L1Ql,l�F \C'l 10 A'\() Post LIQ EF CTION BEIIA VIOR

01· S\ D

U) \. P. vaid.' �lcmbcr, \ 'CE, and J. Thomas

2

ABSTRACT: 1 he 11a11c undramed behavior of saturaied sand is shown 10 be d1la11_vc ,n

1na,ial compression, even ,n the lcosest deposued s1a1e. l lowcvcr.1he behavior ·� triaxia!
extcn ion 1, contracnve for relame densmes of up 1060%, ,mplyong a profound umsorropy
o! response to undra,ned loadmg. On monotoruc loadmg, followong liquefacucn, the sand
alwa)> responds rn a ditauve manncr evcn rhough 11 ,s contracnve under_ stauc toading.
'Ihe postliqueíacuon response represents conunuously suffemng behavior and an ap­
proach tu an) ,cs,Jual strength is not observed, regardless oí densuy or effecuve stress
ccndiucns pnor to cychc loadong

INTRODUCTION
Liquefaction ot saturated sands has been thc topic oí extensive laboratory research over the
past 25 )r. Toe rerms liquefacuon and liquefaction failure encompass ali phenom�na m�olv1ng
excessive detormations oí saturated cohesiontess soils (National 1985). Under stauc load1�g t�e
term hquefacuon is associated wnh a strain softening type oí undrained response, resulting in
either unlimned or limued flo" deformation (sce inset Fig. 1). Sand cxhibiting such response
is termed contracuve (Castro 1969) lf strain softening does not occur the sand is caUed dilati�e.
Under cyclic undramed loading hquefaction can manifest itself eitber as a stram soften,�g
response, much in the same manner as under staric loading, or by 1h� development oí cychc
mobility. Cyclic mobility is associated with excursions during the cychc loading of the stress
srate of sand through transient srates oí zero effective stress (oj = O). The first time this aj =
O occurred it was termed initial liquefaction (Seed 1979). On the conclusión oí cyclic loading,
following liquefaction, residual conditions in the sand are normally assumed 10 correspond to
a; - O.
· Until recemly, the major concern during earthquake loading of sarurated sands was to safe­
guard agamst the occurrence oí Iiquefaction. lf liquefaction under level ground was a possibility,
depending on the initial stress and densiiy state of the sand togerher with the characteristics oí
cychc stresses imposed by the earthquake, remedia! mensures consisted in the densification oí
sand No auempt was generaltj made to estímate eanhquake­induced displacements, in case
the liquefacuon domain in a given sand strucrure stayed comained by thc surrounding nonlique­
fied sand However, during rhe last few years several researchcrs nave emphasized a need for
the csumauon oí such displacements. As a resuh sorne empirical and analyiical techniques,
toward this goal, have been proposed (Finn et al 1986. Hamada et al. 1987, Byrne 1990, Bartleu
and Youd 1992)
The key rnformauon requrred to csumaie earthquake­induced displacernem is the postlique­
facuon ,1rc,­­>1ram response ol !>and. Spec1fically. sand response, when it undergocs excursions
through s1a1c, of zero cífecuve s1ress, is needcd when modeling the spatial progress of Jiquc­
fact1on ,n a g1,·cn e.1rth structure. Lmlc research has been carried out on this aspec1 of sand
beha\lOr lf the ,.ind is contrac11,e undcr ,talle loadmg, it has been assumed lhat its stcady­
>tatc (or r.:,1dual) >trcngth r.:mams unahercd on monoto111c loading following liqucfaction ¡11•
duccd by 9chc loadrng (Br}nc_ et al 1992) Toe writers know of no published cxperimentnl
darn that ,uppons 1h1, a,sumpuon
_'11)" papcr prcscnt, an cxpcnmental Mudy oí !he postliquefaction behavior of sand in thc
tnaxial test. Ckarly, 1111, requn.:, a comprehcnsive 1nvcs11gation of the static and cyclic behavior,
wl11ch 1ake;, the ,and 10 thc hqud1ed ,1atc pnor to the asses.ment of its postcyclic bchavior.
Thc s1ud)· cncompa,scs Stat1c undr.11ncd beha, ior overa range oí dcposition densi1ics, írom
loosc.i to den,c, Jnd il range ol �onf1111ng ,1r.:s;,cs. Bo1h tnaxial compression and extension
load�ng path, are mcludcd to a,ses, 1he_ po,,1ble path dependence oí behavior. Cyclic
loading
lead,ng 10 hqucfact,o� ,s >1ud1cd at spec1fic targe�ed dens!ties, from loose 10 dense, anda rangc
oí C?nfin,ng sues, lcvels ,s used hnally, p0s1hquefac11on monotonic undrained response is
>tud,_cd a, 11 _,s mfluenccd by factors such as 1hc maximum shear strain due 10 cyclic Joading
rela1,ve den,11y, modc oí loadrng, and thc le,·el of confining stress prior 10 cyclic loading. '

'.�oí., Dcpl oí Civ Engrg. Un" oí Bnu,h Columbia, Vancou,cr, BC, Canoda.
JlUdcn_,. Dcpt oí CI\. Engrg, Unov oí 8nush Columbia. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
�':����i
N':'.r,d,h
filcd � 1
.
open unul July l. _1995 To cxicnd 1he closi?g date onc mon1h. a wrrncn reques, rnu;i be
Manager oí Journ"b l'be manuscrrpl íor 1h,s pape, was subm,11ed lor review and =s,.ble
Pu bl 1ca11on on J une i, ¡993 Th í h • r··
hbruary IW\ \SCE !SS ,. PJp<r "pan o l e Journal o/ Gtotul1111cal /J11gwuri11g, Vol. 121, No. 2.
· · '" , 1' 0733·'f·IIU"95 0002­0163­0!73 S2.UO + S.25 per page. Paper No. 6322.

JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 163

 .
250
+-,
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e,
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.!t
'- o�
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>
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(a)
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Axial Strain, ,.('16)

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b I
(b)
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'--300,���--,.--���,.--�������� .
�

O 400 800 1200

(u'v•u'¡J/2 (kPa)
FIG. l. Slatlc Undrained llfflavlor ol Looscst Dcposited Frase, R1ver Sand

The possiblc sim1larny oí thc po<tC)'Chc bchavior oí sand brought 10 the Iiqueficd srare by
cychc loading and by a stauc load unload cycle is atso mvcsugated
EXPQRIMENTATION

Tesis were performed on Fraser River sand, which underhcs the h1ghl) seisrmc populared
Fraser Delta in Brituh Columbia, Canada Thc sand used has grain Siles ranging from 0.074
mm 10 0.6 mm and cornpnses about 98% of rhe original material dredgcd from thc nver.
Maximum and rmmrnum void rallos, 111 accordance with ASTM 02().19. are 1.00 and 0.68. and
D.,, 0.3 mm and C 1 5. The average mincrat composuion is 40'7 quartz llo/ feldspar,
45% unahered rock fragments. and 4"l- other minerals
Tnaxial specimens uscd "ere "ere 63 mm diarneter x 126 mm htgh The) were reconsututed
sarurarcd by water pluvration. Thrv reconsuruting tcchruque yields homogeneous rephcable
spccrmcns (Va1d and Ncgu,,e) t98R) 1ha1 posses, fabric \11111lar to those of water deposued
natural or 1a1hng< <,111d, (OJ,t 19721 1 .tl\Oratnr) m1d1e, 011 pluviated <and, should, thereíore.
duphcatc the cbaracrensnc beha, 101 of natural .. nd h) drauhc f1II sand Specrmens "ere deposued
111 1hc looses! \131C and rhen den"hcd, a, necded, h) low cncrg) h1gh,frequcnC) \ll>ra11om

TEST RESULTS ANO COMMENT

Stalic Loadlng Bchavior

Behavior of Loosest Otµos1tt:d Sn11d

Fig I shows thc 111.1"ª' cornprewion and extenvion rcsponces of 1sotrop1..:all) consolidated
sand ni severa! levels of conñnme prewure Deviator vtrcsv rs dcfincd a, r, - <111 to íaciluate
drsuncnon between e unprcwron and cxtenvron loadmr modes Comprewion behavior mav be
seen to be drlauve exccpt under thc h1ghc,1 consohdauon stress o ' • 1.200 kPa, whcn 11
mamfestv a <hghll) ccntracuve response In comrast, thc bchavior m extenvron at each eonfming
strew 1\ contractive Al lower leveb oí"�· rncluding 200 kPa, the response IS of thc tíquetaeuon
type (see msei F1g. 1) wuh vready-srare conduions rcahzed ar axial mam, of2%-3%. ,\1 hígher

16A JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERINO

 u� beis, thc behavsor changes IO rhe limited hquelJcuon rype (Castro 1969). l'he specrmcn,
did not �hov, ª") rendencj tuwardv necking, ,.h,ch ,s regarded as the enser ot suesslm,un
inhomogenemes wuhin the spccrrnen, even alter berng loadcd to a srram level of up 10 9% ,n
exrenaon. S1cad� or phase transforrnauon sutes were reached \\CII bcfore 1hi, stram level,
'I he test rcsult, ,n l 1g. 1 illustrate the enecr of connrung ,1rc,;s on undra,ned response. Thc
response os drlanve rn compressron, and, by contrast, ,, contracnve in extensión In compressron,
an rncrca,ong oj. re 11hs in a less-dilauvc behav ror, everuually turrnng 11110 a contracuve response
at the hoghcst o;. uwd. whercas the eírect ol mcrclsong a' in extensron os to cause a kss·
conrrucuve response Al a given placernent relanve den.U)' D,,. consohdauon to a hrgher ,,;.
implies oncrea"ng rhe conschdated relative densit] D. lhgher densuy prometes le", anda
larger 11� promore, ¡ more contracnve response. The re,ulh ,n Fig. 1 sugge,1 that rhe etteci ot
increasing o� ottsets rhe elíect of denvrncauon in compreeron whereas the opposue " true
during c"cn,1011 loading.
Pluvrated und 1s e ·n1rac11,c 111 e�1cn"on ovcr a much larger range of consohdatcd relauve
densuy Dn than 11 a in ccmprcssicn: 1h1s ha, been demonstrared by severa! m,c>11ga1or, [e.g.,
Bi,hop (1971). llanLa"'a (1980), Miuru and Toki (19:a). Kuerb» and Vaid (19K9). und orherv],
The íoosest frascr Rl\cr sand 1, dilauve m compresoon. excepi undcr hrgh confinmg ,trc"c:'
Inherent anisotrOp) in pluviuted ,and (e .g .. Arthur and \lcr121cs ( 1972)) rs considered rc,ponS1ble
for the d,íkrcnccs in comprewron and extcnsron behavior lora given 111111al stute ,

