27
Current and Resistance

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

27.1 Electric Current
27.2 Resistance
Q27.1  Voltage is a measure of potential difference, not of
27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
27.4 Resistance and Temperature current. “Surge” implies a flow—and only charge, in
27.5 Superconductors coulombs, can flow through a system. It would also be
27.6 Electrical Power 
correct to say that the victim carried a certain current, in
amperes.

Q27.2  Geometry and resistivity. In turn, the resistivity of the

material depends on the temperature.

*Q27.3 (i) We require  r  L /   A A = 3 r 

 L /  A B. Then A A / 
 A B = 1/3,
answer (f ).
  (ii) πr  A2 / πr  B2 = 1/3 gives r  A / 
  r B   = 1/  3, answer (e).
 ρ  ρ (  / 3) ρ   R
*Q27.4  Originally, R = . Finally,  R f  = = = . 
 A 3 A 9A 9
Answer (b).

Q27.5  The conductor does not follow Ohm’s law, and must have a resistivity that is current-dependent,
or more likely temperature-dependent.

Q27.6  The amplitude of atomic vibrations increases with temperature. Atoms can then scatter electrons
more efficiently.

Q27.7  (i) The current density increases, so the drift speed must increase. Answer (a).
  (ii) Answer (a).

Q27.8  The resistance of copper increases  with temperature, while the resistance of silicon decreases  
with increasing temperature. The conduction electrons are scattered more by vibrating atoms
when copper heats up. Silicon’s charge carrier density increases as temperature increases and
more atomic electrons are promoted to become conduction electrons.

*Q27.9  In a normal metal, suppose that we could proceed to a limit of zero resistance by lengthening the
average time between collisions. The classical model of conduction then suggests that a constant
applied voltage would cause constant acceleration of the free electrons. The drift speed and the
current would increase steadily in time.
  It is not the situation envisioned in the question, but we can actually switch to zero resistance
by substituting a superconducting wire for the normal metal. In this case, the drift velocity of
electrons is established by vibrations of atoms in the crystal lattice; the maximum current is
limited; and it becomes impossible to establish a potential difference across the superconductor.

Q27.10  Because there are so many electrons in a conductor  (approximately 1028 electrons/m 3) the
average velocity of charges is very slow. When you connect a wire to a potential difference, you
establish an electric field everywhere in the wire nearly instantaneously, to make electrons start
drifting everywhere all at once.
101
 

102  Chapter 27

*Q27.11  Action (a) makes the current three times larger.

  (b) causes no change in current.
  (c) corresponds to a current 3 times larger.
  (d) R is 1/4 as large, so current is 4 times larger.
  (e) R is 2 times larger, so current is half as large.
  (f) R increases by a small percentage as current has a small decrease.
  (g) Current decreases by a large factor.
  The ranking is then d > a > c > b > f > e > g.
  ρ L A ρ 2 L B 1 ρ  L B  R B
*Q27.12  R A = 2
= = =
π (d  A / 2 ) π ( 2 d  B / 2)2 2 π ( d  B / 2) 2 2

  P A =  I A ∆V = (∆V ) 2 / RA = 2( ∆V )2 / RB  = 2P  B Answer (e).

  ρ A L 2 ρ B L
*Q27.13  R A = = = 2 R B
 A  A

  P A =  I A ∆V = (∆V ) 2 / RA = ( ∆V )2 / 2 RB = P  B / 2  Answer (f ).

*Q27.14  (i) Bulb (a) must have higher resistance so that it will carry less current and have lower power.
(ii) Bulb (b) carries more current.

*Q27.15  One ampere–hour is (1 C/s)(3 600 s) = 3 600 coulombs. The ampere–hour rating is the quantity
of charge that the battery can lift though its nominal potential difference. Answer (d).

Q27.16  Choose the voltage of the power supply you will use to drive the heater. Next calculate the
∆V 2 . Knowing the resistivity ρ   of the material, choose a combination
required resistance  R as
P  

of wire length and cross-sectional area to make

      =    R  . You will have to pay for less
  A    ρ    
material if you make both   and A smaller, but if you go too far the wire will have too little
surface area to radiate away the energy; then the resistor will melt.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 27.1  Electric Current

  ∆ Q
P27.1   I  =   ∆Q = I ∆t = ( 30.0 × 10 −6 A) ( 40. 0 s) = 1.20 × 10 −3 C
∆t 
  Q  1. 20 × 10 −3 C
   N  = =   = 7.50 × 1015  electrons
e 1. 60 × 10 −19  C electron
 

  Current and Resistance 103

P27.2  The molar mass of silver = 107.9 g mole and the volume V is

−4
V  =  ( area
  ) ( thickness
   
) = ( 700 × 10   × 10 −3 m ) = 9.31 × 10  −6 m 3
m 2 ) ( 0.133

  The mass of silver deposited is mAg = ρ V  = (10.5 × 10  3 kg   −6 m 3 ) = 9.78 × 10 −2  kg.
m 3 ) ( 9. 31 × 10

  And the number of silver atoms deposited is

   6. 02 × 10 23  atoms   1 000 g  
  −2  kg ) 
 N  = ( 9. 78 × 10
  107.9 g        1 kg  
 = 5. 45 × 10 23  atoms
 
  ∆V  12.0  V
 I  = = = 6.67 A = 6.67 Cs
 R 1.80 Ω

∆t  = = =
  −19  C) = 1.31 × 10 4  s =
    ∆Q  Ne ( 5. 45 ×  10 23 ) (1. 60 × 10
3.64 h
 I   I  6.67   C s

t 

P27.3  Q ( t ) = ∫ Idt = I τ (1 − e 

0
0
    − t  τ 
)
  (a) Q (τ  ) = I 0 τ (1 − e−1 ) =   ( 0.632
  ) I0 τ   
−10
  (b) Q (10  τ ) = I 0 τ (1 − e ) =   ( 0.999  95 ) I τ  0  

