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Papper 1
Papper 1
01· S\ D
INTRODUCTION
Liquefaction ot saturated sands has been thc topic oí extensive laboratory research over the
past 25 )r. Toe rerms liquefacuon and liquefaction failure encompass ali phenom�na m�olv1ng
excessive detormations oí saturated cohesiontess soils (National 1985). Under stauc load1�g t�e
term hquefacuon is associated wnh a strain softening type oí undrained response, resulting in
either unlimned or limued flo" deformation (sce inset Fig. 1). Sand cxhibiting such response
is termed contracuve (Castro 1969) lf strain softening does not occur the sand is caUed dilati�e.
Under cyclic undramed loading hquefaction can manifest itself eitber as a stram soften,�g
response, much in the same manner as under staric loading, or by 1h� development oí cychc
mobility. Cyclic mobility is associated with excursions during the cychc loading of the stress
srate of sand through transient srates oí zero effective stress (oj = O). The first time this aj =
O occurred it was termed initial liquefaction (Seed 1979). On the conclusión oí cyclic loading,
following liquefaction, residual conditions in the sand are normally assumed 10 correspond to
a; - O.
· Until recemly, the major concern during earthquake loading of sarurated sands was to safe
guard agamst the occurrence oí Iiquefaction. lf liquefaction under level ground was a possibility,
depending on the initial stress and densiiy state of the sand togerher with the characteristics oí
cychc stresses imposed by the earthquake, remedia! mensures consisted in the densification oí
sand No auempt was generaltj made to estímate eanhquakeinduced displacements, in case
the liquefacuon domain in a given sand strucrure stayed comained by thc surrounding nonlique
fied sand However, during rhe last few years several researchcrs nave emphasized a need for
the csumauon oí such displacements. As a resuh sorne empirical and analyiical techniques,
toward this goal, have been proposed (Finn et al 1986. Hamada et al. 1987, Byrne 1990, Bartleu
and Youd 1992)
The key rnformauon requrred to csumaie earthquakeinduced displacernem is the postlique
facuon ,1rc,>1ram response ol !>and. Spec1fically. sand response, when it undergocs excursions
through s1a1c, of zero cífecuve s1ress, is needcd when modeling the spatial progress of Jiquc
fact1on ,n a g1,·cn e.1rth structure. Lmlc research has been carried out on this aspec1 of sand
beha\lOr lf the ,.ind is contrac11,e undcr ,talle loadmg, it has been assumed lhat its stcady
>tatc (or r.:,1dual) >trcngth r.:mams unahercd on monoto111c loading following liqucfaction ¡11•
duccd by 9chc loadrng (Br}nc_ et al 1992) Toe writers know of no published cxperimentnl
darn that ,uppons 1h1, a,sumpuon
_'11)" papcr prcscnt, an cxpcnmental Mudy oí !he postliquefaction behavior of sand in thc
tnaxial test. Ckarly, 1111, requn.:, a comprehcnsive 1nvcs11gation of the static and cyclic behavior,
wl11ch 1ake;, the ,and 10 thc hqud1ed ,1atc pnor to the asses.ment of its postcyclic bchavior.
Thc s1ud)· cncompa,scs Stat1c undr.11ncd beha, ior overa range oí dcposition densi1ics, írom
loosc.i to den,c, Jnd il range ol �onf1111ng ,1r.:s;,cs. Bo1h tnaxial compression and extension
load�ng path, are mcludcd to a,ses, 1he_ po,,1ble path dependence oí behavior. Cyclic
loading
lead,ng 10 hqucfact,o� ,s >1ud1cd at spec1fic targe�ed dens!ties, from loose 10 dense, anda rangc
oí C?nfin,ng sues, lcvels ,s used hnally, p0s1hquefac11on monotonic undrained response is
>tud,_cd a, 11 _,s mfluenccd by factors such as 1hc maximum shear strain due 10 cyclic Joading
rela1,ve den,11y, modc oí loadrng, and thc le,·el of confining stress prior 10 cyclic loading. '
'.�oí., Dcpl oí Civ Engrg. Un" oí Bnu,h Columbia, Vancou,cr, BC, Canoda.
JlUdcn_,. Dcpt oí CI\. Engrg, Unov oí 8nush Columbia. Vancouver, BC, Canada.