Behavtor ar Fued Dms11y States

The undrarned stauc response of rhe sand at three fixed consolidated relative densuies. D,..
o( 19%, 40'ií: and 59%, was assessed (Fig 2). This enables rhe rsolation of rhe eftect of confin ing
stress alone on rhe stress-strarn response. A crear evidence of a less dilative behav ror maj be
nored rn compression, wuh an mcreasrng confunng stress a1 cach density stare. In extensión,
however, rhe contracuve response oí 1he liqucfacuon l)pe a1 a lo"er 11� changes to a lim11c:d
liqucfacuon typc. "uh an mercase in coníinong stress This amounis 10 a decreased con1rac1i,c
1endcnq no• commonl} associa1cd 1111h mcreasing confmmg ,1re,ses Thc con1rac1i,e bo:hav1or
,s c�h,b11cd b} Fra,cr R1,er sand o,cr a largc rangc of (loosc\l 10 more 1han SOP,,,) pb,cment
dcns11y 111 e\lcm1on lo.1dmg. llut 111 comprc:.,ion loadong, 1he contrac11, e rcspon,c was ,1,,ocia1cd
"i1h onl) 1hc: loo.csl deposu,onal den,ity, and "hcn consohdauon occurred 01 high conhning
SlíC\>C>

fri(¡:amg Co111,�ct11·t Dtfor1111111011

fhc cífecll\C: strc,s ra110 a;lv_; a11hc peak ol dev1ator Stress" rcferred to a, 1hc cm1cJI ,tre\S
rauo (CSR) on 1h1s pap,:r Thc friction ungle <!>es,. mob1hzcd at 1he pcuks of devi,11or me,,. for
1he stalc; 1hat ,ho11ed ron1rac11,c rc;ponse, is presentcJ m Fíg. 3 a; a function o( 1hc pla�cment

.......... 30
45 c...,,...,oo
••••• t..•a
k..•l
/
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-300-t---,----+-
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1
-10 -5 O !> 10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
Asta.1 Slraan. c. , Rcl .. tive densily, D., {�)
AG 2. Statlc Undralned Behav,or al Severnl Rela11ve Oensl- FIG 3. Elfectove Slress Condotoons 01 Troggermg of Con1rac-
t,es ttve Oetorm1it1on

JOVRNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERINO 165

 ,01d ra110 ,· Sorne dat,1 on <pcruucns that werc 1111t1alh amsotroprcally con,ohdatcd undcr K,
11,', o' are abo shown m thc huurc
In comprewron cl>o1< rv obvcrvcd to be esscnunllv convrant at about 26 degrcc,, not dcpendent
on 1n111al sue« condiuons Lxtcnsion loadmg .¡,, ,,.,. however are much vmaller than the
cornpression valúe and tcnd to mercase with an increase rn pfaccment densuy, Like compression.
stauc shear stress pnor to straimng does not míluence <!>c-R· A lower <l>csR m exrensron loadmg
implies that tnggenng of trqucíacnon will occur m the extension phase during cyclic loadmg
(Vaid et al. 1969). The comracrive bchaviór is exhibued by Fraser River sand overa large ran�e;
from the loosest to more than 50% placement dcnsuy in extensron loadmg. But m compress1pn
loadmg, thc contracuve response was associatcd wuh the loosesi deposiuonaí density only.
Evidence m support of an umque cl>csR, ar which contracuve deformauon is triggercd, also
cxists for other sands (Bishop 1971, Vaid et al. 1985) However, Vaid et al. (1990) showed that
extenuon <!>0 .. valucs are much lower than comprcssron values for Onawa and tailings sands.
These valúes mercase wuh an incrcase in thc initial sample preparation densuy, rn a manncr
similar to that observed for Frascr Rivcr sand.

Sready Stat« and Pitase Tra11sfor111ar1011 ( PT) Sr111c1

Effecuve stress conduions at the steady state or phasc transformauon (PT) staic ( lshihara
et al (1975), see Fig I msct], in the rnodifrcd Mohr diagram. mai be sccn to tic on unique
straigh; hnes pa<sang through the origin rcgardless of relauvc densuy. mural stress siate (11;.. and
K,). iype of response (contractive or dilative), and mode of loadmg (Fig. 4). These lincs have
equal slope, implying that the friction angle at the steady state and PT srate for both contracuve
and dilauve responses are equal (at 32º) and independent of the mode of loading. as was earlier
observed by Vaid et al. (1985, 1990) for other sands.
Fig. 5 shows rhe, relationship bctwecn the mínimum undrained shear strength s,T( = 11,112) at
PT (termed quasi-steady state by lshihara (1993)] or steady state and the consolidated void ratio
e" for a range of initial confining srresses for contractive response in extensión loading. As
noted earher, comracnve response did not occur in compression, exccpt under v cry high stresses,
At a given e,, the shcar strength at PT or steady state, Sn- or Sss, increases with the initial
confining stress. This is contrary 10 the common belief, based onl) on compression loading, that
this shear strcngth is a function of the consolidated vo1d ratio only. For Fraser River sand no
such umque relat1onship between S,.,. or Ss� ande, ,s notcd; but different relationships exist,
cach charactenst,c to a g1ven 11�. For a given 11� the initrnl stat,c shcar stress does not inílucncc
thc Sn- or Sss versus e, rclationship.

Stnuc load!U11/oad Belra11101

F1g. 6 sho"s thc sta11c undra,ncd loading-unloadmg bcha, 1or of thc sand at D,. � 19% and
u� 100 kPa lts response 1� dilattve m cornprcssion but contrac11vc. of thc liqucfaction type.
m extens1on On unloading of the shear stress both spcc,mens hqueÍ); 1 e., they end up in a
state of 11� = O. This type of behavior will laler be referred to as hquefaction mduced by a
static loadiunload cycle, as opposcd lO liqucfact1on induced b) cychc loading.