  (c)   ) = I 0τ (1 − e −∞) = I0 τ   

Q (∞
2π 
P27.4  The period of revolution for the sphere is T  = ,  and the average current represented by this
ω 
  q   qω 
revolving charge is  I  = = .
T  2π 
P27.5  q = 4 t 3 + 5t + 6
2

   A = (2.00  cm 2 ) 
 1.00   m     = 2.00 × 10  −4  m 2
 100 cm   
  dq
  (a)    s) =
 I (1.00 = (12  t 2  + 5 ) t =1.00   s = 17.0 A
dt  t =1.00  s

  I  17.0 A
  (b)  J  = = = 85.0   kA m 2
 A 2. 00 × 10 −4  m 2

1 240  s

∫ dq = ∫ Idt  = ∫   (100 A) sin    

  dq       π  t  
120
P27.6   I  = q=  dt 
dt    0
s  
 − 100 C    π       + 100 C
q = cos    − cos 0  = = 0.265  C
120π    2    120π 
  I  8 . 00 × 10 −6 A
P27.7  (a)  J  = = 2  = 2.55 A m
2

 A π (1. 00 ×  10 −3 m )

  J  2.55 A m 2
  (b) From  J = ne
  vd , we have n= = −19  = 5.31 × 1010  m −3 .
evd    C) ( 3. 00 × 10
(1.60 × 10   8 m s)
  ∆ Q   − 19 C) =
    ∆Q  N A e ( 6. 02 ×  10 23 ) (1. 60 × 10
  (c) From I  = , we have ∆t  = = = 1. 20 × 1010 s .
∆t   I   I  8.00 × 10 −6 A
  (This is about 382 years!)
 

104  Chapter 27

  I  5.00 A
*P27.8  (a)  J  = = 2
= 99.5   kA m 2
 A π ( 4.00 ×  10 −3 m )
  (b) Current is the same and current density is smaller. Then  I  = 5.00 A ,
1 1
 J 2 = J 1 = 9.95 × 10 4 A/m 2 = 2.49 × 10 4 A/m 2
  4 4
   A2 = 4 A1 or π r22 = 4 π r12 so   r 2 = 2 r 1 = 0.800 cm

1
P27.9  (a) The speed of each deuteron is given by K = mv 2
2
1
  ( 2.00  × 106 ) (1. 60 ×  10−19  J ) = 2 ( 2 × 1.67 × 10 −27
kg ) v 2 and v = 1. 38 × 10
7
m s
    q
  The time between deuterons passing a stationary point is t  in  I  =
t 
  10.0 × 10 −6   C s = 1.60 × 10 −19 C  t  or   −
t  = 1. 60 × 10 14 s

    7 m s ) (1. 60 ×  10 −14 s) = 2.21 × 10 −7 m .

So the distance between them is vt  = (1.38 × 10
  (b) One nucleus will put its nearest neighbor at potential
  kq (8. 99 × 109   N ⋅ m 2   −19 C)
C2 ) (1. 60 × 10
  V  = e = = 6.49 × 10 −3 V
r  2.21 × 10 −7 m
This is very small compared to the 2 MV accelerating potential, so repulsion within the
beam is a small effect.

P27.10  We use  I = nqA

  v   n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume, and is identical to the
d 
number of atoms per unit volume. We assume a contribution of 1 free electron per atom in the
relationship above. For aluminum, which has a molar mass of 27, we know that Avogadro’s
number of atoms,  N  A, has a mass of 27.0 g. Thus, the mass per atom is
27.0 g 27.0 g
  =   = 4.49 × 10  −23   g atom
 N  A 6. 02 × 10 23
density of aluminum 2.70   g cm 3
  Thus, n = =   −23
mass per atom   × 10
4. 49   g atom
  n = 6.02 × 10 22 atoms cm 3 = 6.02 × 1028 atoms m3
 I  5.00  A
  Therefore, v = =  = 1.30 × 10 −4   m s
d 
nqA   28  m −3 ) (1. 60 × 10
( 6.02 × 10   −19 C) ( 4.00 × 10
  −6  m 2 )
  or, v  =
d  0.130 mm s

Section 27.2  Resistance

P27.11  ∆V = IR
2

 R =
 ρ      1.00  m  
2   −7
  and :  A = ( 0.600  mm )  1 000 mm     = 6.00 × 10  m 2
 A  

  ∆V  =
   I ρ 
:  I  =
  ∆VA
=
  ( 0.900   −7 m2 )
   V) ( 6. 00 × 10
 A ρ  ( 5.60 × 10  −8  Ω ⋅ m ) (1.50  m )
   I  = 6.43 A
 

  Current and Resistance 105

  ∆V  120 V
P27.12   I  = = = 0.500 A = 500 mA
 R 240 Ω

P27.13  (a) Given  M = ρdV = ρ d A     where  r d  ≡ mass density,

 
  M  ρ ρ r  ρ ρ   2
  we obtain:  A =   Taking  r r  ≡ resistivity,  R = r = = r d 
ρ d       A M ρ d  M 

 MR ( 1.00 ×  10 −3 ) ( 0.500

  )
 =
  Thus,   = = −8
   1.82 m
ρr ρ d  (1.70 ×  10 ) ( 8. 92  × 10 3 )
  M    M 
  (b) V  = , or π r 2  =
ρ d  ρ d 

  M    1. 00 × 10 −3
  Thus, r  = =     −4
r  = 1.40 × 10 m
π ρ d    π ( 8.92  × 10 3 ) (1.82
  )
  The diameter is twice this distance: diameter = 280 µ m

P27.14  (a) Suppose the rubber is 10 cm long and 1 mm in diameter.