�':����i
N':'.r,d,h
filcd � 1
.
open unul July l. _1995 To cxicnd 1he closi?g date onc mon1h. a wrrncn reques, rnu;i be
Manager oí Journ"b l'be manuscrrpl íor 1h,s pape, was subm,11ed lor review and =s,.ble
Pu bl 1ca11on on J une i, ¡993 Th í h • r··
hbruary IW\ \SCE !SS ,. PJp<r "pan o l e Journal o/ Gtotul1111cal /J11gwuri11g, Vol. 121, No. 2.
· · '" , 1' 0733·'f·IIU"95 000201630!73 S2.UO + S.25 per page. Paper No. 6322.
11 o
>
�
(a)
�
-250
-10 -5 o 5 10
Axial Strain, ,.('16)
?
'- 150
(IJ
300�
� 04:S"1n;..:..:--;.���,--��+-��---'
b I
(b)
� -150:
'--300,���--,.--���,.--�������� .
�
The possiblc sim1larny oí thc po<tC)'Chc bchavior oí sand brought 10 the Iiqueficd srare by
cychc loading and by a stauc load unload cycle is atso mvcsugated
EXPQRIMENTATION
Tesis were performed on Fraser River sand, which underhcs the h1ghl) seisrmc populared
Fraser Delta in Brituh Columbia, Canada Thc sand used has grain Siles ranging from 0.074
mm 10 0.6 mm and cornpnses about 98% of rhe original material dredgcd from thc nver.
Maximum and rmmrnum void rallos, 111 accordance with ASTM 02().19. are 1.00 and 0.68. and
D.,, 0.3 mm and C 1 5. The average mincrat composuion is 40'7 quartz llo/ feldspar,
45% unahered rock fragments. and 4"l- other minerals
Tnaxial specimens uscd "ere "ere 63 mm diarneter x 126 mm htgh The) were reconsututed
sarurarcd by water pluvration. Thrv reconsuruting tcchruque yields homogeneous rephcable
spccrmcns (Va1d and Ncgu,,e) t98R) 1ha1 posses, fabric \11111lar to those of water deposued
natural or 1a1hng< <,111d, (OJ,t 19721 1 .tl\Oratnr) m1d1e, 011 pluviated <and, should, thereíore.
duphcatc the cbaracrensnc beha, 101 of natural .. nd h) drauhc f1II sand Specrmens "ere deposued
111 1hc looses! \131C and rhen den"hcd, a, necded, h) low cncrg) h1gh,frequcnC) \ll>ra11om
.......... 30
45 c...,,...,oo
••••• t..•a
k..•l
/
00000
�::-. ____,_
1 �_
1
..
'tl
15� • o
-e, �.
�
�
tr'..c:ta.&OD
-150� Dn=5�• {e}
" o
1
-300-t---,----+-
¡ ---,�---11
1
-10 -5 O !> 10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
Asta.1 Slraan. c. , Rcl .. tive densily, D., {�)
AG 2. Statlc Undralned Behav,or al Severnl Rela11ve Oensl- FIG 3. Elfectove Slress Condotoons 01 Troggermg of Con1rac-
t,es ttve Oetorm1it1on
00000 UqudacUc;:,n
04466 Um.lhd Uquctactlon
00000 DUaU'H.
•••• • k.w?
--,. 200
C1I
c. tpl>r=32•
......
-"
�
11 Extension _ ,
_
o,-
b
......
-200
-400 .....���.,.-����������--l
o 200 400 600 800 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
(11',-u'a)/2 (kPa) Void ratio, e.
FIG. 4. EHective Stress Conditions at Phase Transformation FIG. 5. Undrained Steady State or Phase Transformatlon
and Steady Statcs Strength in Extension
50
� o
b
1
..-50
u·,.= 100
D,..= l 9sg (a)
b
'--100 1.0
o
�:
-5 5 10 15
Axial Straio, c. ('K-)
0.8
.• o
0.6
�
0.4
..... • Thermaltto alterb•r
••••• Port Peck d..m tbel
da.m toundaUon
00000 Sacramento rh'er ta.Ad.. D,•3&.80. 78.10
00000 Wootere1 O 1a.Dd.. D,s-$0.
a:a:c Reld Bedtord 1u:t.d. D,st0.80.