00000 UqudacUc;:,n
04466 Um.lhd Uquctactlon
00000 DUaU'H.
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o 200 400 600 800 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
(11',-u'a)/2 (kPa) Void ratio, e.
FIG. 4. EHective Stress Conditions at Phase Transformation FIG. 5. Undrained Steady State or Phase Transformatlon
and Steady Statcs Strength in Extension

166 JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERl"IG

 200
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c.
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'- 100

50
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b
1
..-50
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D,..= l 9sg (a)
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-5 5 10 15
Axial Straio, c. ('K-)
0.8
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••••• Port Peck d..m tbel
da.m toundaUon
00000 Sacramento rh'er ta.Ad.. D,•3&.80. 78.10
00000 Wootere1 O 1a.Dd.. D,s-$0.
a:a:c Reld Bedtord 1u:t.d. D,st0.80.
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••••• fraur rh·er 1and. D..stt,to.a-50.

o.o
O 400 600 1200 1600 2000 2400
EHeclive confining stress, u'.. (lcPa)
(After Seed and Harder, 1990)
FIG. 6. Undralned Statlc Lood/Unlood Bchovior FIG. 7. Conflnlng Stress Effect on Resistance to Liquefactlon

A static load/unload cycle did noi always result in ihe staie cr3 O, upon unlo�ding. This
situarion occurrcd in dense sand (D., = 59%) consolidated to cr;Í.. = 400 kPa and h1�her 1_n the
compression modc of loading, and was appareruly due to an insufficicnt leve) of stram pnor to
unloading. Jt was found that straining on static loading !liust �urpass a mini�um leve) beyond
thc PT siare before a state of zero effective stress state is realized on unloading.

Cyclíc Loading Behavior

This behavior was assessed for three rargeted relative densities, and at three levels of confining
stress cr; on isotropically consolidarcd sand. Cyclic loading resistance (or resistance to tique-
is
faction) dcfined hcre as the cyclic stress ratio <rdr,12crt, which causes a maximum compressional
or extensional axial stram t. ampluude of 2.5% in 10 cycles. Strain development due 10 cyclic
loading occurrcd as a consequence of euhcr comracrive dcformation or cyclic mobrluy, depending
upon rhe iniual siare O,,, cr�. and thc associated SPT or Sss together with the amplitude of cyclic
stress T., • cr,,.. 12 [Castro et al. (1982), Vaid et al. (1985)].
Thc K,. value (thc ratio of cyclic resisrance at <r� divided by rhis resistance at cr� - 100 kPa)
for Fraser River sand is shown rn hg. 7 as a íunction oí confining stress, togerher wuh data
from rne literuture on othcr sands (Sccd and l larder 1990). The correcuon factor K.. may be
seen 10 be u íunction ofboth confining me,, and relative density. The resistance to liquefaction
reduces by a maximum of about 20% ,11 the highest conñning stress oí 1.200 kPa for the dense
59% relurive density. Most oí thc reducuon occurs betwcen cr� - 100 to about 600 kPa, and
u seems 1hm much furthcr drop 111 K.. is not likely íor confining siresses in the exccss of about
600 kPa.
There is a wide range of reponed K., valúes íor differem soils ata given confining stress (Fig.
7). Lumping data wirhout rcgard to rhe relative density srare rnay conmbute to this large K..
range. For granular material; in whrch ihe relarive density has been specified, such as Sacramento
Rivcr sand. a clear decrease in K. with the relative density may be seen. Similar behavior was
noted for a tailing sand and Ouawa sand under simple shear conditions (Vaid et al. 1985).
lt may be poimed out that for the loose sands tested, which have the largest susceptibility of
liqucfaction, K,, is approximately unit> regardless of thc confining stress Je,el. Toe adoption of
lower values in dc,ign, based on an a,crage K. val u e from the body of data in Fig. 7, may lcad
to a conservaiivt: dc;ign. Sub;tantial cconom1c advantagc could accrue in design by evaluating
K,. on a site-spccilic basis, if other loose sands demonstrate behavior similar 10 that of Frascr
River sand.

Resitf11a/ Co11d111011 º" Co11c/11.1ic,11 c,f Cl'ltc l.oading

\Vhcn cyclic lo.1d1ng "ª•
tcrminatcd, a ,tate of zero effccuve strc;, (cri O or 100% pore
prt:»ure rntio) w¡¡, rc¡¡h1ed in mo,t case,, cxccpt for specimcns at med1um and dense rclativc
dcnsítics (40% and 59%), undcr confming ,trcsses of 400 kPa and hrgher 'fhis statc of <r;
O occurrcd lor thc 1,r,1 time on conclu,1on of the la,1 loudmg cych: 1n which thc: spec1fic:d >
t.

JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 167

 .. 100
...._
el. D,..=l!n
.!i.
'- 50 u',.=100 kPa
�
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b 50 ----- Cycllc loacli g
1 - -- Posl cylclc ono loading
�;-1004---.--,---,--,---,---i--,--.-...--,--.--,
'- -16 -12 -6 O 6 12 16
Axial Stroin, c. !•!

-;-
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...._ 150 u',.=100 kPa h .
c. c. 100
!l. I

/"º
'

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I
50 I
� I

11 �
� 50
b
I (
I .'
I

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> �
O 100 200 300 400 ......
b o
(u'v+u'iJ/2 (kPa) -10 -5 o 5 10
Axial Strain. i:. (•!
FIG. 8. .,; = O States Followlng Llquefaction by Cyclic Load·
lng FIG. 9. Relative Oensity Effect on Postliquefaction Response

2.5% developed. A rypical example is shown in Fig. 8(a). The last half cycle of e�tension loading
may be seen to cause liquefaction by contractive deformation. and the unloadmg phase ?rmgs
the specimen to rhe o, = O state. Thus excursión through a tra.nsient st�te of o,, = O did not
take place before thc specihed level of strain developmcnt, defmed �s liqucfaction, occ�rrcd.
Evcn for cychc tests in which thc residual finitc effecrive stress rcmam.ed at the conclusión of
cyclic loading (F1g. 8(b}). strain developrncnt as a rcsult of cychc loadmg �vas not d�e to any
excursión through a transreni o; O siate. Such statcs woutd have bcen .ª�lucvcd only if furthcr
loading cyclcs wcrc apphcd. In that case e •• much largcr than thc spccificd 2.5%. would have
devclopcd.
A statc oí zero etíecnve stress wa\ also not rcahzed b) a stauc load/un load cyclc m médium
and dense sand unless the stram during loacling cxcceded a certarn minimum valuc, On conclusion
of cyclic loading, dense and médium dense specirncns ato� ::: 400 kPa developed a stram level
oí only 2.5%-5%. Stauc load/unload tests indicatcd that a rninirnurn strain level of about 7%
was needed during stauc loading to achieve a oí O stare on unloading.