−1
4 ρ  4  (10   Ω ⋅ m ) (10   m )
13
ρ
   R = = 2
~ 2
= ~1018  Ω
 A π  d    π (10 − 3  m )
−8 −3
4 ρ    4 (1.7 × 10  Ω ⋅ m ) (10   m )   −7
  (b)  R = ~ 2
~10  Ω
π  d 2   −2
π ( 2 × 10   m )

  ∆V  10 2 V
  (c)  I  = ~ 18 ~10 −16 A
 R 10 Ω
10 2 V
   I  ~ ~10 9 A
10 −7 Ω

 J  6. 00 × 10 −13 A m 2   −1

P27.15   J = σ E   so σ  = = = 6.00 × 10 −15   ( Ω ⋅  m )
 E  100   V m

Section 27.3  A Model for Electrical Conduction

*P27.16  (a) The density of charge carriers n is set by the material and is unaffected .
  I 
  (b) The current density is proportional to current according to  J  = so it doubles .
 A  
  (c) For larger current density in  J = ne
  vd   the drift speed vd  doubles .
  mσ 
  (d) The time between collisions τ  = 2 is unchanged as long as σ   does not change due to a
nq
temperature change in the conductor.
 

106  Chapter 27

 m
P27.17  ρ  =  We take the density of conduction electrons from an Example in the chapter text.
nq 2τ 

  so τ  =
m
=
( 9.11 ×  10 −31 )
 
= 2.47 × 10 −14  s
ρ nq 2 −8 −19 2
(1 .70   )(
× 10 8 . 
46  
× 10 28
)( 1 .60  
× 10 )
qE 
  v
d 
=   τ 
m

7.84 × 10 −4
(1. 60 ×  10 −19 ) E ( 2  .47 ×  10 −14 )
  gives =
9. 11 × 10 −31
  Therefore,  E  = 0.180 V m

Section 27.4  Resistance and Temperature

P27.18   R = R0 1 +  α 
   ( ∆ T )  gives 140  Ω = (19.0  Ω )  1 + ( 4.50 × 10
  −  3 °C) ∆T 
 
  Solving, ∆T = 1.42 × 10 3°C = T  − 20.0°C
  And the final temperature is T  = 1. 44 × 10 3°C

P27.19  (a) ρ = ρ0 1 + α (T  −  T 0 ) = ( 2.82 × 10  −8 Ω ⋅ m )  1 + 3.90 × 10
  −3 ( 30 .0°) = 3.15 × 10 −8 Ω⋅m

  E  0.200 V m
  (b)  J  = =   = 6.35 × 10 6 A m 2
ρ  3.15 × 10 −8  Ω ⋅ m

    π  d 2    π  1  .00 × 10−4  m 2 

  (   )  =
  (c)  I = JA = J    = (6.35 × 10 6 A m 2
)  
49.9 mA
  4    4

 6.02 × 10 23 electrons
  (d) n = = 6.02 × 10 28 electrons m3
26.98 g ( 2.70 × 106 g m 3
)
 J    ( 6.35 × 10 6 A m2 )
d  =
  v =  = 659   µ m s
ne ( 6.02 × 10 28 electrons m 3 ) (1.60 × 10−19  C)
  (e) ∆V = E  = ( 0.200  V m ) ( 2.00  m ) = 0.400 V

3 .5 × 10 −5 Ω ⋅ m  1 1. 5 × 10 −6 Ω ⋅ m  2
*P27.20  We require 10  Ω =   + and for
π (1.5 × 10 −3 m )2 π (1.5 × 10   −3
m )2
 
3 .5 × 10 −5 Ω ⋅ m  1   ∆T   1. 5 × 10 −6 Ω ⋅ m
   2    ∆ T 
  any ∆T   10  Ω =    1 − 0.5 × 10 −3  +
    2  1 + 0.4 × 10 −3    
π (1.5 × 10 −3 m )2   °C   π (1.5 × 10 m )  
−3
°C  
  simplifying gives 10 = 4.951 5 1 + 0.212 21 2
and 0 = – 2.475 7 × 10–3 1 + 8.488 3 × 10–5 2
  These conditions are just sufficient to determine 1 and 2. The design goal can be met.
  We have 2 = 29.167 1  so 10 = 4.951 5 1 + 0.212 21 (29.167 1)

  and 1 = 10/11.141 = 0.898 m = 1 2 = 26.2 m

 

  Current and Resistance 107

P27.21   R = R0 [1 +  α T ]

 R − R0 = R0α ∆T 
   R − R0
= α ∆T  = ( 5.00 ×  10 −3 ) 25 .0 = 0.125
 R0
  −3
P27.22  For aluminum, α  E  = 3.90 × 10 °C−1 (Table 27.2)

  −6
  α  = 24.0 × 10 °C−1 (Table 19.1)

ρ    ρ0  (1 +  α  E ∆T )  (  1 + α 

  ∆T )   (1 + α E ∆T   )   1.39  
   R = = =  R0   = ( 1.234
  Ω)   = 1.71 Ω
 A  A (1 + α 
  ∆T )
2
(1 + α 
  ∆T )  1.002 4  
 

Section 27.5  Superconductors

Problem 50 in Chapter 43 can be assigned with this section.

Section 27.6  Electrical Power 

P   600 W
P27.23   I  = = = 5.00 A
∆V  120 V
  ∆V  120 V
  and  R = = = 24.0  Ω
 I  5.00 A
P27.24  P     =  I ∆V  = 500 × 10 −6 A (15 × 10
  3 V ) = 7.50 W

*P27.25  The energy that must be added to the water is

  Q = mc∆T  = (109  kg ) ( 4 186 J  kg°C ) ( 29.0
  °C ) = 1.32 × 10 7 J
  Thus, the power supplied by the heater is
W  Q 1. 32 × 10 7 J
   =
P   = =   = 8 820 W
∆ t  ∆ t  25 × 60 s
 (  ∆ V )2  ( 220  V )2
  and the resistance is  R = = = 5.49 Ω .
P   8 820 W

  mechanical   power output 

*P27.26  (a) efficiency = = 0.900 = 2.50  hp(746 W/1 hp)
total power input  (120 V) I 
1 860  J/s
   I  = = 2   070 J/s = 17.3 A
0.9(120  V) 120  J/C

  (b) energy input  = P  input ∆t  = (2 070 J/s) 3 (3 600 s) = 2. 24

  × 10 7 J
  (c) cost  = 2.24 × 107 J
  S/ 0.16    k  J h  
 = $ 0.995
 1 kWh   103 W s 3 600 s  
 