0.2 • • • • • Ne• Jertef back.fUL FPI RC:95s
••••• fraur rh·er 1and. D..stt,to.a-50.
o.o
O 400 600 1200 1600 2000 2400
EHeclive confining stress, u'.. (lcPa)
(After Seed and Harder, 1990)
FIG. 6. Undralned Statlc Lood/Unlood Bchovior FIG. 7. Conflnlng Stress Effect on Resistance to Liquefactlon
A static load/unload cycle did noi always result in ihe staie cr3 O, upon unlo�ding. This
situarion occurrcd in dense sand (D., = 59%) consolidated to cr;Í.. = 400 kPa and h1�her 1_n the
compression modc of loading, and was appareruly due to an insufficicnt leve) of stram pnor to
unloading. Jt was found that straining on static loading !liust �urpass a mini�um leve) beyond
thc PT siare before a state of zero effective stress state is realized on unloading.
This behavior was assessed for three rargeted relative densities, and at three levels of confining
stress cr; on isotropically consolidarcd sand. Cyclic loading resistance (or resistance to tique-
is
faction) dcfined hcre as the cyclic stress ratio <rdr,12crt, which causes a maximum compressional
or extensional axial stram t. ampluude of 2.5% in 10 cycles. Strain development due 10 cyclic
loading occurrcd as a consequence of euhcr comracrive dcformation or cyclic mobrluy, depending
upon rhe iniual siare O,,, cr�. and thc associated SPT or Sss together with the amplitude of cyclic
stress T., • cr,,.. 12 [Castro et al. (1982), Vaid et al. (1985)].
Thc K,. value (thc ratio of cyclic resisrance at <r� divided by rhis resistance at cr� - 100 kPa)
for Fraser River sand is shown rn hg. 7 as a íunction oí confining stress, togerher wuh data
from rne literuture on othcr sands (Sccd and l larder 1990). The correcuon factor K.. may be
seen 10 be u íunction ofboth confining me,, and relative density. The resistance to liquefaction
reduces by a maximum of about 20% ,11 the highest conñning stress oí 1.200 kPa for the dense
59% relurive density. Most oí thc reducuon occurs betwcen cr� - 100 to about 600 kPa, and
u seems 1hm much furthcr drop 111 K.. is not likely íor confining siresses in the exccss of about
600 kPa.
There is a wide range of reponed K., valúes íor differem soils ata given confining stress (Fig.
7). Lumping data wirhout rcgard to rhe relative density srare rnay conmbute to this large K..
range. For granular material; in whrch ihe relarive density has been specified, such as Sacramento
Rivcr sand. a clear decrease in K. with the relative density may be seen. Similar behavior was
noted for a tailing sand and Ouawa sand under simple shear conditions (Vaid et al. 1985).
lt may be poimed out that for the loose sands tested, which have the largest susceptibility of
liqucfaction, K,, is approximately unit> regardless of thc confining stress Je,el. Toe adoption of
lower values in dc,ign, based on an a,crage K. val u e from the body of data in Fig. 7, may lcad
to a conservaiivt: dc;ign. Sub;tantial cconom1c advantagc could accrue in design by evaluating
K,. on a site-spccilic basis, if other loose sands demonstrate behavior similar 10 that of Frascr
River sand.
-;-
el. l 00 ..
...._ 150 u',.=100 kPa h .
c. c. 100
!l. I
/"º
'
. .''
I
50 I
� I
11 �
� 50
b
I (
I .'
I
� -50-+----�---.------.------' 1 '
> �
O 100 200 300 400 ......
b o
(u'v+u'iJ/2 (kPa) -10 -5 o 5 10
Axial Strain. i:. (•!
FIG. 8. .,; = O States Followlng Llquefaction by Cyclic Load·
lng FIG. 9. Relative Oensity Effect on Postliquefaction Response
2.5% developed. A rypical example is shown in Fig. 8(a). The last half cycle of e�tension loading
may be seen to cause liquefaction by contractive deformation. and the unloadmg phase ?rmgs
the specimen to rhe o, = O state. Thus excursión through a tra.nsient st�te of o,, = O did not
take place before thc specihed level of strain developmcnt, defmed �s liqucfaction, occ�rrcd.
Evcn for cychc tests in which thc residual finitc effecrive stress rcmam.ed at the conclusión of
cyclic loading (F1g. 8(b}). strain developrncnt as a rcsult of cychc loadmg �vas not d�e to any
excursión through a transreni o; O siate. Such statcs woutd have bcen .ª�lucvcd only if furthcr
loading cyclcs wcrc apphcd. In that case e •• much largcr than thc spccificd 2.5%. would have
devclopcd.