Postcyclic Undrained Monotonic Behavior

Toe residual strain at the end of cyclic loading was always extensional. This was because the
specified strain, c. 2: 2.5%, during the last cycle developed on the extensión side at the instant
of peak stress amplitude or contracuve deformation in extensión, and little strain reeovery
occurrcd when the shear stress was unloaded to zero. The postliqucfaction behavior of test
samples, which ended with the residual srates oí = O on conclusión of cyclic loading, is prcsented
first.

Stress Strain Response

Fig. 8(a) showed thc response dunng the last loadmg cycte along wuh the postcychc monotomc
srrcss-strain response of 100,c ,and undcr oj, 100 kPa pnor to cyclic loading. Thc axial strams
shown are based on rhe sample configuration pnor 10 cvchc loadmg. During posrhquefacuon
undrained compression loadmg. thc ,and dcfonncd at ,utually zcro stiffness ovcr a largc rangc
of axial stram (almost 20% ). W1th furthc1 slrammg. thc suffncss mercases with an mcrea<e in
strain. This stress·stram response m which 1hc mo<lulus mercases w11h an increasc in axial stram
is opposite to the usual response oí soil in wh1ch lhc modulus decreases with an incrcasc 111
strain. Thc unusual stress·strain response of the liquefied so1I resul1s from the fac1 that upon
shcaring 1hc so1I dilates ali the way causing the effective stress to mercase. The deforma11on
progresses al a mob1hzed fnction angle (36º). \\h1ch equals the angle of maximum obhqu1ty
under s1a1ic loading. After sorne axial strain the stress-stram curve essentially becomes hncar
and therc is no tendency towards approaching a residual strcngth, cven after a poslhquefaction
s1rain of aboul 32% Undcr static loading. 1his <and "ould be con1ractive in ex1ens1on, v.nh a
residual (steady state) strength of only 5 kPa. In comprcss1on. hov.ever, it would be d1la1ive.

168 JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEEAING

 Dependmcc un Relouve Demtty
hg 9 shows posthquctacuou monotornc response at thrcc relative densiues for a fixed o;,. •
t kPa pnor 10 cvchc loadinf To taciluate companson the response of dense sand is taken us
thc retcrence cune and the stress-stram curves at other relauve densures are horizontatly vhifted
10 match the o� 5 kPa pomt on each curve. The rate of suffncss increase beyond rfus S kPa
pornt mcreases a;, the retauve densny mercases. and the ax,al srram, at which the curse, becomc
practically loncar, decreases wuh an mcrease rn relative densuy. Thc posthqucfactíon deformation
proceeds a long the average hne of maxrrnum obhqu,1y observed under static loadmg (o!>' - 36"),
rcgardlcss of the relutive densuy state [see l·og. 8(b)). The region of stram over whrch the suffne,s
1> close to zero ,, le» for dense than for loose sand

Companson »111, Behovior Fol/01>1ng aj O lnduced by S1a11c Loadmg' and U11/oad111g

In l or JO rhe rypieal response of the sanJ follo"rn& rhe s1a1c of oj O, induccd by a srntic
lo.idiunload cycte, 1, comparcd wuh thar of the sand brough1 to a stare of u; O by C)dOC
loadmg As m the precedmg scction. rhe response of the C)'Clically loaded sarnple is raken us
the reference curve and thc response curve, of stattcall) loadcd sarnptes are horizontally smfted
10 match the o; 5 kPa point on each curve The posttiquefacuon responses are noted to be
essenually sirrular at each relauve dcns1t) regardless of the manncr by which the srate u; O
was brought about Thus, a convenieru way of obtammg the postliqucfacticn response would
be 10 use a stauc load/unload cycle, msread of cyclic loading, 10 mduce liqucfaction (o; = O)

Comparison of Precyclic and Pos1cyc/,c Behavior

The preliquefacuon and posthquefacnon stress-stram response of Fraser River sand 31 D¿
40% and o' = 100 kPa is compared in Fig. 11. Thc stiffness of the sand decreases with an
incrca,c m strain until rhe phase rransformaucn state for rhe sand subjected 10 preliquefaction
stauc loading. but 11 incrcases connnuously wirh stram dunng posrhquefnction rnonotomc load·
mg. The coniracuve behavior manifesred dunng prec)clic s1a1ic loading was eliminatcd a, a
consequence of liquefac11on induced by C)clic loadmg. The postc)clic ;1ress-s1raon response os
al\\a)S dolatl\C, the ,tiffness is vcry small durmg the initial phase of loading. but wi1h un 1ncrcu�c
in the ,1ram levcl the sutfne» c,scnually becomes cqual 10 the preC)·chc valuc in the po�1-PT
rcg1on. "lo ind,ca11on or any re,iduJI >1rcng1h cond11ion on po,tcyclic lond,ng i, apparcnt,
rcgardlcs, oí the dcnsuy srnte or thc mod� of loadmg.