108  Chapter 27

2
  ( ∆ V )2 R    ∆V    2

  =  
P   140  
P27.27  = =       = 1.361
120  
2
P  0 ( ∆V  0 ) R  ∆V 
0  
 P
  − P  0    P    
  ∆% =   (100  %) =  − 1  (100  %) = (1.366 1 − 1)100  % = 36.1%
  P  0      P  0  

P27.28  The battery takes in energy by electric transmission

   ∆ t = ( ∆ V ) I  ( ∆  t ) =

P     2.3   −3 C s) 4.2 h
J C (13.5 × 10
 3600 s   = 469 J
  1 h  
  It puts out energy by electric transmission

( ∆ V ) I  ( ∆  t ) = 1.6 J C (18 × 10  −3 C s ) 2.4  h  

3600 s  
 
   = 249 J
1 h  

  (a) efficiency = useful output = 249  J = 0.530

total input 469 J
  (b) The only place for the missing energy to go is into internal energy:
469 J = 249 J + ∆ E int
 

∆ E int = 221 J

  (c) We imagine toasting the battery over a fire with 221 J of heat input:
Q = mc∆T  
    Q 221 J   kg°C
∆T  = = = 15.1°C
mc 0.015 kg 975 J

2
    ( ∆ V )2  (110  V)
P27.29    = I  ( ∆ V ) =
P   = 500 W  R = = 24.2  Ω
 R   (500  W)
2
 ρ   
 RA  ( 24.2 Ω ) π ( 2 .50 ×  10 −4 m )
  (a)  R =    so   = =   = 3.17 m
 A ρ  1. 50 × 10 −6 Ω ⋅ m

  (b)  R = R0 [1 + α ∆T ] = 24.2   −3 ) (1180) = 35.6 Ω

Ω 1 + (0.400 × 10

 ( ∆ V )2  (110
  )2
   =
P   = = 340 W
 R 35.6

ρ  (1. 50 × 10  −6 Ω ⋅ m ) 25.0 m

P27.30   R = = 2 = 298 Ω
 A π ( 0.200 × 10 −3 m )

  ∆V = IR = (0.500 A)( 298 Ω) = 149 V

  ∆V  149 V
  (a)  E = = = 5.97 V m
 25.0 m

  (b)  = ( ∆ V ) I   = (149  V ) ( 0.500

P     A ) = 74.6 W

 R = R0 1 + α (T  − T 0 ) = 298  Ω 1 + ( 0.400 × 10    °C = 337 Ω
−3
  (c) °C) 320
  ∆V   ( 149  V )
 I  = =  = 0.443 A
   R ( 337  Ω )
P   = ( ∆ V ) I   = (149  V ) ( 0.443
  A ) = 66.1 W
 

  Current and Resistance 109

               
P27.31  (a) ∆U = q  ( ∆V ) = It  ( ∆V )  = (55.0 A ⋅ h) (12.0 V)  1 C   1 J  1 W ⋅ s  
 1 A ⋅ s   1 V ⋅ C    1 J  
= 660 W ⋅ h = 0.660 kWh
       
  (b) Cost = 0.660 kWh  $0.060 0   = 3.96¢
  1 kWh  
*P27.32  (a) The resistance of 1 m of 12-gauge copper wire is
−8
ρ ρ  4 ρ  4 ( 1.7 × 10  Ω ⋅ m )1 m
   R = = 2 = 2
= 2  = 5.14 ×  10 −3 Ω
 A  π ( d   2 )   π  d    π ( 0.205 3 ×  10 −2 m )
  The rate of internal energy production is P    =  I ∆V = I 2 R = ( 20  A )2 5. 14 × 10 −3 Ω = 2.05 W .
2
  I  4 ρ Al 
  (b) P  Al = I 2 R =
π d 2
P  Al   ρ Al 2. 82 × 10 −8 Ω ⋅ m
  =   P  Al =   W = 3.41 W
2.05
P  Cu ρ Cu 1.7 × 10 −8 Ω ⋅ m

  Aluminum of the same diameter will get hotter than copper. It would not be as safe. If it is
surrounded by thermal insulation, it could get much hotter than a copper wire.

P27.33  The energy taken in by electric transmission for the fluorescent lamp is

∆t  = 11   J s (100  h )  
3 600 s  
  = 3.96 × 10
6
P   J
  1h
 
cost = 3.96 × 10 6 J 
   $0 .08     k     W ⋅ s     h   = $0.088
  kWh     1000  
    J    3 6 00 s  
 
  For the incandescent bulb,

∆t  = 40  W (100  h )  

3 600 s  
  = 1.44 × 10
7
P   J
  1h

  cost = 1. 44 × 10 7 J 
  $0 .08   = $0.32
 3.6 × 106 J  
 
saving = $0.32 − $0.088 = $0.232

P27.34  The total clock power is

( 270 × 10 6 clocks )   2.50    3 600 s   = 2.43 × 1012 J h

J s  
 
clock    1 h  
 
  W out
  From e = , the power input to the generating plants must be:
Qin

Qin Wout ∆ t  2. 43 × 1012   J h

  = = = 9. 72 × 1012   J h
∆ t  e 0.250

  and the rate of coal consumption is

    12 J h )
Rate = ( 9.72 × 10
 1.00 kg coal   = 2.95 × 105 kg coal h = 295 metric ton h
  33.0 × 106 J  
 

110  Chapter 27

P27.35    =  I  ( ∆ V ) = (1.70  A ) (110  V ) = 187 W

P  

  Energy used in a 24-hour day = ( 0.187  kW ) ( 24. 0 h ) = 4.49 kWh.

