Equation Chapter 1 Section 1

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education

BBM 30103 Fluid Mechanics (Semester 1 2021/2022)

Group Project

INTRODUCTION
Fluid flow in circular and noncircular pipes is commonly encountered in practice. The hot and
cold water that we use in our homes is pumped through pipes. Water in a city is distributed by
extensive piping networks. Oil and natural gas are transported hundreds of miles by large
pipelines. Blood is carried throughout our bodies by arteries and veins. The cooling water in
an engine is transported by hoses to the pipes in the radiator where it is cooled as it flows.
Thermal energy in a hydronic space heating system is transferred to the circulating water in the
boiler, and then it is transported to the desired locations through pipes.
TASK

This is an online lecture and task of group project for the Fluid Mechanics (BBM 30103). This
lecture will cover Chapter: Analysis Flow in Pipe. At the end of this lecture, the student should
be able to;

• Have a deeper understanding of laminar and turbulent flow in pipes and the analysis of
fully developed flow.
• Calculate the major and minor losses associated with pipe flow in piping networks.
• Understand the different velocity and flow rate measurement techniques and learn their
advantages and disadvantages.

Together with this online lecture, the students were provided a task for group project to support
this online lecture, so that the student can have a better understanding for this chapter.

The video of online lecture can be obtained through the following links:
No Topics Lecture links
1 General Characteristics of laminar and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIcfE09HaEI
turbulent flows in pipes
2 Developing and fully developed flow in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFq6MDRsfu0
pipes
3 Pressure drops and head loss in pipe flow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU_I5sc_-B8

4 Velocity profile of fully developed laminar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nugnKUNl3vQ

flow in pipes
5 Velocity profile for fully developed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ia30affe58I
turbulent flow in pipes
6 Major losses in circular pipe systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U00c4qzyaRo&t=3s

7 Major losses in non-circular ducts https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=4&v=2xQJb_XI1Qo

8 Minor losses in pipe systems https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DFe8eUrbcI

# Activity 1:

This assignment is a group assigment. Students are required to watch the online video provided.
After watching the video, students are required to write a simple explanation about a head loss
in straight pipe. Together with that, please show a derivation on how to obtain a head loss
expression in straight pipes.

# Activity 2:

Write an explanation of the following equation and discuss how the three equations play an
important role in the determination of major losses in the pipeline.
1) Darcy-Weisbach Equation;
2) Colebrook Equation; and
3) Haaland Equation.

# Activity 3:

Explain clearly what the Moody chart is and how to use a Moody chart to determine a friction
factor laminar and turbulent region.

# Activity 4:

Briefly describe the following conditions.

a) Which fluid at room temperature requires a larger pump to flow at a specified velocity
in each pipe: water or engine oil? Why?
b) What is the generally accepted value of the Reynolds number above which the flow in
smooth pipes is turbulent?
c) Consider the flow of air and water in pipes of the same diameter, at the same
temperature, and at the same mean velocity. Which flow is more likely to be turbulent?
Why?
d) How is head loss related to pressure loss? For a given fluid, explain how you would
convert head loss to pressure loss.
e) Consider fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe. If the diameter of the pipe is
reduced by half while the flow rate and the pipe length are held constant, the head loss
will:
i. double,
ii. triple,
iii. quadruple,
iv. increase by a factor of 8, or
v. increase by a factor of 16.
# Activity 5:

Solve the following problems.

Q1 Oil with a density of 850 kg/m3 and kinematic viscosity of 0.00062 m2/s is being
discharged by a 5 mm diameter, 40 m long horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to
the atmosphere. The height of the liquid level above the centre of the pipe is 3 m.
Disregarding the minor losses, determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe.

Figure Q1

Q2 Consider flow from a water reservoir through a circular hole of diameter D at the side
wall at a vertical distance H from the free surface. The flow rate through an actual hole
with a sharp-edged entrance (KL = 0.5) will be considerably less than the flow rate
calculated assuming “frictionless” flow and thus zero loss for the hole. Disregarding
the effect of the kinetic energy correction factor, obtain a relation for the “equivalent
diameter” of the sharp-edged hole for use in frictionless flow relations.

Figure Q2

Q3 A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from D1 = 8 cm to D2 = 16 cm. The water

velocity in the smaller section is 10 m/s and the flow is turbulent. The pressure in the
smaller section is P1 = 300 kPa. Taking the kinetic energy correction factor to be 1.06
at both the inlet and the outlet, determine the downstream pressure P2, and estimate the
error that would have occurred if Bernoulli’s equation had been used.

Figure Q3
This assignment must be submitted NOT LATER than 11 59 pm 30 June 2022.

The report for the group project should be written properly by using MsWord or other written
tools. The report should be NOT MORE than 15 PAGE of A4 paper.

Please upload the assignment through the Author in .pdf format ONLY.

ASSESSMENT

This project consists of 30% of the student overall course mark. The 30% compromise of the
following percentage.
1) Knowledge and Understanding (CLO 1, LOD 1) - 20%
Knowledge and understanding will be assessed according to the submitted report as the
following;
▪ Report’s Cover
▪ Introduction of the Selected Problem
▪ Solution using Laplace Transform
▪ References
▪ Group Minutes of Meeting

2) Investigation/Scientific Skills (CLO 2, LOD 4) - 5%

▪ Ability to seek and manage/ access relevant information from various sources
▪ Method uses to find information
▪ Organizing, evaluating, and integrating information

3) Professionalism (CLO 3, LOD 16) - 5%

▪ Ability to accept new ideas and capable for self-directed or autonomous learning.
▪ Self –esteem
▪ Motivation
▪ Independent