.. ·.. =100 kPa

- - St.aUcllllr Uqu•f�••
-- C7dicllll7 Uqudle4

'º
o-1----.-"""'::::..--,....---..----;
o i 10 16 20
.u!al Strain. c.{•)

l .
uo-.---,,-,.-=-1-00--1 a
-----;--r--,
<
P

C. IOO - - St..1.JtaU7 Uquttlt4

- C7c:Uca.ll7 Uqvdlcd

�
b $0

o
{b) º" ·�
-IO -$ & 10

"'
Axial Stra!Q. c.(1') ";;j' 200-.----------,-----,,------,
a.
� ,so-------------,.,--, c,oo
j
e, .. =100 kPa
C - - St..U�llll7 Uquthtd
� o --..�::="""":::::======1�����
lOO

1 1_-.. .. .
- C)'dlca..7 bq\l.d1••

�
" $0
1 (e:) -100
� o><:100 kPa
0-,---------'""-.....-�--1 -200-t-------,----t----,----I
-1$ -:o -$ o -15 -10 -5 o 5 10
Anal Slrain. e,(•)
Axial Slraio, e, (<X>)
AG. 10 Companson o1 Monolon,c Response Followlng Liq·
uefactlon by Cyctlc 1nd Stat,c Load Unload Cycle AG. 11. Companson of Slahc and Poslhquefact1on Response

JO<.,AN"L OF GEOTl:CHNICAl ENGINEEhl!i11 lt,9

 Rangc of Pouliquefaction Behavior
The postliquefacnon undrained stress-strain curve can be characterized rnto thrce distinet
regions [Prg, 8(a)) Region 1 spans from the siate at -.h1eh a_; = O at the end oí cyclic load1ng
unul a measurable a4 = 5 kPa develops on sorne sheanng. This is the region wuh ver) srnall
snffness The size oí this region dccrcases w11h an mercase in the relative density Region 2
eommenccs from <1¿ = 5 kPa and can be approximated as a parabolic curve reprcsenung
conunuouslj mcreasrng sulfne« with axial strain Region three corresponds with the linear
scgmcnt of the siress-stram curve, represennng a constara modulus.
An approximate lcngth of region 1 may be taken as the axial stram mcrcment .lt from thc
poont at which e_, developed m bnngrng about hquefacuon unul the point ar which a mcasurable
<1, 5 kPa rs recorded. As show n in Fig. 12. ót is a íuncuon oí the rnaxrrnurn strain amplitude
t�., developcd during cyclic loadmg and decreases wrth increasmg densuy Average valúes oí
6t for the tested sand are 20%. 3.5%. and 2% for the 19%. 40%. and 59% relauve densny
states, respecuvely
Fig. 13 shows the range oí the pcsurqueíacnon compression stress-stram response at relauvc
densuies oí 19%. 40%. and 59% Only the curved portions of thc response. wmch start at <1
5 kPa and extend to thc begmning of the linear segmcnis. are shown As before, ali curves
are horizomallv translated to merge at f1¿ = 5 kPa There rs a deünue trcnd íor thc response
to becorne suffer with an mercase ,n eonímong stress for the sand at a toose relauve density,
But as the relanve densuj mcrea-es, the cffcet of confinmg stress is not so apparent.
The stress-stram response in regron 3 1< a stra1ght hne m ali cases, ns slope mercases with an
mercase in thc relauve densuy For the loosc sand thc slopc of the hnc is sorne" hat larger for
higher confinmg stress. but no such dcpendenee seerns to e�1s1 at h1gher relauve censures
Fig 13 also shows thc range of posuiqueíacuon monotornc behavior m extensión Both
deviator stress and axial stram are taken as posuivc for a direct companson with thc compressron
behavior Unhke the eompression behav1or. loose sand does not appear to show the spee1fic
dependcncc of thc ex1crmon behav1or \\1th thc le,el of eonfinong stress prior to liqucfact1on
Thc sprcad of stress·straon curves al each rclativc densny is of the same ordcr as that obscr,ed
under comprcss1on loadong. llowe,er. at cach rela11vc denslt) the extens1onal response 1s sub·
stanually <Oftcr than 1hc comprc,soonal response, ,mpl)tnf a strcss·path dcpendent posthque·
fact1on bcha\lOr as was the ca,e '"'h thc prchquefacuon bchanor
Bcha.-ior ,f Rcsid11al Statc r,; O
Clearly. the postC)'Chc bcha,1or for a gi,cn a pnor to cychc loading \\111 dcpend on the
magnitude oí residual <1, remaonm� af1er C)chc load1ng. Th1s is 11lustratcd m F1g. 14 for D,,

2�
'""'
•
.....,.
c. 200 -- 100 kPa
- - 400kPa
,so

..
� 100
1 so
.....; o
o 10
Axial Slraln. c.(s)

'c.".,..."'
zso
zoo
.... ISO

�
�
. 100
so º"=40..
25 �
s 10
20 Axial Slra.in. •l•)
....._ 15 z�
� '""'
.... 10
.,." zoo
o.
....
"
1�
5
�
o b
Dn=59it
o 5 15 20
.§.
}!aximum slrain, e.,.. (95) 5 10
Axial Slrain. <.(s)
AG. 12. Strain Required to Mobilize Finile "• = s kPa on
PosthquefacUon Monotonlc loading as Funct,on of Max1mum AG. 13. Range ot Postliquetaction Monolonic Response tor
Cychc Strain Residual u;= O Slates

1 170 JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

1
 -:;-
300

<t
ll.¡.
.� ,;l
">''

e,
� 200
'--
..
.¡•
�
6"'

�
�
b 100
1
b
'--

o
o 5 10 15
Axial Slrain. c.(<7.)
FIG. 14. Postllquefaclion Monolonic Response for e,; ic O Residual Statcs