   $0.060
  0   = $0.269 =
Therefore daily cost = 4.49 kWh  26.9¢ .
 
  kWh    

P27.36    =  I ∆V  = ( 2.00  A ) (120  V ) = 240 W

P  

∆ E int = ( 0.500  kg ) ( 4 186  J  kg ⋅ °C ) ( 77.0  °C ) = 161 kJ  

      ∆E  1. 61 × 10 5 J
∆t  = int = = 672 s
P   240 W

P27.37  At operating temperature,

  (a) P    =  I ∆V  = (1.53  A ) (120  V ) = 184 W

  (b) Use the change in resistance to find the final operating temperature of the toaster.
120 120 
    ∆T )  
 R = R0 (1 +  α  = 1 + ( 0.400  × 10 −3
  ) ∆T 
1.53 1.80 

  ∆T  = 441°C T  = 20.0°C + 441°C = 461°C

P27.38  You pay the electric company for energy transferred in the amount  E = P   ∆ t .

  )  
7 d    86 400 s     1 J  
  (a) P   ∆ t  = 40  W ( 2 weeks    = 48.4 MJ
1 week     1 d      1  W ⋅ s  

7 d    24 h     k   
P     )  
 ∆ t  = 40  W ( 2 weeks  = 13.4 kWh
  1 week     1 d    1 000  
 
 
7 d    24 h     k    0.12
  $   = $1.61
P     )  
 ∆ t  = 40  W ( 2 weeks      
       
1 week  1 d  1000   kWh  
 
1 h     k    0.1 2 $  
  )  
 ∆ t  = 970  W ( 3 min   = = 0.582¢
  (b) $0.005 82
    kWh  
P  
  60 min    1000  

1 h     k    0.12   $   = $0.416

  (c)   W ( 40  min )  
 ∆ t  = 5 200
    kWh  
P  
  60 min    1000    

P27.39  Consider a 400-W blow dryer used for ten minutes daily for a year. The energy transferred to the
dryer is

 ∆ t  = ( 400  J s ) (600  s d ) ( 365  d ) ≈ 9 × 10 7 J  

1 kWh  
  P  
 3.6 × 106 J   ≈ 20 kWh
  We suppose that electrically transmitted energy costs on the order of ten cents per kilowatt-hour.
Then the cost of using the dryer for a year is on the order of 

  Cost ≈ ( 20 kWh

  ) ( $0.10  kWh ) = $2 ~$1
 

  Current and Resistance 111

Additional Problems
  ∆ V     (  ∆ V )2
*P27.40  (a)  I  =   so P     = I ∆V  =
 R  R
2 2 2
 (  ∆ V )  ( 120  V )  (  ∆ V )  ( 120  V )2
   R = = = 576 Ω   and  R = = = 144 Ω
P   25.0 W P   100 W
P   25.0 W Q 1.00 C
  (b)  I  = = = 0.208 A = =
∆V  120 V ∆t ∆t 
1.00 C
  ∆t  = = 4.80  s
0.208 A
  The charge itself is the same. It comes out at a location that is at lower potential.
∆U  1.00 J   ∆t  =
1.00 J
= 0.040 0  s
  (c) P   = 25.0 W = =
∆t ∆t  25.0 W
  The energy itself is the same. It enters the bulb by electrical transmission and leaves by
heat and electromagnetic radiation.
  (d) ∆U = P  ∆t = ( 25.0    s d ) ( 30. 0 d ) = 64.8 × 106 J
J s ) (86 400
  The electric company sells energy .
   $0.070  0    k    W ⋅ s    h  
Cost = 64. 8 × 10 6 J   = $1.26
  kWh     1000  
   J  
  3 600 s  
 
 
$0.070 0   kWh     −8
Cost per joule =  = $1. 94 × 10 J
kWh  3.60 × 10 J  
 6
 
*P27.41  The heater should put out constant power

Q mc (T f −  Ti  )  ( 0.250  kg) ( 4 186

  J ) (100  °C  − 20°C)  1 min  
   = = =
P  
∆t  ∆t  kg ⋅ °C   )
  ( 4 min   60 s   = 349 Js

  Then its resistance should be described by

2
   (  ∆ V ) ( ∆ V )    ( ∆ V )  (120   J C )
2

P   = ( ∆ V ) I   =  R = = = 41.3  Ω

   R P   349 J s
  Its resistivity at 100°C is given by
  ρ = ρ0 1 + α ( T  − T 0 ) = (1.50 × 10  −6 Ω ⋅ m )  1 + 0.4 ×  10 −3 (8 0 ) = 1.55 × 10 −6 Ω ⋅ m
  Then for a wire of circular cross section
  4
 R = ρ = ρ  2
= ρ 
 A   π  r π  d 2
4
  41.3 Ω = (1.55 × 10 −6   Ω ⋅ m)
π  d 2

= 2.09 × 10 +7 m or d 2 = ( 4.77 ×  10 −8 m )
d 2
  −4
  One possible choice is  = 0.900 m and d  = 2.07 × 10 m. If   and d  are made too small,
  the surface area will be inadequate to transfer heat into the water fast enough to prevent
  overheating of the filament. To make the volume less than 0.5 cm 3 ,  we want   and d  less
π  d 2
 = 0.5 × 10 m . Substituting d  = ( 4. 77 × 10 m     gives   )
  −6 3 2 −8
  than those described by
4
π 
 
4
  −8 m )  2 = 0.5 × 10 −6 m3 ,    = 3.65 m and d  = 4.18 × 10  −4 m. Thus our answer is:
( 4.77 × 10
Any diameter d  and length   related by d 2 = ( 4. 77 × 10 −8 m     would have the right resistance.
  )
  One possibility is length 0.900 m and diameter 0.207 mm, but such a small wire might overheat
  rapidly if it were not surrounded by water. The volume can be less than 0.5 cm 3 .
 