A statc oí zero etíecnve stress wa\ also not rcahzed b) a stauc load/un load cyclc m médium
and dense sand unless the stram during loacling cxcceded a certarn minimum valuc, On conclusion
of cyclic loading, dense and médium dense specirncns ato� ::: 400 kPa developed a stram level
oí only 2.5%-5%. Stauc load/unload tests indicatcd that a rninirnurn strain level of about 7%
was needed during stauc loading to achieve a oí O stare on unloading.
'º
o-1----.-"""'::::..--,....---..----;
o i 10 16 20
.u!al Strain. c.{•)
l .
uo-.---,,-,.-=-1-00--1 a
-----;--r--,
<
P
�
b $0
o
{b) º" ·�
-IO -$ & 10
"'
Axial Stra!Q. c.(1') ";;j' 200-.----------,-----,,------,
a.
� ,so-------------,.,--, c,oo
j
e, .. =100 kPa
C - - St..U�llll7 Uquthtd
� o --..�::="""":::::======1�����
lOO
1 1_-.. .. .
- C)'dlca..7 bq\l.d1••
�
" $0
1 (e:) -100
� o><:100 kPa
0-,---------'""-.....-�--1 -200-t-------,----t----,----I
-1$ -:o -$ o -15 -10 -5 o 5 10
Anal Slrain. e,(•)
Axial Slraio, e, (<X>)
AG. 10 Companson o1 Monolon,c Response Followlng Liq·
uefactlon by Cyctlc 1nd Stat,c Load Unload Cycle AG. 11. Companson of Slahc and Poslhquefact1on Response
2�
'""'
•
.....,.
c. 200 -- 100 kPa
- - 400kPa
,so
..
� 100
1 so
.....; o
o 10
Axial Slraln. c.(s)
'c.".,..."'
zso
zoo
.... ISO
�
�
. 100
so º"=40..
25 �
s 10
20 Axial Slra.in. •l•)
....._ 15 z�
� '""'
.... 10
.,." zoo
o.
....
"
1�
5
�
o b
Dn=59it
o 5 15 20
.§.
}!aximum slrain, e.,.. (95) 5 10
Axial Slrain. <.(s)
AG. 12. Strain Required to Mobilize Finile "• = s kPa on
PosthquefacUon Monotonlc loading as Funct,on of Max1mum AG. 13. Range ot Postliquetaction Monolonic Response tor
Cychc Strain Residual u;= O Slates
1
-:;-
300
<t
ll.¡.
.� ,;l
">''
e,
� 200
'--
..
.¡•
�
6"'
�
�
b 100
1
b
'--
o
o 5 10 15
Axial Slrain. c.(<7.)
FIG. 14. Postllquefaclion Monolonic Response for e,; ic O Residual Statcs
40%, at <1� = 400 kPa. For postcyclic residual states oí <1j = 8, 25. and 45 kPa. ihe sand had
liquefied (developed axial strain betwccn 3.5% and 3.7%). However. the maximum strain
developed for the residual <1j states oí 105 and 175 kPa was less than 0.4% und, according to
definition, the sand had not liquefied. An exploded view oí thc stress-strain response in the
earlier srage is shown in rhe inset.
In Fig. 14, regardless oí ihe leve! oí residual <1,, thc posrcyclic stress-srrain response is similar
10 the precyclic response, in that the modulus first decreases with strain before it starts to
increase, follo" ong the initiation oí dilation corrcsponding to the PT srare. The stress-strain
curves rnove progrcssively highcr and the axial strain. until the phase rransformation stare
decreases, as rhe leve! oí residual <1, increases. Thus 1he undrained stress-strain behuvior oí
sand, at deformation lcvels typical oí concern duringcarthquakes, docs 1101 correspond 10 moduli
1ha1 conunually degrade with strain as assumed by most researchers during the effecuve strew
analysis oí eanhquake problems [c.g .. F111n et al. (1986). Prevost (1981)]. Dcpending on thc
residual effecnve stress siarc, the modulus on posrcyclic lending does dccrease irunully, but
,tarts mcreasmg once dilation cornmences.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
The reahsuc characrcriznuon oí sarurated fluvial and hydraulic fill sands and silty sands,
regarding their susceptibiliiy 10 liquefacrion and the nature oí postliquefuction stress-sirain
response, rnust considcr:
l. Reconstituting specimens in the laboratory by water deposition to simulare fnbric iden-
tical 10 that oí rbe real materials. This will be necessary only if undisturbed specimens
are not avuilable.
