occurs when XL = XC. The frequency at which the
resonance occurs is called resonant frequency.
Since 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 , the impedance in a series RLC circuit is purely resistive. At the resonant
frequency 𝑓𝑟 , the voltages across capacitance and inductance are equal in magnitude. Since

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 they are 180° out of phase with each other, they cancel each other and, hence, at resonance
frequency the amplitude of signal across LC combination will be minimum.

At resonance,
XL = XC
1
ωL =𝜔𝐶
Solving for resonance we have,
1
fr =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
CIRCUIT DIAGAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Minimum output Resonance

Sr. No Combination
Voltage (Volts) Frequency (Hz)

1 L1 – C1

2 L1 – C2

3 L2 – C1

4 L2 – C2

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 CALCULATION:

1) 𝑓𝑟1 (for 𝐿1 & 𝐶1 ) = ________ Hz

2) 𝑓𝑟2 (for 𝐿1 & 𝐶2 ) = ________ Hz
3) 𝑓𝑟3 (for 𝐿2 & 𝐶1 ) = ________ Hz
4) 𝑓𝑟4 (for 𝐿2 & 𝐶2 ) = ________ Hz

PROCEDURE with PRECAUTIONS:

1. All connections should be tight and correct.
2. Change the frequency and note the reading carefully.
3. At certain frequency the voltage becomes maximum after which the voltage
decreases. This is the resonance frequency.
4. Switch off the supply when not in use.
5. Reading should be taken carefully.

CONCLUSION:

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 EXPERIMENT 9

AIM: To measure the Power drawn by a 3-phase A.C circuit and determine power factor by
two wattmeter method.

APPARATUS:
(1) 0-600V Voltmeter
(2) 0-15 A Ammeter
(3) 500V, 20A wattmeter No. - 2
(4) 3 - Phase Load
THEORY:
2 – Wattmeter method is a common method to measure power of 3-ph circuits by using only
2 wattmeters. Current coils of 2 wattmeters are connected in series on any 2 lines. Pressure
coils are connected between 2 lines and 3rd line where no wattmeter is connected.
This method is used for power measurement of 3-ph circuit irrespective of load whether
balanced or unbalanced, star or delta.
Consider a 3-phase star connected load circuit with two wattmeters used for power
measurement.

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 Total instantaneous power in load = 𝑉𝑅𝑁 𝑖𝑅 + 𝑉𝑌𝑁 𝑖𝑌 + 𝑉𝐵𝑁 𝑖𝐵
Reading of 𝑊1 = 𝐼𝑅 * 𝑉𝑅𝑌 cos (30°- θ) = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos (30° - θ)
Reading of 𝑊2 = 𝐼𝐵 * 𝑉𝐵𝑌 cos (30°+ θ) = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos (30° + θ).
𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 [cos (30°- θ) + cos (30°+ θ)] …………………………………… (i)
√𝟑 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos θ = Power in 3-phase circuit
𝑊2 - 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 [cos (30°- θ) - cos (30°+ θ)] …………………………………… (ii)
= 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin θ
Taking ratio of equations (ii) & (i),
𝑊2 − 𝑊1 tan θ
=
𝑊2 + 𝑊1 √𝟑
𝑊 −𝑊
Hence, tan θ = √𝟑 (𝑊2 + 𝑊1 )
2 1

Variations in Wattmeter Readings:

It is obvious that individual reading of wattmeter depends not only on load but on its power
factor also. This is tabulated in table as shown in below.

Load Power Factor Readings of W1 Readings of W2 Remark

Pure Resistive 1.0 + ve, W1 + ve, W1 = W2

Resistive + Inductive 0.5<p.f.<1.0 +ve, W1 +ve, W1>W2

Resistive + Inductive 0.5 +ve, W1 0 W1>W2

Resistive + Inductive Less than 0.5 +ve, W1 -ve, W2 W1>W2

Pure Inductive Zero +ve, W1 -ve, W1= - W2

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect circuit as shown in figure. Connect first only resistive load, switch on the supply and
adjust appropriate value of current. Measure W1&W2 and find the value of p.f.
2. Connect choke coil by switch S1.Ajust resistive and inductive load such that both W1 and W2
are positive & current is appropriate.
3. Decrease p.f by decreasing resistance and increasing choke coil inductance till W2= 0.Note
down the reading.
4. Continue to increase choke coil inductance to have W2 = -ve. Measure this reading b changing
pressure coil connections.
5. Tabulate all readings & find power factor for each case.