112  Chapter 27

1   1 Q2
P27.42  The original stored energy is U i Q∆V i = . =
2 2 C 
  (a) When the switch is closed, charge Q distributes itself over the plates of C  and 3C  in
parallel, presenting equivalent capacitance 4 C . Then the final potential difference is
  Q
  ∆V  f  = for both.
4C 
 
  Q   Q
  (b) The smaller capacitor then carries charge C ∆V  f  = C  = . The larger capacitor
4C  4
 Q 3Q
  carries charge 3C  = .
4C  4
2
1 2 1     Q   Q2
  (c) The smaller capacitor stores final energy
2
C ( ∆V  )   = 2 C  4C     =
 f 
32C 
. The larger

2
1    Q   3Q 2
  capacitor possesses energy 3C    = .
2  4C  
  32C 
3Q 2 Q 2 Q2
  (d) The total final energy is +
= .  The loss of potential energy is the energy
32C  32C  8C 
Q2 Q2   3Q 2
  appearing as internal energy in the resistor: = + ∆ E int   ∆ E int  =
2C  8C  8C 

1  d ρ 
P27.43  We begin with the differential equation α  =
ρ  dT 
ρ  T 
d ρ 
  (a) Separating variables, ∫
ρ 0
ρ 
= ∫ α dT 
T 0

   ρ       α   ( T − T 0 )

  ln    = α ( T −  T 0 ) and ρ = ρ 0 e .
 ρ 0      
  (b) From the series expansion e x  ≈ 1 + x , ( x  << 1) , we have

  ρ ≈ ρ0 1 + α    −  T 0 ) .

  (T

P27.44  We find the drift velocity from  I = nqvd A = nqvd  π r 2

 I  1000 A
v
d 
= = 2  = 2.35 × 10 −4 m s
nqπ r 2 8.46 × 10 28 m  −3 (1.60 × 10
  −19 C) π (10 − 2 m )
 
 x    x    × 10 3 m
200
v = t  = =   = 8.50 × 108 s = 27.0 yr
t  v 2.35 × 10 −4 m s

 RA  (  ∆ V )  A  

*P27.45  From ρ  = = we compute  (m)  R  (Ω) ρ  (Ω
  ⋅ m)
  I  
0.540 10.4 1. 41 × 10 −6
1.028 21.1 1. 50 × 10 −6
1.543 31.8 1. 50 × 10 −6

  ρ  = 1. 47 × 10 −6 Ω⋅m .  With its uncertainty range from 1.41 to 1.50, this average value agrees

    × 10−6
with the tabulated value of 1.50 Ω ⋅ m  in Table 27.2.
 

  Current and Resistance 113

P27.46  2 wires →  = 100 m

0.108 Ω
   R =   (100  m ) = 0.036 0
300 m
Ω

  (a) ( ∆ V )home  = ( ∆ V )line  − IR = 120 − (110

  ) ( 0.036
  0 ) = 116 V

  (b) P    =  I  ( ∆V ) = (110  A ) (116  V ) = 12.8 kW

  (c) P  wires =  I 2 R = (110  A )2  ( 0.036  0 Ω ) = 436 W


E=−
dV  ˆ
i= −
( 0 − 4  .00 ) V  = 8.00 ˆi V m
*P27.47  (a)
dx  ( 0. 500  − 0 ) m

  (b)  R =
ρ 
=
( 4. 00 × 10  − Ω ⋅ m ) ( 0.500  m ) =
8

 
0.637 Ω
2
 A π (1. 00 × 10 − m ) 4

  ∆V  4.00 V
  (c)  I  = = = 6.28 A
 R 0.637 Ω

  I  6.28 A
  (d)  J  = = 2
= 2.00 × 108 A m2 = 200 MA m 2 The field and the current
 A π (1.00 × 10 −4 m )
 
are both in the x  direction.

  (e) ρ  J = ( 4.00 × 10  −8 Ω ⋅ m ) ( 2. 00 × 10  8 A m2 ) = 8.00 V m = E 

 dV (x ) ˆ V  ˆ
*P27.48  (a) E=− i= i
dx   L

ρ 4 ρ  L
  (b)  R = =
 A π  d 2

  ∆V    V π  d 2
  (c)  I  = =
 R 4 ρ  L

  I  V 
  (d)  J  = = The field and the current are both in the  x  direction.
 A ρ  L
 
  V 
  (e) ρ  J  = =  E 
 L
 

114  Chapter 27

P27.49  (a) P    = I ∆V 

P   8. 00 × 103 W
  so  I  = = = 667 A
∆V  12.0 V
    ∆U  2. 00 × 10 7 J
  (b) ∆t = =   = 2.50 × 10 3 s
P   8.00 × 103 W
  and ∆ x = v∆ t = ( 20.0  m s ) ( 2. 50 ×  10 3 s ) = 50.0 km

ρ    ρ 0  1 + α  (T  − T0 )  0 1 + α 

  ′ (T  − T0 ) 
*P27.50  (a) We begin with  R = = ,
 A  A0 1 + 2 α ′ ( T − T 0 )

 R 0 1 + α (T  −  T0 )  1 + α 

  ′ ( T −  T 0 )
  which reduces to  R =
1 + 2 α ′ ( T  −  T 0 )

  (b) For copper: ρ 0 = 1. 70 × 10 −8 Ω ⋅ m, α  = 3.90 × 10  −3°C−1 , and

  −6
  α ′ = 17.0 × 10 °C−1
ρ 0  0 (1. 70 ×  10 −8 ) ( 2.00
  )
 R0 = = −3 2
  = 1.08 Ω
   A0 π ( 0.100 × 10 )

  The simple formula for  R gives:

   R = (1.08 Ω)  1 + (3.90
 
× 10−3°C − 1 ) (100  °C − 20.0°C) = 1.420
  Ω
  while the more complicated formula gives:

  −3 °C −1 ) (80.0  °C)   1 + (17.0 × 10

 ( 1.08  Ω )  1 + ( 3.90 × 10   −6°C−1 ) (80.0  °C)
 
 R =
1 + 2 (17.0 × 10
  − 6°C−1 ) (80.0  °C) 
= 1.418 Ω

  The results agree to three digits. The variation of resistance with temperature is typically a
much larger effect than thermal expansion in size.
 