40%, at <1� = 400 kPa. For postcyclic residual states oí <1j = 8, 25. and 45 kPa. ihe sand had
liquefied (developed axial strain betwccn 3.5% and 3.7%). However. the maximum strain
developed for the residual <1j states oí 105 and 175 kPa was less than 0.4% und, according to
definition, the sand had not liquefied. An exploded view oí thc stress-strain response in the
earlier srage is shown in rhe inset.
In Fig. 14, regardless oí ihe leve! oí residual <1,, thc posrcyclic stress-srrain response is similar
10 the precyclic response, in that the modulus first decreases with strain before it starts to
increase, follo" ong the initiation oí dilation corrcsponding to the PT srare. The stress-strain
curves rnove progrcssively highcr and the axial strain. until the phase rransformation stare
decreases, as rhe leve! oí residual <1, increases. Thus 1he undrained stress-strain behuvior oí
sand, at deformation lcvels typical oí concern duringcarthquakes, docs 1101 correspond 10 moduli
1ha1 conunually degrade with strain as assumed by most researchers during the effecuve strew
analysis oí eanhquake problems [c.g .. F111n et al. (1986). Prevost (1981)]. Dcpending on thc
residual effecnve stress siarc, the modulus on posrcyclic lending does dccrease irunully, but
,tarts mcreasmg once dilation cornmences.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The reahsuc characrcriznuon oí sarurated fluvial and hydraulic fill sands and silty sands,
regarding their susceptibiliiy 10 liquefacrion and the nature oí postliquefuction stress-sirain
response, rnust considcr:
l. Reconstituting specimens in the laboratory by water deposition to simulare fnbric iden-
tical 10 that oí rbe real materials. This will be necessary only if undisturbed specimens
are not avuilable.
2. Undrained response may be srrongly aífected b) tbe direcrion oí loading (e.g., inclinauon
o of <11 roward rhe deposition direction) due 10 their inherently anisotropic nuture , on
account ol rhe pluvial modc oí deposirion.

Thc results presenten in 1h1s paper sho« 1ha1 water-deposited Fraser River sand likc many
orher !>'md," not conuacuve in 11iax1al compressron. even 111 rhe toosest deposucd suue 110"·
ever labor.1101) iechmqucs that use sample rcconsutuuon b) 11101,1 ramping [e.g., C.1,1ro el al
( 1982)] sho« s.,nd, contractive in compressum over a rangc oí ,·01d 1 :111os. Mo1s1 tarnprng muvt,
therefore. rmpart 10 rhe sand a fabric ih.u prometes contractive bchavior. Casagrnnde ( 1976)
poin1cd out 1ha1 11101>1 dumpcd sanu;, are part,cularly prone 10 hqueíac1ion bec.iusc of 1heir
mc1a,1able hom:ycomb wuc1u1c. Mo,1 tamped specimens are í1cqucn1ly prcparcd 111 1hc lab·
oraiory al ,·o,d rallos 1101 evcn acccsS1ble 10 1hc sand; 1 e., looscr !han 1he ASTM looscsl valuc.
Rccent >1ud1es on Ouncan Dam founda11on sand (Va1d and P1lla1 1992) 1ha1 w;,; samplcd ,lflcr
the freezing oí 1hc ground (Ouncan Oam founda11on sand ,s considcrcd vcry loo,e) shO\\ 1ha1
1he in-suu ,01d ra110 is nowhcrc greaier than 1he ,o,d ratio obrnincd aíier consohdation 10 in·
suu siresse, follo,�111g wa1cr deposiuon lO 1he ASTi\l maximum ,·oid rmio sia1e. Modehng loose
wa1er-dcpos1ted sands by moi&l 1ampi11g ma} 1hen un¡us11fiably condemn 1hem as berng po1cn-
1ially liquellablc in compression
íhough d1la1"e in comprcssion (u O) Fraser R"er .and ,s con1rac1ive in 1riax1al ex1ens1on
(a 9\t), confmn111g drama11c u11dra111cd ,1111so1rop1c beha\lOr, similar 10 1ha1 of 01her "a11:r-
depo,11cJ sands Studies by Symcs c1 al. (19S5) and Sh1bu}a and l lighl ( 1987) on wa1er-depos11cd
�and, pro-ide lunher comprchenm·c C\'1dcncc oí 1heir ani,01rop1c hehav,or in 1ha1 a sy,1cm,u1c

JOURl';AL OF GFOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 171

 1ransíorma11on of dilauve l,rhw,or 10 a r:onounccd comracuve rc<ponse occurs ns o increases
from O" 10 90° ! h" clenrly h." -cnous unphcauons 1111hc stc,,d) -statc conceprs of destgn (Castro
et ni 1985), 111 wluch a unu¡uc sreadv-starc l111c obiamed only from comprevuon test, ,s thc kcy
assumpnon lf thc surfacc hin� analyrcd through a h)drauhc 1111 ernbankrnent i for 11< potennal
tor llow ía,lurc due 10 h4udJd1on) 1s rcl�uvcly íl.ll, as .,,,., thc case for the San Fernando dam
(Castro et al 198S), the use of cornpression •t�ad)·statc suength will b.- l<'lalh inappropnate
Thc surfacc analyzcd by (',,siro et .,1 (19S5) corresponded wuh a - 15 -r- 6,12. m ,.h,ch <!,, ,,
thc ínction angle 31 steady state, wuh <,, = 17 • o = 63'. which represents a loadmg mode
closer to tna\lal extcnsron than triaxial compression. Conscqucntly, rn the bac, analysis a
reducuon facle>r of 20. 10 the measured stead)-Slatc strengih m cornprevoon. to ob:ain the
,ucngth opcr.rung 31 rhe m-tam of tarlure ma) not have bcen nccessarv 10 obtain a�reemen1
... uh the f,cld evcnt rf rhe appropnare o depcndcnce of stcady-srate strcngth "ª' raken ,nto
aeeocm
The posthquetacuon ,1rc" ,1r.11n response ol the sand ,, atways drlauve and the modulus
mcre.ucs \\1lh stram for c,1<e< wuh rc-idual o; • O Thc curren! rnethods of modchng sand in
1h" postliqucfacuon dom11111 do nol recognize thl' Iearure of sand behavior. Instead. ,n rnost
cases the hypcrbohc type ol re-pon- · rn whrch rhc moduluv con1111uou,ly decreases wuh stram,
t, assumed fer Fmn el .,1 (;�,6)1 < lcarl), 1lm "'umpuon would prcdict unreahstic post-
hqudaction detormanon ·1 he 1cs1 results of J ra-cr Rivcr ,,111d furthcr <ho" ihe J'O'IC)Chc
behavior 1� ,cry much aflc,1cd b) the level o[ maxrmurn stram dcvclopcd during C)Chc loadmg,
a long with the magniludc of the effecuve confining stress rcmaining follo" mg the ccsvauon of
cyctic 10.tdmg