OBSERVATION:

Sr. No. 𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐖𝟏 𝐖𝟐 p.f. 𝐓𝐲𝐩𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 Remarks

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

CALCULATION:

CONCLUSION

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 EXPERIMENT 10

AIM: To understand different electrical protective devices – MCB, ELCB, RCCB, MCCB
etc.

APPARATUS: MCB, MCCB, ELCB & RCCB

THEORY:
Electrical circuit breaker is a one kind of switching device which can be activated
automatically as well as manually to control and protect an electrical power system
respectively.

MCB (MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER)

MCB is an electromechanical device which guards an electrical circuit from an over current,
that may effect from short circuit, overload or imperfect design. This is a better option to a
Fuse since it doesn’t require alternate once an overload is identified. An MCB can be simply
rearranged and thus gives a better operational protection and greater handiness without
incurring huge operating cost. The operating principle of MCB is simple.
An MCB function by interrupting the stability of electrical flow through the circuit once an
error is detected. In simple conditions this circuit breaker is a switch which routinely turns
off when the current flows through it and passes the maximum acceptable limit. Generally,
these are designed to guard against over current and overheating.

Fig. 1: MCB
MCB is substituting the rewirable switch-fuse units for low power domestic and industrial
applications in a very quick manner. In wiring system, the MCB is a blend of all three
functions such as protection of short circuit, overload and switching. Protection of overload
by using a bimetallic strip & short circuit protection by used solenoid.

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 The characteristics of an MCB mainly include the following:
 Rated current is not more than 100 amperes
 Normally, trip characteristics are not adjustable
 Thermal/thermal magnetic operation
MCCB (MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER):
The MCCB is used to control electric energy in distribution n/k and is having short circuit
and overload protection. This circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which guards a
circuit from short circuit and over current. They offer short circuit and over current protection
for circuits ranges from 63 Amps-3000 Amps. The primary functions of MCCB is to give a
means to manually open a circuit, automatically open a circuit under short circuit or overload
conditions. In an electrical circuit, the over current may result faulty design.

The MCCB is an option to a fuse since it doesn’t need an alternate once an overload is noticed.
Unlike a fuse, this circuit breaker can be simply reset after a mistake and offers enhanced
operator safety and ease without acquiring operating cost. Generally, these circuits have
thermal current for over current and the magnetic element for short circuit release to work
faster.

Fig. 2: MCCB

ELCB (EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER):

The ELCB is used to protect the circuit from the electrical leakage. When someone gets an
electric shock, then this circuit breaker cuts off the power at the time of 0.1 sec for protecting
the personal safety and avoiding the gear from the circuit against short circuit and overload.

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 Fig. 3: ELCB

ELCB is a security device used in electrical system with high Earth impedance to avoid
shock. It notices small stray voltages on the metal fields of electrical gear, and interrupt the
circuit if an unsafe voltage is detected. The main principle of Earth leakage protectors is to
stop injury to humans and nature due to electric shock.
This circuit breaker is a specialized kind of latching relay that has structures incoming mains
power connected through its switching contacts so that this circuit breaker disconnects the
power supply in an unsafe condition.
The ELCB notices fault currents from live to the ground wire inside the installation it guards.
If enough voltage emerges across the sense coil in the circuit breaker, it will turn off the
supply, and stay off until reset by hand. A voltage-sensing earth leakage circuit breaker
doesn’t detect fault currents from exist to any other ground body.

RCCB (RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER):

A RCCB is essential current sensing equipment used to guard a low voltage circuit from the
fault. It comprises of a switch device used to turn off the circuit when a fault occurs in the
circuit. RCCB is aimed at guarding a person from the electrical shocks. Fires and
electrocution are caused due to the wrong wiring or any earth faults. This type of circuit
breaker is used in situations where there is a sudden shock or fault happening in the circuit.

For instance, a person suddenly enters in contact with an open live wire in an electrical circuit.
In that situation, in the absence of this circuit breaker, a ground fault may occur and an
individual is at the hazardous situation of receiving a shock. But, if the similar circuit is
defended with the circuit breaker, it will tour the circuit in a second therefore, avoiding a

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 person from the electric shock. Therefore, this circuit breaker is good to install in an electrical
circuit.

Fig. 4: RCCB

CONCLUSION:

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