  Current and Resistance 115

P27.51  Let a  be the temperature coefficient at 20.0°C, and α  ′ be the temperature coefficient at 0°C.
  Then ρ = ρ 0 1 + α (T  −  20.0°C), and ρ = ρ
  ′  1 + α     −  0°C ) must both give the correct
  ′ (T 
  resistivity at any temperature T. That is, we must have:

  ρ0 [1 + α ( T − 20  .0°C) ] = ρ ′ [1 + α ′ ( T  −  0°C) ]   (1)

  Setting T  = 0 in equation (1) yields: ρ ′ = ρ0 1 − α    .0  °C)  ,

  ( 20
  and setting T  = 20.0°C in equation (1) gives: ρ0 = ρ ′ [1 + α ′ ( 20.0  °C) ]

  Put ρ ′  from the first of these results into the second to obtain:

  ρ0 = ρ0 [1 − α ( 20.0  °C) ][1  + α  ′ ( 20  .0  °C) ]

1
  Therefore   ′ ( 20.0  °C) =
1 + α 
  ( 20.0  °C)
1 − α 

  α 
  which simplifies to α ′ =
[1 − α 
  ( 20.0  °C) ]
  From this, the temperature coefficient, based on a reference temperature of 0°C, may be
  computed for any material. For example, using this, Table 27.2 becomes at 0°C :

Material Temp Coefficients at 0°C

  −3
Silver 4.1  × 10 °C
  −3
Copper 4.2  × 10 °C
Gold 3.6  × 10−3 °C
Aluminum 4.2  × 10 −3 °C
Tungsten 4.9  × 10 −3 °C
Iron 5.6  × 10−3 °C
Platinum   × 10−3 °C
4.25
Lead 4.2  × 10 −3 °C
Nichrome 0.4  × 10−3 °C
Carbon   −0.5 × 10 −3 ° C
Germanium   −24 × 10−3 °C
Silicon   −30 × 10−3 °C
 

116  Chapter 27

P27.52  (a) A thin cylindrical shell of radius r , thickness dr , and length L contributes resistance
  ρd  ρ dr     ρ    dr 
  dR = =   =
 A   r) L
( 2π   2π  L  
  r 
  The resistance of the whole annulus is the series summation of the contributions of the thin
shells:
r b
ρ  dr  ρ    r   
   R =
2π  L ∫  r
r a
= ln b
2π  L  r a  
 

∆V  = ρ    r    

  (b) In this equation ln  b  
 I 2π  L  r a  

  2π   L ∆V 
  we solve for ρ  =
 I ln ( rb   r a )

*P27.53  The original resistance is Ri =  r 

 L / 
i
 Ai.

  The new length is L = Li + d   L = Li(1 + d  ).

 Ai Li  Ai Li  Ai
  Constancy of volume implies  AL = A L   so  A = =   =
 Li (1 + δ ) (1 + δ )
i i
 L
  ρL ρ L  i (1 + δ )
  The new resistance is  R = =   = Ri (1 + δ ) 2 = Ri (1 + 2δ + δ 2 ).
 A  Ai  / (1 + δ )

  The result is exact if the assumptions are precisely true. Our derivation contains no approxima-
tion steps where delta is assumed to be small.

P27.54  Each speaker receives 60.0 W of power. Using P     = I 2 R, we then have
P   60.0 W
   I  = = = 3.87 A
 R 4.00 Ω
  The system is not adequately protected since the fuse should be set to melt at 3.87 A, or lesss .

P27.55  (a) ∆V = −E ⋅    or dV = −E ⋅ dx  

∆V = − IR = − E ⋅  

=   ⋅
    dq  E 
 I  = =  A  E ⋅   = A E = −σ A dV  = σ  A
 A
 dV 
dt   R ρ ρ  dx  dx 

  (b) Current flows in the direction of decreasing voltage. Energy flows by heat in the direction
of decreasing temperature.

P27.56  From the geometry of the longitudinal section of the resistor shown in
the figure, we see that
( b −  r ) ( b −  a )
  =
 y h
 y FIG. P27.56
  From this, the radius at a distance y from the base is r = ( a −  b )   + b
h
h
  ρ dy ρ    dy
  For a disk-shaped element of volume dR =
π r 2
:  R = ∫ 
π  0 ( a −  b ) ( y   h ) + b 
2

1  ρ 
  h
  Using the integral formula ∫ (audu+ b) 2
=−
  a ( au + b)
,  R =
π  ab
 

  Current and Resistance 117

P27.57   R =
  ρ dx 
∫  A
= ∫ ρ wydx  where  y = y +  y   L− y  x  1
2 1

 
 L
 
= ρ  L ln  y +  y  − y  x 
 L
ρ dx 
 R = ∫ 
w  y + [( y − y ) L ] x  w ( y − y )
0 1 2
 1  L  2 1
1
2 1

0
  FIG. P27.57
    y   
ρ L
 R = ln  2  
w ( y2 − y1 )   y1  

*P27.58 A spherical layer within the shell, with radius r   and thickness dr , has resistance

   ρ dr 
  dR =
4 π r 2
  The whole resistance is the absolute value of the quantity
r b
b  r b ρ dr  ρ  r −1 ρ    1 1   ρ    1 1  
   R = ∫  dR = ∫  4π r  = 4π  −1  
a r a 2
r a
=− −
4π    r a
+   =  −  
rb   4π   ra r b  

*P27.59 Coat the surfaces of entry and exit with material of much higher conductivity than the bulk mate-
rial of the object. The electric potential will be essentially uniform over each of these electrodes.
Current will be distributed over the whole area where each electrode is in contact with the resis-
tive object.