2. Undrained response may be srrongly aífected b) tbe direcrion oí loading (e.g., inclinauon
o of <11 roward rhe deposition direction) due 10 their inherently anisotropic nuture , on
account ol rhe pluvial modc oí deposirion.
Thc results presenten in 1h1s paper sho« 1ha1 water-deposited Fraser River sand likc many
orher !>'md," not conuacuve in 11iax1al compressron. even 111 rhe toosest deposucd suue 110"·
ever labor.1101) iechmqucs that use sample rcconsutuuon b) 11101,1 ramping [e.g., C.1,1ro el al
( 1982)] sho« s.,nd, contractive in compressum over a rangc oí ,·01d 1 :111os. Mo1s1 tarnprng muvt,
therefore. rmpart 10 rhe sand a fabric ih.u prometes contractive bchavior. Casagrnnde ( 1976)
poin1cd out 1ha1 11101>1 dumpcd sanu;, are part,cularly prone 10 hqueíac1ion bec.iusc of 1heir
mc1a,1able hom:ycomb wuc1u1c. Mo,1 tamped specimens are í1cqucn1ly prcparcd 111 1hc lab·
oraiory al ,·o,d rallos 1101 evcn acccsS1ble 10 1hc sand; 1 e., looscr !han 1he ASTM looscsl valuc.
Rccent >1ud1es on Ouncan Dam founda11on sand (Va1d and P1lla1 1992) 1ha1 w;,; samplcd ,lflcr
the freezing oí 1hc ground (Ouncan Oam founda11on sand ,s considcrcd vcry loo,e) shO\\ 1ha1
1he in-suu ,01d ra110 is nowhcrc greaier than 1he ,o,d ratio obrnincd aíier consohdation 10 in·
suu siresse, follo,�111g wa1cr deposiuon lO 1he ASTi\l maximum ,·oid rmio sia1e. Modehng loose
wa1er-dcpos1ted sands by moi&l 1ampi11g ma} 1hen un¡us11fiably condemn 1hem as berng po1cn-
1ially liquellablc in compression
íhough d1la1"e in comprcssion (u O) Fraser R"er .and ,s con1rac1ive in 1riax1al ex1ens1on
(a 9\t), confmn111g drama11c u11dra111cd ,1111so1rop1c beha\lOr, similar 10 1ha1 of 01her "a11:r-
depo,11cJ sands Studies by Symcs c1 al. (19S5) and Sh1bu}a and l lighl ( 1987) on wa1er-depos11cd
�and, pro-ide lunher comprchenm·c C\'1dcncc oí 1heir ani,01rop1c hehav,or in 1ha1 a sy,1cm,u1c
CONCLUSIONS
Fraser River sand, a medrum umíorm sand, responds rn staric undrained loadmg m a dilanve
manncr C\'Cn ,n the loosesi deposited <tate undcr confining srresses of up 10 1 ,000 kPa However,
in extensión rhe sand beha,cs in a contracti,c manncr ovcr a range of den<illcs. from loosc to
JU<I under 60"'h rcla1ivc dcnmy. impl)lng a sirong d1rec1ion·dcpcndcn1 behaHor. This hasscnous
1mphca11ons 111 1he s1ead) ,1a1c conccpl\ of de<1rn, "h,ch assume a uniquc steady-s1a1c hne for
sand ob1aincd from oomprc«,on 1c,1< In fae1.1hc ,.1nd ma) 1101 e,en be con1racme m compres·
''º"A.,,, the factor 1ha1 rcprcscnls 1hc dcpcndence ol cychc lo,1ding rcsistancc on the le,cl of 1ni11al
con[inmg sirc<<, was found 10 be le<, 1han onc only whcn 1hc sand wa< no1 loo<c. F-,cn then
1hc A.. ,alue< n(Hcd wcrc nc,er le« 1han 0.7 far conf,mng ,ircs,cs of up 10 1,200 kPa
On po<thquefac11on mono1onic l<uJ,n� thc < ,nd 1ha1 dc,ctopcd a 100"; porc-prc\\ure ra1,o
deformcd 11111,all) wath nn C\\Cnliall) tero st1ftnc<\. \\h1ch thcn 111crea<cd w11h 1he lc,cl of stra,n.