CONCLUSIONS

Fraser River sand, a medrum umíorm sand, responds rn staric undrained loadmg m a dilanve
manncr C\'Cn ,n the loosesi deposited <tate undcr confining srresses of up 10 1 ,000 kPa However,
in extensión rhe sand beha,cs in a contracti,c manncr ovcr a range of den<illcs. from loosc to
JU<I under 60"'h rcla1ivc dcnmy. impl)lng a sirong d1rec1ion·dcpcndcn1 behaHor. This hasscnous
1mphca11ons 111 1he s1ead) ,1a1c conccpl\ of de<1rn, "h,ch assume a uniquc steady-s1a1c hne for
sand ob1aincd from oomprc«,on 1c,1< In fae1.1hc ,.1nd ma) 1101 e,en be con1racme m compres·
''º"A.,,, the factor 1ha1 rcprcscnls 1hc dcpcndence ol cychc lo,1ding rcsistancc on the le,cl of 1ni11al
con[inmg sirc<<, was found 10 be le<, 1han onc only whcn 1hc sand wa< no1 loo<c. F-,cn then
1hc A.. ,alue< n(Hcd wcrc nc,er le« 1han 0.7 far conf,mng ,ircs,cs of up 10 1,200 kPa
On po<thquefac11on mono1onic l<uJ,n� thc < ,nd 1ha1 dc,ctopcd a 100"; porc-prc\\ure ra1,o
deformcd 11111,all) wath nn C\\Cnliall) tero st1ftnc<\. \\h1ch thcn 111crea<cd w11h 1he lc,cl of stra,n.
un11I 31 somc wain levcl 11 hccamc conqanl. Thc ra1e of bmldup of dcviator s1rc<< w11h stram
mcrc•<cd w,th rcla11vc dcn\11) .•,nd 1hc stram a1 "h1ch <tiffncss beca me esscn11all) consta ni
dccrcascd ""han incrca,c in thc rclall\e dcn<,t) Thc prc9chc contract1\C response "as ehm·
ma1cd a� a con<cqucncc o! 1he cyd11. loadmg pha,c :So ind,cation of an} rc<1dual Mrength
cond111on on pos1liquefac11on loading "ª'
apparcnt. rcgardlc�< ol 1hc dcn<il) stalc or thc mode
ol loading
A con,emcnt way to asscss pos1hqucfac11on bcha\lor is 10 hqucfy sand by a s1a11c load unload
C)clc instead of by cyclic loading.

ACKNOWLEOGMENTS

� rcsarch 101 1h1s p,ptr '"'' ,urponcd 11) • gna1 from 1hc :S•1ural Sci<n«S •nd Eng1r>C:cnnJ Rcscarrh
C"""' 11 ol O �•da K<il> 1.amb·� aS<J\lancc ,n thc p<<p,>r•11<,n ol 1hc msnuscnp1 "iratdull} ac�"""lcdg<J

APPENOIX l. REFERENCES

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°'
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27(1). 1 7
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oí So,ls and Rock. ASfM STP 9n. ASTM, Ph,ladclph,a, Pa • 119-131.
Va,d, Y P , Jnd P,11,,. S (1992) "01,cu»1on ol thc ·Criucal sia1c ol sand' by Beco et ol." Cto1rclo111qut, London.
Cngland. �2(4). 655-663

APPENDIX 11. NOTATION

TJ,e fo/1011111g symbols art ,,sed III rlus papu·

c.. cocf1tc1en1 oí uniíormol);

D,, rcla1i,e densuy a1 end of consohdation;
D,. rela1i,e densit)' of S3mplc a1 preparauon;
D,,., mean gra1n size;
e, void ra110 a1 end of con,olidation;
K.. ratio of liquefaction resistance a1 o;. 10 resistance a1 o;. = 100 kPa;
PT phase 1ransforma1ion s1a1e;
sl'I' phase transformalion streng1h <r,12;
s,, s1eady-s1a1c s1reng1h o,,12;

•-,
..
a = inclina11on of u 10 vertical deposuion direction;
axial sira in;
maximum ax,al s1rain dunng C)clic loading;
º• de\iiator Slrc��
cychc de"ator stress,
º"''
º.· ·o�,
ver11cal and honlOntal pnnc,pal s1resses;
rna¡or and mmor pnnc,pal con,ohdalion slresses;
ª"/1• (1':
C1 OJ ma¡or and mino, pnnc1pal dfocu,e ,1rc,ses;
d>' íncuon angle al maxi111u111 obhquuy;
<l>nR tr,c11on anglc al m1ua11on oí cornr.ic11ve dcíorrnauon (peak oí ,1rcs,-,1ram cur-e), and
<!>.' Í rtCltOn angk JI SICad) SIJlc

JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 173