ρ  d 
P27.60  (a) The resistance of the dielectric block is  R = = .
 A σ  A
 κ∈
  0 A
  The capacitance of the capacitor is C = .
d 
  d   κ ∈0  A   ∈0
  Then  RC = = κ   is a characteristic of the material only.
σ  A d  σ 

  ∈0   × 10  −12 C2
  × 1016 Ω ⋅ m  ( 3.78) 8.85
=   ∈0 =
κ  ρκ  75
  (b)  R =   = 1.79 × 10
  15 Ω
σ  C C  14 × 10−9 F N ⋅ m2

P27.61  (a) Think of the device as two capacitors in parallel. The one on the left has κ 1 = 1,
     
   A1 =   + x  . The equivalent capacitance is
 2  
κ 1 ∈0  A1 κ  2 ∈0  A2  ∈0          κ    ∈        ∈0 
  + =   + x    + 0   − x   = (  + 2 x + κ   − 2κ x )
d  d d  2 d   2 2d 

  (b) The charge on the capacitor is Q = C ∆V 

   ∈0  ∆V 
Q= (  + 2 x + κ   − 2κ x )
2d 
  The current is

    dQ dQ dx   ∈0 ∆V   ∈0 ∆V v

 I  = = = ( 0 + 2 +  0 − 2κ )  v  = − (κ  −  1)
dt  dx  dt  2d  d 
  The negative value indicates that the current drains charge from the capacitor. Positive
  ∈0 ∆V v
  current is clockwise (κ  − 1) .
d 
 

118  Chapter 27

      e∆  V      ∆ V 

P27.62   I = I 0 exp     − 1 and  R =
    B     
k T   I 

  with  I 0 = 1.00 × 10  −9   −19

A, e = 1.60 × 10   −23
C, and k  B  = 1.38 × 10 JK

The following includes a partial table of calculated values and a graph for each of the specified
temperatures.
 

  (i) For T  = 280 K:

∆V (V) I ( A) R ( Ω)
0. 400   0. 015 6 25. 6
0.440 0.081 8 5.3
38
  0.480   0.429 1.12
0.520 2.25 0.232
0.560 11.8 0.047 6
0.600 61.6 0.009 7

FIG. P27.62(i)

  (ii) For T  = 300 K:

∆V (V) I ( A) R ( Ω)
0. 400   0. 005 77. 3
0. 440 0. 024 18. 1
  0.480   0.114 4.22
0. 520 0. 534 0. 973
0.560 2.51 0.223
0.600 11.8 0.051

FIG. P27.62(ii)

  (iii) For T  = 320 K:

∆V ( V) I ( A) R ( Ω)
0.400 0.002 0 203
0.440 0.008 4 52.5
  0.480 0.035 7 13.4
0.520 0.152 3.42
0.560 0.648 0.864
0.600 2.76 0.217

FIG. P27.62(iii)
 

  Current and Resistance 119

 m
P27.63  The volume of the gram of gold is given by ρ  =
V 
−3
  m 10 kg
V  = =   = 5.18 × 10 −8 m 3 =  A ( 2.40 × 103 m )
ρ  19.3 × 10 3 kg m 3
−11
   A = 2.16 × 10 m2
ρ  2. 44  × 10 −8   3
Ω ⋅ m ( 2.4 × 10 m)
 R = = −11   = 2.71 × 10 6 Ω
 A 2.16 × 10 m 2

 0.500
  Ω  
P27.64 The resistance of one wire is    (100  mi) = 50.0 Ω.
  mi  
  The whole wire is at nominal 700 kV away from ground potential, but the potential difference
between its two ends is

   IR = (1 000
  A ) ( 50.0  Ω ) = 50.0 kV
  Then it radiates as heat power   = ( ∆ V ) I   = ( 50.0 × 10 3 V ) (1 000
P     A ) = 50.0 MW .

 1  R 
= T 0 +  − 1 = T 0 +  0 − 1
 1 I 
P27.65   R = R0 1 +  α (T  − T 0 )   so T
α  R0  α    I  
  I 0 1 9
  In this case,  I  = , so T = T 0 +   ( 9  ) = 20° + = 2 020°C
10 α  0.004 50 °C

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P27.2  3.64 h

P27.4  qw  /2p 

P27.6  0.265 C

P27.8  (a) 99.5 kA/m2  (b) Current is the same, current density is smaller. 5.00 A, 24.9 kA/m2,
0.800 cm

P27.10  0.130 mm/s

P27.12  500 mA

P27.14  (a) ~1018 Ω  (b) ~10−7 Ω  (c) ~100 aA, ~1 GA

P27.16  (a) no change (b) doubles (c) doubles (d) no change

P27.18  1.44 × 103 °C

P27.20  She can meet the design goal by choosing 1 = 0.898 m and 2 = 26.2 m.

P27.22   Ω
1.71

P27.24  7.50 W
 

120  Chapter 27

P27.26  (a) 17.3 A (b) 22.4 MJ (c) $0.995

P27.28  (a) 0.530 (b) 221 J (c) 15.1°C

P27.30  (a) 5.97 V/m (b) 74.6 W (c) 66.1 W

P27.32  (a) 2.05 W (b) 3.41 W. It would not be as safe. If surrounded by thermal insulation, it would
get much hotter than a copper wire.

P27.34  295 metric ton h

P27.36  672 s

P27.38  (a) $1.61 (b) $0.005 82 (c) $0.416

P27.40  (a) 576 Ω and 144 Ω  (b) 4.80 s. The charge itself is the same. It is at a location that is lower in
potential. (c) 0.040 0 s. The energy itself is the same. It enters the bulb by electric transmission
and leaves by heat and electromagnetic radiation. (d) $1.26, energy, 1.94 × 10−8 $/J

P27.42  (a) Q /4C   (b) Q /4 and 3Q /4 (c) Q2 /32C  and 3Q2 /32C   (d) 3Q2 /8C 

P27.44  8.50 × 108 s = 27.0 yr

P27.46  (a) 116 V (b) 12.8 kW (c) 436 W

P27.48 (a) E  = V 
 / 
 L in the x  direction   2  (c) I = V p d 2 /4 r  L  (d) J  = V 
(b) R = 4 r  L/ pd  /  r  L
(e) See the solution.

P27.50  (a) See the solution.  

(b) 1.418 Ω  nearly agrees with 1.420 Ω.
  ρ  r    2π   L ∆V 
P27.52  (a)  R = ln b (b) ρ  =
2π  L r a  I ln ( rb r a )
P27.54  No. The fuses should pass no more than 3.87 A.

P27.56  See the solution.

P27.58  See the solution.

P27.60  (b) 1.79 PΩ

P27.62  See the solution.

P27.64  50.0 MW