un11I 31 somc wain levcl 11 hccamc conqanl. Thc ra1e of bmldup of dcviator s1rc<< w11h stram
mcrc•<cd w,th rcla11vc dcn\11) .•,nd 1hc stram a1 "h1ch <tiffncss beca me esscn11all) consta ni
dccrcascd ""han incrca,c in thc rclall\e dcn<,t) Thc prc9chc contract1\C response "as ehm·
ma1cd a� a con<cqucncc o! 1he cyd11. loadmg pha,c :So ind,cation of an} rc<1dual Mrength
cond111on on pos1liquefac11on loading "ª'
apparcnt. rcgardlc�< ol 1hc dcn<il) stalc or thc mode
ol loading
A con,emcnt way to asscss pos1hqucfac11on bcha\lor is 10 hqucfy sand by a s1a11c load unload
C)clc instead of by cyclic loading.
ACKNOWLEOGMENTS
� rcsarch 101 1h1s p,ptr '"'' ,urponcd 11) • gna1 from 1hc :S•1ural Sci<n«S •nd Eng1r>C:cnnJ Rcscarrh
C"""' 11 ol O �•da K<il> 1.amb·� aS<J\lancc ,n thc p<<p,>r•11<,n ol 1hc msnuscnp1 "iratdull} ac�"""lcdg<J
APPENOIX l. REFERENCES
.1\ R 1 • ond \lrn,in. 11 (1972) lnhtrcn1 ª""""ºM ,n • .. nJ" Gro•«hruqut. Londo<I, Engbnd.
22(1). IIS-128
IIJt1lcn, S. anJ Youd. L (l'r12J 'I mrmo prcdic,.,,, c.>l l.1tc1JI •rrcaú Úl\pl.1ccm,nt "Pr«, U.\ l•f'O" \�o,l·
°'
,hop. "lat llr lor l'ollht(\J,l�C I ngrg R,, ¡r,.crr R). SL Y. llull.,lo, N y
81.t,c,p, A \lo (1971) "Shc,r ,11cng1h r,11:,n ·1trs loe ,,d1<1u1t>c:d .rn,11cmotdcd «•1t •rcomcn<" Pr«. Rosror
lft,r:b,t,nlitp Sr,np Dmbr,d I Un,� • ( n , i.lt'c 1 11.J. ,_,
Bm1<. P \1 ( l'YJOJ A mo,' llnr r1cd1e11n J,.1ucf""1 •n rnJuctd durl.1mncnts" \"'/11,rhanic, Jtt \"o /47,
Dtr• ol C,v Jonrr,, º"" "' Oru�h <"oluo,bla \'a,. U\CI, Can 1<1.1
0>•••· P \1 • Juno, JI • and Jcrcmy. JI (l'l'il) · .\ ruxcdurc lo, pmhc11ng thc •cr<m,c re<pon,c ol ,.,hng,
1n1poundmcnu .. Proc .. G '()fr,hmqut ond \.Jtw,131 /l�a",J' Ctolla:md.s 91. VancOu\cr Gtot«h SI)(. Van
cou«r. D�. �1-2M
c:a.ag,anc1c. ,\ (1976) "l.rquda<truo •nd cythc dclorm.,IIOR> ol ...,nJs-., cnhcal rc,o<,. "H4mud Scil .\tttlr
.Str ,\o. 88. l lar,,ard Un,- , CambnJge, \I JS>
Cu1ro. G (19(,q¡ l.1qucl,1c111111 ol S,ll<h rhO 1hcsi>, llal\>rd L:niv. C'umbrodgr, \fass
00
Cauro. G • Pou� S . and l .ea1hcr,. F 1 ( 19&5) • Re uan '"ª""" ol •hdc ol lo-.cr San Fcnwido Oam "J
Qo«clr F.n¡, ASCC 111(,) 1093 1107
•-,
..
a = inclina11on of u 10 vertical deposuion direction;
axial sira in;
maximum ax,al s1rain dunng C)clic loading;
º• de\iiator Slrc��
cychc de"ator stress,
º"''
º.· ·o�,
ver11cal and honlOntal pnnc,pal s1resses;
rna¡or and mmor pnnc,pal con,ohdalion slresses;
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C1 OJ ma¡or and mino, pnnc1pal dfocu,e ,1rc,ses;
d>' íncuon angle al maxi111u111 obhquuy;
<l>nR tr,c11on anglc al m1ua11on oí cornr.ic11ve dcíorrnauon (peak oí ,1rcs,-,1ram cur-e), and
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